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Wikipedia

Jewish Defense League

April 23, 2023

"JDL" redirects here. For the Indian distiller, see John Distilleries.

The Jewish Defense League (JDL) is a Jewish far-right religious-political organization in the United States and Canada, whose stated goal is to "protect Jews from antisemitism by whatever means necessary".[1] It has been classified as "a right wing terrorist group" by the FBI since 2001,[2] and is designated a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.[3] According to the FBI, the JDL has been involved in plotting and executing acts of terrorism within the United States.[2][4] Most terrorism watch groups classify the group as inactive.[5]

Jewish Defense League
FounderMeir Kahane
LeadersShelley Rubin
Foundation1968 (1968)
HeadquartersNew York City
Los Angeles
Toronto
IdeologyKahanism
Political positionFar-right

Founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York City in 1968, the JDL's self-described purpose was to protect Jews from local manifestations of antisemitism.[1][6] Its criticism of the Soviet Union increased support for the group, transforming it from a "vigilante club" into an organization with a stated membership numbering over 15,000 at one point.[7] The group took to bombing Arab and Soviet properties in the United States,[8] and targeting various alleged "enemies of the Jewish people", ranging from Arab-American political activists to neo-Nazis, for assassination.[9] A number of JDL members have been linked to violent, and sometimes deadly, attacks in the United States and in other countries, including the murder of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee regional director Alex Odeh in 1985, the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre in 1994, and a plot to assassinate Congressman Darrell Issa in 2001.[10] Several JDL members and leaders died violent deaths, including Kahane himself, who was assassinated by an Arab-American gunman.[11]

According to the Anti-Defamation League, the JDL consists only of "thugs and hooligans".[12] The group's founder, Meir Kahane, "preached a radical form of Jewish nationalism which reflected racism, violence, and political extremism,"[1] attitudes that were replicated by Irv Rubin, the successor to Kahane.[13]

Origins

In 1968, while Kahane served as the associate editor for the Jewish Press, the paper's office began receiving numerous calls and letters about crimes being committed against Jews and Jewish institutions.[14] Violence in the New York City area was on the rise, with Jews comprising a disproportionately large percentage of the victims.[15] Elderly Jews were being harassed and mugged, storeowners were held up and Jewish teachers were assaulted while Jewish synagogues were defaced and Jewish cemeteries desecrated.[16]

After discussing the matter with a few congregants, Kahane put out an ad in the Jewish Press on May 24, 1968, which read: "We are talking of JEWISH SURVIVAL! Are you willing to stand up for democracy and Jewish survival? Join and support the Jewish Defense Corps."[17] Shortly after, Kahane renamed the group the "Jewish Defense League," fearing that "Corps" would be construed as too militant.[18] The group's declared purpose was: "to combat anti-Semitism in the public and private sectors of life in the United States of America."[19] Kahane stated that the League was formed to "do the job that the Anti-Defamation League should do but doesn't."[18]

Shortly afterwards, the Jewish Defense League put out a four-page manifesto which stated: "America has been good to the Jew and the Jew has been good to America. A land founded on the principles of democracy and freedom has given unprecedented opportunities to a people devoted to those ideals" yet now finds itself threatened by "political extremism" and "racist militancy." Furthermore, the manifesto stated that the organization rejects all hate and illegality, believes firmly in law and order, backs police forces and will work actively in the courts to strike down all discrimination.[20] When asked about Jewish Defense League members breaking the law, Kahane responded: "We respect the right and the obligation of the American government to prosecute us and send us to jail. No one gripes about that."[21]

The group adopted the slogan "Never Again!" which was originally used by the Jewish resistance fighters in the Warsaw ghetto.[22] While the phrase is usually interpreted to mean that the Nazi Holocaust of six million Jews will never be permitted to recur, Kahane claimed that his intention was to declare that Jews should never again be caught by surprise or lulled into a foolish trust in others.[23]

The first Jewish Defense League demonstration took place on August 5, 1968, at New York University with some 15 members chanting: "No Nazis at NYU, Jewish rights are precious too."[18]

History

1969

On August 7, the JDL sent members to Passaic, New Jersey, to protect Jewish merchants from anti-Jewish rioting which had swept the area for days.[24]

On November 25, the JDL was invited to the Boston area by Jewish residents in response to a mounting wave of crime directed primarily against Jews.[25]

On December 3, JDL members attacked the Syrian Mission in New York.[26]

On December 31, 13 JDL members were arrested after a series of coordinated actions against Soviet property in Manhattan and at Kennedy Airport intended to protest the treatment of Jews in the Soviet Union. Several youths painted slogans on a Soviet airliner, two of them handcuffed themselves to the airliner, while others daubed the words "Am Yisroel Chai" (the Nation of Israel Lives) on the plane's doors. A similar slogan was painted on the walls of the office of Tass, the Soviet news agency, in Rockefeller Plaza, which was invaded by Rabbi Kahane and four other JDL members. The rest of the demonstrators were taken into custody after invading the midtown offices of the Soviet tourist bureau.[27]

1970

Initially, the League was connected to a series of violent attacks against the Soviet Union's interests in the United States, protesting the former country's repression of Soviet Jews, who were often jailed and refused exit visas.[28][29] The JDL decided that violence was necessary to draw attention to their plight, reasoning that Moscow would respond to the strain on Soviet–US relations by allowing more emigration to Israel.[29]

In 1970, according to Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, agents of the Soviet KGB forged and sent threatening letters to Arab missions claiming to be from the JDL to discredit it. They also were ordered to bomb a target in the "Negro section of New York" and blame it on the JDL.[30]

On January 25, JDL members staged anti-Soviet demonstrations at a concert of the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra in Brooklyn College's auditorium. JDL members "danced, sang and yelled" while trying to prevent people from entering the auditorium.[31]

On March 23, JDL members staged a sit-in in the office of the president of the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York to demand that the Federation allocate more funds for Jewish education and Jewish defense, assist institutions threatened by violence, and arrange for "popular" election of Federation officials.[32] As a result, the Federation agreed to form a special committee to consider the request for additional funds for Jewish education,[33] while other groups continued to demonstrate.[34]

On April 7, the JDL held memorial services on behalf of civilian victims of "Arab terrorism during the past half century" in front of the United Arab Republic Mission to the United Nations.[35]

On April 9, nine JDL members occupied the principal's office of Leeds Junior High School in Philadelphia after school authorities had allegedly failed to crack down on school violence. The JDL hoped to present six "suggestions" for protecting students from assault and theft by "troublemakers," including committing them to disciplinary schools, stationing policemen in the public schools and replacing "weak administrators."[36][37]

On April 20, fifteen JDL members were arrested after chaining themselves to the fence in front of the Soviet Mission to the UN to protest against the treatment of Jews in the Soviet Union.[38]

On May 8, about fifty JDL members demonstrated outside the Black Panther Party headquarters in Harlem due to an alleged "outrageous explosion of anti-Semitic hatred" by the Panthers.[39]

On May 19, the JDL issued a statement attacking American Jewish organizations which opposed the Vietnam War, accusing them of doing more to destroy the State of Israel "than all the Arab armies."[40]

On May 20, thirty-five JDL members took over the Park East Synagogue, opposite the Soviet Mission, and barricaded the entrances in order to hold a "liberation seder" for Soviet Jewry.[41]

On June 23, about forty JDL members seized two floors of an office building in New York housing Amtorg, the official Soviet Union trade office, and evicted the personnel in what the JDL deemed retaliation for the arrests of Jews and raids on Jewish homes in the Soviet Union.[42]

On June 28, 150 JDL members demonstrated over attacks against the Jews of Williamsburg in reprisal for the accidental killing of a black girl by a Jewish driver. Clashes broke out with other minority groups and arrests were made.[43]

