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Wikipedia

Brooklyn Museum

October 28, 2023

Not to be confused with Brooklyn Children's Museum or Brooklyn Academy of Music.

The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At 560,000 square feet (52,000 m2), the museum is New York City's second largest and contains an art collection with around 500,000 objects.[2] Located near the Prospect Heights, Crown Heights, Flatbush, and Park Slope neighborhoods of Brooklyn, the museum's Beaux-Arts building was designed by McKim, Mead & White.

Brooklyn Museum
Entrance facade of Brooklyn Museum
Former name
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn Museum of Art
Location200 Eastern Parkway,
Brooklyn, New York
Coordinates40°40′16.7″N 73°57′49.5″W / 40.671306°N 73.963750°W / 40.671306; -73.963750
TypeArt museum
Collection size500,000 objects
Public transit accessSubway: ​​ at Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum
Websitewww.brooklynmuseum.org
Brooklyn Museum
Location200 Eastern Parkway
Brooklyn, NY 11238
Coordinates40°40′16.7″N 73°57′49.5″W / 40.671306°N 73.963750°W / 40.671306; -73.963750
Built1895
ArchitectMcKim, Mead & White; French, Daniel Chester
Architectural styleBeaux-Arts
NRHP reference No.77000944[1]
NYCL No.0155
Significant dates
Added to NRHPAugust 22, 1977
Designated NYCLMarch 15, 1966

The Brooklyn Museum was founded in 1898 as a division of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, intended to educate tradespeople, and was planned to be the largest art museum in the world. The museum was conceived as an institution focused on a broad public.[3] The museum initially struggled to maintain its building and collection, but it was revitalized in the late 20th century following major renovations.

Significant areas of the collection include antiquities, specifically their collection of Egyptian antiquities spanning over 3,000 years. European, African, Oceanic, and Japanese art make for notable antiquities collections as well. American art is heavily represented, starting at the Colonial period. Artists represented in the collection include Mark Rothko, Edward Hopper, Norman Rockwell, Judy Chicago, Winslow Homer, Edgar Degas, Georgia O'Keeffe, and Max Weber. The museum features the Steinberg Family Sculpture Garden, which features salvaged architectural elements from throughout New York City.[4]

History edit

The Brooklyn Museum's origins date to 1823, when Augustus Graham founded the Brooklyn Apprentices' Library in Brooklyn Heights;[5][6] the cornerstone of the library's first building was laid in 1825 on Henry and Cranberry Street.[7] The Library moved into the Brooklyn Lyceum building on Washington Street in 1841.[8] The two institutions merged into the Brooklyn Institute in 1843; the institute offered exhibitions of painting and sculpture and lectures on diverse subjects.[7][8] The Washington Street building was destroyed in a fire in 1891.[9]

Development and opening edit

In February 1889, several prominent Brooklyn citizens announced that they would begin fundraising for a new museum for the Brooklyn Institute.[10][11] The museum's proponents quickly identified a site just east of Prospect Park, on the south side of Eastern Parkway.[12] The next year, under director Franklin Hooper, Institute leaders reorganized as the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and began planning the Brooklyn Museum.[13] Brooklyn officials hosted an architectural design competition for the building, eventually awarding the contract to McKim, Mead & White.[6] The competition was characterized in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle as "one of the most important in the history of architecture", as the museum was to contain numerous divisions.[6] The museum remained a subdivision of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, along with the Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and the Brooklyn Children's Museum, until these organizations all became independent in the 1970s.[8]

Brooklyn mayor Charles A. Schieren agreed in January 1895 to issue $300,000 per year in bonds for the Brooklyn Institute museum's construction.[14] Initially, only a single wing and pavilion on the western portion of the museum's site, measuring 210 by 50 feet (64 by 15 m) across, was to be built.[15] Engineers began surveying the site that May[16][17] and found that the bedrock under the site was several hundred feet deep, making it impossible to build the foundations on solid rock.[18] Nonetheless, the engineers had determined that the gravel fill under the site was strong enough to support a building.[16] Construction on the Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences' west wing officially began on September 14, 1895.[19][20] A groundbreaking ceremony for the museum was hosted on December 14 of the same year.[21][22] Two of the museum's three stories had been completed by April 1896.[23]

The Brooklyn Institute museum's building was completed in March 1897 after a sidewalk was built between the museum's entrance and Eastern Parkway.[24] The museum's first exhibit was a collection of almost 600 paintings, which had opened to the public on June 1, 1897, several months before the formal opening of the museum.[25] The Brooklyn Institute's museum formally opened on October 2, 1897, and was one of the last major structures built in the city of Brooklyn before the formation of the City of Greater New York in 1898.[26][27]

20th century edit

1900s and 1910s edit

 
Early 20th century postcard

The Brooklyn Institute approved the construction of the central entrance pavilion in May 1899,[28] and Hooper requested $600,000 for this addition the next month.[29][30] The four-story structure was to measure 140 by 122 feet (43 by 37 m).[31][32] The central pavilion was to include a 1,250-seat lecture hall in the basement (actually at ground level),[28][33] as well as a hall of sculpture on the first floor, which would serve as the museum's main lobby.[28][31] The second story was to contain natural-history exhibits, while the third story was to include paintings.[31] The New York State Legislature needed to authorize $300,000 in bonds for the pavilion, but they had not done so by the end of 1899.[34] Work on the central wing started in June 1900.[32][35] The museum's central section was nearly completed by January 1903,[36] but work proceeded slowly due to labor disputes.[33]

New York City mayor Seth Low signed a bill in August 1902, approving $150,000 for the construction of the Brooklyn Institute's eastern wing and pavilion.[37] The eastern wing cost $344,000 to construct,[38] and it officially opened on December 14, 1907.[39][40] With the opening of the eastern wing, the museum building had reached one-eighth of its total planned size.[41] Although the museum's collections continued to grow, the New York City government was only willing to give the museum as little funding as necessary for essential maintenance.[42] Several of the institute's donors proposed in 1905 to give $25,000 for the upkeep of an "astronomical observatory" at the Brooklyn Museum.[43][44] City officials endorsed the creation of the observatory in 1907.[45]

The Brooklyn Institute awarded a construction contract for wings F and G, extending south of the central pavilion, to Benedetto & Egan in May 1911.[46] Extending 120 feet (37 m) south and measuring 200 feet (61 m) wide, this addition was to contain a central court with a glass roof.[46][47] That July, McKim, Mead & White filed plans for wings F and G.[48] The Brooklyn Institute converted the last remaining storage rooms in the eastern wing into galleries in October 1911.[49][50] The next month, a temporary access road was built from Flatbush Avenue to the rear of the building.[51] Wills & Martin, one of the firms that had been hired to erect the new wings, declared bankruptcy in November 1913.[52] Work stopped completely in November 1914,[53] and the incomplete structures started to deteriorate.[54] Because of the lack of space in the building, the lobby and auditorium were being used to exhibit artwork. The Brooklyn Institute had been forced to decline some donations of artwork, as the works could not be displayed, while other works of art had to be placed in storage.[54]

1920s to 1940s edit

By 1920, the New York City Subway's Institute Park station had opened outside the Brooklyn Museum, greatly improving access to the once-isolated museum from Manhattan and the other boroughs.[55] In April 1922, governor Nathan L. Miller signed legislation authorizing the New York City government to issue bonds to fund wings F and G of the Brooklyn Museum.[56] The New York City Board of Estimate refused to approve the Brooklyn Institute trustees' request for $875,000,[57] and mayor John Francis Hylan also blocked the funding.[58] Hylan changed his mind after visiting the museum, and the Board of Estimate appropriated $1.05 million for the new wings.[59] McKim, Mead & White drew up new plans for wings F and G; by that September, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) was about to award contracts for the wings.[60][61] A picture gallery opened at the museum in November 1925.[62][63] The next month, museum officials dedicated the Ethnological Gallery, which was nicknamed "Rainbow House";[64][65] the gallery was designed by curator Stewart Culin.[66] A Japanese art gallery opened at the museum in April 1927,[67] and the museum's Swiss Gothic, German, and Venetian galleries opened that May.[68][69]

Construction of the Brooklyn Museum stalled in 1928 after years of attempts to complete it. At the time, only 28 of the 80 proposed statues atop the building's facade had been installed, and the main north–south corridor was not complete.[6] Nineteen American period rooms opened at the museum at the end of 1929.[70] In May 1934, NYC Parks approved plans for the removal of the main entrance steps, which would be replaced by five large ground level doors.[71] The project also included the construction of two galleries next to the lobby.[72] This work was carried out by Public Works Administration laborers.[73] A gallery dedicated to living artists' work opened in February 1935,[74] and a Persian art gallery opened two months later.[75][76] The remodeled entrance was officially dedicated on October 5, 1935.[72][77] That December, the museum's medieval art gallery opened.[78][79] A gallery for industrial art was proposed behind the western wing the same year but was not built.[80] By early 1938, museum officials sought more than $300,000 for repairs to the museum building,[81][82] and then-director Philip Newell Youtz said that parts of the building were crumbling.[82]

The Brooklyn Museum Art School, formerly a part of the Brooklyn Academy of Music, was moved to the Brooklyn Museum in 1941.[83] An art distribution center sponsored by the Works Progress Administration opened on the museum's sixth floor the same year.[84][85] The department store chain Abraham & Straus donated $50,000 in 1948 for the establishment of a "laboratory of industrial design" at the Brooklyn Museum.[86][87] By the following year, Brooklyn Institute officials sought to expand the museum as part of a "vast cultural program".[88][89] The plans involved an annex with a 2,500-seat auditorium behind the west wing, which was planned to cost $500,000, as well as a general renovation of existing facilities, which was to cost $1.5 million.[89] A new 400-seat lecture hall opened at the museum that September, within space formerly occupied by two Egyptian galleries.[90] To attract visitors, the museum expanded its educational programs greatly in the late 1940s.[91]

1950s and 1960s edit

 
Rear of the museum building, expanded in the 1950s

Brooklyn Institute officials announced plans in 1951 to repair the Brooklyn Museum as part of the institute's long-term plan to convert the museum into a cultural center.[92] The museum's Egyptian galleries began undergoing renovations the same year.[93][94] The renovation of the Egyptian galleries, the first phase of the museum's $3.5 million overhaul, was finished in November 1953.[95][96] Brown, Lawford & Forbes designed a rear annex for the museum in 1955.[6] The museum's furniture, sculpture, and watercolor galleries reopened in 1957 following the second stage of the renovation.[97][98] The rear annex contained a new stairway,[98] which led to new galleries on the fourth through sixth stories of the center section.[99] By the late 1950s, the museum was running low on funds, with director Edgar C. Schenck blaming the museum's fiscal woes on Manhattan residents' unwillingness to cross the East River to visit Brooklyn.[100] Due to a shortage of security guards, the museum was forced to close some galleries part-time.[101]

Another Egyptian gallery opened in April 1959,[102][103] and a "pattern library" for teaching opened that July.[104][105] A continued shortage of security guards forced the Brooklyn Museum to close two days a week at the beginning of 1961;[106] the museum went back to seven-day operations in June 1961 after the city provided money for additional guards.[107] To attract visitors, the museum began providing a larger variety of programs and adding interactive exhibits and programming.[108] The Brooklyn Museum announced in 1964 that it would build a special-exhibit gallery on the first floor and an open study/storage gallery on the fifth floor.[109][110] The Hall of the Americas opened on the museum's first floor the following May.[111][112] A sculpture garden, consisting of architectural details salvaged from demolished buildings across New York City, opened at the museum in April 1966.[113][114] The Brooklyn Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art began coordinating joint programs and exhibitions in 1967.[115]

By the late 1960s, the museum was again facing a funding shortage; several galleries had been temporarily closed due to a lack of money, and its director Thomas Buechner was considering closing the museum two days a week.[116] Brooklyn Museum officials also wanted to hire additional security guards to deter crime.[117] The Brooklyn Museum's Community Gallery, exhibiting black New Yorkers' art, opened in October 1968[118][119] following advocacy from Federated Institutes of Cultural Enrichment (FICE), a coalition of Brooklyn-based arts organizations.[120] The gallery occupied a narrow corridor at ground level.[121] Henri Ghent, the director of the Community Gallery, estimated in 1970 that "perhaps 100,000" additional patrons had been attracted to the museum after the gallery opened,[121][122] including black patrons who had never before visited a museum.[122]

1970s and early 1980s edit

 
Replica of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) in back lot

The Brooklyn Museum continued to experience financial shortfalls in the early 1970s.[122] Due to a shortage of security guards, in mid-1971, museum officials announced that they would close the museum two days per week, allowing all galleries to remain open even with limited security.[123][124] The museum also reopened its 23 period rooms that October after a yearlong closure,[125] and they also opened a new period room, themed to a private study.[125][126] Officials planned to move the Community Gallery to a dedicated space adjoining the museum;[127] the gallery was popular among guests but did not have enough funding from the museum itself.[128] By late 1973, twenty percent of the museum's staff professionals had resigned amid a dispute involving director Duncan F. Cameron's firing of another employee,[129] eventually prompting Cameron's own resignation that year.[130][131] Further staff disputes complicated the search for a replacement director,[132] and many employees went on strike in 1974 because they wanted to form a labor union.[133][134]

By the mid-1970s, there were plans to split the Brooklyn Children's Museum and the Brooklyn Museum Art School from the Brooklyn Museum.[135] At the time, the museum received $1.5 million per year from the city.[136] Four galleries for Korean and Japanese art opened at the museum in October 1974,[137][138] and the African art galleries reopened in December 1976 following an expansion and renovation.[139][140] The Brooklyn Museum also began renovating 21 American period rooms in 1976.[141] Following a 1978 investigation into some of the museum's acquisitions, state attorney general Louis J. Lefkowitz recommended that the museum implement "a comprehensive code of ethics".[142] The same year, the Brooklyn Museum partnered with Designgroup and the Egyptian government to restore the Cairo Museum's collection.[143] Due to budget cuts, the Brooklyn Museum eliminated its Middle Eastern art division in 1979,[144] despite the fact that the museum had frequently applied for federal grants in the preceding years, most of which had been approved from 1976 to 1978.[145]

