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Wikipedia

Star Trek

January 01, 1970

This article is about the franchise. For the original television series, see Star Trek: The Original Series. For other uses, see Star Trek (disambiguation).

Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise created by Gene Roddenberry, which began with the eponymous 1960s television series and became a worldwide pop-culture phenomenon. Since its creation, the franchise has expanded into various films, television series, video games, novels, and comic books, and it has become one of the most recognizable and highest-grossing media franchises of all time.[1][2][3]

Star Trek
Logo for the first Star Trek series, now known as Star Trek: The Original Series
Created byGene Roddenberry
Original workStar Trek: The Original Series
OwnerParamount Global
Years1966–present
Print publications
Book(s)
Novel(s)List of novels
ComicsList of comics
Magazine(s)
Films and television
Film(s)List of films
Television seriesList of television series
Games
TraditionalList of games
Miscellaneous
Theme park attraction(s)Star Trek: The Experience
ExhibitsStar Trek: The Exhibition
Official website
startrek.com

The franchise began with Star Trek: The Original Series, which debuted in the US on September 8, 1966, and aired for three seasons on NBC. It was first broadcast on September 6, 1966, on Canada's CTV network.[4] The series followed the voyages of the crew of the starship USS Enterprise, a space exploration vessel built by the United Federation of Planets in the 23rd century, on a mission "to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before". In creating Star Trek, Roddenberry was inspired by C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower series of novels, Jonathan Swift's 1726 novel Gulliver's Travels, the 1956 film Forbidden Planet, and television westerns such as Wagon Train.

The Star Trek canon includes the Original Series, 11 spin-off television series, and a film franchise; further adaptations also exist in several media. After the conclusion of the Original Series, the adventures of its characters continued in the 22-episode Star Trek: The Animated Series and six feature films. A television revival beginning in the 1980s saw three sequel series and a prequel: The Next Generation, following the crew of a new starship Enterprise a century after the original series; Deep Space Nine and Voyager, set in the same era as the Next Generation; and Enterprise, set before the original series in the early days of human interstellar travel. The adventures of the Next Generation crew continued in four additional feature films. In 2009, the film franchise underwent a reboot, creating an alternate continuity known as the Kelvin timeline; three films have been set in this continuity. The newest Star Trek television revival, beginning in 2017, includes the series Discovery, Picard, Short Treks, Lower Decks, Prodigy, and Strange New Worlds, streaming on digital platforms.

Star Trek has been a cult phenomenon for decades.[5] Fans of the franchise are called "Trekkies" or "Trekkers". The franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games, figurines, novels, toys, and comics. From 1998 to 2008, there was a Star Trek–themed attraction in Las Vegas. At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world. The constructed language Klingon was created for the franchise. Several Star Trek parodies have been made, and viewers have produced several fan productions.

Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction.[6] The franchise is also notable for its progressive civil-rights stances.[7] The Original Series included one of the first multiracial casts on US television.

Conception and setting

 
The Starfleet emblem as seen in the franchise

As early as 1964, Gene Roddenberry drafted a proposal for the science fiction series that would become Star Trek. Although he publicly marketed it as a Western in outer space—a so-called "Wagon Train to the stars"—he privately told friends that he was modeling it on Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, intending each episode to act on two levels: as a suspenseful adventure story and as a morality tale.[8][9][10][11]

Most Star Trek stories depict the adventures of humans and aliens who serve in Starfleet, the space-borne humanitarian and peacekeeping armada of the United Federation of Planets. The protagonists have altruistic values, and must apply these ideals to difficult dilemmas.

Many of the conflicts and political dimensions of Star Trek are allegories of contemporary cultural realities. The Original Series addressed issues of the 1960s, just as later spin-offs have tackled issues of their respective decades.[12] Issues depicted in the various series include war and peace, the value of personal loyalty, authoritarianism, imperialism, class warfare, economics, racism, religion, human rights, sexism, feminism, and the role of technology.[13]: 57  Roddenberry stated: "[By creating] a new world with new rules, I could make statements about sex, religion, Vietnam, politics, and intercontinental missiles. Indeed, we did make them on Star Trek: we were sending messages and fortunately they all got by the network.[13]: 79  If you talked about purple people on a far off planet, they (the television network) never really caught on. They were more concerned about cleavage. They actually would send a censor down to the set to measure a woman's cleavage to make sure too much of her breast wasn't showing."[14]

Roddenberry intended the show to have a progressive political agenda reflective of the emerging counter-culture of the youth movement, though he was not fully forthcoming to the networks about this. He wanted Star Trek to show what humanity might develop into, if it would learn from the lessons of the past, most specifically by ending violence. An extreme example is the alien species known as the Vulcans, who had a violent past but learned to control their emotions. Roddenberry also gave Star Trek an anti-war message and depicted the United Federation of Planets as an ideal, optimistic version of the United Nations.[15] His efforts were opposed by the network because of concerns over marketability, e.g., they opposed Roddenberry's insistence that Enterprise have a racially diverse crew.[16]

History and production

Timeline

Star Trek: DiscoveryStar Trek: PicardStar Trek: ProdigyStar Trek: Lower DecksStar Trek: VoyagerStar Trek: Deep Space NineStar Trek NemesisStar Trek: InsurrectionStar Trek: First ContactStar Trek GenerationsStar Trek: The Next GenerationStar Trek BeyondStar Trek Into DarknessStar Trek (film)Star Trek GenerationsStar Trek VI: The Undiscovered CountryStar Trek V: The Final FrontierStar Trek IV: The Voyage HomeStar Trek III: The Search for SpockStar Trek II: The Wrath of KhanStar Trek: The Motion PictureStar Trek: The Animated SeriesStar Trek: The Original SeriesThe Cage (Star Trek: The Original Series)Star Trek: Strange New WorldsStar Trek: DiscoveryStar Trek: Enterprise

The Original Series era (1965–1969)

 
Star Trek creator, producer and writer Gene Roddenberry
 
Commander Spock and Captain James T. Kirk, played by Leonard Nimoy and William Shatner, pictured here in the original series

In early 1964, Roddenberry presented a brief treatment for a television series to Desilu Productions, calling it "a Wagon Train to the stars".[17] Desilu studio head Lucille Ball was instrumental in approving production of the series.[18] The studio worked with Roddenberry to develop the treatment into a script, which was then pitched to NBC.[19]

NBC paid to make a pilot, "The Cage", starring Jeffrey Hunter as Enterprise Captain Christopher Pike. NBC rejected "The Cage", but the executives were still impressed with the concept, and made the unusual decision to commission a second pilot: "Where No Man Has Gone Before".[19]

While the show initially enjoyed high ratings, the average rating of the show at the end of its first season dropped to 52nd out of 94 programs. Unhappy with the show's ratings, NBC threatened to cancel the show during its second season.[20] The show's fan base, led by Bjo Trimble, conducted an unprecedented letter-writing campaign, petitioning the network to keep the show on the air.[20][21] NBC renewed the show, but moved it from primetime to the "Friday night death slot", and substantially reduced its budget.[22] In protest, Roddenberry resigned as producer and reduced his direct involvement in Star Trek, which led to Fred Freiberger becoming producer for the show's third and final season.[b] Despite another letter-writing campaign, NBC canceled the series after three seasons and 79 episodes.[19]

Post–Original Series rebirth (1969–1991)

After the original series was canceled, Desilu, which by then had been renamed Paramount Television, licensed the broadcast syndication rights to help recoup the production losses. Reruns began in late 1969, and by the late 1970s the series aired in over 150 domestic and 60 international markets.[citation needed] This helped Star Trek develop a cult following among Trekkies greater than during its original run;[23] by 1976, the cast described Star Trek as "the most popular series in the world".[24]

One sign of the series' growing popularity was the first Star Trek convention, which occurred on January 21–23, 1972 in New York City. Although the original expectation was that a few hundred fans would attend, several thousand turned up. Fans continue to attend similar conventions worldwide.[25]

The series' newfound success led to the idea of reviving the franchise.[26] Filmation with Paramount Television produced the first post–original series show, Star Trek: The Animated Series, featuring the cast of the original series reprising their roles. It ran on NBC for 22 half-hour episodes over two seasons on Saturday mornings from 1973 to 1974.[27]: 208  Although short-lived, typical for animated productions in that time slot during that period, the series garnered the franchise's only Emmy Award in a "Best Series" category—specifically Outstanding Entertainment Children's Series; later Emmy awards for the franchise would be in technical categories. Paramount Pictures and Roddenberry began developing a new series, Star Trek: Phase II, in May 1975 in response to the franchise's newfound popularity. Work on the series ended when the proposed Paramount Television Service folded.[28]

Following the success of the science fiction movies Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Paramount adapted the planned pilot episode of Phase II into the feature film Star Trek: The Motion Picture. The film opened in North America on December 7, 1979, with mixed reviews from critics. The film earned $139 million worldwide, below expectations but enough for Paramount to create a sequel. The studio forced Roddenberry to relinquish creative control of future sequels.[citation needed]

The success of the sequel, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, reversed the fortunes of the franchise. While the sequel grossed less than the first movie, The Wrath of Khan's lower production costs made it net more profit. Paramount produced six Star Trek feature films between 1979 and 1991, each featuring the Original Series cast in their original roles.[29]

In 1987, Paramount responded to the popularity of Star Trek feature films by bringing the franchise back to television with Star Trek: The Next Generation. Paramount chose to distribute the new series as a first-run syndication show rather than a network program.[10] The series was set a century after the original, following the adventures of a new starship Enterprise with a new crew.[30]

Post-Roddenberry television era (1991–2005)

 
The actors who played the Captains on the first five Star Trek series, together in London at Destination Star Trek

Following Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Roddenberry's role was changed from producer to creative consultant, with minimal input to the films, while being heavily involved with the creation of The Next Generation. Roddenberry died on October 24, 1991, giving executive producer Rick Berman control of the franchise.[13]: 268 [10]: 591–593  Star Trek had become known to those within Paramount as "the franchise", because of its great success and recurring role as a tent pole for the studio when other projects failed.[31] The Next Generation had the highest ratings of any Star Trek series and became the most syndicated show during the last years of its original seven-season run.[32] In response to the Next Generation's success, Paramount released a spin-off series, Deep Space Nine, in 1993. While never as popular as the Next Generation, the series had sufficient ratings for it to last seven seasons.