On August 16, 400 JDL members began a week-long march from Philadelphia to Washington on behalf of Soviet Jewry, concluding with a rally at Lafayette Park urging President Nixon to "stand tall and firm in the Middle East as you have done elsewhere." In response, Thomas Hale Boggs Jr., a congressional candidate from Montgomery County (Md.), said he would sponsor a House resolution on Soviet Jewry.[44]

On September 27, two JDL members were arrested at Kennedy Airport while attempting to board a London-bound plane armed with four loaded guns and a live hand grenade. The two intended to hijack a United Arab Airlines plane and divert it to Israel.[45]

On October 6, the JDL is suspected of bombing the New York office of the Palestine Liberation Organization after the PLO hijacked four airliners the previous month. United Press International reported that an anonymous caller phoned in about a half hour before the explosion and proclaimed the JDL slogan, "Never again."[46]

On December 20, during a march to protest the treatment of Soviet Jewry, JDL members attempted to take over the Soviet Mission headquarters. The members were arrested after inciting demonstrators to break through police lines.[47]

On December 27, the JDL launched a 100-hour vigil for Soviet Jewry. Demonstrators tried to break through police barricades to reach the Soviet Mission to the UN to protest the sentencing of Jews in Leningrad. Several arrests were made.[48]

On December 29, an estimated 100 JDL members demonstrated in front of the offices of the New York Board of Rabbis, challenging them to get arrested "for Jews, as well as for blacks." Later that day, several JDL members scuffled with police outside the office of Aeroflot-In tourist, the official Soviet tourist agency, while JDL leader Meir Kahane demanded the right to purchase two tickets to Israel for two Russian Jews who were sentenced to death. About 75 JDL members marched near the office, chanting slogans such as "Freedom Now" and "Let My People Go."[49]

On December 30, several hundred JDL members participated in a rally for Soviet Jewry in Foley square, chanting "Let My People Go," "Open Up the Iron Door" and "Never Again!"[49]

1971

On January 8, 1971, a bombing outside of the Soviet cultural center in Washington, D.C. was followed by a phone call including the JDL slogan "Never again." A JDL spokesperson denied the group's involvement in the bombing, but refused to condemn it.[1]

On January 17, in response to JDL tactics against Soviet personnel being condemned by the Israeli Cabinet and American Jewish leaders, eight former Soviet Jews living in Israel sent cables to American Jewish leaders denouncing their condemnation of the JDL and denying that the JDL's acts endangered Soviet Jews. The cables said they were convinced that the JDL's "policy and activities are most effective." The group also attacked Israeli authorities for alleged softness in fighting the Soviet Union on the issue of Jewish rights. One of the signatories, Dov Sperling, claimed that the recent cancellation of the Bolshoi Ballet's scheduled American tour was forced by the JDL and hailed it as the first public surrender by Soviet authorities to Jewish pressure. Herut leader Menachem Begin also declared support of acts of harassment against Soviet diplomatic establishments abroad.[50]

On January 19, twenty JDL members had conducted a half-hour sit-in at the offices of Columbia Artists Inc. in Manhattan, leaving only after they were assured a meeting would be set up with the company's president in the near future.[51]

On January 20, JDL national chairman Rabbi Meir Kahane announced that JDL will conduct "non-violent actions" against organizations engaged in cultural exchange programs with the Soviet Union and that there had been "unofficial contacts" between his group and "some Jewish establishment organizations" which were welcomed.[51]

1972-1979

In 1972, two JDL members were arrested and convicted of bomb possession and burglary in an attempt to blow up the Long Island residence of the Soviet Mission to the United Nations.

In 1972, a smoke bomb was planted in the Manhattan office of music impresario Sol Hurok, who organized Soviet performers' U.S. tours. Iris Kones, a Jewish secretary from Long Island, died of smoke inhalation, and Hurok and 12 others were injured and hospitalized.[52] Jerome Zeller of the JDL was indicted for the bombing and Kahane later admitted his part in the attack.[29] JDL activities were condemned by Moscow refuseniks who felt that the group's actions were making it less likely that the Soviet Union would relax restrictions on Jewish emigration.

In 1973, threatening phone calls made to the home of Ralph Riskin, one of the producers of Bridget Loves Bernie, resulted in the arrest of Robert S. Manning,[53] described as a member of the JDL.[54] Manning was later indicted on separate murder charges, and fought extradition to the United States from Israel, where he had moved.[55]

In 1975, JDL leader Meir Kahane was accused of conspiracy to kidnap a Soviet diplomat, bomb the Iraqi embassy in Washington, and ship arms abroad from Israel. A hearing was held to revoke Kahane's probation for a 1971 incendiary device-making incident. He was found guilty of violating probation and served a one-year prison sentence.[1] On December 31, 1975, 15 members of the League seized the office of the Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in protest for Pope Paul VI's policy of support of Palestinian rights. The incident was over after one hour, as the activists left the location after being ordered to do so by the local police, and no arrests were made.[56]

On April 6, 1976, six prominent refuseniks – including Alexander Lerner, Anatoly Shcharansky, and Iosif Begun – condemned the JDL's anti-Soviet activities as terrorist acts, stating that their "actions constitute a danger for Soviet Jews ... as they might be used by the [Soviet] authorities as a pretext for new repressions and for instigating anti-Semitic hostilities."[1]

On March 16, 1978, Irv Rubin, chairman of the JDL, said about the planned American Nazi Party march in Skokie, Illinois: "We are offering $500, that I have in my hand, to any member of the community ... who kills, maims or seriously injures a member of the American Nazi party." Rubin was charged with solicitation of murder but was acquitted in 1981.[57]

1980–1989

During the 1980s, past-JDL member Victor Vancier (who later founded the Jewish Task Force), and two other former JDL members were arrested in connection with six incidents: 1984 firebombing of an automobile at a Soviet diplomatic residence, the 1985 and 1986 pipe bombings of rival JDL members' cars, the 1986 firebombing at a hall where the Soviet State Symphony Orchestra was performing, and two 1986 detonations of tear gas grenades to protest performances by Soviet dance troupes.[1] In a 1984 interview, the JDL leader Meir Kahane admitted that the JDL "bombed the Russian mission in New York, the Russian cultural mission here [Washington] in 1971, the Soviet trade offices."[29][58] The attacks, which caused minor diplomatic crisis in relations between the U.S. and the USSR, prompted the New York City Police Department (NYPD) to infiltrate the group and one undercover officer discovered a chain of weapon caches across Brooklyn, containing "enough shotguns and rifles to arm a small militia."[52]

On October 26, 1981, after two firebombs damaged the Egyptian tourist office at Rockefeller Center, JDL Chairman Meir Kahane said at a press conference: "I'm not going to say that the JDL bombed that office. There are laws against that in this country. But I'm not going to say I mourn for it either." The next day, after an anonymous caller claimed responsibility on behalf of the JDL, the group's spokesman later denied his group's involvement, but said, "we support the act."[1] JDL members had often been suspected of involvement in attacks against neo-Nazis, Holocaust deniers and antisemites.