Two of the museum's period rooms reopened in 1980 following a renovation.[146] By then, director Michael Botwinick was considering several measures to reduce the museum's budgetary shortfalls, including halving the number of art classes, closing the museum during the workweek, and hosting fewer exhibits per year.[147] At the time, the museum received 31 percent of its funds from the city, a higher percentage than other New York City museums;[147] the city still owned the building itself.[148] After Robert Buck became director in 1983, he began hosting additional art classes, attracting members, and raising money for the museum,[149] which struggled to compete with more famous institutions in Manhattan.[150] In 1984, the museum completed the renovations of its last period rooms[141][151] and opened a gallery for "early-19th-century decorative arts".[151] The unprofitable Brooklyn Museum Art School was closed the same year,[83] and the museum obtained $14 million in city funding to upgrade the climate-control systems.[149] The museum resumed Monday operations in late 1984 after receiving additional city funding,[152] and it started running TV advertisements in 1985.[153]

Mid-1980s and 1990s edit

 
An exhibition hall in the museum

The Brooklyn Museum announced a master plan in March 1986.[154][155] The plan involved doubling the amount of exhibition space in the building from 450,000 to 830,000 square feet (42,000 to 77,000 m2).[154] At the time, the museum could only exhibit about five percent of its collection simultaneously,[154] as its building was one-sixth as large as originally planned.[156] The museum was to expand its storage, classroom, and conservation facilities and add an auditorium.[154] Buck met with the heads of all of the museum's departments to determine how much exhibit and storage space they needed.[156] The museum also planned a new entrance from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, which had twice as many annual visitors;[155][156] the Botanic Garden entrance had been planned by McKim, Mead & White but never executed.[154] The project was expected to cost $50 million to $100 million,[156][155] which was to be funded by the city's capital budget.[157]

Museum officials held an architectural design competition to redesign the west wing,[158][159] attracting 103 competitors;[160] they hired Arata Isozaki of James Stewart Polshek Partners that October.[161][162] Isozaki's design retained much of McKim, Mead & White's original plan but included a "great hall" and trapezoidal courtyards,[162] as well as an angled rear wall and an obelisk.[160] Buck expressed optimism that media coverage of the design competition would attract additional visitors, even if the master plan was never completely carried out.[163] The scope of the renovation grew quickly, with estimated costs reaching $200 million by early 1988.[164] Iris and B. Gerald Cantor donated $3.5 million for the museum's auditorium in 1989,[165] and the city gave another $2 million for other work.[166] The Brooklyn Museum announced in 1990 that it would begin the first phase of renovation, which was to cost $31 million. This involved converting the offices in the west wing to about 64,000 square feet (5,900 m2) of gallery space for its Egyptian collection, as well as building storage space and an auditorium.[167] The same year, budget cuts prompted museum officials to lay off employees[168] and close its doors on Mondays.[169]

The auditorium opened in 1991; at the time, there had not been an auditorium at the museum for over half a century.[170] About 33,000 square feet (3,100 m2) in the museum's west wing reopened as gallery space in November 1993.[171][172] The renovation retained the original layout of the west-wing spaces.[173] The New York Times described Isozaki and Polshek's renovation as aiming for "clean, serene spaces"; the rooms had rooms with maple floors, white walls, horizontal lighting strips, and granite baseboards.[174] The west wing was renamed for investor Morris A. Schapiro and his brother, art historian Meyer Schapiro, in early 1994 after Morris Schapiro donated $5 million.[175][176]

The Brooklyn Museum changed its name to Brooklyn Museum of Art in 1997.[177] According to acting director Linda S. Ferber, the renaming was necessary because "there was more confusion about the museum's identity than we supposed"; for instance, many visitors still believed the museum had natural-history exhibits, which had not been the case since 1934.[178]

21st century edit

 
The Eastern Parkway entrance to the Brooklyn Museum, rebuilt in 2004

Brooklyn Museum officials hired architect James Polshek in 2000 to design a new glass-clad entrance for the building at a cost of $55 million.[179][180] Polshek described the front entrance as a "wasteland" at the time, and he said he wanted to build "Brooklyn's new front stoop".[179] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission approved Polshek's design, despite opposition from preservationists.[181] The renovation cost $63 million[182][183] and also added air conditioning throughout the museum building.[184] The Henry Luce Foundation gave the museum a $10 million grant in 2001, which funded the construction of the Luce Center for American Art on the fifth floor.[185] The museum's renovation was completed in April 2004.[182][183] At the same time, the museum announced that it would revert to its previous name, Brooklyn Museum.[186][187] By then, the Brooklyn Museum was focusing on attracting Brooklyn residents, rather than visitors from other boroughs.[182] The Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art opened on the museum's fourth floor in March 2007.[188][189]

The museum extensively renovated its Great Hall, which reopened in early 2011,[190][191] and it relocated and reopened its African art gallery on the first floor the same year.[192] A 4,150-square-foot (386 m2) museum shop opened at the Brooklyn Museum in early 2012,[193][194] followed later that year by a new cafe.[195] The upscale restaurant Saul opened within the Brooklyn Museum in October 2013,[196][197] changing its name to The Norm in 2016.[198][199] By the mid-2010s, the museum was facing financial difficulties, and half of the 465,000 annual patrons did not pay admission because of the museum's suggested admission policy.[200] The Brooklyn Museum's Chinese-art gallery reopened in 2019.[201]

The museum was temporarily closed from March to October 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.[202] The Brooklyn Museum received $50 million from the New York City government in 2021, the largest such gift in the museum's history.[203][204] The money was to be used to renovate 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) into gallery space,[205] and the museum hired Brigham Keener to design the new galleries.[206] The museum's South Asian and Islamic galleries reopened in 2022, completing a 12-year renovation of the Asian galleries.[207][208]

Building edit

The Brooklyn Museum building is a steel frame structure clad in masonry, designed in the neoclassical style by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White and built by the Carlin Construction Company.[209] The original museum building is a New York City designated landmark[161] and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in June 1978.[210] The museum shares a large city block with Brooklyn's Central Library, Mount Prospect Park, and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden to the west and south.[211]

Exterior edit

The original design for the Brooklyn Museum proposed a structure four times as large as what was built from 1893 through 1927, when construction ended.[209] As designed, the three-story museum building was supposed to have several wings, centered around a memorial hall and clustered around four light courts.[9][212] After Brooklyn became part of greater New York City in 1898, support for the project diminished.[209] Only the wings on the northern end, as well as the northeastern light court (known as the Auditorium Court), were built; the resulting "L"-shaped building covers a site of about 4.5 acres (1.8 ha).[213]: 2–3  Although additional wings were built behind the original east wing over the years (creating the current light court), nothing was built behind the west wing.[171][213]: 2  This led the New York Daily News to liken the museum building to a movie set.[171]

Main facade edit

 
The museum at night

The primary elevation of the facade, facing north along Eastern Parkway, is 510 feet (160 m) wide and consists of the west and east wings, which flank a projecting pavilion with a portico. Additional pavilions project from the facade at either end. The center portico contains six Ionic columns that support a pediment with sculptures in its tympanum.[213]: 2  The portico was originally accessed by a staircase that was removed in 1936–1937.[213]: 3 [214] Daniel Chester French was responsible for the pediment sculptures. French also designed the two allegorical figures Brooklyn and Manhattan flanking the museum's entrance; they were created in 1916 for the Brooklyn approach to the Manhattan Bridge and relocated to the museum in 1963.[213]: 3 [215] Above the pediment is a copper cresting with anthemia, as well as a low saucer dome.[213]: 2 [214] The modern main entrance, dating to Polshek's 2004 renovation, consists of a glass pavilion with four metal pylons, as well as a semicircular plaza just outside.[186][181] A set of brick piers, which had supported the original entrance staircase, was repurposed into a brick arch in 2004.[216]

The pavilions at either end of the Eastern Parkway facade protrude only slightly from the facade and contain engaged columns in the Ionic order. The west and east wings are divided vertically by pilasters; between each set of pilasters are windows with architraves. The entablature above the pilasters contains a frieze with inscribed names of figures who represent knowledge.[213]: 2 

The Eastern Parkway facade is topped by 20 monolithic figures on the cornice: one above each pilaster on the west and east wings, and four above the pavilions.[213]: 2  An additional ten figures, five each on the western and eastern elevations of the outermost pavilions, were sculpted.[217] The sculptures were carved by the Piccirilli Brothers, who sculpted a total of 30 figures on the museum's facade.[218][219] Fourteen sculptors were hired to design the sculptures, which each measure 12 feet (3.7 m) high. Had the full building been completed, there would have been 80 sculptures in total, with 20 each depicting classical subjects, medieval and Renaissance subjects, modern European and American subjects, and Asian subjects. The 30 extant sculptures consist of the 20 classical sculptures (10 Greek and 10 Roman) on the northern elevation, as well as five Persian and five Chinese sculptures on the side elevations.[217]

Other facades edit

The eastern elevation of the facade faces Washington Avenue, where only the pavilion at the northern end was built. The rest of the eastern elevation is similar to that on Eastern Parkway, with pilasters dividing it vertically into seven bays. Unlike on Eastern Parkway, the pilasters are topped by shorter pilasters rather than sculptures.[213]: 2  The southern elevation faces a parking lot and contains a masonry facade and some windows.[213]: 3  There is also an annex to the south, designed by Brown, Lawford & Forbes, which contains a secondary entrance and a stairway.[6][213]: 3 

Interior edit

The oldest portion of the building measured 193 by 71 feet (59 by 22 m) and comprised only about three percent of what was originally planned. The center of the first floor would have contained a memorial hall, while a "great hall of sculpture" would have extended to the north and south of the memorial hall. To the west of the memorial hall would have been gallery space for artwork on loan, while to the east would have been a multi-story auditorium. The remaining corners of the first floor would have included several additional galleries for the museum's permanent collections, and the light courts would have exhibited large objects. The second floor would have housed more collections and lecture rooms, while the third floor would have had the library, music room, and galleries for images, domestic art, and science. An additional story, above the central part of the building, would have housed more departments of the museum.[9]

The main lobby, originally occupied by the ground-level auditorium, was built during the mid-20th century as a modern-style space.[220] Although then-director Philip Newell Youtz was the architect of record, the lobby's design may have been influenced by William Lescaze, who was Youtz's friend.[6] The lobby, containing black-glass panels and indirect lighting, was described in the 1939 WPA Guide to New York City as "an example of the best in modern architecture... devoid of the elaborate decoration which so often clutters up the entrances of public building."[6] Following a 2011 renovation, the lobby was redesigned as a double-height central gallery surrounded by 25-foot-tall (7.6 m) columns.[190][191]

Operations edit

The Brooklyn Museum is operated by a nonprofit of the same name, which was established in 1935.[221] The museum is part of the Cultural Institutions Group (CIG), a group of institutions that occupy land or buildings owned by the New York City government and derive part of their yearly funding from the city.[222] It was also part of the Brooklyn Educational Cultural Alliance during the late 20th century.[223] During the late 1980s, the museum was part of a group called Destination Brooklyn, which sought to attract visitors to Brooklyn;[224] this initiative had stalled by the early 1990s.[225]

Directors edit

Franklin Hooper was the Brooklyn Institute's first director, serving for 25 years until his death in 1914.[226] Hooper was succeeded by William Henry Fox, who served from 1914 to his retirement in 1934.[227][228] Fox was followed by Philip Newell Youtz from 1934 to 1938.[229][230] Laurance Page Roberts was director from 1938 to 1942, when his wife Isabel Spaulding Roberts became interim director on his behalf;[231] L. P. Roberts formally resigned in 1946.[232][233] His immediate successor, Charles Nagel Jr., served for nine years until he resigned in 1955.[234] Edgar Craig Schenck, who was appointed director shortly afterward,[235] served until his death in 1959.[236][237] Thomas S. Buechner became the museum's director in 1960,[238][239] making him one of the youngest directors in the country.[240] During Buechner's tenure, Donelson Hoopes was hired as Curator of Paintings and Sculptures from 1965 to 1969.[241]

Duncan F. Cameron assumed the directorship in 1971, following Buechner's resignation;[242] Cameron himself resigned in 1973.[130][131] Michael Kan was appointed as acting director in early 1984,[243] serving for a few months.[132] He was succeeded by Michael Botwinick, who was appointed in 1974[244] and stepped down in 1982.[245] Robert T. Buck became director in 1983[246] and served until he resigned in 1996, upon which Linda S. Ferber became acting director.[247] From 1992 to 1995, Stephanie Stebich was Buck's assistant director.[248] Arnold L. Lehman was named as the museum's director in April 1997,[249] and Lehman announced in September 2014 that he would retire the next year.[250] In May 2015, Creative Time president and artistic director Anne Pasternak was named the museum's next director;[251] she assumed the position on September 1, 2015.[252]

Since 2014, the director's position has formally been known as the Shelby White and Leon Levy Director of the Brooklyn Museum, after Leon Levy Foundation cofounder Shelby White donated $5 million to the directorship's endowment.[253][254]

Funding edit

According to the museum's website, it receives funding from the city government, Brooklyn borough president's office, mayor's office, New York City Council, state government, federal government, and other agencies.[255] In 2005, the museum was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, in turn funded by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg.[256][257] Major benefactors have historically included Frank Lusk Babbott. The museum is the site of the annual Brooklyn Artists Ball which has included celebrity hosts such as Sarah Jessica Parker and Liv Tyler.[258]

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Brooklyn Museum had an endowment of $108 million, but the museum applied for federal funding through the Paycheck Protection Program after its endowment declined by one-fifth in 2020.[259] Amid the pandemic and its negative impact on museum revenue, the museum raised funds for an endowment to pay for collections care by selling or deaccessioning works of art. The October 2020 sale consisted of 12 works by artists including Lucas Cranach the Elder, Gustave Courbet, and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot,[260] while other sales throughout that month included Modernist artists.[261] Though usually prohibited by the Association of Art Museum Directors, the association allowed such sales to proceed for a two-year window through 2022 in response to the effects of the pandemic.[262]