In January 1995, a few months after the Next Generation ended, Paramount released a fourth television series, Voyager. Star Trek production reached a peak in the mid-1990s with Deep Space Nine and Voyager airing concurrently and three of the four Next Generation-based feature films released in 1994, 1996, and 1998. By 1998, Star Trek was Paramount's most important property and the profits of "the franchise" funded a significant portion of the studio's operations.[33] Voyager became the flagship show of the new United Paramount Network (UPN) and thus the first major network Star Trek series since the original.[34]

After Voyager ended, UPN produced Enterprise, a prequel series. Enterprise did not enjoy the high ratings of its predecessors and UPN threatened to cancel it after the series' third season. Fans launched a campaign reminiscent of the one that saved the third season of the Original Series. Paramount renewed Enterprise for a fourth season, but moved it to the Friday night death slot.[35] Like the Original Series, Enterprise's ratings dropped during this time slot, and UPN canceled Enterprise at the end of its fourth season. Enterprise aired its final episode on May 13, 2005.[36] A fan group, "Save Enterprise", attempted to save the series and tried to raise $30 million to privately finance a fifth season of Enterprise.[37] Though the effort garnered considerable press, the fan drive failed to save the series. The cancellation of Enterprise ended an eighteen-year continuous production run of Star Trek programming on television. The poor box office performance in 2002 of the film Nemesis cast an uncertain light upon the future of the franchise. Paramount relieved Berman, the franchise producer, of control of Star Trek.

Reboot (Kelvin timeline) film series (2009–2016)

In 2007, Paramount hired a new creative team to reinvigorate the franchise on the big screen. Writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman and producer J. J. Abrams had the freedom to reinvent the feel of the franchise. The team created the franchise's eleventh film, Star Trek, releasing it in May 2009. The film featured a new cast portraying the crew of the original show. Star Trek was a prequel of the original series set in an alternate timeline, later named the Kelvin Timeline. This gave the film and sequels freedom from the need to conform to the franchise's canonical timeline and minimized the impact these films would have on CBS's portion of the franchise. The eleventh Star Trek film's marketing campaign targeted non-fans, stating in the film's advertisements that "this is not your father's Star Trek".[38]

The film earned considerable critical and financial success, grossing (in inflation-adjusted dollars) more box office sales than any previous Star Trek film.[39] The plaudits include the franchise's first Academy Award (for makeup). Two sequels were released. The first sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness, premiered in the spring of 2013.[c][40] While the film did not earn as much in the North American box office as its predecessor, internationally, in terms of box office receipts, Into Darkness is the most successful of the franchise.[41] The thirteenth film, Star Trek Beyond, was released on July 22, 2016.[42] The film had many pre-production problems and its script went through several rewrites. While receiving positive reviews, Star Trek Beyond disappointed in the box office.[43]

Expansion of the Star Trek Universe (2017–present)

CBS turned down several proposals in the mid-2000s to restart the franchise on the small screen. Proposals included pitches from film director Bryan Singer, Babylon 5 creator J. Michael Straczynski, and Trek actors Jonathan Frakes and William Shatner.[44][45][46] While CBS was not creating new Star Trek for network television, the ease of access to Star Trek content on new streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon Prime Video introduced a new set of fans to the franchise. CBS eventually sought to capitalize on this trend, and brought the franchise back to the small screen with the series Star Trek: Discovery to help launch and draw subscribers to its streaming service CBS All Access.[47] Discovery's first season premiered on September 24, 2017.[48] While Discovery is shown in the United States exclusively on Paramount+ (formerly CBS All Access), for its first three seasons, Netflix, in exchange for funding the production costs of the show, owned the international screening rights for the show.[49] This Netflix distribution and production deal ended right before the fourth season premiere of Discovery in November 2021.[50] Discovery has since been exclusive to Paramount Global owned platforms.

In June 2018, after becoming sole showrunner of Discovery, Kurtzman signed a five-year overall deal with CBS Television Studios to expand the Star Trek franchise beyond Discovery to several new series, miniseries, and animated series.[51] Kurtzman wanted to "open this world up" and create multiple series set in the same universe but with their own "unique storytelling and distinct cinematic feel",[52] an approach that he compared to the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[53] However, the franchise would not tell a single story across multiple series, allowing audiences to watch each series without having to see all of the others.[54] CBS and Kurtzman refer to this expanded franchise as the Star Trek Universe.[55]

The second series of the expansion of the Star Trek Universe, Star Trek: Picard, features Patrick Stewart reprising the character Jean-Luc Picard from The Next Generation. Picard premiered on CBS All Access on January 23, 2020. Unlike Discovery, Amazon Prime Video streams Picard internationally.[56] CBS has also released two seasons of Star Trek: Short Treks, a series of standalone mini-episodes which air between Discovery and Picard seasons. A new live-action series, Star Trek: Strange New Worlds, a spinoff of the second season of Discovery and prequel to the original series, premiered on May 5, 2022. Lower Decks, an animated adult comedy series, was released on August 6, 2020, on CBS All Access. Another animated series, Star Trek: Prodigy, premiered on the rebranded service Paramount+ first on October 28, 2021, and on December 17, 2021, on Nickelodeon.[57] Prodigy is the first Star Trek series to specifically target younger audiences, and is the franchise's first fully computer animated series. Star Trek saturation would hit a new peak in 2022, with five Star Trek series airing in the same year.[d]

The Star Trek: Picard series finale aired in April 2023.[58] Discovery's final season will air early 2024.[59] A Star Trek: Starfleet Academy series is in pre-production to take the place of one of these series.[60] Star Trek: Prodigy was removed from Paramount+ in June 2023.[61] The series was picked up by Netflix, and season 1 was made available on December 25, 2023. A new second season will air later in 2024.[62]

Paramount is also planning to create television films for Paramount+ every two years.[63] The first of these movies, Section 31, will star Michelle Yeoh, reprising her role as Empress Georgiou from Discovery.[64]

Television series

Main article: List of Star Trek television series

Twelve television series make up the Star Trek franchise: The Original Series, The Animated Series, The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, Voyager, Enterprise, Discovery, Short Treks, Picard, Lower Decks, Prodigy, and Strange New Worlds. All series in total amount to 909 episodes across 47 seasons of television.[e]

SeriesSeasonsEpisodesOriginally releasedNetwork
The Original Series379September 8, 1966 – June 3, 1969 (1966-09-08 – 1969-06-03)NBC
The Animated Series222September 8, 1973 – October 12, 1974 (1973-09-08 – 1974-10-12)
The Next Generation7178September 28, 1987 – May 23, 1994 (1987-09-28 – 1994-05-23)Syndication
Deep Space Nine7176January 4, 1993 – May 31, 1999 (1993-01-04 – 1999-05-31)
Voyager7172January 16, 1995 – May 23, 2001 (1995-01-16 – 2001-05-23)UPN
Enterprise498September 26, 2001 – May 13, 2005 (2001-09-26 – 2005-05-13)
Discovery564September 24, 2017 – present (2017-09-24 – present)CBS All Access
Paramount+
Short Treks210October 4, 2018 – January 9, 2020 (2018-10-04 – 2020-01-09)
Picard330January 23, 2020 – April 20, 2023 (2020-01-23 – 2023-04-20)
Lower Decks440August 6, 2020 – present (2020-08-06 – present)
Prodigy120October 28, 2021 – present (2021-10-28 – present)Paramount+ / Netflix[65]
Strange New Worlds220May 5, 2022 – present (2022-05-05 – present)Paramount+

Films

Main article: List of Star Trek films

Paramount Pictures has produced thirteen Star Trek feature films. The first six films continue the adventures of the cast of the Original Series; the seventh film, Generations, was intended as a transition from original cast to the cast of the Next Generation; the next three films focused completely on the Next Generation cast.[f] The eleventh film was widely considered to be a reboot of the franchise, though it is actually a continuation set in an alternate timeline known as the "Kelvin Timeline". Additionally, streaming service Paramount+ intends to release a television film every two years starting with Section 31.

Film U.S. release date Director(s) Screenwriter(s) Story by Producer(s)
The Original Series
Star Trek: The Motion Picture December 7, 1979 (1979-12-07) Robert Wise Harold Livingston Alan Dean Foster Gene Roddenberry
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan June 4, 1982 (1982-06-04) Nicholas Meyer Jack B. Sowards Harve Bennett and Jack B. Sowards Robert Sallin
Star Trek III: The Search for Spock June 1, 1984 (1984-06-01) Leonard Nimoy Harve Bennett
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home November 26, 1986 (1986-11-26) Steve Meerson, Peter Krikes, Nicholas Meyer and Harve Bennett Harve Bennett and Leonard Nimoy Harve Bennett
Star Trek V: The Final Frontier June 9, 1989 (1989-06-09) William Shatner David Loughery William Shatner, Harve Bennett and David Loughery
Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country December 6, 1991 (1991-12-06) Nicholas Meyer Nicholas Meyer and Denny Martin Flinn Leonard Nimoy, Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal Ralph Winter and Steven-Charles Jaffe
The Next Generation
Star Trek Generations November 18, 1994 (1994-11-18) David Carson Ronald D. Moore and Brannon Braga Rick Berman, Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore Rick Berman
Star Trek: First Contact November 22, 1996 (1996-11-22) Jonathan Frakes Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore
Star Trek: Insurrection December 11, 1998 (1998-12-11) Michael Piller Rick Berman and Michael Piller
Star Trek: Nemesis December 13, 2002 (2002-12-13) Stuart Baird John Logan John Logan, Rick Berman and Brent Spiner
Reboot (Kelvin Timeline)
Star Trek May 8, 2009 (2009-05-08) J. J. Abrams Roberto Orci & Alex Kurtzman J. J. Abrams and Damon Lindelof
Star Trek Into Darkness May 17, 2013 (2013-05-17) Roberto Orci, Alex Kurtzman & Damon Lindelof J. J. Abrams, Bryan Burk, Damon Lindelof, Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci
Star Trek Beyond July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22) Justin Lin Simon Pegg & Doug Jung J. J. Abrams, Roberto Orci, Lindsey Weber and Justin Lin
Television films
Star Trek: Section 31 TBA Olatunde Osunsanmi Craig Sweeny N/A

Merchandise

Main article: Star Trek spin-off fiction
 
A pinball machine themed for Star Trek: The Next Generation

Many licensed products are based on the Star Trek franchise. Merchandising is very lucrative for both studio and actors; by 1986 Nimoy had earned more than $500,000 from royalties.[66] Products include novels, comic books, video games, and other materials, which are generally considered non-canon. Star Trek merchandise generated $4 billion for Paramount by 2002.[67]

Books

Main articles: List of Star Trek novels and tie-in fiction

Since 1967, hundreds of original novels, short stories, and television and movie adaptations have been published. The first original Star Trek novel was Mission to Horatius by Mack Reynolds, which was published in hardcover by Whitman Books in 1968.[68]: 131 

In 1968, Gene Roddenberry cooperated with Stephen Edward Poe, writing as Stephen Whitfield, on the nonfiction book The Making of Star Trek for Ballantine Books.[69]

Among the most recent is the Star Trek Collection of Little Golden Books. Three titles were published by Random House in 2019, a fourth is scheduled for July 2020.