On October 11, 1985, Alex Odeh, regional director of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC), was killed in a mail bombing at his office in Santa Ana, California. Shortly before his killing, Odeh had appeared on the television show Nightline, where he engaged in a tense dialogue with a representative from the JDL.[59] Irv Rubin immediately made several controversial public statements in reaction to the incident: "I have no tears for Mr. Odeh. He got exactly what he deserved. ... My tears were used up crying for Leon Klinghoffer."[28] The Anti-Defamation League and the American Jewish Committee both condemned the murder. Four weeks after Odeh's death, FBI spokesperson Lane Bonner stated the FBI attributed the bombing and two others to the JDL. In February 1986, the FBI classified the bombing that killed Alex Odeh as a terrorist act. Rubin denied JDL involvement: "What the FBI is doing is simple. ... Some character calls up a news agency or whatever and uses the phrase Never Again ... and on that assumption they can go and slander a whole group. That's tragic." In 1987, Floyd Clarke, then assistant director of the FBI, wrote in an internal memo that key suspects had fled to Israel and were living in the West Bank urban settlement of Kiryat Arba. In 1988, the FBI arrested Rochelle Manning as a suspect in the bombing, and also charged her husband, Robert Steven Manning, whom they considered a prime suspect in the attack; both were members of the JDL. Rochelle's jury deadlocked, and after the mistrial, she left for Israel to join her husband. Robert Manning was extradited from Israel to the U.S. in 1993.[28] He was subsequently found guilty of involvement in the killing of the secretary of computer firm ProWest, Patricia Wilkerson, in another, unrelated mail bomb blast.[60][61] In addition, he and other JDL members were also suspected in a string of other violent attacks through 1985, including the bombing of Boston ADC office that seriously injured two police officers, the bomb killing of suspected Nazi war criminal Tscherim Soobzokov in Paterson, New Jersey, and a bombing in Long Island, which was targeted at suspected Nazi war criminal Elmars Sprogis, that maimed a bystander.[29][62] William Ross, another JDL member, was also found guilty for his participation in the bombing that killed Wilkerson.[60] Rochelle Manning was re-indicted for her alleged involvement, and was detained in Israel, pending extradition, when she died of a heart attack in 1994.[60]

1990–1999

When Ruthless Records recording artist and former N.W.A member Dr. Dre sought to work instead with Death Row Records, Ruthless Records executives, Mike Klein and Jerry Heller were fearful of possible physical intimidation from Death Row Entertainment executives including chief executive officer Suge Knight and requested security assistance from the violent JDL.[63] The FBI launched a money laundering investigation, on the presumption that the JDL was extorting money from Ruthless Records and several rap artists, including Tupac Shakur and Eazy-E.[64] Heller has speculated that the FBI did not investigate these threats because of the song "Fuck Tha Police". Heller said, "It was no secret that in the aftermath of the Suge Knight shake down incident where Eazy was forced to sign over Dr. Dre, Michel'le and The D.O.C., that Ruthless was protected by Israeli trained/connected security forces."[65] The FBI documents refer to the JDL death threats and extortion scheme but do not make a direct connection between the group and the 1996 murder of Tupac Shakur.[66]

In 1995, when the Toronto residence of the Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel was the target of an arson attack, a group calling itself the "Jewish Armed Resistance Movement" claimed responsibility; according to the Toronto Sun, the group had ties to the JDL and to Kahane Chai.[67] The leader of the Toronto wing of the Jewish Defense League, Meir Halevi, denied involvement in the attack, although, just five days later, Halevi was caught trying to break into Zündel's property, where he was apprehended by police.[67][68] Later the same month Zündel was the recipient of a parcel bomb that was detonated by the Toronto police bomb squad.[69] In 2011, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police had launched an investigation against at least nine members of the JDL in regards to an anonymous tip that the JDL was plotting to bomb the Palestine House in Mississauga.[70]

2000–present

On December 12, 2001, JDL leader Irv Rubin and JDL member Earl Krugel were charged with planning a series of bomb attacks against the Muslim Public Affairs Council in Los Angeles, the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California, and the San Clemente office of Arab-American Congressman Darrell Issa, in the wake of the September 11 attacks.[71][72] Rubin, who also was charged with unlawful possession of an automatic firearm,[73] claimed that he was innocent. On November 4, 2002, at the federal Metropolitan Detention Center in Los Angeles, Rubin slit his throat with a safety razor and jumped out of a third story window.[12][74] Rubin's suicide would be contested by his widow and the JDL, particularly after his co-defendant pleaded guilty to the charges and implicated Rubin in the plot.[12] On February 4, 2003, Krugel pleaded guilty to conspiracy and weapons charges stemming from the plot, and was expected to serve up to 20 years in prison.[75] The core of the evidence against Krugel and Rubin was in a number of conversations taped by an informant, Danny Gillis, who was hired by the men to plant the bombs but who turned to the FBI instead.[12][76] According to one tape, Krugel thought the attacks would serve as "a wakeup call" to Arabs.[12] Krugel was subsequently murdered in prison by a fellow inmate in 2005.[11]

 
LDJ graffiti in the Marais neighbourhood in Paris. Picture taken on 14 July 2006, a little after the start of the 2006 Lebanon war.

In 2002, in France, attackers from Betar and Ligue de Défense Juive (LDJ) violently assaulted Jewish demonstrators from Peace Now, journalists, police officers (one of whom was stabbed), and Arab bystanders.[77] At least two of the suspects in the 2010 murder of a French Muslim Saïd Bourarach appeared to have ties to the French chapter of the JDL.[78] In 2011, Israeli daily Haaretz reported members of the "French branch of Jewish terror group coming to Israel 'to defend settlements'."[79] In 2013, a French Arab man was critically injured in a "revenge attack" by LDJ, sparking calls for further attacks against the Jews and a condemnation of the militant group by the French Jewish umbrella group CRIF;[80] as of 2013, there have been least 115 violent incidents were attributed to LDJ "soldiers" since the group's registration in France in 2001, including many vigilante reprisals to antisemitic attacks. Earlier that year, two LDJ members were sentenced for an attack at a pro-Palestinian bookstore that injured two people and a LDJ propaganda video called for "five cops for every Jew, 10 Arabs for each rabbi."[81]

In June 2014, two LDJ supporters were sentenced to prison in France for targeting the car of Jonathan Moadab, the Jewish co-founder of the blog "Cercle des Volontaires (Circle of Volunteers)", with a home-made bomb in September 2012.[82]

In October 2015, around 100 people brandishing JDL flags, and Israeli flags and letting off flares attacked the Agence France Presse building in Paris. Around 12 of them, armed with batons, assaulted David Perrotin, a leading French journalist. All were linked to the Jewish Defense League (JDL).[83]

Israel

Kahane immigrated to Israel from the United States in September 1971, where he initiated protests advocating the expulsion of Arabs from Israel and the Palestinian territories. In 1972, JDL leaflets were distributed around Hebron, calling for the mayor to stand trial for the 1929 Hebron massacre.[84]

 
Flag of Kach and later Kahane Chai.

Kahane nominally lead the JDL until April 1974. In 1971, he founded a new political party in Israel,[85] which ran in the 1973 elections under the name "The League List".[86] The party won 12,811 votes (0.82%), just 2,857 (0.18%) short of the electoral threshold at the time (1%) for winning a seat. Following the elections, the party's name was changed to Kach, taken from the Irgun motto "Rak Kach" ("Only thus").[87] Kach failed to gain any Knesset seats in the 1977 and 1980 elections as well. In the 1984 elections, the party won 25,907 votes (1.2%), passing the electoral threshold for the first time, and winning one seat, which was duly taken by Kahane.

Kahane's popularity grew, with polls showing that Kach would have likely received three to four seats in the coming November 1988 elections,[88][89] and some forecasting as many as twelve seats,[90][91] possibly making Kach the third largest party. However, after the Knesset passed an amendment to the Elections Law,[84] Kach was disqualified from running in the 1988 elections by the Central Elections Committee, on the grounds of incitement to racism and negation of the democratic character of the State.