Art and exhibitions edit

The Brooklyn Museum's collection contains around 500,000 objects.[2] In the twentieth century, Brooklyn Museum exhibitions sought to present an encyclopedic view of art and culture, with a focus on educating a broad public.[3] In 1923, the museum was one of the first U.S. institutions to exhibit African cast-metal and other objects as art, rather than as ethnological artifacts.[263][264] The museum's acquisitions during this time also included such varied objects as the interior of a Swiss house,[265] a stained glass window,[266] and a pipe organ.[267] The museum's first period room opened in 1929; these period rooms represented middle-class and non-elite citizens' homes, in contrast to other museums. which tended to focus on upper-class period rooms.[268] The 17th-century Jans Martense Schenck house became part of the Brooklyn Museum's collection in the 1950s,[269] as did the interior of a room in John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Midtown Manhattan home.[270]

In 1967 the Federated Institutes of Cultural Enrichment (FICE), a coalition of Brooklyn-based arts organizations, demanded that the Brooklyn Museum exhibit more works by artists from the borough, especially African American artists.[120][271][272] The museum then hired black curator Henri Ghent to direct a new "Community Gallery", supported at first by the New York State Council on the Arts;[120] he worked at the museum till 1972.[273] Ghent's first exhibition, Contemporary Afro-American Arts (1968), included artists Joe Overstreet, Kay Brown, Frank Smith, and Otto Neals.[121][274]

In 1999–2000, the Sensation exhibition of Charles Saatchi's collection provoked controversy for its inclusion of works such as Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary.[275] The exhibition prompted then-mayor Rudolph Giuliani to threaten to withhold city funding from the museum.[276] In the resulting lawsuit,[277] a U.S. district court judge ruled that the New York City government could not withhold city funds from the Brooklyn Museum on First Amendment grounds.[278]

In 2002, the museum received the work The Dinner Party, by feminist artist Judy Chicago, as a gift from The Elizabeth A. Sackler Foundation. Its permanent exhibition began in 2007, as a centerpiece for the museum's Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art. In 2004, the Brooklyn Museum featured Manifest Destiny, an 8-by-24-foot (2.4 m × 7.3 m) oil-on-wood mural by Alexis Rockman that was commissioned by the museum as a centerpiece for the second-floor Mezzanine Gallery and marked the opening of the museum's renovated Grand Lobby and plaza.[279][280] Other exhibitions have showcased the works of various contemporary artists including Patrick Kelly, Chuck Close, Denis Peterson, Ron Mueck, Takashi Murakami, Mat Benote,[281] Kiki Smith, Jim Dine, Robert Rauschenberg, Ching Ho Cheng, Sylvia Sleigh and William Wegman, and a 2004 survey show of work by Brooklyn artists, Open House: Working in Brooklyn.[282]

In 2008, curator Edna Russman announced that she believes 10 out of 30 works of Coptic art held in the museum's collection—second-largest in North America are fake. The artworks were exhibited starting in 2009.[283] Costumes from The Crown and The Queen's Gambit television series were put on display as part of its virtual exhibition "The Queen and the Crown" in November 2020.[284][285] From June through September 2023, coinciding with the fiftieth anniversary of Pablo Picasso's death, the museum hosted It's Pablo-matic: Picasso According to Hannah Gadsby, curated by Hannah Gadsby.[286][287]

Collections edit

Egyptian, Classical, and Ancient Near Eastern Art edit

The Brooklyn Museum has been building a collection of Egyptian artifacts since the beginning of the twentieth century, incorporating both collections purchased from others, such as that of American Egyptologist Charles Edwin Wilbour, whose heirs also donated his library to become the museum's Wilbour Library of Egyptology, and objects obtained during museum-sponsored archeological excavations. The Egyptian collection includes objects ranging from statuary, such as the well-known "Bird Lady" terra cotta figure, to papyrus documents (among others the Brooklyn Papyrus).[288]

The Egyptian, Classical, and Ancient Near Eastern collections are housed in a series of galleries in the museum. Egyptian artifacts can be found in the long-term exhibit, Egypt Reborn: Art for Eternity, as well as in the Martha A. and Robert S. Rubin Galleries. Near Eastern artifacts are located in the Hagop Kevorkian Gallery.[288]

Selections from the Egyptian collection edit

  •  

    The "Bird Lady" sculpture, Predynastic female figurine

  •  

    Book of the Dead of the Goldworker of Amun, Sobekmose, 31.1777e

  •  

    Brooklyn Papyrus, 664–332 BCE

  •  

    Painting of Lady Tjepu, New Kingdom Dynasty 18, Reign of Amunhotep III, c. 1390–1352 BCE, from tomb no. 181 at Thebes, 65.197

  •  

    Pair statue of husband and wife Nebsen and Nebet-ta. New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, reign of Thutmose IV or Amenhotep III, c. 1400–1352 BCE.

American art edit

 
Gilbert Stuart, Portrait of George Washington, 1796

Francis Guy's Winter Scene in Brooklyn (c. 1820[289]) was the first object in the museum's collection of American art, bequeathed in 1846. In 1855, the museum officially designated a collection of American Art, with the first work commissioned for the collection being a landscape painting by Asher B. Durand. Items in the American Art collection include portraits, pastels, sculptures, and prints; all items in the collection date to between c. 1720 and c. 1945.

Represented in the American art collection are works by artists such as William Edmondson (Angel, date unknown), John Singer Sargent's Paul César Helleu sketching his wife Alice Guérin (ca. 1889); Georgia O'Keeffe's Dark Tree Trunks (ca. 1946), and Winslow Homer's Eight Bells (ca. 1887). Among the most famous works in the collection are Gilbert Stuart's portrait of George Washington and Edward Hicks's The Peaceable Kingdom. The museum also holds a collection by Emil Fuchs.[290]

Works from the American art collection can be found in various areas of the museum, including in the Steinberg Family Sculpture Garden and in the exhibit, American Identities: A New Look, which is contained within the museum's Visible Storage ▪ Study Center.[291] In total, there are approximately 2,000 American Art objects held in storage.[292]

Selections from the American collection edit

Asian art edit

In 2019, the museum reopened its Japanese and Chinese exhibits, after reinstalling its Korean section in 2017.[201] The Chinese section offers pieces from more than 5,000 years of Chinese art and shows contemporary pieces on a regular schedule.[201] The Japanese gallery, with its 7,000 pieces, is the largest of the museum's Asian collection and is known for its works from the Ainu people.[293] The museum is also home to works from Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and southeast Asia.[294]

Arts of Africa edit

The oldest acquisitions in the African art collection were collected by the museum in 1900, shortly after the museum's founding.[295] The collection was expanded in 1922 with items originating largely in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The next year, the museum hosted one of the first exhibitions of African art in the United States.[296]

With more than 5,000 items in its collection, the Brooklyn Museum boasts one of the largest collections of African art in any American art museum. Although the title of the collection suggests that it includes art from all of the African continent, works from Africa are sub-categorized among a number of collections. Sub-Saharan art from West and Central Africa are collected under the banner of African Art, while North African and Egyptian art works are grouped with the Islamic and Egyptian art collections, respectively.

The African art collection covers 2,500 years of human history and includes sculpture, jewellery, masks, and religious artifacts from more than 100 African cultures. Noteworthy items in this collection include a carved ndop figure of a Kuba king, believed to be among the oldest extant ndop carvings, and a Lulua mother-and-child figure.[297]

In 2018, the museum drew criticism from groups including Decolonize This Place for its hiring of a white woman as Consulting Curator of African Arts.[298][299]

Selections from the African collection edit

  •  

    Kuba Ndop portrait

  •  

    Golden rider of the Ashanti region culture in Ghana

Arts of the Pacific Islands edit

The museum's collection of Pacific Islands art began in 1900 with the acquisition of 100 wooden figures and shadow puppets from New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia); since that base, the collection has grown to encompass close to 5,000 works. Art in this collection is sourced to numerous Pacific and Indian Ocean islands including Hawaii and New Zealand, as well as less-populous islands such as Rapa Nui and Vanuatu. Many of the Marquesan items in the collection were acquired by the museum from famed Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl.[300]

Art objects in this collection are crafted from a wide variety of materials. The museum lists "coconut fiber, feathers, shells, clay, bone, human hair, wood, moss, and spider webs"[300] as among the materials used to make artworks that include masks, tapa cloths, sculpture, and jewellery.

Arts of the Islamic world edit

The museum also has art objects and historical texts produced by Muslim artists or about Muslim figures and cultures.[301]

Selections from the Islamic world collection edit

The Jarvis Collection of Native American Plains Art edit

The Museum has a collection of Native America Artifacts acquired by Dr. Nathan Sturges Jarvis (surgeon) who was stationed at Fort Snelling, Minnesota 1833–1836.[302]

  •  

    Inlaid pipe bowl with two faces collected at Fort Snelling 1833-1836

Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art edit

Main article: Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art

The museum's center for feminist art opened in 2007.[303][189] Spanning 8,300 square feet (770 m2),[189] it is dedicated to preserving the history of the movement since the late 20th century, as well as raising awareness of feminist contributions to art, and informing the future of this area of artistic dialogue. Along with an exhibition space and library, the center features a gallery housing a masterwork by Judy Chicago, a large installation called The Dinner Party (1974–1979).[188]

European art edit

The Brooklyn Museum has among others late Gothic and Early Italian Renaissance paintings by Lorenzo di Niccolo ("Scenes from the life of Saint Lawrence"), Sano di Pietro, Nardo di Cione, Lorenzo Monaco, Donato de' Bardi ("Saint Jerome"), Giovanni Bellini. It has Dutch paintings by Frans Hals, Gerard Dou, and Thomas de Keyser as well as others. It has 19th-century French paintings by Charles Daubigny, Narcisse Virgilio Díaz, Eugène Boudin ("Port, Le Havre"), Berthe Morisot, Edgar Degas, Gustave Caillebotte ("Railway Bridge at Argenteuil"), Claude Monet ("Doges Palace, Venice"), the French sculptor Alfred Barye, Camille Pissarro, and Paul Cézanne as well as many others.

Selections from the European collection edit

  •  

    Lorenzo di Niccolò, Saint Lawrence Buried in Saint Stephen's Tomb, 1410–1414, tempera and tooled gold on poplar, 33 × 36 cm

  •  

    Sano di Pietro, Triptych of Madonna with Child, St. James and St. John the Evangelist, c. 1460 and 1462

  •  

    Eugène Delacroix, Desdemona Cursed by her Father (Desdemona maudite par son père), c. 1850–1854

  •  

    Honoré Daumier, The Two Colleagues (Lawyers) (Les deux confrères Avocats), between 1865 and 1870

  •  

    Gustave Courbet, The Edge of the Pool, 1867

  •  

    Edgar Degas, Portrait de Mlle Eugénie Fiocre, 1867–1868

  •  

    Alfred Sisley, Flood at Moret (Inondation à Moret), 1879

  •  

    Gustave Caillebotte, Apple Tree in Bloom (Pommier en fleurs), c. 1885

  •  

    Jules Breton, Fin du travail (The End of the Working Day), c. 1886–1887

  •  

    Vincent van Gogh, Cypresses (Les Cyprès), 1889, reed pen, graphite, quill, brown ink and black ink on white wove latune et cie balcons paper

  •  

    Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge (Au Moulin Rouge), c. 1892

  •  

    Claude Monet, The Church at Vernon, 1894

  •  

    Claude Monet, Houses of Parliament Sunlight Effect (Le Parlement effet de soleil), 1903

  •  

    Claude Monet, The Doge's Palace (Le Palais ducal), 1908

  •  

    Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Les Vignes à Cagnes, 1908

  •  

    André Derain, Landscape in Provence (Paysage de Provence), c. 1908

Other collections edit

The museum's costume collection was created in 1946,[304] and the Textile and Costume Collection was unveiled in 1977.[305] The collection, composed of American and European attire, was described by The New York Times as "one of the best in the world".[304] Removed from public display in 1991,[306] the collection was transferred to the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute in 2008.[304][307]

The Brooklyn Museum has had a photography collection since the 19th century. The museum initially did not seek out photographs for its collection, which was initially composed exclusively of photographers' and collectors' gifts.[308] Since 1993, the collection has been part of the Department of Prints, Drawings, and Photographs.[309]

Libraries and archives edit

Main article: Brooklyn Museum Libraries and Archives

The Brooklyn Museum Libraries and Archives hold approximately 300,000 volumes and over 3,200 feet (980 m) of archives. The collection began in 1823 and is housed in facilities that underwent renovations in 1965, 1984 and 2014.[310][311][312]

Programs edit

The first Saturday of each month, the Brooklyn Museum stays open until 11 pm, and general admission is waived after 5 pm, although some ticketed exhibitions may require an entrance fee. Regular first Saturday activities include educational family-oriented activities such as collection-based art workshops, gallery tours, lectures, live performances dance parties.[313] The museum started hosting First Saturdays in October 1998,[314] and the event had attracted 1.5 million total visitors as of 2023.[315]

As part of the Museum Apprentice Program, the museum hires teenage high schoolers to give tours in the museum's galleries during the summer, assist with the museum's weekend family programs throughout the year, participate in talks with museum curators, serve as a teen advisory board to the museum, and help plan teen events.[316] The museum also runs the Museum Education Fellowship Program, a ten-month position where fellows lead school group visits with a focus on various topics from the collection.[317] School Youth and Family Fellows teach Gallery Studio Programs and School Partnerships while Adult and Public Programs Fellows curate and organize Thursday night as well as First Saturday Programming.[317]

The museum has posted many pieces to a digital collection that allows the public to tag and curate sets of objects online, as well as solicit additional scholarship contributions.[318] The museum's ASK App allows visitors to talk with staff and educators about works in the collection.[319][320]