The first publisher of Star Trek fiction aimed at adult readers was Bantam Books. James Blish wrote adaptations of episodes of the original series in twelve volumes from 1967 to 1977; in 1970, he wrote the first original Star Trek novel published by Bantam, Spock Must Die!.[68]: xi 

Pocket Books published subsequent Star Trek novels. Prolific Star Trek novelists include Peter David, Diane Carey, Keith DeCandido, J.M. Dillard, Diane Duane, Michael Jan Friedman, and Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens. Several actors from the television series have also written or co-written books featuring their respective characters: William Shatner, John de Lancie, Andrew J. Robinson, J. G. Hertzler and Armin Shimerman. Voyager producer Jeri Taylor wrote two novels detailing the personal histories of Voyager characters. Screenplay writers David Gerrold, D. C. Fontana, and Melinda Snodgrass have also penned books.[68]: 213 

A 2014 scholarly work Newton Lee discussed the actualization of Star Trek's holodeck in the future by making extensive use of artificial intelligence and cyborgs.[70]

Comics

Main article: Star Trek (comics)

Star Trek-based comics have been issued almost continuously since 1967, published by Marvel, DC, Malibu, Wildstorm, and Gold Key, among others. In 2009, Tokyopop produced an anthology of Next Generation-based stories presented in the style of Japanese manga.[71] In 2006, IDW Publishing secured publishing rights to Star Trek comics and issued a prequel to the 2009 film, Star Trek: Countdown.[72] In 2012, IDW published the first volume of Star Trek – The Newspaper Strip, featuring the work of Thomas Warkentin.[73] As of 2020, IDW continues to produce new titles.[74]

Games

Main article: List of Star Trek games

The Star Trek franchise has numerous games in many formats. Beginning in 1967 with a board game based on the original series and continuing through today with online and DVD games, Star Trek games continue to be popular among fans.

Video games based on the series include Star Trek: Legacy and Star Trek: Conquest. An MMORPG based on Star Trek called Star Trek Online was developed by Cryptic Studios and published by Perfect World. It is set during the Next Generation era, about 30 years after the events of Star Trek: Nemesis.[75] The most recent video game was set in the alternate timeline from Abrams's Star Trek. On April 23, 2023, Star Trek: Resurgence, a narrative adventure video game set in the Next Generation era, was released by Dramatic Labs.[76]

Magazines

Star Trek has led directly or indirectly to the creation of a number of magazines which focus either on science fiction or specifically on Star Trek. Starlog was a magazine which was founded in the 1970s.[68]: 13  Initially, its focus was on Star Trek actors, but then it expanded its scope.[68]: 80  Star Trek: The Magazine was a magazine published in the U.S. that ceased publication in 2003. Star Trek Magazine, originally published as Star Trek Monthly by Titan Magazines for the United Kingdom market, began in February 1995. The magazine has since expanded to worldwide distribution under the name Star Trek Explorer.

Other magazines through the years included professional, as well as magazines published by fans, or fanzines.

Cultural impact

Main article: Cultural influence of Star Trek
 
Testbed Space Shuttle Enterprise, named after the fictional starship with Star Trek television cast members and creator Gene Roddenberry in 1976
 
ISS-42 astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti pays tribute to actor Leonard Nimoy, with a Vulcan salute in 2015 from space.
 
An occupied Borg "alcove" prop on display at the Hollywood Entertainment Museum

The Star Trek media franchise is a multibillion-dollar industry, owned by Paramount Global.[77] Gene Roddenberry sold Star Trek to NBC as a classic adventure drama; he pitched the show as "Wagon Train to the Stars" and as Horatio Hornblower in Space.[78] The opening line, "to boldly go where no man has gone before", was taken almost verbatim from a U.S. White House booklet on space produced after the Sputnik flight in 1957.[79]

Star Trek and its spin-offs have proven highly popular in syndication and was broadcast worldwide.[80] The show's cultural impact goes far beyond its longevity and profitability. Star Trek conventions have become popular among its fans, who call themselves "trekkie" or "trekkers".[81] An entire subculture has grown up around the franchise, which was documented in the film Trekkies. Star Trek was ranked most popular cult show by TV Guide.[82] The franchise has also garnered many comparisons of the Star Wars franchise being rivals in the science fiction genre with many fans and scholars.[83][84][85]

The Star Trek franchise inspired some designers of technologies, the Palm PDA and the handheld mobile phone.[86][87] Michael Jones, Chief technologist of Google Earth, has cited the tricorder's mapping capability as one inspiration in the development of Keyhole/Google Earth.[88] The Tricorder X Prize, a contest to build a medical tricorder device was announced in 2012. Ten finalists were selected in 2014, and the winner was to be selected in January 2016. However, no team managed to reach the required criteria. Star Trek also brought teleportation to popular attention with its depiction of "matter-energy transport", with the famously misquoted phrase "Beam me up, Scotty" entering the vernacular.[89] The Star Trek replicator is credited in the scientific literature with inspiring the field of diatom nanotechnology.[90] In 1976, following a letter-writing campaign, NASA named its prototype Space Shuttle Enterprise, after the fictional starship.[91] Later, the introductory sequence to Star Trek: Enterprise included footage of this shuttle which, along with images of a naval sailing vessel called Enterprise, depicted the advancement of human transportation technology.

Beyond Star Trek's fictional innovations, its contributions to television history included a multicultural and multiracial cast. While more common in subsequent years, in the 1960s it was controversial to feature an Enterprise crew that included a Japanese helmsman, a Russian navigator, and a black female communications officer. Captain Kirk's and Lt. Uhura's kiss, in the episode "Plato's Stepchildren", was also daring, and is often mis-cited as being American television's first scripted, interracial kiss, even though several other interracial kisses (e.g. on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour[92]) predated this one. Nichelle Nichols, who played the communications officer, said that the day after she told Roddenberry of her plan to leave the series, she was told a big fan wanted to meet her while attending a NAACP dinner party:

I thought it was a Trekkie, and so I said, 'Sure.' I looked across the room, and there was Dr. Martin Luther King walking towards me with this big grin on his face. He reached out to me and said, 'Yes, Ms. Nichols, I am your greatest fan.' He said that Star Trek was the only show that he, and his wife Coretta, would allow their three little children to stay up and watch. [She told King about her plans to leave the series.] I never got to tell him why, because he said, 'You can't. You're part of history.'

— Nichelle Nichols, Detroit Free Press (2016)[93]

After the show, Nichols used this public standing to speak for women and people of color and against their exclusion from the US human space program; NASA reacted by asking her to find people for its future Space Shuttle program. Nichols proceeded and successfully brought the first non-white people and women into the US space program, working in this quality for NASA from the late 1970s until the late 1980s.[94][95]

In 2020, the US effort to develop a vaccine to protect against COVID-19 was named Operation Warp Speed, which was suggested by a Star Trek fan, Peter Marks. Marks leads the unit at the Food and Drug Administration which approves vaccines and therapies.[96]

Parodies

Early parodies of Star Trek included a famous sketch on Saturday Night Live titled "The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise", with John Belushi as Kirk, Chevy Chase as Spock and Dan Aykroyd as McCoy.[97] In the 1980s, Saturday Night Live did a sketch with William Shatner reprising his Captain Kirk role in The Restaurant Enterprise, preceded by a sketch in which he played himself at a Trek convention angrily telling fans to "Get a Life", a phrase that has become part of Trek folklore.[98] In Living Color continued the tradition in a sketch where Captain Kirk is played by a fellow Canadian Jim Carrey.[99]

A feature-length film that indirectly parodies Star Trek is Galaxy Quest. This film is based on the premise that aliens monitoring the broadcast of an Earth-based television series called Galaxy Quest, modeled heavily on Star Trek, believe that what they are seeing is real.[100] Many Star Trek actors have been quoted saying that Galaxy Quest was a brilliant parody.[101][102]

Star Trek has been blended with Gilbert and Sullivan at least twice. The North Toronto Players presented a Star Trek adaptation of Gilbert & Sullivan titled H.M.S. Starship Pinafore: The Next Generation in 1991 and an adaptation by Jon Mullich of Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore that sets the operetta in the world of Star Trek has played in Los Angeles and was attended by series luminaries Nichelle Nichols,[citation needed] D.C. Fontana and David Gerrold.[103] A similar blend of Gilbert and Sullivan and Star Trek was presented as a benefit concert in San Francisco by the Lamplighters in 2009. The show was titled Star Drek: The Generation After That. It presented an original story with Gilbert and Sullivan melodies.[104]

The Simpsons and Futurama television series and others have had many individual episodes parodying Star Trek or with Trek allusions.[105] Black Mirror's Star Trek parody episode, "USS Callister", won four Emmy Awards, including the Outstanding Television Movie and Writing for a Limited Series, Movie or Drama, and was nominated for three more.[106]

In August 2010, the members of the Internal Revenue Service created a Star Trek themed training video for a conference. Revealed to the public in 2013, the spoof along with parodies of other media franchises was cited as an example of the misuse of taxpayer funds in a congressional investigation.[107][108]

Star Trek has been parodied in several non-English movies, including the German Traumschiff Surprise – Periode 1 which features a gay version of the Original Series bridge crew and a Turkish film that spoofs that same series' episode "The Man Trap" in one of the series of films based on the character Turist Ömer.[citation needed] An entire series of films and novel parodies titled Star Wreck has been created in Finnish.[109]

The Orville is a comedy-drama science fiction television series created by Seth MacFarlane that premiered on September 10, 2017, on Fox. MacFarlane, a longtime fan of the franchise who previously guest-starred on an episode of Enterprise, created the series with a similar look and feel as the Star Trek series.[110] MacFarlane has made references to Star Trek on his animated series Family Guy, where the Next Generation cast guest-starred in the episode "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven".