On 5 November 1990, Kahane was assassinated[92] after making a speech in New York. The prime suspect, El Sayyid Nosair, an Egyptian-born American citizen, was subsequently acquitted of murder, but convicted on gun possession charges.[93] The Kach party subsequently split in two, with Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane (Meir Kahane's son) leading a breakaway faction, Kahane Chai. Both parties were banned from participating in the 1992 elections on the basis that they were followers of the original Kach. Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane and his wife Talya were shot and killed by Palestinian terrorists on December 31, 2000.[94]

On February 25, 1994, Baruch Goldstein, an American-born Israeli member of Kach, who in his youth was a JDL activist, opened fire on Muslims kneeling in prayer at the revered Cave of the Patriarchs mosque in the West Bank city of Hebron, killing 29 worshippers and injuring 125 before he ran out of ammunition and was himself killed. The attack set off riots and protests throughout the West Bank and 19 Palestinians were killed by the Israeli Defense Forces within 48 hours of the massacre. On its website, the JDL described the massacre as a "preventative measure against yet another Arab attack on Jews" and noted that they "do not consider his assault to qualify under the label of terrorism". Furthermore, they noted that "we teach that violence is never a good solution but is unfortunately sometimes necessary as a last resort when innocent lives are threatened; we therefore view Dr. Goldstein as a martyr in Judaism's protracted struggle against Arab terrorism. And we are not ashamed to say that Goldstein was a charter member of the Jewish Defense League."[95][96][97] In a similar attack nearly twelve years earlier, on April 11, 1982, an American-born JDL member and immigrant to Israel, Alan Harry Goodman, opened fire with his military-issue rifle at the Dome of the Rock on the sacred Temple Mount in Jerusalem, killing one Palestinian Arab and injuring four others. The 1982 shooting sparked an Arab riot in which another Palestinian was shot dead by the police. In 1983, Goodman was sentenced by an Israeli court to life in prison (which usually means 25 years in Israel); he was released after serving 15 1/2 years on the condition of returning to the United States.[98]

Terrorism and other illegal activities

In a 2004 congressional testimony, John S. Pistole, executive assistant director for counterterrorism and counterintelligence for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) described the JDL as "a known violent extremist Jewish organization."[99] FBI statistics show that, from 1980 through 1985, there were 18 officially classified terrorist attacks in the U.S. committed by Jews; 15 of those by members of the JDL.[28]

In its report, Terrorism 2000/2001, the FBI referred to the JDL as a "violent extremist Jewish organization" and stated that the FBI was responsible for thwarting at least one of its terrorist acts.[100] The National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism states that, during the JDL's first two decades of activity, it was an "active terrorist organization."[6] The JDL was specifically referenced by the FBI's Executive Assistant Director Counterterrorism/Counterintelligence, John S. Pistole, in his formal report before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States.[6]

JDL is suspected of being behind the 1972 bombing of the Manhattan offices of theater impresario Sol Hurok in which 2 employees were killed.[101]

Violent deaths

A number of senior JDL personnel and associates have died violently. Meir Kahane, the JDL's founding chairman, was assassinated in 1990 as was his son, Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane, in 2000. Long-time JDL chairman Irv Rubin died in 2002 in a Los Angeles federal detention center "after allegedly cutting his throat with a jail-issued razor and then jumping or falling over a railing and plummeting to his death." Rubin's deputy, Earl Krugel, was murdered by a fellow prison inmate in 2005. Rubin's son and JDL vice-chairman Ari Rubin committed suicide in 2012.[102]

Organization

Chapters

Main article: Jewish Defense League Chapters

Chairs

According to the organization's official list of Chairmen or Highest Ranking Directors:[103]

  • 1968–1971 – Rabbi Meir Kahane, International Chairman. Assassinated in 1990 by Islamic militant El Sayyid Nosair, who was later convicted in Terrorism Conspiracy.[104]
  • 1971–1973 – David Fisch, a religious Columbia University student, who later wrote articles for Jewish magazines and the book Jews for Nothing.
  • 1974–1976 – Russel Kelner, originally from Philadelphia. Formerly a U.S. Army lieutenant trained in counter-guerrilla warfare, he moved to New York City to direct the JDL's paramilitary summer camp JeDeL located in Wawarsing, New York,[105] and later to run the national office as chairman.
  • 1976–1978 – Bonnie Pechter.
  • 1979–1981 – Brett Becker, originally from South Florida, came to New York City to become chairman.
  • 1981–1983 – Meir Jolovitz, originally from Arizona, also came to New York City.
  • 1983–1984 – Fern Sidman, Administrative Director.
  • 1985–2002 – Irv Rubin, International Chairman. Arrested on terrorism charges; died in jail awaiting trial.
  • 2002–present – Shelley Rubin, Administrative Director (2002–2006); Chairman/CEO (2006–present).
  • 2017–present – Meir Weinstein, North American co-ordinator (2017–present); Canadian Chairman (1979–present)

Schism

After Rubin's death in prison in November 2002, Bill Maniaci was appointed interim chairman by Shelley Rubin. Two years later, the Jewish Defense League became mired in a state of upheaval over legal control of the organization. In October 2004, Maniaci rejected Shelley Rubin's call for him to resign; as a result, Maniaci was stripped of his title and membership. At that point, the JDL split into two separate factions, each vying for legal control of the associated "intellectual property." The two operated as separate organizations with the same name while a lengthy legal battle ensued.[106] In April 2005, the original domain name of the organization, jdl.org, was suspended by Network Solutions due to allegations of infringement; the organization went back online soon thereafter at domain name jewishdefenseleague.org. In April 2006, news of a settlement was announced in which signatories agreed to not object to "Shelley Rubin's titles of permanent chairman and CEO of JDL."[107] The agreement also confirmed that "the name 'Jewish Defense League,' the acronym 'JDL,' and the 'Fist and Star' logo are the exclusive intellectual property of JDL." (Opponents of both groups claim that these are Kahanist symbols and not the exclusive property of JDL. At this time, however, the logo is no longer in general use by the Kahanist groups.) The agreement also states: "Domain names registered on behalf of JDL, including but not limited to jdl.org and jewishdefenseleague.org, are owned and operated by JDL." Meanwhile, the opposing group formed B'nai Elim,[108] which is the latest of many JDL splinter groups to have formed over the years (previous splinter groups included the Jewish Direct Action and the United Jewish Underground that have been active during the 1980s).

Principles

The JDL upholds five fundamental principles

  • "LOVE OF JEWRY, one Jewish people, indivisible and united, from which flows the love for and the feeling of pain of all Jews."
  • "DIGNITY AND PRIDE, pride in and knowledge of Jewish tradition, faith, culture, land, history, strength, pain and peoplehood."
  • "IRON, the need to both move to help Jews everywhere and to change the Jewish image through sacrifice and all necessary means—even strength, force and violence."
  • "DISCIPLINE AND UNITY, the knowledge that he (or she) can and will do whatever must be done, and the unity and strength of willpower to bring this into reality."
  • "FAITH IN THE INDESTRUCTIBILITY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE, faith in the greatness and indestructibility of the Jewish people, our religion and our Land of Israel."

The JDL encourages, per its principle of the "Love of Jewry," that "... in the end ... the Jew can look to no one but another Jew for help and that the true solution to the Jewish problem is the liquidation of the Exile and the return of all Jews to Eretz Yisroel – the land of Israel."[109] The JDL elaborates on this fundamental principle by insisting upon an "immediate need to place Judaism over any other 'ism' and ideology and ... use of the yardstick: 'Is it good for Jews?'"[109] The JDL argues that, outside of Jews, there are historically no people corresponding to the Palestinian ethnicity. Writing on its official website, the JDL claims: "[T]he first mention of a 'Palestinian people' dates from the aftermath of the 1967 war, when the local Arabic-speaking communities ... were retrospectively endowed with a contrived 'nationhood' ... taken from Jewish history ..." and that "[c]learly, since Roman times 'Palestinian' had meant Jews until the Arab's recent adoption of this identity in order to claim it as their land."[110] On this basis, the JDL argues that "Zionism [should be] under no obligation to accommodate a separate 'Palestinian' claim, there being no historical evidence or witness for any such Arab category," and it considers Palestinian claims to be "Arab usurpation" of proper Jewish title.[110]