Attendance edit

 
James Tissot, The Disciples Having Left Their Hiding Place Watch from Afar in Agony, c. 1886–1894

Prior to World War II, the museum offered free admission and regularly attracted over a million annual visitors.[174] In 1934, the museum reported 940,000 annual visitors, while its library had 40,000 visitors.[321] Patronage declined along with Brooklyn's economy in the mid-20th century;[174] there were about 470,000 visitors per year by the early 1950s.[91] The museum recorded 1 million visitors in 1971 for the first time in almost four decades.[322] During the mid-1980s, the museum had 300,000 visitors per year, much less than the Museum of Modern Art or the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan.[149] Annual attendance at the museum, which had stagnated at 250,000 in the mid-1990s, had nearly doubled by 1999 after the museum held several popular exhibits,[180] peaking at 585,000 in 1998.[323] The museum only had 326,000 visitors by 2009,[323] but attendance had increased to 465,000 by 2017.[200]

The New York Times attributed the drop in attendance partially to the policies instituted by then-current director Arnold Lehman, who has chosen to focus the museum's energy on "populism", with exhibits on topics such as "Star Wars movies and hip-hop music"[323] rather than on more classical art topics. Lehman had also brought more controversial exhibits, such as a 1999 show that included Chris Ofili's infamous dung-decorated The Holy Virgin Mary, to the museum.[324] According to the Times:

The quality of their exhibitions has lessened", said Robert Storr, the dean of the Yale University School of Art and a Brooklynite. "'Star Wars' shows the worst kind of populism. I don't think they really understand where they are. The middle of the art world is now in Brooklyn; it's an increasingly sophisticated audience and always was one.[323]

On the other hand, Lehman says that the demographics of museum attendees are showing a new level of diversity. According to The New York Times, "the average age [of museum attendees in a 2008 survey] was 35, a large portion of the visitors (40 percent) came from Brooklyn, and more than 40 percent identified themselves as people of color."[325] Lehman states that the museum's interest is in being welcoming and attractive to all potential museum attendees, rather than simply amassing large numbers of them.[325]

As of 2023, the Brooklyn Museum has a pay what you want policy for general-admission tickets.[326] Half of patrons did not pay any admission in 2017.[200]

Works and publications edit

  • Choi, Connie H.; Hermo, Carmen; Hockley, Rujeko; Morris, Catherine; Weissberg, Stephanie (2017). Morris, Catherine; Hockley, Rujeko (eds.). We Wanted a Revolution: Black Radical Women, 1965–85 / A Sourcebook (Exhibition catalog). Brooklyn, New York: Brooklyn Museum. ISBN 978-0-872-73183-7. OCLC 964698467. – Published on the occasion of an exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum, April 21 – September 17, 2017