Other Space is a science fiction comedy streaming series which premiered on Yahoo! Screen on April 14, 2015. Created by Paul Feig, it is set in the 22nd century and follows the dysfunctional crew of an exploratory spaceship who become trapped in an unknown universe.

Fan productions

Main article: Star Trek fan productions

Until 2016, Paramount Pictures and CBS permitted fan-produced films and episode-like clips to be produced. Several veteran Star Trek actors and writers participated in many of these productions. Several producers turned to crowdfunding, such as Kickstarter, to help with production and other costs.[111]

Popular productions include: New Voyages (2004–2016) and Star Trek Continues (2013–2017). Additional productions include: Of Gods and Men (2008), originally released as a three-part web series, and Prelude to Axanar.[citation needed] Audio dramatizations such as The Continuing Mission (2007–2016) have also been published by fans.

In 2016, CBS published guidelines which restricted the scope of fan productions, such as limiting the length of episodes or films to fifteen minutes, limiting production budgets to $50,000, and preventing actors and technicians from previous Star Trek productions from participating.[112] A number of highly publicized productions have since been canceled or have gone abeyant.[113]

Documentaries

Star Trek has been a popular subject for documentaries reviewing the history of the franchise.[114][115] Some examples include:

  • Journey's End: Saga of Star Trek Next Generation, hosted by Jonathon Frakes, it reviewed the final season of the series and the upcoming Generations.[116][117]
  • Trekkies (1997), exploring the subculture of Star Trek fandom.
  • Star Trek: Beyond the Final Frontier (2007), exploring a giant Christie's auction of tens of thousand of Star Trek props, hosted by actor Leonard Nimoy.[118]
  • The Center Seat (2016), an 85-minute special on Star Trek for its 50th anniversary, aired by the History network.[115]
  • For the Love of Spock (2016), focusing on the history and impact of the character Spock.
  • What We Left Behind (2019), about the production and legacy of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.[114][119]
  • The Center Seat: 55 Years of Star Trek (2021), an eight-episode documentary series ordered by the cable network History covering the franchise's decades-long history.[115][120] It was narrated by Gates McFadden, who was also one of the executive producers.

Some documentaries have been funded by the community by money raised by crowdfunding.[121] What We Left Behind raised nearly $650,000 in this way, and a planned Voyager documentary raised $450,000 in 24 hours.[121][122]

Awards and honors

Main article: List of Star Trek awards
 
Jeri Ryan, appearing at the Creation Star Trek convention in 2010; she was nominated for three Saturn awards and won for Best Supporting Actress in 2001.

Of the various science fiction awards for drama, only the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation dates back as far as the original series.[g] In 1968, all five nominees for a Hugo Award were individual episodes of Star Trek, as were three of the five nominees in 1967, one of which won.[h][27]: 231  The Next Generation won Hugo awards in 1993 and 1995. Nominations have also been received by Deep Space Nine, Enterprise, Discovery, and Lower Decks, as well as several of the Star Trek feature films and, in 2008, an episode of the fan-made series Star Trek: Phase II.

One of the most successful films was Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, which grossed a global total of $133 million against a $21 million budget.[123][124]The Voyage Home garnered 11 nominations at the 14th annual Saturn Awards, tying Aliens for number of nominations. Nimoy and Shatner were nominated for best actor for their roles,[125] and Catherine Hicks was nominated for best supporting actress. At the 59th Academy Awards, The Voyage Home was nominated for Best Cinematography, Sound (Terry Porter, David J. Hudson, Mel Metcalfe and Gene Cantamessa), Sound Effects Editing, and Original Score.[126]

The episode "The Big Goodbye" in the first season of Star Trek: The Next Generation, in recognition of its "new standard of quality for first-run syndication", the episode was honored with a Peabody Award in 1987. "The Big Goodbye" was also nominated for two Emmy Awards in the categories of Outstanding Cinematography for a Series and Outstanding Costumes for a Series, with costume designer William Ware Theiss winning the award in the latter category.[127]

Star Trek (2009) won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling, the franchise's first Academy Award. In 2016, the franchise was listed in the Guinness World Records as the most successful science fiction television franchise in the world.[128]

In 2024, the entire Star Trek franchise was awarded the Peabody Institutional Award for its enduring body of work and lasting impact on media and society at large.[129]

Corporate ownership

Star Trek began as a joint-production of Norway Productions, owned by Roddenberry, and Desilu, owned by Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball. The profit-sharing agreement for the series split proceeds between Norway, Desilu (later Paramount Television), William Shatner's production company, and the broadcast network, NBC. However, Star Trek lost money during its initial broadcast, and NBC did not expect to recoup its losses by selling the series into syndication, nor did Paramount. With NBC's approval, Paramount offered its share of the series to Roddenberry sometime in 1970. However, Roddenberry could not raise the $150,000 (equivalent to $1,176,864 in 2023) offered by the studio.[19] Paramount would go on to license the series to television syndicators worldwide. NBC's remaining broadcast and distribution rights eventually returned to Paramount and Roddenberry sometime before 1986, which coincided with the development of what would become The Next Generation.

As for Desilu, the studio was acquired by Gulf+Western. It was then reorganized as the television production division of Paramount Pictures, which Gulf+Western had acquired in 1966. Gulf+Western sold its remaining industrial assets in 1989, renaming itself Paramount Communications. Sometime before 1986, Sumner Redstone had acquired a controlling stake of Viacom via his family's theater chain, National Amusements. Viacom was established in 1952 as a division of CBS responsible for syndicating the network's in-house productions, originally called CBS Films. In 1994, Viacom and Paramount Communications were merged.[19] Viacom then merged with its former parent, CBS Corporation, in 1999. National Amusements and the Redstone family increased their stake in the combined company between 1999 and 2005.

Split ownership (2005–2019)

In 2005, the Redstone family reorganized Viacom, spinning off the conglomerate's assets as two independent groups: the new Viacom, and the new CBS Corporation. National Amusements and the Redstone family retained approximately 80% ownership of both CBS and Viacom.[130] Star Trek was split between the two entities. The terms of this split were not known. However, CBS held all copyrights, marks, production assets, and film negatives, to all Star Trek television series. CBS also retained the rights to all likenesses, characters, names and settings, and stories, and the right to license Star Trek, and its spin-offs, to merchandisers, and publishers, etc.[131] The rights were exercised via the new CBS Television Studios, which was carved out of the former Paramount Television.

Viacom, which housed Paramount Pictures, retained the feature film library, and exclusive rights to produce new feature films for a limited time.[citation needed] Viacom also retained home video distribution rights for all television series produced before 2005.[19][132] However, home video editions of the various television series released after the split, as well as streaming video versions of episodes available worldwide, carried variants of the new CBS Television Studios livery in addition to the original Paramount Television Studios livery. It was unclear who retained the synchronization or streaming rights.[citation needed]

Rights and distribution issues, and the fraught relationship between the leadership at CBS, Viacom, and the National Amusements' board of directors, resulted in a number of delayed and canceled Star Trek productions between 2005 and 2019.[133] Additionally, the development and release of the new Star Trek film, in 2009, was met with resistance by executives at CBS, as was Into Darkness (2013) and Beyond (2016), which affected merchandising, tie-in media, and promotion for the new films.[134] During this period, both CBS and Viacom continued to list Star Trek as an important asset in their prospectus to investors, and in corporate filings made to the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Current ownership

While several attempts were made to merge Viacom and CBS, power struggles between the major stakeholders of the companies prevented this from happening. In 2019, after the resignation of CBS CEO Leslie Moonves, negotiations to merge CBS and Viacom began in earnest. These negotiations were led by Shari Redstone, chairman of National Amusements, and Joe Ianniello, CEO of CBS.[135] On August 13, 2019, CBS and Viacom boards of directors reached an agreement to reunite the conglomerates as a single entity called ViacomCBS.[136] National Amusements' board of directors approved the merger on October 28, 2019, which was finalized on December 4, bringing the Star Trek franchise back under one roof.[137][138][139] ViacomCBS was renamed Paramount Global on February 16, 2022.[140]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Published as Star Trek Monthly from 1995 until 2003
  2. ^ Roddenberry co-authored two scripts for the third season.
  3. ^ Star Trek Into Darkness premiered in Sydney, Australia, on April 23, 2013, but the film did not release in the United States until May 17, 2013
  4. ^ While 2022 had the most Star Trek series, each series had fewer episodes per season than when TNG, DS9 and Voyager where airing together.
  5. ^ The episode count includes all completed and released episodes. The count also includes the Original Series's unaired pilot, "The Cage". Multi-part episodes not originally broadcast as one presentation are counted individually. Ten feature-length episodes are counted as two episodes each, as they were split for foreign broadcast and syndication.
  6. ^ Film titles of the North American and UK releases of the films no longer contained the number of the film following the sixth film (the sixth was Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country but the seventh was Star Trek Generations). However, European releases continued using numbers in the film titles until Nemesis.
  7. ^ Although the Hugo Award is mainly given for print-media science fiction, its "best drama" award is usually given to film or television presentations. The Hugo does not give out awards for best actor, director, or other aspects of film production. Before 2002, films and television series competed for the same Hugo, before the split of the drama award into short drama and long drama.
  8. ^ Other nominees for the 1967 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation were Fahrenheit 451 and Fantastic Voyage.