Relations with other groups

In 1971, Kahane aligned the JDL with the Italian-American Civil Rights League, created the previous year by the Italian American mob boss Joseph Colombo, head of the Colombo crime family.[111] In 2011, the Canadian JDL organized a "support rally" for the English Defence League (EDL) featuring a live speech, via Skype, by EDL leader Tommy Robinson. The event was denounced and condemned by the Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC) leader Bernie Farber and general counsel Benjamin Shinewald.[112][113][114] The rally, held at the Toronto Zionist Centre, attracted a counter-protest organized by Anti-Racist Action (ARA) resulting in four ARA members being arrested.[113][115] The JDL Canada has also organized rallies in support of right-wing Israeli politician Moshe Feiglin[116] and Dutch politician and well-known Islam critic Geert Wilders of the Party for Freedom,[117] and announced its support for the increasingly anti-Islamic Freedom Party of Austria.[118]

See also

References

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External links

  • Official website[dead link]
  • Jewish Defence League Canada
  • List of 80 terrorist incidents between 1970 and 1986 attributed to the Jewish Defense League on the Global Terrorism Database
  • Jewish Defense League Records at the American Jewish Historical Society

April 23, 2023
jewish, defense, league, redirects, here, indian, distiller, john, distilleries, jewish, right, religious, political, organization, united, states, canada, whose, stated, goal, protect, jews, from, antisemitism, whatever, means, necessary, been, classified, ri. JDL redirects here For the Indian distiller see John Distilleries The Jewish Defense League JDL is a Jewish far right religious political organization in the United States and Canada whose stated goal is to protect Jews from antisemitism by whatever means necessary 1 It has been classified as a right wing terrorist group by the FBI since 2001 2 and is designated a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center 3 According to the FBI the JDL has been involved in plotting and executing acts of terrorism within the United States 2 4 Most terrorism watch groups classify the group as inactive 5 Jewish Defense LeagueFounderMeir KahaneLeadersShelley RubinFoundation1968 1968 HeadquartersNew York CityLos AngelesTorontoIdeologyKahanismPolitical positionFar rightFounded by Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York City in 1968 the JDL s self described purpose was to protect Jews from local manifestations of antisemitism 1 6 Its criticism of the Soviet Union increased support for the group transforming it from a vigilante club into an organization with a stated membership numbering over 15 000 at one point 7 The group took to bombing Arab and Soviet properties in the United States 8 and targeting various alleged enemies of the Jewish people ranging from Arab American political activists to neo Nazis for assassination 9 A number of JDL members have been linked to violent and sometimes deadly attacks in the United States and in other countries including the murder of the American Arab Anti Discrimination Committee regional director Alex Odeh in 1985 the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre in 1994 and a plot to assassinate Congressman Darrell Issa in 2001 10 Several JDL members and leaders died violent deaths including Kahane himself who was assassinated by an Arab American gunman 11 According to the Anti Defamation League the JDL consists only of thugs and hooligans 12 The group s founder Meir Kahane preached a radical form of Jewish nationalism which reflected racism violence and political extremism 1 attitudes that were replicated by Irv Rubin the successor to Kahane 13 Contents 1 Origins 2 History 2 1 1969 2 2 1970 2 3 1971 2 4 1972 1979 2 5 1980 1989 2 6 1990 1999 2 7 2000 present 3 Israel 4 Terrorism and other illegal activities 5 Violent deaths 6 Organization 6 1 Chapters 6 2 Chairs 6 3 Schism 6 4 Principles 7 Relations with other groups 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksOriginsIn 1968 while Kahane served as the associate editor for the Jewish Press the paper s office began receiving numerous calls and letters about crimes being committed against Jews and Jewish institutions 14 Violence in the New York City area was on the rise with Jews comprising a disproportionately large percentage of the victims 15 Elderly Jews were being harassed and mugged storeowners were held up and Jewish teachers were assaulted while Jewish synagogues were defaced and Jewish cemeteries desecrated 16 After discussing the matter with a few congregants Kahane put out an ad in the Jewish Press on May 24 1968 which read We are talking of JEWISH SURVIVAL Are you willing to stand up for democracy and Jewish survival Join and support the Jewish Defense Corps 17 Shortly after Kahane renamed the group the Jewish Defense League fearing that Corps would be construed as too militant 18 The group s declared purpose was to combat anti Semitism in the public and private sectors of life in the United States of America 19 Kahane stated that the League was formed to do the job that the Anti Defamation League should do but doesn t 18 Shortly afterwards the Jewish Defense League put out a four page manifesto which stated America has been good to the Jew and the Jew has been good to America A land founded on the principles of democracy and freedom has given unprecedented opportunities to a people devoted to those ideals yet now finds itself threatened by political extremism and racist militancy Furthermore the manifesto stated that the organization rejects all hate and illegality believes firmly in law and order backs police forces and will work actively in the courts to strike down all discrimination 20 When asked about Jewish Defense League members breaking the law Kahane responded We respect the right and the obligation of the American government to prosecute us and send us to jail No one gripes about that 21 The group adopted the slogan Never Again which was originally used by the Jewish resistance fighters in the Warsaw ghetto 22 While the phrase is usually interpreted to mean that the Nazi Holocaust of six million Jews will never be permitted to recur Kahane claimed that his intention was to declare that Jews should never again be caught by surprise or lulled into a foolish trust in others 23 The first Jewish Defense League demonstration took place on August 5 1968 at New York University with some 15 members chanting No Nazis at NYU Jewish rights are precious too 18 History1969 On August 7 the JDL sent members to Passaic New Jersey to protect Jewish merchants from anti Jewish rioting which had swept the area for days 24 On November 25 the JDL was invited to the Boston area by Jewish residents in response to a mounting wave of crime directed primarily against Jews 25 On December 3 JDL members attacked the Syrian Mission in New York 26 On December 31 13 JDL members were arrested after a series of coordinated actions against Soviet property in Manhattan and at Kennedy Airport intended to protest the treatment of Jews in the Soviet Union Several youths painted slogans on a Soviet airliner two of them handcuffed themselves to the airliner while others daubed the words Am Yisroel Chai the Nation of Israel Lives on the plane s doors A similar slogan was painted on the walls of the office of Tass the Soviet news agency in Rockefeller Plaza which was invaded by Rabbi Kahane and four other JDL members The rest of the demonstrators were taken into custody after invading the midtown offices of the Soviet tourist bureau 27 1970 Initially the League was connected to a series of violent attacks against the Soviet Union s interests in the United States protesting the former country s repression of Soviet Jews who were often jailed and refused exit visas 28 29 The JDL decided that violence was necessary to draw attention to their plight reasoning that Moscow would respond to the strain on Soviet US relations by allowing more emigration to Israel 29 In 1970 according to Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin agents of the Soviet KGB forged and sent threatening letters to Arab missions claiming to be from the JDL to discredit it They also were ordered to bomb a target in the Negro section of New York and blame it on the JDL 30 On January 25 JDL members staged anti Soviet demonstrations at a concert of the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra in Brooklyn College s auditorium JDL members danced sang and yelled while trying to prevent people from entering the auditorium 31 On March 23 JDL members staged a sit in in the office of the president of the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York to demand that the Federation allocate more funds for Jewish education and Jewish defense assist institutions threatened by violence and arrange for popular election of Federation officials 32 As a result the Federation agreed to form a special committee to consider the request for additional funds for Jewish education 33 while other groups continued to demonstrate 34 On April 7 the JDL held memorial services on behalf of civilian victims of Arab terrorism during the past half century in front of the United Arab Republic Mission to the United Nations 35 On April 9 nine JDL members occupied the principal s office of Leeds Junior