See also edit

References edit

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  215. ^ Knox, Sanka (April 8, 1964). "Bridge Traffic Was Too Much, So the Ladies Moved to a Museum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on May 14, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
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October 28, 2023
brooklyn, museum, confused, with, brooklyn, children, museum, brooklyn, academy, music, museum, located, york, city, borough, brooklyn, square, feet, museum, york, city, second, largest, contains, collection, with, around, objects, located, near, prospect, hei. Not to be confused with Brooklyn Children s Museum or Brooklyn Academy of Music The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn At 560 000 square feet 52 000 m2 the museum is New York City s second largest and contains an art collection with around 500 000 objects 2 Located near the Prospect Heights Crown Heights Flatbush and Park Slope neighborhoods of Brooklyn the museum s Beaux Arts building was designed by McKim Mead amp White Brooklyn MuseumEntrance facade of Brooklyn MuseumFormer nameBrooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences Brooklyn Museum of ArtLocation200 Eastern Parkway Brooklyn New YorkCoordinates40 40 16 7 N 73 57 49 5 W 40 671306 N 73 963750 W 40 671306 73 963750TypeArt museumCollection size500 000 objectsPublic transit accessSubway at Eastern Parkway Brooklyn MuseumWebsitewww wbr brooklynmuseum wbr orgBrooklyn MuseumU S National Register of Historic PlacesNew York City Landmark No 0155Location200 Eastern ParkwayBrooklyn NY 11238Coordinates40 40 16 7 N 73 57 49 5 W 40 671306 N 73 963750 W 40 671306 73 963750Built1895ArchitectMcKim Mead amp White French Daniel ChesterArchitectural styleBeaux ArtsNRHP reference No 77000944 1 NYCL No 0155Significant datesAdded to NRHPAugust 22 1977Designated NYCLMarch 15 1966The Brooklyn Museum was founded in 1898 as a division of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences intended to educate tradespeople and was planned to be the largest art museum in the world The museum was conceived as an institution focused on a broad public 3 The museum initially struggled to maintain its building and collection but it was revitalized in the late 20th century following major renovations Significant areas of the collection include antiquities specifically their collection of Egyptian antiquities spanning over 3 000 years European African Oceanic and Japanese art make for notable antiquities collections as well American art is heavily represented starting at the Colonial period Artists represented in the collection include Mark Rothko Edward Hopper Norman Rockwell Judy Chicago Winslow Homer Edgar Degas Georgia O Keeffe and Max Weber The museum features the Steinberg Family Sculpture Garden which features salvaged architectural elements from throughout New York City 4 Contents 1 History 1 1 Development and opening 1 2 20th century 1 2 1 1900s and 1910s 1 2 2 1920s to 1940s 1 2 3 1950s and 1960s 1 2 4 1970s and early 1980s 1 2 5 Mid 1980s and 1990s 1 3 21st century 2 Building 2 1 Exterior 2 1 1 Main facade 2 1 2 Other facades 2 2 Interior 3 Operations 3 1 Directors 3 2 Funding 4 Art and exhibitions 5 Collections 5 1 Egyptian Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Art 5 1 1 Selections from the Egyptian collection 5 2 American art 5 2 1 Selections from the American collection 5 3 Asian art 5 4 Arts of Africa 5 4 1 Selections from the African collection 5 5 Arts of the Pacific Islands 5 6 Arts of the Islamic world 5 6 1 Selections from the Islamic world collection 5 7 The Jarvis Collection of Native American Plains Art 5 8 Elizabeth A Sackler Center for Feminist Art 5 9 European art 5 9 1 Selections from the European collection 5 10 Other collections 6 Libraries and archives 7 Programs 8 Attendance 9 Works and publications 10 See also 11 References 12 External linksHistory editThe Brooklyn Museum s origins date to 1823 when Augustus Graham founded the Brooklyn Apprentices Library in Brooklyn Heights 5 6 the cornerstone of the library s first building was laid in 1825 on Henry and Cranberry Street 7 The Library moved into the Brooklyn Lyceum building on Washington Street in 1841 8 The two institutions merged into the Brooklyn Institute in 1843 the institute offered exhibitions of painting and sculpture and lectures on diverse subjects 7 8 The Washington Street building was destroyed in a fire in 1891 9 Development and opening edit In February 1889 several prominent Brooklyn citizens announced that they would begin fundraising for a new museum for the Brooklyn Institute 10 11 The museum s proponents quickly identified a site just east of Prospect Park on the south side of Eastern Parkway 12 The next year under director Franklin Hooper Institute leaders reorganized as the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and began planning the Brooklyn Museum 13 Brooklyn officials hosted an architectural design competition for the building eventually awarding the contract to McKim Mead amp White 6 The competition was characterized in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle as one of the most important in the history of architecture as the museum was to contain numerous divisions 6 The museum remained a subdivision of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences along with the Brooklyn Academy of Music the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and the Brooklyn Children s Museum until these organizations all became independent in the 1970s 8 Brooklyn mayor Charles A Schieren agreed in January 1895 to issue 300 000 per year in bonds for the Brooklyn Institute museum s construction 14 Initially only a single wing and pavilion on the western portion of the museum s site measuring 210 by 50 feet 64 by 15 m across was to be built 15 Engineers began surveying the site that May 16 17 and found that the bedrock under the site was several hundred feet deep making it impossible to build the foundations on solid rock 18 Nonetheless the engineers had determined that the gravel fill under the site was strong enough to support a building 16 Construction on the Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences west wing officially began on September 14 1895 19 20 A groundbreaking ceremony for the museum was hosted on December 14 of the same year 21 22 Two of the museum s three stories had been completed by April 1896 23 The Brooklyn Institute museum s building was completed in March 1897 after a sidewalk was built between the museum s entrance and Eastern Parkway 24 The museum s first exhibit was a collection of almost 600 paintings which had opened to the public on June 1 1897 several months before the formal opening of the museum 25 The Brooklyn Institute s museum formally opened on October 2 1897 and was one of the last major structures built in the city of Brooklyn before the formation of the City of Greater New York in 1898 26 27 20th century edit 1900s and 1910s edit nbsp Early 20th century postcardThe Brooklyn Institute approved the construction of the central entrance pavilion in May 1899 28 and Hooper requested 600 000 for this addition the next month 29 30 The four story structure was to measure 140 by 122 feet 43 by 37 m 31 32 The central pavilion was to include a 1 250 seat lecture hall in the basement actually at ground level 28 33 as well as a hall of sculpture on the first floor which would serve as the museum s main lobby 28 31 The second story was to contain natural history exhibits while the third story was to include paintings 31 The New York State Legislature needed to authorize 300 000 in bonds for the pavilion but they had not done so by the end of 1899 34 Work on the central wing started in June 1900 32 35 The museum s central section was nearly completed by January 1903 36 but work proceeded slowly due to labor disputes 33 New York City mayor Seth Low signed a bill in August 1902 approving 150 000 for the construction of the Brooklyn Institute s eastern wing and pavilion 37 The eastern wing cost 344 000 to construct 38 and it officially opened on December 14 1907 39 40 With the opening of the eastern wing the museum building had reached one eighth of its total planned size 41 Although the museum s collections continued to grow the New York City government was only willing to give the museum as little funding as necessary for essential maintenance 42 Several of the institute s donors proposed in 1905 to give 25 000 for the upkeep of an astronomical observatory at the Brooklyn Museum 43 44 City officials endorsed the creation of the observatory in 1907 45 The Brooklyn Institute awarded a construction contract for wings F and G extending south of the central pavilion to Benedetto amp Egan in May 1911 46 Extending 120 feet 37 m south and measuring 200 feet 61 m wide this addition was to contain a central court with a glass roof 46 47 That July McKim Mead amp White filed plans for wings F and G 48 The Brooklyn Institute converted the last remaining storage rooms in the eastern wing into galleries in October 1911 49 50 The next month a temporary access road was built from Flatbush Avenue to the rear of the building 51 Wills amp Martin one of the firms that had been hired to erect the new wings declared bankruptcy in November 1913 52 Work stopped completely in November 1914 53 and the incomplete structures started to deteriorate 54 Because of the lack of space in the building the lobby and auditorium were being used to exhibit artwork The Brooklyn Institute had been forced to decline some donations of artwork as the works could not be displayed while other works of art had to be placed in storage 54 1920s to 1940s edit By 1920 the New York City Subway s Institute Park station had opened outside the Brooklyn Museum greatly improving access to the once isolated museum from Manhattan and the other boroughs 55 In April 1922 governor Nathan L Miller signed legislation authorizing the New York City government to issue bonds to fund wings F and G of the Brooklyn Museum 56 The New York City Board of Estimate refused to approve the Brooklyn Institute trustees request for 875 000 57 and mayor John Francis Hylan also blocked the funding 58 Hylan changed his mind after visiting the museum and the Board of Estimate appropriated 1 05 million for the new wings 59 McKim Mead amp White drew up new plans for wings F and G by that September New York City Department of Parks and Recreation NYC Parks was about to award contracts for the wings 60 61 A picture gallery opened at the museum in November 1925 62 63 The next month museum officials dedicated the Ethnological Gallery which was nicknamed Rainbow House 64 65 the gallery was designed by curator Stewart Culin 66 A Japanese art gallery opened at the museum in April 1927 67 and the museum s Swiss Gothic German and Venetian galleries opened that May 68 69 Construction of the Brooklyn Museum stalled in 1928 after years of attempts to complete it At the time only 28 of the 80 proposed statues atop the building s facade had been installed and the main north south corridor was not complete 6 Nineteen American period rooms opened at the museum at the end of 1929 70 In May 1934 NYC Parks approved plans for the removal of the main entrance steps which would be replaced by five large ground level doors 71 The project also included the construction of two galleries next to the lobby 72 This work was carried out by Public Works Administration laborers 73 A gallery dedicated to living artists work opened in February 1935 74 and a Persian art gallery opened two months later 75 76 The remodeled entrance was officially dedicated on October 5 1935 72 77 That December the museum s medieval art gallery opened 78 79 A gallery for industrial art was proposed behind the western wing the same year but was not built 80 By early 1938 museum officials sought more than 300 000 for repairs to the museum building 81 82 and then director Philip Newell Youtz said that parts of the building were crumbling 82 The Brooklyn Museum Art School formerly a part of the Brooklyn Academy of Music was moved to the Brooklyn Museum in 1941 83 An art distribution center sponsored by the Works Progress Administration opened on the museum s sixth floor the same year 84 85 The department store chain Abraham amp Straus donated 50 000 in 1948 for the establishment of a laboratory of industrial design at the Brooklyn Museum 86 87 By the following year Brooklyn Institute officials sought to expand the museum as part of a vast cultural program 88 89 The plans involved an annex with a 2 500 seat auditorium behind the west wing which was planned to cost 500 000 as well as a general renovation of existing facilities which was to cost 1 5 million 89 A new 400 seat lecture hall opened at the museum that September within space formerly occupied by two Egyptian galleries 90 To attract visitors the museum expanded its educational programs greatly in the late 1940s 91 1950s and 1960s edit nbsp Rear of the museum building expanded in the 1950sBrooklyn Institute officials announced plans in 1951 to repair the Brooklyn Museum as part of the institute s long term plan to convert the museum into a cultural center 92 The museum s Egyptian galleries began undergoing renovations the same year 93 94 The renovation of the Egyptian galleries the first phase of the museum s 3 5 million overhaul was finished in November 1953 95 96 Brown Lawford amp Forbes designed a rear annex for the museum in 1955 6 The museum s furniture sculpture and watercolor galleries reopened in 1957 following the second stage of the renovation 97 98 The rear annex contained a new stairway 98 which led to new galleries on the fourth through sixth stories of the center section 99 By the late 1950s the museum was running low on funds with director Edgar C Schenck blaming the museum s fiscal woes on Manhattan residents unwillingness to cross the East River to visit Brooklyn 100 Due to a shortage of security guards the museum was forced to close some galleries part time 101 Another Egyptian gallery opened in April 1959 102 103 and a pattern library for teaching opened that July 104 105 A continued shortage of security guards forced the Brooklyn Museum to close two days a week at the beginning of 1961 106 the museum went back to seven day operations in June 1961 after the city provided money for additional guards 107 To attract visitors the museum began providing a larger variety of programs and adding interactive exhibits and programming 108 The Brooklyn Museum announced in 1964 that it would build a special exhibit gallery on the first floor and an open study storage gallery on the fifth floor 109 110 The Hall of the Americas opened on the museum s first floor the following May 111 112 A sculpture garden consisting of architectural details salvaged from demolished buildings across New York City opened at the museum in April 1966 113 114 The Brooklyn Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art began coordinating joint programs and exhibitions in 1967 115 By the late 1960s the museum was again facing a funding shortage several galleries had been temporarily closed due to a lack of money and its director Thomas Buechner was considering closing the museum two days a week 116 Brooklyn Museum officials also wanted to hire additional security guards to deter crime 117 The Brooklyn Museum s Community Gallery exhibiting black New Yorkers art opened in October 1968 118 119 following advocacy from Federated Institutes of Cultural Enrichment FICE a coalition of Brooklyn based arts organizations 120 The gallery occupied a narrow corridor at ground level 121 Henri Ghent the director of the Community Gallery estimated in 1970 that perhaps 100 000 additional patrons had been attracted to the museum after the gallery opened 121 122 including black patrons who had never before visited a museum 122 1970s and early 1980s edit nbsp Replica of the Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World in back lotThe Brooklyn Museum continued to experience financial shortfalls in the early 1970s 122 Due to a shortage of security guards in mid 1971 museum officials announced that they would close the museum two days per week allowing all galleries to remain open even with limited security 123 124 The museum also reopened its 23 period rooms that October after a yearlong closure 125 and they also opened a new period room themed to a private study 125 126 Officials planned to move the Community Gallery to a dedicated space adjoining the museum 127 the gallery was popular among guests but did not have enough funding from the museum itself 128 By late 1973 twenty percent of the museum s staff professionals had resigned amid a dispute involving director Duncan F Cameron s firing of another employee 129 eventually prompting Cameron s own resignation that year 130 131 Further staff disputes complicated the search for a replacement director 132 and many employees went on strike in 1974 because they wanted to form a labor union 133 134 By the mid 1970s there were plans to split the Brooklyn Children s Museum and the Brooklyn Museum Art School from the Brooklyn Museum 135 At the time the museum received 1 5 million per year from the city 136 Four galleries for Korean and Japanese art opened at the museum in October 1974 137 138 and the African art galleries reopened in December 1976 following an expansion and renovation 139 140 The Brooklyn Museum also began renovating 21 American period rooms in 1976 141 Following a 1978 investigation into some of the museum s acquisitions state attorney general Louis J Lefkowitz recommended that the museum implement a comprehensive code of ethics 142 The same year the Brooklyn Museum partnered with Designgroup and the Egyptian government to restore the Cairo Museum s collection 143 Due to budget cuts the Brooklyn Museum eliminated its Middle Eastern art division in 1979 144 despite the fact that the museum had frequently applied for federal grants in the preceding years most of which had been approved from 1976 to 1978 145 Two of the museum s period rooms reopened in 1980 following a renovation 146 By then director Michael Botwinick was considering several measures to reduce the museum s budgetary shortfalls including halving the number of art classes closing the museum during the workweek and hosting fewer exhibits per year 147 At the time the museum received 31 percent of its funds from the city a higher percentage than other New York City museums 147 the city still owned the building itself 148 After Robert Buck became director in 1983 he began hosting additional art classes attracting members and raising money for the museum 149 which struggled to compete with more famous institutions in Manhattan 150 In 1984 the museum completed the renovations of its last period rooms 141 151 and opened a gallery for early 19th century decorative arts 151 The unprofitable Brooklyn Museum Art School was closed the same year 83 and the museum obtained 14 million in city funding to upgrade the climate control systems 149 The museum resumed Monday operations in late 1984 after receiving additional city funding 152 and it started running TV advertisements in 1985 153 Mid 1980s and 1990s edit nbsp An exhibition hall in the museumThe Brooklyn Museum announced a master plan in March 1986 154 155 The plan involved doubling the amount of exhibition space in the building from 450 000 to 830 000 square feet 42 000 to 77 000 m2 154 At the time the museum could only exhibit about five percent of its