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January 01, 1970
star, trek, this, article, about, franchise, original, television, series, original, series, other, uses, disambiguation, american, science, fiction, media, franchise, created, gene, roddenberry, which, began, with, eponymous, 1960s, television, series, became. This article is about the franchise For the original television series see Star Trek The Original Series For other uses see Star Trek disambiguation Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise created by Gene Roddenberry which began with the eponymous 1960s television series and became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon Since its creation the franchise has expanded into various films television series video games novels and comic books and it has become one of the most recognizable and highest grossing media franchises of all time 1 2 3 Star TrekLogo for the first Star Trek series now known as Star Trek The Original SeriesCreated byGene RoddenberryOriginal workStar Trek The Original SeriesOwnerParamount GlobalYears1966 presentPrint publicationsBook s List of fictional works List of reference books List of technical manualsNovel s List of novelsComicsList of comicsMagazine s Star Trek Explorer a Star Trek The MagazineFilms and televisionFilm s List of filmsTelevision seriesList of television seriesGamesTraditionalList of gamesMiscellaneousTheme park attraction s Star Trek The ExperienceExhibitsStar Trek The ExhibitionOfficial websitestartrek wbr com The franchise began with Star Trek The Original Series which debuted in the US on September 8 1966 and aired for three seasons on NBC It was first broadcast on September 6 1966 on Canada s CTV network 4 The series followed the voyages of the crew of the starship USS Enterprise a space exploration vessel built by the United Federation of Planets in the 23rd century on a mission to explore strange new worlds to seek out new life and new civilizations to boldly go where no man has gone before In creating Star Trek Roddenberry was inspired by C S Forester s Horatio Hornblower series of novels Jonathan Swift s 1726 novel Gulliver s Travels the 1956 film Forbidden Planet and television westerns such as Wagon Train The Star Trek canon includes the Original Series 11 spin off television series and a film franchise further adaptations also exist in several media After the conclusion of the Original Series the adventures of its characters continued in the 22 episode Star Trek The Animated Series and six feature films A television revival beginning in the 1980s saw three sequel series and a prequel The Next Generation following the crew of a new starship Enterprise a century after the original series Deep Space Nine and Voyager set in the same era as the Next Generation and Enterprise set before the original series in the early days of human interstellar travel The adventures of the Next Generation crew continued in four additional feature films In 2009 the film franchise underwent a reboot creating an alternate continuity known as the Kelvin timeline three films have been set in this continuity The newest Star Trek television revival beginning in 2017 includes the series Discovery Picard Short Treks Lower Decks Prodigy and Strange New Worlds streaming on digital platforms Star Trek has been a cult phenomenon for decades 5 Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers The franchise spans a wide range of spin offs including games figurines novels toys and comics From 1998 to 2008 there was a Star Trek themed attraction in Las Vegas At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world The constructed language Klingon was created for the franchise Several Star Trek parodies have been made and viewers have produced several fan productions Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction 6 The franchise is also notable for its progressive civil rights stances 7 The Original Series included one of the first multiracial casts on US television Contents 1 Conception and setting 2 History and production 2 1 Timeline 2 2 The Original Series era 1965 1969 2 3 Post Original Series rebirth 1969 1991 2 4 Post Roddenberry television era 1991 2005 2 5 Reboot Kelvin timeline film series 2009 2016 2 6 Expansion of the Star Trek Universe 2017 present 3 Television series 4 Films 5 Merchandise 5 1 Books 5 2 Comics 5 3 Games 5 4 Magazines 6 Cultural impact 6 1 Parodies 6 2 Fan productions 6 3 Documentaries 7 Awards and honors 8 Corporate ownership 8 1 Split ownership 2005 2019 8 2 Current ownership 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksConception and setting nbsp The Starfleet emblem as seen in the franchise As early as 1964 Gene Roddenberry drafted a proposal for the science fiction series that would become Star Trek Although he publicly marketed it as a Western in outer space a so called Wagon Train to the stars he privately told friends that he was modeling it on Jonathan Swift s Gulliver s Travels intending each episode to act on two levels as a suspenseful adventure story and as a morality tale 8 9 10 11 Most Star Trek stories depict the adventures of humans and aliens who serve in Starfleet the space borne humanitarian and peacekeeping armada of the United Federation of Planets The protagonists have altruistic values and must apply these ideals to difficult dilemmas Many of the conflicts and political dimensions of Star Trek are allegories of contemporary cultural realities The Original Series addressed issues of the 1960s just as later spin offs have tackled issues of their respective decades 12 Issues depicted in the various series include war and peace the value of personal loyalty authoritarianism imperialism class warfare economics racism religion human rights sexism feminism and the role of technology 13 57 Roddenberry stated By creating a new world with new rules I could make statements about sex religion Vietnam politics and intercontinental missiles Indeed we did make them on Star Trek we were sending messages and fortunately they all got by the network 13 79 If you talked about purple people on a far off planet they the television network never really caught on They were more concerned about cleavage They actually would send a censor down to the set to measure a woman s cleavage to make sure too much of her breast wasn t showing 14 Roddenberry intended the show to have a progressive political agenda reflective of the emerging counter culture of the youth movement though he was not fully forthcoming to the networks about this He wanted Star Trek to show what humanity might develop into if it would learn from the lessons of the past most specifically by ending violence An extreme example is the alien species known as the Vulcans who had a violent past but learned to control their emotions Roddenberry also gave Star Trek an anti war message and depicted the United Federation of Planets as an ideal optimistic version of the United Nations 15 His efforts were opposed by the network because of concerns over marketability e g they opposed Roddenberry s insistence that Enterprise have a racially diverse crew 16 History and productionTimeline The Original Series era 1965 1969 nbsp Star Trek creator producer and writer Gene Roddenberry nbsp Commander Spock and Captain James T Kirk played by Leonard Nimoy and William Shatner pictured here in the original series In early 1964 Roddenberry presented a brief treatment for a television series to Desilu Productions calling it a Wagon Train to the stars 17 Desilu studio head Lucille Ball was instrumental in approving production of the series 18 The studio worked with Roddenberry to develop the treatment into a script which was then pitched to NBC 19 NBC paid to make a pilot The Cage starring Jeffrey Hunter as Enterprise Captain Christopher Pike NBC rejected The Cage but the executives were still impressed with the concept and made the unusual decision to commission a second pilot Where No Man Has Gone Before 19 While the show initially enjoyed high ratings the average rating of the show at the end of its first season dropped to 52nd out of 94 programs Unhappy with the show s ratings NBC threatened to cancel the show during its second season 20 The show s fan base led by Bjo Trimble conducted an unprecedented letter writing campaign petitioning the network to keep the show on the air 20 21 NBC renewed the show but moved it from primetime to the Friday night death slot and substantially reduced its budget 22 In protest Roddenberry resigned as producer and reduced his direct involvement in Star Trek which led to Fred Freiberger becoming producer for the show s third and final season b Despite another letter writing campaign NBC canceled the series after three seasons and 79 episodes 19 Post Original Series rebirth 1969 1991 After the original series was canceled Desilu which by then had been renamed Paramount Television licensed the broadcast syndication rights to help recoup the production losses Reruns began in late 1969 and by the late 1970s the series aired in over 150 domestic and 60 international markets citation needed This helped Star Trek develop a cult following among Trekkies greater than during its original run 23 by 1976 the cast described Star Trek as the most popular series in the world 24 One sign of the series growing popularity was the first Star Trek convention which occurred on January 21 23 1972 in New York City Although the original expectation was that a few hundred fans would attend several thousand turned up Fans continue to attend similar conventions worldwide 25 The series newfound success led to the idea of reviving the franchise 26 Filmation with Paramount Television produced the first post original series show Star Trek The Animated Series featuring the cast of the original series reprising their roles It ran on NBC for 22 half hour episodes over two seasons on Saturday mornings from 1973 to 1974 27 208 Although short lived typical for animated productions in that time slot during that period the series garnered the franchise s only Emmy Award in a Best Series category specifically Outstanding Entertainment Children s Series later Emmy awards for the franchise would be in technical categories Paramount Pictures and Roddenberry began developing a new series Star Trek Phase II in May 1975 in response to the franchise s newfound popularity Work on the series ended when the proposed Paramount Television Service folded 28 Following the success of the science fiction movies Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind Paramount adapted the planned pilot episode of Phase II into the feature film Star Trek The Motion Picture The film opened in North America on December 7 1979 with mixed reviews from critics The film earned 139 million worldwide below expectations but enough for Paramount to create a sequel The studio forced Roddenberry to relinquish creative control of future sequels citation needed The success of the sequel Star Trek II The Wrath of Khan reversed the fortunes of the franchise While the sequel grossed less than the first movie The Wrath of Khan s lower production costs made it net more profit Paramount produced six Star Trek feature films between 1979 and 1991 each featuring the Original Series cast in their original roles 29 In 1987 Paramount responded to the popularity of Star Trek feature films by bringing the franchise back to television with Star Trek The Next Generation Paramount chose to distribute the new series as a first run syndication show rather than a network program 10 The series was set a century after the original following the adventures of a new starship Enterprise with a new crew 30 Post Roddenberry television era 1991 2005 nbsp The actors who played the Captains on the first five Star Trek series together in London at Destination Star Trek Following Star Trek The Motion Picture Roddenberry s role was changed from producer to creative consultant with minimal input to the films while being heavily involved with the creation of The Next Generation Roddenberry died on October 24 1991 giving executive producer Rick Berman control of the franchise 13 268 10 591 593 Star Trek had become known to those within Paramount as the franchise because of its great success and recurring role as a tent pole for the studio when other projects failed 31 The Next Generation had the highest ratings of any Star Trek series and became the most syndicated show during the last years of its original seven season run 32 In response to the Next Generation s success Paramount