High School in Philadelphia after school authorities had allegedly failed to crack down on school violence The JDL hoped to present six suggestions for protecting students from assault and theft by troublemakers including committing them to disciplinary schools stationing policemen in the public schools and replacing weak administrators 36 37 On April 20 fifteen JDL members were arrested after chaining themselves to the fence in front of the Soviet Mission to the UN to protest against the treatment of Jews in the Soviet Union 38 On May 8 about fifty JDL members demonstrated outside the Black Panther Party headquarters in Harlem due to an alleged outrageous explosion of anti Semitic hatred by the Panthers 39 On May 19 the JDL issued a statement attacking American Jewish organizations which opposed the Vietnam War accusing them of doing more to destroy the State of Israel than all the Arab armies 40 On May 20 thirty five JDL members took over the Park East Synagogue opposite the Soviet Mission and barricaded the entrances in order to hold a liberation seder for Soviet Jewry 41 On June 23 about forty JDL members seized two floors of an office building in New York housing Amtorg the official Soviet Union trade office and evicted the personnel in what the JDL deemed retaliation for the arrests of Jews and raids on Jewish homes in the Soviet Union 42 On June 28 150 JDL members demonstrated over attacks against the Jews of Williamsburg in reprisal for the accidental killing of a black girl by a Jewish driver Clashes broke out with other minority groups and arrests were made 43 On August 16 400 JDL members began a week long march from Philadelphia to Washington on behalf of Soviet Jewry concluding with a rally at Lafayette Park urging President Nixon to stand tall and firm in the Middle East as you have done elsewhere In response Thomas Hale Boggs Jr a congressional candidate from Montgomery County Md said he would sponsor a House resolution on Soviet Jewry 44 On September 27 two JDL members were arrested at Kennedy Airport while attempting to board a London bound plane armed with four loaded guns and a live hand grenade The two intended to hijack a United Arab Airlines plane and divert it to Israel 45 On October 6 the JDL is suspected of bombing the New York office of the Palestine Liberation Organization after the PLO hijacked four airliners the previous month United Press International reported that an anonymous caller phoned in about a half hour before the explosion and proclaimed the JDL slogan Never again 46 On December 20 during a march to protest the treatment of Soviet Jewry JDL members attempted to take over the Soviet Mission headquarters The members were arrested after inciting demonstrators to break through police lines 47 On December 27 the JDL launched a 100 hour vigil for Soviet Jewry Demonstrators tried to break through police barricades to reach the Soviet Mission to the UN to protest the sentencing of Jews in Leningrad Several arrests were made 48 On December 29 an estimated 100 JDL members demonstrated in front of the offices of the New York Board of Rabbis challenging them to get arrested for Jews as well as for blacks Later that day several JDL members scuffled with police outside the office of Aeroflot In tourist the official Soviet tourist agency while JDL leader Meir Kahane demanded the right to purchase two tickets to Israel for two Russian Jews who were sentenced to death About 75 JDL members marched near the office chanting slogans such as Freedom Now and Let My People Go 49 On December 30 several hundred JDL members participated in a rally for Soviet Jewry in Foley square chanting Let My People Go Open Up the Iron Door and Never Again 49 1971 On January 8 1971 a bombing outside of the Soviet cultural center in Washington D C was followed by a phone call including the JDL slogan Never again A JDL spokesperson denied the group s involvement in the bombing but refused to condemn it 1 On January 17 in response to JDL tactics against Soviet personnel being condemned by the Israeli Cabinet and American Jewish leaders eight former Soviet Jews living in Israel sent cables to American Jewish leaders denouncing their condemnation of the JDL and denying that the JDL s acts endangered Soviet Jews The cables said they were convinced that the JDL s policy and activities are most effective The group also attacked Israeli authorities for alleged softness in fighting the Soviet Union on the issue of Jewish rights One of the signatories Dov Sperling claimed that the recent cancellation of the Bolshoi Ballet s scheduled American tour was forced by the JDL and hailed it as the first public surrender by Soviet authorities to Jewish pressure Herut leader Menachem Begin also declared support of acts of harassment against Soviet diplomatic establishments abroad 50 On January 19 twenty JDL members had conducted a half hour sit in at the offices of Columbia Artists Inc in Manhattan leaving only after they were assured a meeting would be set up with the company s president in the near future 51 On January 20 JDL national chairman Rabbi Meir Kahane announced that JDL will conduct non violent actions against organizations engaged in cultural exchange programs with the Soviet Union and that there had been unofficial contacts between his group and some Jewish establishment organizations which were welcomed 51 1972 1979 In 1972 two JDL members were arrested and convicted of bomb possession and burglary in an attempt to blow up the Long Island residence of the Soviet Mission to the United Nations In 1972 a smoke bomb was planted in the Manhattan office of music impresario Sol Hurok who organized Soviet performers U S tours Iris Kones a Jewish secretary from Long Island died of smoke inhalation and Hurok and 12 others were injured and hospitalized 52 Jerome Zeller of the JDL was indicted for the bombing and Kahane later admitted his part in the attack 29 JDL activities were condemned by Moscow refuseniks who felt that the group s actions were making it less likely that the Soviet Union would relax restrictions on Jewish emigration In 1973 threatening phone calls made to the home of Ralph Riskin one of the producers of Bridget Loves Bernie resulted in the arrest of Robert S Manning 53 described as a member of the JDL 54 Manning was later indicted on separate murder charges and fought extradition to the United States from Israel where he had moved 55 In 1975 JDL leader Meir Kahane was accused of conspiracy to kidnap a Soviet diplomat bomb the Iraqi embassy in Washington and ship arms abroad from Israel A hearing was held to revoke Kahane s probation for a 1971 incendiary device making incident He was found guilty of violating probation and served a one year prison sentence 1 On December 31 1975 15 members of the League seized the office of the Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in protest for Pope Paul VI s policy of support of Palestinian rights The incident was over after one hour as the activists left the location after being ordered to do so by the local police and no arrests were made 56 On April 6 1976 six prominent refuseniks including Alexander Lerner Anatoly Shcharansky and Iosif Begun condemned the JDL s anti Soviet activities as terrorist acts stating that their actions constitute a danger for Soviet Jews as they might be used by the Soviet authorities as a pretext for new repressions and for instigating anti Semitic hostilities 1 On March 16 1978 Irv Rubin chairman of the JDL said about the planned American Nazi Party march in Skokie Illinois We are offering 500 that I have in my hand to any member of the community who kills maims or seriously injures a member of the American Nazi party Rubin was charged with solicitation of murder but was acquitted in 1981 57 1980 1989 During the 1980s past JDL member Victor Vancier who later founded the Jewish Task Force and two other former JDL members were arrested in connection with six incidents 1984 firebombing of an automobile at a Soviet diplomatic residence the 1985 and 1986 pipe bombings of rival JDL members cars the 1986 firebombing at a hall where the Soviet State Symphony Orchestra was performing and two 1986 detonations of tear gas grenades to protest performances by Soviet dance troupes 1 In a 1984 interview the JDL leader Meir Kahane admitted that the JDL bombed the Russian mission in New York the Russian cultural mission here Washington in 1971 the Soviet trade offices 29 58 The attacks which caused minor diplomatic crisis in relations between the U S and the USSR prompted the New York City Police Department NYPD to infiltrate the group and one undercover officer discovered a chain of weapon caches across Brooklyn containing enough shotguns and rifles to arm a small militia 52 On October 26 1981 after two firebombs damaged the Egyptian tourist office at Rockefeller Center JDL Chairman Meir Kahane said at a press conference I m not going to say that the JDL bombed that office There are laws against that in this country But I m not going to say I mourn for it either The next day after an anonymous caller claimed responsibility on behalf of the JDL the group s spokesman later denied his group s involvement but said we support the act 1 JDL members had often been suspected of involvement in attacks against neo Nazis Holocaust deniers and antisemites On October 11 1985 Alex Odeh regional director of the American Arab