collection simultaneously 154 as its building was one sixth as large as originally planned 156 The museum was to expand its storage classroom and conservation facilities and add an auditorium 154 Buck met with the heads of all of the museum s departments to determine how much exhibit and storage space they needed 156 The museum also planned a new entrance from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden which had twice as many annual visitors 155 156 the Botanic Garden entrance had been planned by McKim Mead amp White but never executed 154 The project was expected to cost 50 million to 100 million 156 155 which was to be funded by the city s capital budget 157 Museum officials held an architectural design competition to redesign the west wing 158 159 attracting 103 competitors 160 they hired Arata Isozaki of James Stewart Polshek Partners that October 161 162 Isozaki s design retained much of McKim Mead amp White s original plan but included a great hall and trapezoidal courtyards 162 as well as an angled rear wall and an obelisk 160 Buck expressed optimism that media coverage of the design competition would attract additional visitors even if the master plan was never completely carried out 163 The scope of the renovation grew quickly with estimated costs reaching 200 million by early 1988 164 Iris and B Gerald Cantor donated 3 5 million for the museum s auditorium in 1989 165 and the city gave another 2 million for other work 166 The Brooklyn Museum announced in 1990 that it would begin the first phase of renovation which was to cost 31 million This involved converting the offices in the west wing to about 64 000 square feet 5 900 m2 of gallery space for its Egyptian collection as well as building storage space and an auditorium 167 The same year budget cuts prompted museum officials to lay off employees 168 and close its doors on Mondays 169 The auditorium opened in 1991 at the time there had not been an auditorium at the museum for over half a century 170 About 33 000 square feet 3 100 m2 in the museum s west wing reopened as gallery space in November 1993 171 172 The renovation retained the original layout of the west wing spaces 173 The New York Times described Isozaki and Polshek s renovation as aiming for clean serene spaces the rooms had rooms with maple floors white walls horizontal lighting strips and granite baseboards 174 The west wing was renamed for investor Morris A Schapiro and his brother art historian Meyer Schapiro in early 1994 after Morris Schapiro donated 5 million 175 176 The Brooklyn Museum changed its name to Brooklyn Museum of Art in 1997 177 According to acting director Linda S Ferber the renaming was necessary because there was more confusion about the museum s identity than we supposed for instance many visitors still believed the museum had natural history exhibits which had not been the case since 1934 178 21st century edit nbsp The Eastern Parkway entrance to the Brooklyn Museum rebuilt in 2004Brooklyn Museum officials hired architect James Polshek in 2000 to design a new glass clad entrance for the building at a cost of 55 million 179 180 Polshek described the front entrance as a wasteland at the time and he said he wanted to build Brooklyn s new front stoop 179 The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission approved Polshek s design despite opposition from preservationists 181 The renovation cost 63 million 182 183 and also added air conditioning throughout the museum building 184 The Henry Luce Foundation gave the museum a 10 million grant in 2001 which funded the construction of the Luce Center for American Art on the fifth floor 185 The museum s renovation was completed in April 2004 182 183 At the same time the museum announced that it would revert to its previous name Brooklyn Museum 186 187 By then the Brooklyn Museum was focusing on attracting Brooklyn residents rather than visitors from other boroughs 182 The Elizabeth A Sackler Center for Feminist Art opened on the museum s fourth floor in March 2007 188 189 The museum extensively renovated its Great Hall which reopened in early 2011 190 191 and it relocated and reopened its African art gallery on the first floor the same year 192 A 4 150 square foot 386 m2 museum shop opened at the Brooklyn Museum in early 2012 193 194 followed later that year by a new cafe 195 The upscale restaurant Saul opened within the Brooklyn Museum in October 2013 196 197 changing its name to The Norm in 2016 198 199 By the mid 2010s the museum was facing financial difficulties and half of the 465 000 annual patrons did not pay admission because of the museum s suggested admission policy 200 The Brooklyn Museum s Chinese art gallery reopened in 2019 201 The museum was temporarily closed from March to October 2020 because of the COVID 19 pandemic in New York City 202 The Brooklyn Museum received 50 million from the New York City government in 2021 the largest such gift in the museum s history 203 204 The money was to be used to renovate 40 000 square feet 3 700 m2 into gallery space 205 and the museum hired Brigham Keener to design the new galleries 206 The museum s South Asian and Islamic galleries reopened in 2022 completing a 12 year renovation of the Asian galleries 207 208 Building editThe Brooklyn Museum building is a steel frame structure clad in masonry designed in the neoclassical style by the architectural firm of McKim Mead and White and built by the Carlin Construction Company 209 The original museum building is a New York City designated landmark 161 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in June 1978 210 The museum shares a large city block with Brooklyn s Central Library Mount Prospect Park and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden to the west and south 211 Exterior edit The original design for the Brooklyn Museum proposed a structure four times as large as what was built from 1893 through 1927 when construction ended 209 As designed the three story museum building was supposed to have several wings centered around a memorial hall and clustered around four light courts 9 212 After Brooklyn became part of greater New York City in 1898 support for the project diminished 209 Only the wings on the northern end as well as the northeastern light court known as the Auditorium Court were built the resulting L shaped building covers a site of about 4 5 acres 1 8 ha 213 2 3 Although additional wings were built behind the original east wing over the years creating the current light court nothing was built behind the west wing 171 213 2 This led the New York Daily News to liken the museum building to a movie set 171 Main facade edit nbsp The museum at nightThe primary elevation of the facade facing north along Eastern Parkway is 510 feet 160 m wide and consists of the west and east wings which flank a projecting pavilion with a portico Additional pavilions project from the facade at either end The center portico contains six Ionic columns that support a pediment with sculptures in its tympanum 213 2 The portico was originally accessed by a staircase that was removed in 1936 1937 213 3 214 Daniel Chester French was responsible for the pediment sculptures French also designed the two allegorical figures Brooklyn and Manhattan flanking the museum s entrance they were created in 1916 for the Brooklyn approach to the Manhattan Bridge and relocated to the museum in 1963 213 3 215 Above the pediment is a copper cresting with anthemia as well as a low saucer dome 213 2 214 The modern main entrance dating to Polshek s 2004 renovation consists of a glass pavilion with four metal pylons as well as a semicircular plaza just outside 186 181 A set of brick piers which had supported the original entrance staircase was repurposed into a brick arch in 2004 216 The pavilions at either end of the Eastern Parkway facade protrude only slightly from the facade and contain engaged columns in the Ionic order The west and east wings are divided vertically by pilasters between each set of pilasters are windows with architraves The entablature above the pilasters contains a frieze with inscribed names of figures who represent knowledge 213 2 The Eastern Parkway facade is topped by 20 monolithic figures on the cornice one above each pilaster on the west and east wings and four above the pavilions 213 2 An additional ten figures five each on the western and eastern elevations of the outermost pavilions were sculpted 217 The sculptures were carved by the Piccirilli Brothers who sculpted a total of 30 figures on the museum s facade 218 219 Fourteen sculptors were hired to design the sculptures which each measure 12 feet 3 7 m high Had the full building been completed there would have been 80 sculptures in total with 20 each depicting classical subjects medieval and Renaissance subjects modern European and American subjects and Asian subjects The 30 extant sculptures consist of the 20 classical sculptures 10 Greek and 10 Roman on the northern elevation as well as five Persian and five Chinese sculptures on the side elevations 217 Other facades edit The eastern elevation of the facade faces Washington Avenue where only the pavilion at the northern end was built The rest of the eastern elevation is similar to that on Eastern Parkway with pilasters dividing it vertically into seven bays Unlike on Eastern Parkway the pilasters are topped by shorter pilasters rather than sculptures 213 2 The southern elevation faces a parking lot and contains a masonry facade and some windows 213 3 There is also an annex to the south designed by Brown Lawford amp Forbes which contains a secondary entrance and a stairway 6 213 3 Interior edit The oldest portion of the building measured 193 by 71 feet 59 by 22 m and comprised only about three percent of what was originally planned The center of the first floor would have contained a memorial hall while a great hall of sculpture would have extended to the north and south of the memorial hall To the west of the memorial hall would have been gallery space for artwork on loan while to the east would have been a multi story auditorium The remaining corners of the first floor would have included several additional galleries for the museum s permanent collections and the light courts would have exhibited large objects The second floor would have housed more collections and lecture rooms while the third floor would have had the library music room and galleries for images domestic art and science An additional story above the central part of the building would have housed more departments of the museum 9 The main lobby originally occupied by the ground level auditorium was built during the mid 20th century as a modern style space 220 Although then director Philip Newell Youtz was the architect of record the lobby s design may have been influenced by William Lescaze who was Youtz s friend 6 The lobby containing black glass panels and indirect lighting was described in the 1939 WPA Guide to New York City as an example of the best in modern architecture devoid of the elaborate decoration which so often clutters up the entrances of public building 6 Following a 2011 renovation the lobby was redesigned as a double height central gallery surrounded by 25 foot tall 7 6 m columns 190 191 Operations editThe Brooklyn Museum is operated by a nonprofit of the same name which was established in 1935 221 The museum is part of the Cultural Institutions Group CIG a group of institutions that occupy land or buildings owned by the New York City government and derive part of their yearly funding from the city 222 It was also part of the Brooklyn Educational Cultural Alliance during the late 20th century 223 During the late 1980s the museum was part of a group called Destination Brooklyn which sought to attract visitors to Brooklyn 224 this initiative had stalled by the early 1990s 225 Directors edit Franklin Hooper was the Brooklyn Institute s first director serving for 25 years until his death in 1914 226 Hooper was succeeded by William Henry Fox who served from 1914 to his retirement in 1934 227 228 Fox was followed by Philip Newell Youtz from 1934 to 1938 229 230 Laurance Page Roberts was director from 1938 to 1942 when his wife Isabel Spaulding Roberts became interim director on his behalf 231 L P Roberts formally resigned in 1946 232 233 His immediate successor Charles Nagel Jr served for nine years until he resigned in 1955 234 Edgar Craig Schenck who was appointed director shortly afterward 235 served until his death in 1959 236 237 Thomas S Buechner became the museum s director in 1960 238 239 making him one of the youngest directors in the country 240 During Buechner s tenure Donelson Hoopes was hired as Curator of Paintings and Sculptures from 1965 to 1969 241 Duncan F Cameron assumed the directorship in 1971 following Buechner s resignation 242 Cameron himself resigned in 1973 130 131 Michael Kan was appointed as acting director in early 1984 243 serving for a few months 132 He was succeeded by Michael Botwinick who was appointed in 1974 244 and stepped down in 1982 245 Robert T Buck became director in 1983 246 and served until he resigned in 1996 upon which Linda S Ferber became acting director 247 From 1992 to 1995 Stephanie Stebich was Buck s assistant director 248 Arnold L Lehman was named as the museum s director in April 1997 249 and Lehman announced in September 2014 that he would retire the next year 250 In May 2015 Creative Time president and artistic director Anne Pasternak was named the museum s next director 251 she assumed the position on September 1 2015 252 Since 2014 the director s position has formally been known as the Shelby White and Leon Levy Director of the Brooklyn Museum after Leon Levy Foundation cofounder Shelby White donated 5 million to the directorship s endowment 253 254 Funding edit According to the museum s website it receives funding from the city government Brooklyn borough president s office mayor s office New York City Council state government federal government and other agencies 255 In 2005 the museum was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a 20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation in turn funded by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg 256 257 Major benefactors have historically included Frank Lusk Babbott The museum is the site of the annual Brooklyn Artists Ball which has included celebrity hosts such as Sarah Jessica Parker and Liv Tyler 258 Prior to the COVID 19 pandemic the Brooklyn Museum had an endowment of 108 million but the museum applied for federal funding through the Paycheck Protection Program after its endowment declined by one fifth in 2020 259 Amid the pandemic and its negative impact on museum revenue the museum raised funds for an endowment to pay for collections care by selling or deaccessioning works of art The October 2020 sale consisted of 12 works by artists including Lucas Cranach the Elder Gustave Courbet and Jean Baptiste Camille Corot 260 while other sales throughout that month included Modernist artists 261 Though usually prohibited by the Association of Art Museum Directors the association allowed such sales to proceed for a two year window through 2022 in response to the effects of the pandemic 262 Art and exhibitions editThe Brooklyn Museum s collection contains around 500 000 objects 2 In the twentieth century Brooklyn Museum exhibitions sought to present an encyclopedic view of art and culture with a focus on educating a broad public 3 In 1923 the museum was one of the first U S institutions to exhibit African cast metal and other objects as art rather than as ethnological artifacts 263 264 The museum s acquisitions during this time also included such varied objects as the interior of a Swiss house 265 a stained glass window 266 and a pipe organ 267 The museum s first period room opened in 1929 these period rooms represented middle class and non elite citizens homes in contrast to other museums which tended to focus on upper class period rooms 268 The 17th century Jans Martense Schenck house became part of the Brooklyn Museum s collection in the 1950s 269 as did the interior of a room in John D Rockefeller Jr s Midtown Manhattan home 270 In 1967 the Federated Institutes of Cultural Enrichment FICE a coalition of Brooklyn based arts organizations demanded that the Brooklyn Museum exhibit more works by artists from the borough especially African American artists 120 271 272 The museum then hired black curator Henri Ghent to direct a new Community Gallery supported at first by the New York State Council on the Arts 120 he worked at the museum till 1972 273 Ghent s first exhibition Contemporary Afro American Arts 1968 included artists Joe Overstreet Kay Brown Frank Smith and Otto Neals 121 274 In 1999 2000 the Sensation exhibition of Charles Saatchi s collection provoked controversy for its inclusion of works such as Chris Ofili s The Holy Virgin Mary 275 The exhibition prompted then mayor Rudolph Giuliani to threaten to withhold city funding from the museum 276 In the resulting lawsuit 277 a U S district court judge ruled that the New York City government could not withhold city funds from the Brooklyn Museum on First Amendment grounds 278 In 2002 the museum received the work The Dinner Party by feminist artist Judy Chicago as a gift from The Elizabeth A Sackler Foundation Its permanent exhibition began in 2007 as a centerpiece for the museum s Elizabeth A Sackler Center for Feminist Art In 2004 the Brooklyn Museum featured Manifest Destiny an 8 by 24 foot 2 4 m 7 3 m oil on wood mural by Alexis Rockman that was commissioned by the museum as a centerpiece for the second floor Mezzanine Gallery and marked the opening of the museum s renovated Grand Lobby and plaza 279 280 Other exhibitions have showcased the works of various contemporary artists including Patrick Kelly Chuck Close Denis Peterson Ron Mueck Takashi Murakami Mat Benote 281 Kiki Smith Jim Dine Robert Rauschenberg Ching Ho Cheng Sylvia Sleigh and William Wegman and a 2004 survey show of work by Brooklyn artists Open House Working in Brooklyn 282 In 2008 curator Edna Russman announced that she believes 10 out of 30 works of Coptic art held in the museum s collection second largest in North America are fake The artworks were exhibited starting in 2009 283 Costumes from The Crown and The Queen s Gambit television series were put on display as part of its virtual exhibition The Queen and the Crown in November 2020 284 285 From June through September 2023 coinciding with the fiftieth anniversary of Pablo Picasso s death the museum hosted It s Pablo matic Picasso According to Hannah Gadsby curated by Hannah Gadsby 286 287 Collections editEgyptian Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Art edit The Brooklyn Museum has been building a collection of Egyptian artifacts since the beginning of the twentieth century incorporating both collections purchased from others such as that of American Egyptologist Charles Edwin Wilbour whose heirs also donated his library to become the museum s Wilbour Library of Egyptology and objects obtained during museum sponsored archeological excavations The Egyptian collection includes objects ranging from statuary such as the well known Bird Lady terra cotta figure to papyrus documents among others the Brooklyn Papyrus 288 The Egyptian Classical and Ancient Near Eastern collections are housed in a series of galleries in the museum Egyptian artifacts can be found in the long term exhibit Egypt Reborn Art for Eternity as well as in the Martha A and