released a spin off series Deep Space Nine in 1993 While never as popular as the Next Generation the series had sufficient ratings for it to last seven seasons In January 1995 a few months after the Next Generation ended Paramount released a fourth television series Voyager Star Trek production reached a peak in the mid 1990s with Deep Space Nine and Voyager airing concurrently and three of the four Next Generation based feature films released in 1994 1996 and 1998 By 1998 Star Trek was Paramount s most important property and the profits of the franchise funded a significant portion of the studio s operations 33 Voyager became the flagship show of the new United Paramount Network UPN and thus the first major network Star Trek series since the original 34 After Voyager ended UPN produced Enterprise a prequel series Enterprise did not enjoy the high ratings of its predecessors and UPN threatened to cancel it after the series third season Fans launched a campaign reminiscent of the one that saved the third season of the Original Series Paramount renewed Enterprise for a fourth season but moved it to the Friday night death slot 35 Like the Original Series Enterprise s ratings dropped during this time slot and UPN canceled Enterprise at the end of its fourth season Enterprise aired its final episode on May 13 2005 36 A fan group Save Enterprise attempted to save the series and tried to raise 30 million to privately finance a fifth season of Enterprise 37 Though the effort garnered considerable press the fan drive failed to save the series The cancellation of Enterprise ended an eighteen year continuous production run of Star Trek programming on television The poor box office performance in 2002 of the film Nemesis cast an uncertain light upon the future of the franchise Paramount relieved Berman the franchise producer of control of Star Trek Reboot Kelvin timeline film series 2009 2016 In 2007 Paramount hired a new creative team to reinvigorate the franchise on the big screen Writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman and producer J J Abrams had the freedom to reinvent the feel of the franchise The team created the franchise s eleventh film Star Trek releasing it in May 2009 The film featured a new cast portraying the crew of the original show Star Trek was a prequel of the original series set in an alternate timeline later named the Kelvin Timeline This gave the film and sequels freedom from the need to conform to the franchise s canonical timeline and minimized the impact these films would have on CBS s portion of the franchise The eleventh Star Trek film s marketing campaign targeted non fans stating in the film s advertisements that this is not your father s Star Trek 38 The film earned considerable critical and financial success grossing in inflation adjusted dollars more box office sales than any previous Star Trek film 39 The plaudits include the franchise s first Academy Award for makeup Two sequels were released The first sequel Star Trek Into Darkness premiered in the spring of 2013 c 40 While the film did not earn as much in the North American box office as its predecessor internationally in terms of box office receipts Into Darkness is the most successful of the franchise 41 The thirteenth film Star Trek Beyond was released on July 22 2016 42 The film had many pre production problems and its script went through several rewrites While receiving positive reviews Star Trek Beyond disappointed in the box office 43 Expansion of the Star Trek Universe 2017 present CBS turned down several proposals in the mid 2000s to restart the franchise on the small screen Proposals included pitches from film director Bryan Singer Babylon 5 creator J Michael Straczynski and Trek actors Jonathan Frakes and William Shatner 44 45 46 While CBS was not creating new Star Trek for network television the ease of access to Star Trek content on new streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon Prime Video introduced a new set of fans to the franchise CBS eventually sought to capitalize on this trend and brought the franchise back to the small screen with the series Star Trek Discovery to help launch and draw subscribers to its streaming service CBS All Access 47 Discovery s first season premiered on September 24 2017 48 While Discovery is shown in the United States exclusively on Paramount formerly CBS All Access for its first three seasons Netflix in exchange for funding the production costs of the show owned the international screening rights for the show 49 This Netflix distribution and production deal ended right before the fourth season premiere of Discovery in November 2021 50 Discovery has since been exclusive to Paramount Global owned platforms In June 2018 after becoming sole showrunner of Discovery Kurtzman signed a five year overall deal with CBS Television Studios to expand the Star Trek franchise beyond Discovery to several new series miniseries and animated series 51 Kurtzman wanted to open this world up and create multiple series set in the same universe but with their own unique storytelling and distinct cinematic feel 52 an approach that he compared to the Marvel Cinematic Universe 53 However the franchise would not tell a single story across multiple series allowing audiences to watch each series without having to see all of the others 54 CBS and Kurtzman refer to this expanded franchise as the Star Trek Universe 55 The second series of the expansion of the Star Trek Universe Star Trek Picard features Patrick Stewart reprising the character Jean Luc Picard from The Next Generation Picard premiered on CBS All Access on January 23 2020 Unlike Discovery Amazon Prime Video streams Picard internationally 56 CBS has also released two seasons of Star Trek Short Treks a series of standalone mini episodes which air between Discovery and Picard seasons A new live action series Star Trek Strange New Worlds a spinoff of the second season of Discovery and prequel to the original series premiered on May 5 2022 Lower Decks an animated adult comedy series was released on August 6 2020 on CBS All Access Another animated series Star Trek Prodigy premiered on the rebranded service Paramount first on October 28 2021 and on December 17 2021 on Nickelodeon 57 Prodigy is the first Star Trek series to specifically target younger audiences and is the franchise s first fully computer animated series Star Trek saturation would hit a new peak in 2022 with five Star Trek series airing in the same year d The Star Trek Picard series finale aired in April 2023 58 Discovery s final season will air early 2024 59 A Star Trek Starfleet Academy series is in pre production to take the place of one of these series 60 Star Trek Prodigy was removed from Paramount in June 2023 61 The series was picked up by Netflix and season 1 was made available on December 25 2023 A new second season will air later in 2024 62 Paramount is also planning to create television films for Paramount every two years 63 The first of these movies Section 31 will star Michelle Yeoh reprising her role as Empress Georgiou from Discovery 64 Television seriesMain article List of Star Trek television series Twelve television series make up the Star Trek franchise The Original Series The Animated Series The Next Generation Deep Space Nine Voyager Enterprise Discovery Short Treks Picard Lower Decks Prodigy and Strange New Worlds All series in total amount to 909 episodes across 47 seasons of television e SeriesSeasonsEpisodesOriginally releasedNetworkThe Original Series379September 8 1966 June 3 1969 1966 09 08 1969 06 03 NBC The Animated Series222September 8 1973 October 12 1974 1973 09 08 1974 10 12 The Next Generation7178September 28 1987 May 23 1994 1987 09 28 1994 05 23 Syndication Deep Space Nine7176January 4 1993 May 31 1999 1993 01 04 1999 05 31 Voyager7172January 16 1995 May 23 2001 1995 01 16 2001 05 23 UPN Enterprise498September 26 2001 May 13 2005 2001 09 26 2005 05 13 Discovery564September 24 2017 present 2017 09 24 present CBS All Access Paramount Short Treks210October 4 2018 January 9 2020 2018 10 04 2020 01 09 Picard330January 23 2020 April 20 2023 2020 01 23 2023 04 20 Lower Decks440August 6 2020 present 2020 08 06 present Prodigy120October 28 2021 present 2021 10 28 present Paramount Netflix 65 Strange New Worlds220May 5 2022 present 2022 05 05 present Paramount FilmsMain article List of Star Trek films Paramount Pictures has produced thirteen Star Trek feature films The first six films continue the adventures of the cast of the Original Series the seventh film Generations was intended as a transition from original cast to the cast of the Next Generation the next three films focused completely on the Next Generation cast f The eleventh film was widely considered to be a reboot of the franchise though it is actually a continuation set in an alternate timeline known as the Kelvin Timeline Additionally streaming service Paramount intends to release a television film every two years starting with Section 31 Film U S release date Director s Screenwriter s Story by Producer s The Original Series Star Trek The Motion Picture December 7 1979 1979 12 07 Robert Wise Harold Livingston Alan Dean Foster Gene Roddenberry Star Trek II The Wrath of Khan June 4 1982 1982 06 04 Nicholas Meyer Jack B Sowards Harve Bennett and Jack B Sowards Robert Sallin Star Trek III The Search for Spock June 1 1984 1984 06 01 Leonard Nimoy Harve Bennett Star Trek IV The Voyage Home November 26 1986 1986 11 26 Steve Meerson Peter Krikes Nicholas Meyer and Harve Bennett Harve Bennett and Leonard Nimoy Harve Bennett Star Trek V The Final Frontier June 9 1989 1989 06 09 William Shatner David Loughery William Shatner Harve Bennett and David Loughery Star Trek VI The Undiscovered Country December 6 1991 1991 12 06 Nicholas Meyer Nicholas Meyer and Denny Martin Flinn Leonard Nimoy Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal Ralph Winter and Steven Charles Jaffe The Next Generation Star Trek Generations November 18 1994 1994 11 18 David Carson Ronald D Moore and Brannon Braga Rick Berman Brannon Braga and Ronald D Moore Rick Berman Star Trek First Contact November 22 1996 1996 11 22 Jonathan Frakes Brannon Braga and Ronald D Moore Star Trek Insurrection December 11 1998 1998 12 11 Michael Piller Rick Berman and Michael Piller Star Trek Nemesis December 13 2002 2002 12 13 Stuart Baird John Logan John Logan Rick Berman and Brent Spiner Reboot Kelvin Timeline Star Trek May 8 2009 2009 05 08 J J Abrams Roberto Orci amp Alex Kurtzman J J Abrams and Damon Lindelof Star Trek Into Darkness May 17 2013 2013 05 17 Roberto Orci Alex Kurtzman amp Damon Lindelof J J Abrams Bryan Burk Damon Lindelof Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci Star Trek Beyond July 22 2016 2016 07 22 Justin Lin Simon Pegg amp Doug Jung J J Abrams Roberto Orci Lindsey Weber and Justin Lin Television films Star Trek Section 31 TBA Olatunde Osunsanmi Craig Sweeny N AMerchandiseMain article Star Trek spin off fiction nbsp A pinball machine themed for Star Trek The Next Generation Many licensed products are based on the Star Trek franchise Merchandising is very lucrative for both studio and actors by 1986 Nimoy had earned more than 500 000 from royalties 66 Products include novels comic books video games and other materials which are generally considered non canon Star Trek merchandise generated 4 billion for Paramount by 2002 67 Books Main articles List of Star Trek novels and tie in fiction Since 1967 hundreds of original novels short stories and television and movie adaptations have been published The first original Star Trek novel was Mission to Horatius by Mack Reynolds which was published in hardcover by Whitman Books in 1968 68 131 In 1968 Gene Roddenberry cooperated with Stephen Edward Poe writing as Stephen Whitfield on the nonfiction book The Making of Star Trek for Ballantine Books 69 Among the most recent is the Star Trek Collection of Little Golden Books Three titles were published by Random House in 2019 a fourth is scheduled for July 2020 The first publisher of Star Trek fiction aimed at adult readers was Bantam Books James Blish wrote adaptations of episodes of the original series in twelve volumes from 1967 to 1977 in 1970 he wrote the first original Star Trek novel published by Bantam Spock Must Die 68 xi Pocket Books published subsequent Star Trek novels Prolific Star Trek novelists include Peter David Diane Carey Keith DeCandido J M Dillard Diane Duane Michael Jan Friedman and Judith and Garfield Reeves Stevens Several actors from