Anti Discrimination Committee ADC was killed in a mail bombing at his office in Santa Ana California Shortly before his killing Odeh had appeared on the television show Nightline where he engaged in a tense dialogue with a representative from the JDL 59 Irv Rubin immediately made several controversial public statements in reaction to the incident I have no tears for Mr Odeh He got exactly what he deserved My tears were used up crying for Leon Klinghoffer 28 The Anti Defamation League and the American Jewish Committee both condemned the murder Four weeks after Odeh s death FBI spokesperson Lane Bonner stated the FBI attributed the bombing and two others to the JDL In February 1986 the FBI classified the bombing that killed Alex Odeh as a terrorist act Rubin denied JDL involvement What the FBI is doing is simple Some character calls up a news agency or whatever and uses the phrase Never Again and on that assumption they can go and slander a whole group That s tragic In 1987 Floyd Clarke then assistant director of the FBI wrote in an internal memo that key suspects had fled to Israel and were living in the West Bank urban settlement of Kiryat Arba In 1988 the FBI arrested Rochelle Manning as a suspect in the bombing and also charged her husband Robert Steven Manning whom they considered a prime suspect in the attack both were members of the JDL Rochelle s jury deadlocked and after the mistrial she left for Israel to join her husband Robert Manning was extradited from Israel to the U S in 1993 28 He was subsequently found guilty of involvement in the killing of the secretary of computer firm ProWest Patricia Wilkerson in another unrelated mail bomb blast 60 61 In addition he and other JDL members were also suspected in a string of other violent attacks through 1985 including the bombing of Boston ADC office that seriously injured two police officers the bomb killing of suspected Nazi war criminal Tscherim Soobzokov in Paterson New Jersey and a bombing in Long Island which was targeted at suspected Nazi war criminal Elmars Sprogis that maimed a bystander 29 62 William Ross another JDL member was also found guilty for his participation in the bombing that killed Wilkerson 60 Rochelle Manning was re indicted for her alleged involvement and was detained in Israel pending extradition when she died of a heart attack in 1994 60 1990 1999 When Ruthless Records recording artist and former N W A member Dr Dre sought to work instead with Death Row Records Ruthless Records executives Mike Klein and Jerry Heller were fearful of possible physical intimidation from Death Row Entertainment executives including chief executive officer Suge Knight and requested security assistance from the violent JDL 63 The FBI launched a money laundering investigation on the presumption that the JDL was extorting money from Ruthless Records and several rap artists including Tupac Shakur and Eazy E 64 Heller has speculated that the FBI did not investigate these threats because of the song Fuck Tha Police Heller said It was no secret that in the aftermath of the Suge Knight shake down incident where Eazy was forced to sign over Dr Dre Michel le and The D O C that Ruthless was protected by Israeli trained connected security forces 65 The FBI documents refer to the JDL death threats and extortion scheme but do not make a direct connection between the group and the 1996 murder of Tupac Shakur 66 In 1995 when the Toronto residence of the Holocaust denier Ernst Zundel was the target of an arson attack a group calling itself the Jewish Armed Resistance Movement claimed responsibility according to the Toronto Sun the group had ties to the JDL and to Kahane Chai 67 The leader of the Toronto wing of the Jewish Defense League Meir Halevi denied involvement in the attack although just five days later Halevi was caught trying to break into Zundel s property where he was apprehended by police 67 68 Later the same month Zundel was the recipient of a parcel bomb that was detonated by the Toronto police bomb squad 69 In 2011 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police had launched an investigation against at least nine members of the JDL in regards to an anonymous tip that the JDL was plotting to bomb the Palestine House in Mississauga 70 2000 present On December 12 2001 JDL leader Irv Rubin and JDL member Earl Krugel were charged with planning a series of bomb attacks against the Muslim Public Affairs Council in Los Angeles the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City California and the San Clemente office of Arab American Congressman Darrell Issa in the wake of the September 11 attacks 71 72 Rubin who also was charged with unlawful possession of an automatic firearm 73 claimed that he was innocent On November 4 2002 at the federal Metropolitan Detention Center in Los Angeles Rubin slit his throat with a safety razor and jumped out of a third story window 12 74 Rubin s suicide would be contested by his widow and the JDL particularly after his co defendant pleaded guilty to the charges and implicated Rubin in the plot 12 On February 4 2003 Krugel pleaded guilty to conspiracy and weapons charges stemming from the plot and was expected to serve up to 20 years in prison 75 The core of the evidence against Krugel and Rubin was in a number of conversations taped by an informant Danny Gillis who was hired by the men to plant the bombs but who turned to the FBI instead 12 76 According to one tape Krugel thought the attacks would serve as a wakeup call to Arabs 12 Krugel was subsequently murdered in prison by a fellow inmate in 2005 11 LDJ graffiti in the Marais neighbourhood in Paris Picture taken on 14 July 2006 a little after the start of the 2006 Lebanon war In 2002 in France attackers from Betar and Ligue de Defense Juive LDJ violently assaulted Jewish demonstrators from Peace Now journalists police officers one of whom was stabbed and Arab bystanders 77 At least two of the suspects in the 2010 murder of a French Muslim Said Bourarach appeared to have ties to the French chapter of the JDL 78 In 2011 Israeli daily Haaretz reported members of the French branch of Jewish terror group coming to Israel to defend settlements 79 In 2013 a French Arab man was critically injured in a revenge attack by LDJ sparking calls for further attacks against the Jews and a condemnation of the militant group by the French Jewish umbrella group CRIF 80 as of 2013 there have been least 115 violent incidents were attributed to LDJ soldiers since the group s registration in France in 2001 including many vigilante reprisals to antisemitic attacks Earlier that year two LDJ members were sentenced for an attack at a pro Palestinian bookstore that injured two people and a LDJ propaganda video called for five cops for every Jew 10 Arabs for each rabbi 81 In June 2014 two LDJ supporters were sentenced to prison in France for targeting the car of Jonathan Moadab the Jewish co founder of the blog Cercle des Volontaires Circle of Volunteers with a home made bomb in September 2012 82 In October 2015 around 100 people brandishing JDL flags and Israeli flags and letting off flares attacked the Agence France Presse building in Paris Around 12 of them armed with batons assaulted David Perrotin a leading French journalist All were linked to the Jewish Defense League JDL 83 IsraelKahane immigrated to Israel from the United States in September 1971 where he initiated protests advocating the expulsion of Arabs from Israel and the Palestinian territories In 1972 JDL leaflets were distributed around Hebron calling for the mayor to stand trial for the 1929 Hebron massacre 84 Flag of Kach and later Kahane Chai Kahane nominally lead the JDL until April 1974 In 1971 he founded a new political party in Israel 85 which ran in the 1973 elections under the name The League List 86 The party won 12 811 votes 0 82 just 2 857 0 18 short of the electoral threshold at the time 1 for winning a seat Following the elections the party s name was changed to Kach taken from the Irgun motto Rak Kach Only thus 87 Kach failed to gain any Knesset seats in the 1977 and 1980 elections as well In the 1984 elections the party won 25 907 votes 1 2 passing the electoral threshold for the first time and winning one seat which was duly taken by Kahane Kahane s popularity grew with polls showing that Kach would have likely received three to four seats in the coming November 1988 elections 88 89 and some forecasting as many as twelve seats 90 91 possibly making Kach the third largest party However after the Knesset passed an amendment to the Elections Law 84 Kach was disqualified from running in the 1988 elections by the Central Elections Committee on the grounds of incitement to racism and negation of the democratic character of the State On 5 November 1990 Kahane was assassinated 92 after making a speech in New York The prime suspect El Sayyid Nosair an Egyptian born American citizen was subsequently acquitted of murder but convicted on gun possession charges 93 The Kach party subsequently split in two with Binyamin Ze ev Kahane Meir Kahane s son leading a breakaway faction Kahane Chai Both parties were banned from participating in the 1992 elections on the basis that they were followers of the original Kach Binyamin Ze ev Kahane and his wife Talya were shot and killed by Palestinian terrorists on December 31 2000 94 On February 25 1994 Baruch Goldstein an American born Israeli