Robert S Rubin Galleries Near Eastern artifacts are located in the Hagop Kevorkian Gallery 288 Selections from the Egyptian collection edit nbsp The Bird Lady sculpture Predynastic female figurine nbsp Book of the Dead of the Goldworker of Amun Sobekmose 31 1777e nbsp Brooklyn Papyrus 664 332 BCE nbsp Painting of Lady Tjepu New Kingdom Dynasty 18 Reign of Amunhotep III c 1390 1352 BCE from tomb no 181 at Thebes 65 197 nbsp Pair statue of husband and wife Nebsen and Nebet ta New Kingdom Dynasty XVIII reign of Thutmose IV or Amenhotep III c 1400 1352 BCE American art edit nbsp Gilbert Stuart Portrait of George Washington 1796Francis Guy s Winter Scene in Brooklyn c 1820 289 was the first object in the museum s collection of American art bequeathed in 1846 In 1855 the museum officially designated a collection of American Art with the first work commissioned for the collection being a landscape painting by Asher B Durand Items in the American Art collection include portraits pastels sculptures and prints all items in the collection date to between c 1720 and c 1945 Represented in the American art collection are works by artists such as William Edmondson Angel date unknown John Singer Sargent s Paul Cesar Helleu sketching his wife Alice Guerin ca 1889 Georgia O Keeffe s Dark Tree Trunks ca 1946 and Winslow Homer s Eight Bells ca 1887 Among the most famous works in the collection are Gilbert Stuart s portrait of George Washington and Edward Hicks s The Peaceable Kingdom The museum also holds a collection by Emil Fuchs 290 Works from the American art collection can be found in various areas of the museum including in the Steinberg Family Sculpture Garden and in the exhibit American Identities A New Look which is contained within the museum s Visible Storage Study Center 291 In total there are approximately 2 000 American Art objects held in storage 292 Selections from the American collection edit nbsp Charles Willson Peale George Washington c 1776 nbsp Samuel Morse Portrait of John Adams 1816 nbsp Edward Hicks The Peaceable Kingdom c 1830 1840 nbsp John J Audubon Wild Turkey lithograph c 1861 nbsp Eastman Johnson A Ride for Liberty The Fugitive Slaves c 1862 nbsp Albert Pinkham Ryder Evening Glow The Old Red Cow 1870 1875 nbsp Albert Pinkham Ryder The Waste of Waters is Their Field 1880 nbsp Winslow Homer The Northeaster c 1883 nbsp Ralph Albert Blakelock Moonlight 1885 nbsp George Inness Sunrise 1887 nbsp Thomas Eakins Letitia Wilson Jordan 1888 nbsp John Singer Sargent Paul Cesar Helleu Sketching with His Wife 1889 nbsp Mary Cassatt La Toilette c 1889 1894 nbsp Childe Hassam Late Afternoon New York Winter c 1900 nbsp Thomas Eakins William Rush Carving his Allegorical Figure of the Schuylkill River 1908 nbsp William Glackens Nude with Apple 1909 1910 nbsp George Bellows A Morning Snow Hudson River 1910 nbsp Adolph Weinman Night c 1910 nbsp Henry Ossawa Tanner The Arch c 1914 nbsp Georgia O Keeffe Blue 1 1916 nbsp Marsden Hartley Landscape New Mexico 1916 1920 nbsp Joseph Rusling Meeker The Acadians in the Achafalaya Evangeline 1871Asian art edit In 2019 the museum reopened its Japanese and Chinese exhibits after reinstalling its Korean section in 2017 201 The Chinese section offers pieces from more than 5 000 years of Chinese art and shows contemporary pieces on a regular schedule 201 The Japanese gallery with its 7 000 pieces is the largest of the museum s Asian collection and is known for its works from the Ainu people 293 The museum is also home to works from Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan and southeast Asia 294 Arts of Africa edit The oldest acquisitions in the African art collection were collected by the museum in 1900 shortly after the museum s founding 295 The collection was expanded in 1922 with items originating largely in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo The next year the museum hosted one of the first exhibitions of African art in the United States 296 With more than 5 000 items in its collection the Brooklyn Museum boasts one of the largest collections of African art in any American art museum Although the title of the collection suggests that it includes art from all of the African continent works from Africa are sub categorized among a number of collections Sub Saharan art from West and Central Africa are collected under the banner of African Art while North African and Egyptian art works are grouped with the Islamic and Egyptian art collections respectively The African art collection covers 2 500 years of human history and includes sculpture jewellery masks and religious artifacts from more than 100 African cultures Noteworthy items in this collection include a carved ndop figure of a Kuba king believed to be among the oldest extant ndop carvings and a Lulua mother and child figure 297 In 2018 the museum drew criticism from groups including Decolonize This Place for its hiring of a white woman as Consulting Curator of African Arts 298 299 Selections from the African collection edit nbsp Kuba Ndop portrait nbsp Golden rider of the Ashanti region culture in GhanaArts of the Pacific Islands edit The museum s collection of Pacific Islands art began in 1900 with the acquisition of 100 wooden figures and shadow puppets from New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies now Indonesia since that base the collection has grown to encompass close to 5 000 works Art in this collection is sourced to numerous Pacific and Indian Ocean islands including Hawaii and New Zealand as well as less populous islands such as Rapa Nui and Vanuatu Many of the Marquesan items in the collection were acquired by the museum from famed Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl 300 Art objects in this collection are crafted from a wide variety of materials The museum lists coconut fiber feathers shells clay bone human hair wood moss and spider webs 300 as among the materials used to make artworks that include masks tapa cloths sculpture and jewellery Arts of the Islamic world edit The museum also has art objects and historical texts produced by Muslim artists or about Muslim figures and cultures 301 Selections from the Islamic world collection edit nbsp Bahram Gur and Courtiers Entertained by Barbad the Musician page from Shahnama of Ferdowsi nbsp Zumurrud Shah Takes Refuge in the Mountains ca 1570 nbsp Mihr Ali Iranian active ca 1800 1830 Portrait of Fath Ali Shah Qajar 1815 nbsp Muhammad Hasan Persian active 1808 1840 Prince Yahya ca 1830s nbsp Bowl with Kufic inscription 10th centuryThe Jarvis Collection of Native American Plains Art edit The Museum has a collection of Native America Artifacts acquired by Dr Nathan Sturges Jarvis surgeon who was stationed at Fort Snelling Minnesota 1833 1836 302 nbsp Inlaid pipe bowl with two faces collected at Fort Snelling 1833 1836Elizabeth A Sackler Center for Feminist Art edit Main article Elizabeth A Sackler Center for Feminist Art The museum s center for feminist art opened in 2007 303 189 Spanning 8 300 square feet 770 m2 189 it is dedicated to preserving the history of the movement since the late 20th century as well as raising awareness of feminist contributions to art and informing the future of this area of artistic dialogue Along with an exhibition space and library the center features a gallery housing a masterwork by Judy Chicago a large installation called The Dinner Party 1974 1979 188 European art edit The Brooklyn Museum has among others late Gothic and Early Italian Renaissance paintings by Lorenzo di Niccolo Scenes from the life of Saint Lawrence Sano di Pietro Nardo di Cione Lorenzo Monaco Donato de Bardi Saint Jerome Giovanni Bellini It has Dutch paintings by Frans Hals Gerard Dou and Thomas de Keyser as well as others It has 19th century French paintings by Charles Daubigny Narcisse Virgilio Diaz Eugene Boudin Port Le Havre Berthe Morisot Edgar Degas Gustave Caillebotte Railway Bridge at Argenteuil Claude Monet Doges Palace Venice the French sculptor Alfred Barye Camille Pissarro and Paul Cezanne as well as many others Selections from the European collection edit nbsp Lorenzo di Niccolo Saint Lawrence Buried in Saint Stephen s Tomb 1410 1414 tempera and tooled gold on poplar 33 36 cm nbsp Sano di Pietro Triptych of Madonna with Child St James and St John the Evangelist c 1460 and 1462 nbsp Eugene Delacroix Desdemona Cursed by her Father Desdemona maudite par son pere c 1850 1854 nbsp Honore Daumier The Two Colleagues Lawyers Les deux confreres Avocats between 1865 and 1870 nbsp Gustave Courbet The Edge of the Pool 1867 nbsp Edgar Degas Portrait de Mlle Eugenie Fiocre 1867 1868 nbsp Alfred Sisley Flood at Moret Inondation a Moret 1879 nbsp Gustave Caillebotte Apple Tree in Bloom Pommier en fleurs c 1885 nbsp Jules Breton Fin du travail The End of the Working Day c 1886 1887 nbsp Vincent van Gogh Cypresses Les Cypres 1889 reed pen graphite quill brown ink and black ink on white wove latune et cie balcons paper nbsp Henri de Toulouse Lautrec At the Moulin Rouge Au Moulin Rouge c 1892 nbsp Claude Monet The Church at Vernon 1894 nbsp Claude Monet Houses of Parliament Sunlight Effect Le Parlement effet de soleil 1903 nbsp Claude Monet The Doge s Palace Le Palais ducal 1908 nbsp Pierre Auguste Renoir Les Vignes a Cagnes 1908 nbsp Andre Derain Landscape in Provence Paysage de Provence c 1908Other collections edit The museum s costume collection was created in 1946 304 and the Textile and Costume Collection was unveiled in 1977 305 The collection composed of American and European attire was described by The New York Times as one of the best in the world 304 Removed from public display in 1991 306 the collection was transferred to the Metropolitan Museum of Art s Costume Institute in 2008 304 307 The Brooklyn Museum has had a photography collection since the 19th century The museum initially did not seek out photographs for its collection which was initially composed exclusively of photographers and collectors gifts 308 Since 1993 the collection has been part of the Department of Prints Drawings and Photographs 309 Libraries and archives editMain article Brooklyn Museum Libraries and Archives The Brooklyn Museum Libraries and Archives hold approximately 300 000 volumes and over 3 200 feet 980 m of archives The collection began in 1823 and is housed in facilities that underwent renovations in 1965 1984 and 2014 310 311 312 Programs editThe first Saturday of each month the Brooklyn Museum stays open until 11 pm and general admission is waived after 5 pm although some ticketed exhibitions may require an entrance fee Regular first Saturday activities include educational family oriented activities such as collection based art workshops gallery tours lectures live performances dance parties 313 The museum started hosting First Saturdays in October 1998 314 and the event had attracted 1 5 million total visitors as of 2023 update 315 As part of the Museum Apprentice Program the museum hires teenage high schoolers to give tours in the museum s galleries during the summer assist with the museum s weekend family programs throughout the year participate in talks with museum curators serve as a teen advisory board to the museum and help plan teen events 316 The museum also runs the Museum Education Fellowship Program a ten month position where fellows lead school group visits with a focus on various topics from the collection 317 School Youth and Family Fellows teach Gallery Studio Programs and School Partnerships while Adult and Public Programs Fellows curate and organize Thursday night as well as First Saturday Programming 317 The museum has posted many pieces to a digital collection that allows the public to tag and curate sets of objects online as well as solicit additional scholarship contributions 318 The museum s ASK App allows visitors to talk with staff and educators about works in the collection 319 320 Attendance edit nbsp James Tissot The Disciples Having Left Their Hiding Place Watch from Afar in Agony c 1886 1894Prior to World War II the museum offered free admission and regularly attracted over a million annual visitors 174 In 1934 the museum reported 940 000 annual visitors while its library had 40 000 visitors 321 Patronage declined along with Brooklyn s economy in the mid 20th century 174 there were about 470 000 visitors per year by the early 1950s 91 The museum recorded 1 million visitors in 1971 for the first time in almost four decades 322 During the mid 1980s the museum had 300 000 visitors per year much less than the Museum of Modern Art or the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan 149 Annual attendance at the museum which had stagnated at 250 000 in the mid 1990s had nearly doubled by 1999 after the museum held several popular exhibits 180 peaking at 585 000 in 1998 323 The museum only had 326 000 visitors by 2009 323 but attendance had increased to 465 000 by 2017 200 The New York Times attributed the drop in attendance partially to the policies instituted by then current director Arnold Lehman who has chosen to focus the museum s energy on populism with exhibits on topics such as Star Wars movies and hip hop music 323 rather than on more classical art topics Lehman had also brought more controversial exhibits such as a 1999 show that included Chris Ofili s infamous dung decorated The Holy Virgin Mary to the museum 324 According to the Times The quality of their exhibitions has lessened said Robert Storr the dean of the Yale University School of Art and a Brooklynite Star Wars shows the worst kind of populism I don t think they really understand where they are The middle of the art world is now in Brooklyn it s an increasingly sophisticated audience and always was one 323 On the other hand Lehman says that the demographics of museum attendees are showing a new level of diversity According to The New York Times the average age of museum attendees in a 2008 survey was 35 a large portion of the visitors 40 percent came from Brooklyn and more than 40 percent identified themselves as people of color 325 Lehman states that the museum s interest is in being welcoming and attractive to all potential museum attendees rather than simply amassing large numbers of them 325 As of 2023 update the Brooklyn Museum has a pay what you want policy for general admission tickets 326 Half of patrons did not pay any admission in 2017 200 Works and publications editChoi Connie H Hermo Carmen Hockley Rujeko Morris Catherine Weissberg Stephanie 2017 Morris Catherine Hockley Rujeko eds We Wanted a Revolution Black Radical Women 1965 85 A Sourcebook Exhibition catalog Brooklyn New York Brooklyn Museum ISBN 978 0 872 73183 7 OCLC 964698467 Published on the occasion of an exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum April 21 September 17 2017See also editBrooklyn Visual Heritage Education in New York City List of cases argued by Floyd Abrams List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Brooklyn National Register of Historic Places listings in BrooklynReferences edit National Register Information System National Register of Historic Places National Park Service January 23 2007 a b Bahr Sarah November 22 2021 Brooklyn Museum to Receive 50 Million Gift From City of New York The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 28 2022 Retrieved July 2 2023 a b Lawrence Deirdre E 1987 From Library to Art Museum The Evolution of the Brooklyn Museum International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship 6 4 381 386 doi 10 1080 09647778709515090 ISSN 0260 4779 Archived from the original on July 25 2023 Retrieved June 15 2023 Spelling Simon Entertainment Brooklyn Museum New York Archived from the original on May 8 2012 Retrieved August 1 2014 Dorward Mary S 1955 The Brooklyn Museum Library Brooklyn Museum Bulletin 16 4 11 15 ISSN 2578 7640 JSTOR 26458466 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 a b c d e f g h Gray Christopher October 11 1987 Streetscapes Brooklyn Museum A Touch of Imperial Rome Gracing Eastern Parkway The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 27 2019 Retrieved July 3 2023 a b The Brooklyn Institute How Its Present Great Proportions Have Been Developed from Small Beginnings The New York Times July 9 1898 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 a b c About The Museum s Building Brooklyn Museum Archived from the original on February 21 2021 Retrieved July 4 2023 a b c The Brooklyn Institute s New Home Scientific American Vol LXXVI no 25 June 19 1897 p 390 ProQuest 126805239 For Art and Science The Standard Union February 6 1889 p 4 Archived from the original on July 2 2023 Retrieved July 2 2023 An Art Museum The Brooklyn Daily Eagle February 6 1889 p 1 Archived from the original on July 2 2023 Retrieved July 2 2023 New Museums of Art The Brooklyn Citizen March 17 1889 p 7 Archived from the original on July 2 2023 Retrieved July 2 2023 The Brooklyn Institute The Brooklyn Daily Eagle June 9 1891 p 1 Archived from the original on July 2 2023 Retrieved July 2 2023 The Brooklyn Institute s Museum Result of the Recent Conference With Mayor Schieren New York Tribune January 20 1895 p 14 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 573996298 To Issue the Museum Bonds Bright Prospects for the Brooklyn Institute s Project Mayor Schieren Ready to Act When Convinced That the Proposed Building Can Be Erected for the Sum Agreed Upon New York Tribune February 3 1895 p 14 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 574014116 a b Institute Park The Brooklyn Citizen June 1 1895 p 6 Archived from the original on July 2 2023 Retrieved July 2 2023 Museum Plans The Standard Union June 1 1895 p 3 Archived from the original on July 2 2023 Retrieved July 2 2023 Getting Ready for the Museum Ground Soon to Be Broken the Plans About Perfected one View of the Site New York Tribune May 26 1895 p 16 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 574038500 Brooklyn s New Museum Ground Broken on Prospect Hill for a Fine Structure The New York Times September 15 1895 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 For Its New Home Ground Broken on Prospect Hill for the Institute s Museum Park Commissioner Squier Turned the First Sod speeches by Well known Men New York Tribune September 15 1895 p 18 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 574081465 Noble Monument The Brooklyn Citizen December 14 1895 pp 1 6 Archived from the original on July 2 2023 Retrieved July 2 2023 Mayor Used the Trowel Mr Schieren Laid Cornerstone of Art and Science Museum Brooklyn The New York Times December 15 1895 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 2 2023 Retrieved July 2 2023 Work on the Museum Building the Third Story Nearly Reached Making Provision for the Future New York Tribune April 23 1896 p 14 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 574167414 The Institute s Museum Nearly Ready New York Tribune March 7 1897 p A8 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 574278771 Fine Collection of Paintings the Exhibition at the Institute of Arts and Sciences Opens to night J C Hoagland s Contributions New York Tribune June 2 1897 p 4 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 574319190 Devoted to Learning Dedication of the New Home of the Brooklyn Institute New York Tribune October 3 1897 p A4 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 574349508 Dedication of the Museum Completion of a Section of the New Building of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences The New York Times October 3 1897 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 