the television series have also written or co written books featuring their respective characters William Shatner John de Lancie Andrew J Robinson J G Hertzler and Armin Shimerman Voyager producer Jeri Taylor wrote two novels detailing the personal histories of Voyager characters Screenplay writers David Gerrold D C Fontana and Melinda Snodgrass have also penned books 68 213 A 2014 scholarly work Newton Lee discussed the actualization of Star Trek s holodeck in the future by making extensive use of artificial intelligence and cyborgs 70 Comics Main article Star Trek comics Star Trek based comics have been issued almost continuously since 1967 published by Marvel DC Malibu Wildstorm and Gold Key among others In 2009 Tokyopop produced an anthology of Next Generation based stories presented in the style of Japanese manga 71 In 2006 IDW Publishing secured publishing rights to Star Trek comics and issued a prequel to the 2009 film Star Trek Countdown 72 In 2012 IDW published the first volume of Star Trek The Newspaper Strip featuring the work of Thomas Warkentin 73 As of 2020 IDW continues to produce new titles 74 Games Main article List of Star Trek games The Star Trek franchise has numerous games in many formats Beginning in 1967 with a board game based on the original series and continuing through today with online and DVD games Star Trek games continue to be popular among fans Video games based on the series include Star Trek Legacy and Star Trek Conquest An MMORPG based on Star Trek called Star Trek Online was developed by Cryptic Studios and published by Perfect World It is set during the Next Generation era about 30 years after the events of Star Trek Nemesis 75 The most recent video game was set in the alternate timeline from Abrams s Star Trek On April 23 2023 Star Trek Resurgence a narrative adventure video game set in the Next Generation era was released by Dramatic Labs 76 Magazines Star Trek has led directly or indirectly to the creation of a number of magazines which focus either on science fiction or specifically on Star Trek Starlog was a magazine which was founded in the 1970s 68 13 Initially its focus was on Star Trek actors but then it expanded its scope 68 80 Star Trek The Magazine was a magazine published in the U S that ceased publication in 2003 Star Trek Magazine originally published as Star Trek Monthly by Titan Magazines for the United Kingdom market began in February 1995 The magazine has since expanded to worldwide distribution under the name Star Trek Explorer Other magazines through the years included professional as well as magazines published by fans or fanzines Cultural impactMain article Cultural influence of Star Trek nbsp Testbed Space Shuttle Enterprise named after the fictional starship with Star Trek television cast members and creator Gene Roddenberry in 1976 nbsp ISS 42 astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti pays tribute to actor Leonard Nimoy with a Vulcan salute in 2015 from space nbsp An occupied Borg alcove prop on display at the Hollywood Entertainment Museum The Star Trek media franchise is a multibillion dollar industry owned by Paramount Global 77 Gene Roddenberry sold Star Trek to NBC as a classic adventure drama he pitched the show as Wagon Train to the Stars and as Horatio Hornblower in Space 78 The opening line to boldly go where no man has gone before was taken almost verbatim from a U S White House booklet on space produced after the Sputnik flight in 1957 79 Star Trek and its spin offs have proven highly popular in syndication and was broadcast worldwide 80 The show s cultural impact goes far beyond its longevity and profitability Star Trek conventions have become popular among its fans who call themselves trekkie or trekkers 81 An entire subculture has grown up around the franchise which was documented in the film Trekkies Star Trek was ranked most popular cult show by TV Guide 82 The franchise has also garnered many comparisons of the Star Wars franchise being rivals in the science fiction genre with many fans and scholars 83 84 85 The Star Trek franchise inspired some designers of technologies the Palm PDA and the handheld mobile phone 86 87 Michael Jones Chief technologist of Google Earth has cited the tricorder s mapping capability as one inspiration in the development of Keyhole Google Earth 88 The Tricorder X Prize a contest to build a medical tricorder device was announced in 2012 Ten finalists were selected in 2014 and the winner was to be selected in January 2016 However no team managed to reach the required criteria Star Trek also brought teleportation to popular attention with its depiction of matter energy transport with the famously misquoted phrase Beam me up Scotty entering the vernacular 89 The Star Trek replicator is credited in the scientific literature with inspiring the field of diatom nanotechnology 90 In 1976 following a letter writing campaign NASA named its prototype Space Shuttle Enterprise after the fictional starship 91 Later the introductory sequence to Star Trek Enterprise included footage of this shuttle which along with images of a naval sailing vessel called Enterprise depicted the advancement of human transportation technology Beyond Star Trek s fictional innovations its contributions to television history included a multicultural and multiracial cast While more common in subsequent years in the 1960s it was controversial to feature an Enterprise crew that included a Japanese helmsman a Russian navigator and a black female communications officer Captain Kirk s and Lt Uhura s kiss in the episode Plato s Stepchildren was also daring and is often mis cited as being American television s first scripted interracial kiss even though several other interracial kisses e g on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour 92 predated this one Nichelle Nichols who played the communications officer said that the day after she told Roddenberry of her plan to leave the series she was told a big fan wanted to meet her while attending a NAACP dinner party I thought it was a Trekkie and so I said Sure I looked across the room and there was Dr Martin Luther King walking towards me with this big grin on his face He reached out to me and said Yes Ms Nichols I am your greatest fan He said that Star Trek was the only show that he and his wife Coretta would allow their three little children to stay up and watch She told King about her plans to leave the series I never got to tell him why because he said You can t You re part of history Nichelle Nichols Detroit Free Press 2016 93 After the show Nichols used this public standing to speak for women and people of color and against their exclusion from the US human space program NASA reacted by asking her to find people for its future Space Shuttle program Nichols proceeded and successfully brought the first non white people and women into the US space program working in this quality for NASA from the late 1970s until the late 1980s 94 95 In 2020 the US effort to develop a vaccine to protect against COVID 19 was named Operation Warp Speed which was suggested by a Star Trek fan Peter Marks Marks leads the unit at the Food and Drug Administration which approves vaccines and therapies 96 Parodies Early parodies of Star Trek included a famous sketch on Saturday Night Live titled The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise with John Belushi as Kirk Chevy Chase as Spock and Dan Aykroyd as McCoy 97 In the 1980s Saturday Night Live did a sketch with William Shatner reprising his Captain Kirk role in The Restaurant Enterprise preceded by a sketch in which he played himself at a Trek convention angrily telling fans to Get a Life a phrase that has become part of Trek folklore 98 In Living Color continued the tradition in a sketch where Captain Kirk is played by a fellow Canadian Jim Carrey 99 A feature length film that indirectly parodies Star Trek is Galaxy Quest This film is based on the premise that aliens monitoring the broadcast of an Earth based television series called Galaxy Quest modeled heavily on Star Trek believe that what they are seeing is real 100 Many Star Trek actors have been quoted saying that Galaxy Quest was a brilliant parody 101 102 Star Trek has been blended with Gilbert and Sullivan at least twice The North Toronto Players presented a Star Trek adaptation of Gilbert amp Sullivan titled H M S Starship Pinafore The Next Generation in 1991 and an adaptation by Jon Mullich of Gilbert and Sullivan s H M S Pinafore that sets the operetta in the world of Star Trek has played in Los Angeles and was attended by series luminaries Nichelle Nichols citation needed D C Fontana and David Gerrold 103 A similar blend of Gilbert and Sullivan and Star Trek was presented as a benefit concert in San Francisco by the Lamplighters in 2009 The show was titled Star Drek The Generation After That It presented an original story with Gilbert and Sullivan melodies 104 The Simpsons and Futurama television series and others have had many individual episodes parodying Star Trek or with Trek allusions 105 Black Mirror s Star Trek parody episode USS Callister won four Emmy Awards including the Outstanding Television Movie and Writing for a Limited Series Movie or Drama and was nominated for three more 106 In August 2010 the members of the Internal Revenue Service created a Star Trek themed training video for a conference Revealed to the public in 2013 the spoof along with parodies of other media franchises was cited as an example of the misuse of taxpayer funds in a congressional investigation 107 108 Star Trek has been parodied in several non English movies including the German Traumschiff Surprise Periode 1 which features a gay version of the Original Series bridge crew and a Turkish film that spoofs that same series episode The Man Trap in one of the series of films based on the character Turist Omer citation needed An entire series of films and novel parodies titled Star Wreck has been created in Finnish 109 The Orville is a comedy drama science fiction television series created by Seth MacFarlane that premiered on September 10 2017 on Fox MacFarlane a longtime fan of the franchise who previously guest starred on an episode of Enterprise created the series with a similar look and feel as the Star Trek series 110 MacFarlane has made references to Star Trek on his animated series Family Guy where the Next Generation cast guest starred in the episode Not All Dogs Go to Heaven Other Space is a science fiction comedy streaming series which premiered on Yahoo Screen on April 14 2015 Created by Paul Feig it is set in the 22nd century and follows the dysfunctional crew of an exploratory spaceship who become trapped in an unknown universe Fan productions Main article Star Trek fan productions Until 2016 Paramount Pictures and CBS permitted fan produced films and episode like clips to be produced Several veteran Star Trek actors and writers participated in many of these productions Several producers turned to crowdfunding such as Kickstarter to help with production and other costs 111 Popular productions include New Voyages 2004 2016 and Star Trek Continues 2013 2017 Additional productions include Of Gods and Men 2008 originally released as a three part web series and Prelude to Axanar citation needed Audio dramatizations such as The Continuing Mission 2007 2016 have also been published by fans In 2016 CBS published guidelines which restricted the scope of fan productions such as limiting the length of episodes or films to fifteen minutes limiting production budgets to 50 000 and preventing actors and technicians from previous Star Trek productions from participating 112 A number of highly publicized productions have since been canceled or have gone abeyant 113 Documentaries Star Trek has been a popular subject for documentaries reviewing the history of the franchise 114 115 Some examples include Journey s End Saga of Star Trek Next Generation hosted by Jonathon Frakes it reviewed the final season of the series and the upcoming Generations 116 117 Trekkies 1997 exploring the subculture of Star Trek fandom Star Trek Beyond the Final Frontier 2007 exploring a giant Christie s auction of tens of thousand of Star Trek props hosted by actor Leonard Nimoy 118 The Center Seat 2016 an 85 minute special on Star Trek for its 50th anniversary aired by the History network 115 For the Love of Spock 2016 focusing on the history and impact of the character Spock What We Left Behind 2019 about the production and legacy of Star Trek Deep Space Nine 114 119 The