member of Kach who in his youth was a JDL activist opened fire on Muslims kneeling in prayer at the revered Cave of the Patriarchs mosque in the West Bank city of Hebron killing 29 worshippers and injuring 125 before he ran out of ammunition and was himself killed The attack set off riots and protests throughout the West Bank and 19 Palestinians were killed by the Israeli Defense Forces within 48 hours of the massacre On its website the JDL described the massacre as a preventative measure against yet another Arab attack on Jews and noted that they do not consider his assault to qualify under the label of terrorism Furthermore they noted that we teach that violence is never a good solution but is unfortunately sometimes necessary as a last resort when innocent lives are threatened we therefore view Dr Goldstein as a martyr in Judaism s protracted struggle against Arab terrorism And we are not ashamed to say that Goldstein was a charter member of the Jewish Defense League 95 96 97 In a similar attack nearly twelve years earlier on April 11 1982 an American born JDL member and immigrant to Israel Alan Harry Goodman opened fire with his military issue rifle at the Dome of the Rock on the sacred Temple Mount in Jerusalem killing one Palestinian Arab and injuring four others The 1982 shooting sparked an Arab riot in which another Palestinian was shot dead by the police In 1983 Goodman was sentenced by an Israeli court to life in prison which usually means 25 years in Israel he was released after serving 15 1 2 years on the condition of returning to the United States 98 Terrorism and other illegal activitiesIn a 2004 congressional testimony John S Pistole executive assistant director for counterterrorism and counterintelligence for the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI described the JDL as a known violent extremist Jewish organization 99 FBI statistics show that from 1980 through 1985 there were 18 officially classified terrorist attacks in the U S committed by Jews 15 of those by members of the JDL 28 In its report Terrorism 2000 2001 the FBI referred to the JDL as a violent extremist Jewish organization and stated that the FBI was responsible for thwarting at least one of its terrorist acts 100 The National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism states that during the JDL s first two decades of activity it was an active terrorist organization 6 The JDL was specifically referenced by the FBI s Executive Assistant Director Counterterrorism Counterintelligence John S Pistole in his formal report before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States 6 JDL is suspected of being behind the 1972 bombing of the Manhattan offices of theater impresario Sol Hurok in which 2 employees were killed 101 Violent deathsA number of senior JDL personnel and associates have died violently Meir Kahane the JDL s founding chairman was assassinated in 1990 as was his son Binyamin Ze ev Kahane in 2000 Long time JDL chairman Irv Rubin died in 2002 in a Los Angeles federal detention center after allegedly cutting his throat with a jail issued razor and then jumping or falling over a railing and plummeting to his death Rubin s deputy Earl Krugel was murdered by a fellow prison inmate in 2005 Rubin s son and JDL vice chairman Ari Rubin committed suicide in 2012 102 OrganizationChapters Main article Jewish Defense League Chapters Chairs According to the organization s official list of Chairmen or Highest Ranking Directors 103 1968 1971 Rabbi Meir Kahane International Chairman Assassinated in 1990 by Islamic militant El Sayyid Nosair who was later convicted in Terrorism Conspiracy 104 1971 1973 David Fisch a religious Columbia University student who later wrote articles for Jewish magazines and the book Jews for Nothing 1974 1976 Russel Kelner originally from Philadelphia Formerly a U S Army lieutenant trained in counter guerrilla warfare he moved to New York City to direct the JDL s paramilitary summer camp JeDeL located in Wawarsing New York 105 and later to run the national office as chairman 1976 1978 Bonnie Pechter 1979 1981 Brett Becker originally from South Florida came to New York City to become chairman 1981 1983 Meir Jolovitz originally from Arizona also came to New York City 1983 1984 Fern Sidman Administrative Director 1985 2002 Irv Rubin International Chairman Arrested on terrorism charges died in jail awaiting trial 2002 present Shelley Rubin Administrative Director 2002 2006 Chairman CEO 2006 present 2017 present Meir Weinstein North American co ordinator 2017 present Canadian Chairman 1979 present Schism After Rubin s death in prison in November 2002 Bill Maniaci was appointed interim chairman by Shelley Rubin Two years later the Jewish Defense League became mired in a state of upheaval over legal control of the organization In October 2004 Maniaci rejected Shelley Rubin s call for him to resign as a result Maniaci was stripped of his title and membership At that point the JDL split into two separate factions each vying for legal control of the associated intellectual property The two operated as separate organizations with the same name while a lengthy legal battle ensued 106 In April 2005 the original domain name of the organization jdl org was suspended by Network Solutions due to allegations of infringement the organization went back online soon thereafter at domain name jewishdefenseleague org In April 2006 news of a settlement was announced in which signatories agreed to not object to Shelley Rubin s titles of permanent chairman and CEO of JDL 107 The agreement also confirmed that the name Jewish Defense League the acronym JDL and the Fist and Star logo are the exclusive intellectual property of JDL Opponents of both groups claim that these are Kahanist symbols and not the exclusive property of JDL At this time however the logo is no longer in general use by the Kahanist groups The agreement also states Domain names registered on behalf of JDL including but not limited to jdl org and jewishdefenseleague org are owned and operated by JDL Meanwhile the opposing group formed B nai Elim 108 which is the latest of many JDL splinter groups to have formed over the years previous splinter groups included the Jewish Direct Action and the United Jewish Underground that have been active during the 1980s Principles The JDL upholds five fundamental principles LOVE OF JEWRY one Jewish people indivisible and united from which flows the love for and the feeling of pain of all Jews DIGNITY AND PRIDE pride in and knowledge of Jewish tradition faith culture land history strength pain and peoplehood IRON the need to both move to help Jews everywhere and to change the Jewish image through sacrifice and all necessary means even strength force and violence DISCIPLINE AND UNITY the knowledge that he or she can and will do whatever must be done and the unity and strength of willpower to bring this into reality FAITH IN THE INDESTRUCTIBILITY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE faith in the greatness and indestructibility of the Jewish people our religion and our Land of Israel The JDL encourages per its principle of the Love of Jewry that in the end the Jew can look to no one but another Jew for help and that the true solution to the Jewish problem is the liquidation of the Exile and the return of all Jews to Eretz Yisroel the land of Israel 109 The JDL elaborates on this fundamental principle by insisting upon an immediate need to place Judaism over any other ism and ideology and use of the yardstick Is it good for Jews 109 The JDL argues that outside of Jews there are historically no people corresponding to the Palestinian ethnicity Writing on its official website the JDL claims T he first mention of a Palestinian people dates from the aftermath of the 1967 war when the local Arabic speaking communities were retrospectively endowed with a contrived nationhood taken from Jewish history and that c learly since Roman times Palestinian had meant Jews until the Arab s recent adoption of this identity in order to claim it as their land 110 On this basis the JDL argues that Zionism should be under no obligation to accommodate a separate Palestinian claim there being no historical evidence or witness for any such Arab category and it considers Palestinian claims to be Arab usurpation of proper Jewish title 110 Relations with other groupsIn 1971 Kahane aligned the JDL with the Italian American Civil Rights League created the previous year by the Italian American mob boss Joseph Colombo head of the Colombo crime family 111 In 2011 the Canadian JDL organized a support rally for the English Defence League EDL featuring a live speech via Skype by EDL leader Tommy Robinson The event was denounced and condemned by the Canadian Jewish Congress CJC leader Bernie Farber and general counsel Benjamin Shinewald 112 113 114 The rally held at the Toronto Zionist Centre attracted a counter protest organized by Anti Racist Action ARA resulting in four ARA members being arrested 113 115 The JDL Canada has also organized rallies in support of right wing Israeli politician Moshe Feiglin 116 and Dutch politician and well known Islam critic Geert Wilders of the Party for Freedom 117 and announced its support for the increasingly anti Islamic Freedom Party of Austria 118 See alsoGolus nationalism Jewish Defense Organization Kach and 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