a b c Museum Plans Accepted Brooklyn Institute Trustees Hold Their Annual Meeting a Augustus Healy Re elected President flourishing State of Affairs Imported New York Tribune May 13 1899 p 11 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 574611963 The Institute Museum Building The Brooklyn Citizen June 9 1899 p 9 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Main Section of the Museum The Standard Union June 9 1899 p 5 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 a b c New Museum Wing The Brooklyn Citizen June 4 1900 p 10 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 a b The News of Brooklyn New York Tribune June 10 1900 p 24 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 a b Institute s New Part New York Tribune August 28 1904 p 20 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Walton Urges Haste The Brooklyn Citizen November 17 1899 p 9 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Ground Broken for New Section of Institute The Brooklyn Daily Eagle June 7 1900 p 15 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Will Relieve Institute Museum New York Tribune January 25 1903 p A7 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 571236596 Mayor Signs Many Measures New Lighting Plant for Natural History Museum Approved The New York Times August 12 1902 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Brooklyn Institute Dedication Eastern Wing to Be Formally Opened Plans for the Exercises New York Tribune December 8 1907 p C6 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 572067208 Museum Dedicated Eastern Section of the Brooklyn Institution Opened New York Tribune December 15 1907 p 9 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 571953389 Eastern Wing of Institute Museum Formally Dedicated The Standard Union December 15 1907 p 4 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Ready to Dedicate New Museum Wing Times Union December 7 1907 p 4 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Brooklyn Institute Plans Some Immediate Extensions The Christian Science Monitor January 18 1910 p 10 ProQuest 508046466 Another 25 000 Gift to Brooklyn Institute The Brooklyn Citizen June 11 1905 p 6 Archived from the original on July 23 2023 Retrieved July 23 2023 Two Great Gifts to Brooklyn Institute Times Union June 10 1905 p 4 Archived from the original on July 24 2023 Retrieved July 24 2023 City to Pay 25 000 a Year for Observatory in Prospect Park The Standard Union July 14 1907 p 17 Archived from the original on July 24 2023 Retrieved July 24 2023 a b Addition to Museum to Be Built Shortly The Chat June 3 1911 p 4 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Brooklyn News Borough Gossip Work to Be Started Soon on New Wing of Brooklyn Museum New York Tribune May 28 1911 p B8 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 574758676 Brooklyn News Borough Gossip New Laboratory and Wing for Brooklyn Museum New York Tribune July 16 1911 p B4 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 574788579 Brooklyn Institute Shows Great Growth The Brooklyn Daily Eagle October 18 1911 p 8 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Brooklyn Institute Valued at 2 937 046 Times Union October 19 1911 p 18 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Work on Road Back of Museum The Standard Union November 22 1911 p 6 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Delay on Museum Wing The Brooklyn Daily Eagle November 11 1913 p 1 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Request for Funds to Finish Museum Is Again Refused The Brooklyn Daily Eagle May 28 1923 p 2 Archived from the original on July 8 2023 Retrieved July 6 2023 a b Art Treasures Lost to Museum by Delay on Finishing Wing The Brooklyn Daily Eagle July 16 1916 p 13 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Subway Stations Opened Last Three in Eastern Parkway Branch of I R T Put Into Service PDF The New York Times October 11 1920 Archived PDF from the original on March 26 2022 Retrieved December 20 2015 Bill for Central Library and Museum Wing Bond Issue Signed by Miller Times Union April 7 1922 p 4 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Delay Museum Wing Until Late in Fall The Standard Union July 13 1922 p 3 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Hylan Holds Up 950 000 Fund for Brooklyn Museum The Brooklyn Daily Eagle May 13 1923 p 24 Archived from the original on July 8 2023 Retrieved July 6 2023 Estimate Board Votes 1 050 000 for Boro Museum The Brooklyn Daily Eagle June 4 1923 p 1 Archived from the original on July 7 2023 Retrieved July 6 2023 To Resume Work on Museum When Board Approves The Brooklyn Daily Eagle September 9 1923 p 37 Archived from the original on July 7 2023 Retrieved July 6 2023 Brooklyn Museum s New Wings Will Soon Be Finished Great Art Treasures Ready to Fill Extension Times Union September 9 1923 p 10 Archived from the original on July 7 2023 Retrieved July 6 2023 American Paintings at Brooklyn Museum Exhibition of Oils by Native Artist Will Be Feature of Opening of New Wing The New York Times November 15 1925 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Appleton Read Helen November 22 1925 Brooklyn Museum Inaugurates New Wing With American Exhibition The Brooklyn Daily Eagle p 72 Archived from the original on July 19 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 Crawford M D C December 8 1925 New Ethnological Gallery Opens In Brooklyn Museum Feeling Of Lightness And Charm And Virility Of Color Feature Division Termed Rainbow House By Curator Stewart Culin Women s Wear Vol 31 no 135 p 2 ProQuest 1677044361 New Ethnological Gallery Dedicated The Brooklyn Daily Eagle December 9 1925 p 3 Archived from the original on July 19 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 Adds New Charm to Brooklyn Museum Rainbow House Is Now All That Its Name Implies The New York Times November 28 1926 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 19 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 E l c April 24 1927 Japanese Art New Gallery at Brooklyn Museum Holds Rich Display The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 19 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 Museum Opens 3 Permanent Art Galleries Times Union May 8 1927 p 69 Archived from the original on July 21 2023 Retrieved July 21 2023 Three New Galleries Open at Brooklyn Museum Today The Brooklyn Daily Eagle May 8 1927 p 73 Archived from the original on July 19 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 Appleton Read Helen December 1 1929 An All American Opening The Brooklyn Daily Eagle p 64 Archived from the original on July 19 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 Rebuilt Museum Entrance Will Not Have Long Steps Times Union May 10 1934 p 3 Archived from the original on July 5 2023 Retrieved July 5 2023 a b Brooklyn Museum Opens New Entrance Tonight Park Commissioner Moses and Other Officers to Attend New York Herald Tribune October 4 1935 p 20 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1222340168 500 PWA Workers at Museum Stage 3 Hour Pay Strike Times Union October 4 1935 p 4 Archived from the original on July 5 2023 Retrieved July 5 2023 Byck Lester L February 10 1935 Brooklyn Museum s Gallery Devoted to Work of Living Artists Opens Soon Times Union p 3 Archived from the original on July 19 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 H d April 8 1935 Brooklyn Museum Shows Persian Art New Gallery Marks Long Step Forward in Exhibition Methods of Institution The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 19 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 Persian Gallery at Museum Opens With Loan Exhibition The Brooklyn Daily Eagle April 7 1935 p 39 Archived from the original on July 20 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 New Entrances and Hall of Brooklyn Museum Opened to Public The Brooklyn Citizen October 5 1935 p 3 Archived from the original on July 20 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 Brooklyn Museum Exhibits Old Art The Brooklyn Daily Eagle December 6 1935 p 2 Archived from the original on July 20 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 Rare Show Marks Gallery Opening Art on Display in Medieval Room of Brooklyn Museum Bridges 1 000 Years The New York Times December 7 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 19 2023 Retrieved July 19 2023 Industrial Wing For B klyn Museum Planned To Raise City s Style Prestige Another Aim Of 1 400 000 Project Is To Arouse Pride In New York Products Stimulus To Industrial Art Expected To Have Beneficial Effect In Bringing Business To Local Market Women s Wear Daily Vol 51 no 37 August 21 1935 pp 1 39 ProQuest 1653382463 Brooklyn Museum Seeks 301 500 for Repairs 287 138 Sought to Begin New Children s Building New York Herald Tribune January 14 1938 p 15 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1243640786 a b 2 Museums Found in Decrepit State Neglect and Decay Reported at the Brooklyn and the Children s by Youtz The New York Times April 11 1938 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 5 2023 a b McGill Douglas C December 22 1984 Museum Closing Art School The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 8 2022 Retrieved November 9 2020 W P A Art Unit Opens Branch For Brooklyn Institutions To Be Enabled to Acquire Paintings by Paying Cost of Materials Trustees of New Brooklyn Library Take Oath of Office New York Herald Tribune February 15 1941 p 9A ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1320074766 Art Distribution Center to Be Opened in Boro The Brooklyn Daily Eagle January 30 1941 p 19 Archived from the original on July 21 2023 Retrieved July 21 2023 A amp S Gives Brooklyn Museum 50 000 for Design Project Part 1 Work Starts Next Month on Edward C Blum Laboratory With Formal Opening Scheduled for Oct 5 Women s Wear Daily Vol 76 no 65 April 2 1948 p 38 ProQuest 1564926735 Brooklyn Museum Gets a 50 000 Gift Laboratory of Industrial Design to Be Established With Fund Given by Department Store The New York Times April 2 1948 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 21 2023 Retrieved July 21 2023 Museum Plans Spur Boro Cultural Center The Brooklyn Daily Eagle January 11 1949 p 3 Archived from the original on July 21 2023 Retrieved July 21 2023 a b Brooklyn Seeking Cultural Center City and the Institute of Arts and Sciences Plan Program Around Central Museum The New York Times October 9 1949 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 21 2023 Retrieved July 21 2023 Brooklyn Museum s New Lecture Hall To Be Opened Today for Americanists The New York Times September 7 1949 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 21 2023 Retrieved July 21 2023 a b Knox Sanka February 9 1951 Finances Worry Brooklyn Museum More City and Public Aid Required Moses Study Offers Hope Jansen Pledges Aid The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 21 2023 Retrieved July 21 2023 Academy of Music Saved for Public The Brooklyn Daily Eagle June 22 1951 pp 1 11 Archived from the original on July 23 2023 Retrieved July 23 2023 Egyptian Galleries Ready At the Brooklyn Museum New York Herald Tribune March 8 1951 p 21 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1324187503 Brooklyn Museum Expands Program Attendance Up in Fiscal Year Art School Gains and Gallery Is Renovated The New York Times January 6 1952 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 23 2023 Retrieved July 23 2023 Boro Museum Modernizes Fabulous Egyptian Galleries The Brooklyn Daily Eagle November 17 1953 p 9 Archived from the original on July 23 2023 Retrieved July 23 2023 Egypt s Relics Get Up to date Setting Brooklyn Museum s Remodeled Galleries Will Be Opened to Public Tomorrow The New York Times November 17 1953 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 23 2023 Retrieved July 23 2023 Brooklyn Museum Renovated at 60 Shows Off Youthful New Look The New York Times February 19 1957 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 2 2023 Retrieved July 2 2023 a b Beckley Paul V February 19 1957 New Galleries Opened At Brooklyn Museum New York Herald Tribune p A1 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1326289458 New Galleries to Open Daily News January 28 1957 p 333 Retrieved August 4 2023 Complex Bothers Brooklyn Museum The New York Times January 26 1958 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 4 2023 Guard Shortage to Hurt Museum Hours of Some Galleries at Brooklyn Institution Cut Beginning Monday The New York Times October 4 1958 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 4 2023 Knox Sanka April 14 1959 Museum Here Reopens Gallery Of Egypt s Art From 4000 B C The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 23 2023 Retrieved July 23 2023 An Old Timer Intrigues Diane Daily News April 15 1959 p 456 Retrieved August 4 2023 New Library Of Patterns In Brooklyn New York Herald Tribune July 22 1959 p A2 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1327054968 Brooklyn Museum Gets Gift Of Pattern Library Women s Wear Daily Vol 99 no 16 July 22 1959 p 42 ProQuest 1565234557 Brooklyn Museum To Reduce Week In Staff Shortage The New York Times December 22 1960 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 4 2023 2 Museums to Be Open Daily As City Increases Their Funds The New York Times June 29 1961 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 4 2023 Bird Robert S February 20 1962 There s a Cultural Boom in Brooklyn New York Herald Tribune p 10 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1326285567 Plan to Expand Art Gallery of Brooklyn Museum Brooklyn Record June 26 1964 p 7 Retrieved August 4 2023 Museum is Adding New Art Gallery 1 000 More Paintings to Go on Display in Brooklyn The New York Times June 23 1964 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 23 2023 Retrieved July 23 2023 Art of Indians on Display at Boro Museum Daily News May 2 1965 p 203 Retrieved August 4 2023 Indian Art at Brooklyn Museum The New York Times May 2 1965 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 4 2023 Knox Sanka April 23 1966 New Life is Found for Ex wreckage Museum Garden a Haven for Art From Razed Buildings The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 4 2023 Garden of Memories Newsday Nassau Edition April 27 1966 p 102 Retrieved August 4 2023 Esterow Milton August 4 1967 Metropolitan and Brooklyn Museums Pool Talent The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 4 2023 Esterow Milton June 20 1968 Brooklyn Museum Considering a Five Day Week Director Says City Has Not Provided Enough Money Some Programs Curtailed by the Shortage of Funds The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 4 2023 Burks Edward C December 12 1969 Museums Seeking Guards To Stem Mounting Crime The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 4 2023 Keneas Alexander September 30 1968 The Brooklyn Museum s New Community Gallery Focuses on Black America The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 4 2023 New Community Gallery Opens To Enthused Throng New York Amsterdam News October 5 1968 p 23 ProQuest 226784000 a b c Anagnost Adrian 2020 Decentralize Art Power and Space in the New York Art World Konsthistorisk Tidskrift Journal of Art History 89 2 100 125 doi 10 1080 00233609 2020 1758205 ISSN 0023 3609 S2CID 221065038 Archived from the original on April 15 2021 Retrieved June 15 2023 a b c 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Retrieved July 1 2023 Fowler Glenn December 5 1979 New York Cultural Units Called Lax in Grant Bids The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 4 2023 Period Rooms to Reopen at the Brooklyn Museum The New York Times March 23 1980 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 2 2023 Retrieved July 2 2023 a b Museum budget picture far from pretty Daily News April 25 1980 p 488 Retrieved October 5 2023 Dunlap David W November 28 1982 City Budget Cuts Affect Cultural Institutions The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 5 2023 a b c McGill Douglas C January 22 1985 Changing Face of Brooklyn Museum The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 7 2023 Retrieved July 6 2023 Brenna Susan January 20 1988 Culture Watching a Work of Art Brooklyn Style the Brooklyn Museum Takes Dramatic Steps to Bring New and Suburban Visitors to Its Underappreciated Collection Newsday p 3 ISSN 2574 5298 ProQuest 277964505 a b Canarsie s Schenck House Period Rooms On Display Now at Brooklyn Museum Canarsie Courier November 1 1984 pp 3 52 Retrieved October 5 2023 Brooklyn Museum Adds a Day to Schedule The New York Times September 22 1984 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 5 2023 The Brooklyn Museum Adds an Extra Day to Its Weekly Schedule Newsday September 18 1984 p 130 Retrieved October 5 2023 Dougherty Philip H May 22 1985 Advertising Brooklyn Museum Plans Paid TV Spots The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 7 2023 Retrieved July 6 2023 a b c d e McGill Douglas C March 18 1986 The Brooklyn Museum Plans to Double Its Size The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 7 2023 Retrieved July 6 2023 a b c Lipson Karin April 6 1986 Grand Plans at the Brooklyn Museum Newsday p 101 Archived from the original on July 7 2023 Retrieved July 6 2023 a b c d Glueck Grace July 20 1986 Why the Brooklyn Museum Must Bet on a Daring Master Plan The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 5 2023 Lipson Karin September 18 1986 Brooklyn Museum Raises Admission to Offset Cuts Newsday p 20 ISSN 2574 5298 ProQuest 285377946 Brooklyn Museum Names Semi Finalists The New York Times May 27 1986 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 7 2023 Retrieved July 6 2023 10 Architectural Firms Are Semifinalists In Brooklyn Museum Design Competition Newsday May 21 1986 p 8 ISSN 2574 5298 ProQuest 285504974 a b Sommerfield Frank November 3 1986 Museum Links Lofty Aspirations to Architects Quest for Prestige Crain s New York Business Vol 2 no 44 p 17 ProQuest 219201884 a b Giovannini Joseph October 17 1986 Brooklyn Museum Design Selected The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 7 2023 Retrieved July 6 2023 a b Hine Thomas October 26 1986 An Attention getting Design for the Brooklyn Museum Philadelphia Inquirer p G 14 ProQuest 1830721135 Brenna Susan January 6 1988 Making a Museum Matter Director Bob Buck s grand plans for the Brooklyn Museum call for new art and new 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Retrieved July 6 2023 Solomon Deborah August 14 1994 A Critic Turns 90 Meyer Schapiro The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 18 2013 Retrieved July 6 2023 Vogel Carol March 17 1997 For Brooklyn Museum New Director and New Image The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 3 2023 Retrieved July 3 2023 Vogel Carol January 31 1997 Inside Art The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 7 2023 Retrieved July 6 2023 a b Barstow David September 20 2000 55 Million Face Lift for Brooklyn Museum The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 5 2023 Retrieved July 5 2023 a b Hays Elizabeth December 17 2000 New museum sensation eyed Daily News p 273 Archived from the original on July 5 2023 Retrieved July 5 2023 a b Shelby Joyce April 15 2004 Old Beaux Gets Face lift Brooklyn Museum Redesign Fuses Past amp Future New York Daily News p 3 ISSN 2692 1251 ProQuest 305880467 a b c Kennedy Randy Vogel 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