Center Seat 55 Years of Star Trek 2021 an eight episode documentary series ordered by the cable network History covering the franchise s decades long history 115 120 It was narrated by Gates McFadden who was also one of the executive producers Some documentaries have been funded by the community by money raised by crowdfunding 121 What We Left Behind raised nearly 650 000 in this way and a planned Voyager documentary raised 450 000 in 24 hours 121 122 Awards and honorsMain article List of Star Trek awards nbsp Jeri Ryan appearing at the Creation Star Trek convention in 2010 she was nominated for three Saturn awards and won for Best Supporting Actress in 2001 Of the various science fiction awards for drama only the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation dates back as far as the original series g In 1968 all five nominees for a Hugo Award were individual episodes of Star Trek as were three of the five nominees in 1967 one of which won h 27 231 The Next Generation won Hugo awards in 1993 and 1995 Nominations have also been received by Deep Space Nine Enterprise Discovery and Lower Decks as well as several of the Star Trek feature films and in 2008 an episode of the fan made series Star Trek Phase II One of the most successful films was Star Trek IV The Voyage Home which grossed a global total of 133 million against a 21 million budget 123 124 The Voyage Home garnered 11 nominations at the 14th annual Saturn Awards tying Aliens for number of nominations Nimoy and Shatner were nominated for best actor for their roles 125 and Catherine Hicks was nominated for best supporting actress At the 59th Academy Awards The Voyage Home was nominated for Best Cinematography Sound Terry Porter David J Hudson Mel Metcalfe and Gene Cantamessa Sound Effects Editing and Original Score 126 The episode The Big Goodbye in the first season of Star Trek The Next Generation in recognition of its new standard of quality for first run syndication the episode was honored with a Peabody Award in 1987 The Big Goodbye was also nominated for two Emmy Awards in the categories of Outstanding Cinematography for a Series and Outstanding Costumes for a Series with costume designer William Ware Theiss winning the award in the latter category 127 Star Trek 2009 won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling the franchise s first Academy Award In 2016 the franchise was listed in the Guinness World Records as the most successful science fiction television franchise in the world 128 In 2024 the entire Star Trek franchise was awarded the Peabody Institutional Award for its enduring body of work and lasting impact on media and society at large 129 Corporate ownershipStar Trek began as a joint production of Norway Productions owned by Roddenberry and Desilu owned by Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball The profit sharing agreement for the series split proceeds between Norway Desilu later Paramount Television William Shatner s production company and the broadcast network NBC However Star Trek lost money during its initial broadcast and NBC did not expect to recoup its losses by selling the series into syndication nor did Paramount With NBC s approval Paramount offered its share of the series to Roddenberry sometime in 1970 However Roddenberry could not raise the 150 000 equivalent to 1 176 864 in 2023 offered by the studio 19 Paramount would go on to license the series to television syndicators worldwide NBC s remaining broadcast and distribution rights eventually returned to Paramount and Roddenberry sometime before 1986 which coincided with the development of what would become The Next Generation As for Desilu the studio was acquired by Gulf Western It was then reorganized as the television production division of Paramount Pictures which Gulf Western had acquired in 1966 Gulf Western sold its remaining industrial assets in 1989 renaming itself Paramount Communications Sometime before 1986 Sumner Redstone had acquired a controlling stake of Viacom via his family s theater chain National Amusements Viacom was established in 1952 as a division of CBS responsible for syndicating the network s in house productions originally called CBS Films In 1994 Viacom and Paramount Communications were merged 19 Viacom then merged with its former parent CBS Corporation in 1999 National Amusements and the Redstone family increased their stake in the combined company between 1999 and 2005 Split ownership 2005 2019 In 2005 the Redstone family reorganized Viacom spinning off the conglomerate s assets as two independent groups the new Viacom and the new CBS Corporation National Amusements and the Redstone family retained approximately 80 ownership of both CBS and Viacom 130 Star Trek was split between the two entities The terms of this split were not known However CBS held all copyrights marks production assets and film negatives to all Star Trek television series CBS also retained the rights to all likenesses characters names and settings and stories and the right to license Star Trek and its spin offs to merchandisers and publishers etc 131 The rights were exercised via the new CBS Television Studios which was carved out of the former Paramount Television Viacom which housed Paramount Pictures retained the feature film library and exclusive rights to produce new feature films for a limited time citation needed Viacom also retained home video distribution rights for all television series produced before 2005 19 132 However home video editions of the various television series released after the split as well as streaming video versions of episodes available worldwide carried variants of the new CBS Television Studios livery in addition to the original Paramount Television Studios livery It was unclear who retained the synchronization or streaming rights citation needed Rights and distribution issues and the fraught relationship between the leadership at CBS Viacom and the National Amusements board of directors resulted in a number of delayed and canceled Star Trek productions between 2005 and 2019 133 Additionally the development and release of the new Star Trek film in 2009 was met with resistance by executives at CBS as was Into Darkness 2013 and Beyond 2016 which affected merchandising tie in media and promotion for the new films 134 During this period both CBS and Viacom continued to list Star Trek as an important asset in their prospectus to investors and in corporate filings made to the Securities and Exchange Commission Current ownership While several attempts were made to merge Viacom and CBS power struggles between the major stakeholders of the companies prevented this from happening In 2019 after the resignation of CBS CEO Leslie Moonves negotiations to merge CBS and Viacom began in earnest These negotiations were led by Shari Redstone chairman of National Amusements and Joe Ianniello CEO of CBS 135 On August 13 2019 CBS and Viacom boards of directors reached an agreement to reunite the conglomerates as a single entity called ViacomCBS 136 National Amusements board of directors approved the merger on October 28 2019 which was finalized on December 4 bringing the Star Trek franchise back under one roof 137 138 139 ViacomCBS was renamed Paramount Global on February 16 2022 140 See alsoComparison of Star Trek and Star Wars Outline of Star Trek Outline of space science fiction franchises Timeline of science fictionNotes Published as Star Trek Monthly from 1995 until 2003 Roddenberry co authored two scripts for the third season Star Trek Into Darkness premiered in Sydney Australia on April 23 2013 but the film did not release in the United States until May 17 2013 While 2022 had the most Star Trek series each series had fewer episodes per season than when TNG DS9 and Voyager where airing together The episode count includes all completed and released episodes The count also includes the Original Series s unaired pilot The Cage Multi part episodes not originally broadcast as one presentation are counted individually Ten feature length episodes are counted as two episodes each as they were split for foreign broadcast and syndication Film titles of the North American and UK releases of the films no longer contained the number of the film following the sixth film the sixth was Star Trek VI The Undiscovered Country but the seventh was Star Trek Generations However European releases continued using numbers in the film titles until Nemesis Although the Hugo Award is mainly given for print media science fiction its best drama award is usually given to film or television presentations The Hugo does not give out awards for best actor director or other aspects of film production Before 2002 films and television series competed for the same Hugo before the split of the drama award into short drama and long drama Other nominees for the 1967 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation were Fahrenheit 451 and Fantastic Voyage References Eller Claudia December 11 1998 Lower Costs Energize Trek Film Profit Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on December 12 2015 Retrieved October 12 2020 Star Trek Franchise Box Office History Archived June 12 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Numbers 44 entertainment character properties reach 100 m in sales of licensed merchandise 50 of sales are Disney s Free Online Library www thefreelibrary com Archived from the original on October 24 2021 Retrieved October 24 2021 Today s TV Previews Montreal Gazette September 6 1966 p 36 Archived from the original on April 8 2017 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Challenger accident Arcynta Ali Childs June 11 2011 Q amp A Nichelle Nichols AKA Lt Uhura and NASA Smithsonian com Archived from the original on June 27 2011 Retrieved January 9 2019 Ten years after Star Trek was cancelled almost to the day I was invited to join the board of directors of the newly formed National Space Society They flew me to Washington and I gave a speech called New Opportunities for the Humanization of Space or Space What s in it for me In the speech I m going where no man or woman dares go I took NASA on for not including women and I gave some history of the powerful women who had applied and after five times applying felt disenfranchised and backed off At that time NASA was having their fifth or sixth recruitment and women and ethnic people were staying away in droves I was asked to come to headquarters the next day and they wanted me to assist them in persuading women and people of ethnic backgrounds that NASA was serious about recruiting them And I said you ve got to be joking I didn t take them seriously John Yardley who I knew from working on a previous project was in the room and said Nichelle we are serious I said OK I will do this and I will bring you the most qualified people on the planet as qualified as anyone you ve ever had and I will bring them in droves And if you do not pick a person of color if you do not pick a woman if it s the same old same old all white male astronaut corps that you ve done for the last five years and I m just another dupe I will be your worst nightmare LaFraniere Sharon Thomas Katie Weiland Noah Baker Peter Karni Annie August 2 2020 Scientists Worry About Political Influence Over Coronavirus Vaccine Project The New York Times Archived from the original on September 12 2020 Retrieved August 3 2020 Chaires Robert Chilton Bradley September 10 2004 Star Trek Visions of Law and Justice Dallas University of North Texas Press p 61 ISBN 978 0 9668080 2 5 Porter Jennifer E McLaren Darcee L January 1999 Star Trek 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4331 Archived from the original on August 13 2019 Retrieved August 13 2019 Weprin Alex October 28 2019 Viacom CBS Merger Now Expected to Close in Early December The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on November 5 2019 Retrieved November 5 2019 Szalai Georg November 25 2019 Viacom CBS Set Date to Close Merger The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on December 3 2019 Retrieved December 8 2019 Viacom and CBS Corp are officially back together again CBS News December 4 2019 Archived from the original on December 5 2019 Retrieved December 4 2019 Littleton Cynthia February 15 2022 Goodbye Viacom and CBS ViacomCBS Changes Corporate Name to Paramount Variety Archived from the original on February 15 2022 Retrieved April 26 2023 Further readingAsherman Allan March 20 1981 The Star Trek Compendium New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 671 79145 1 Barad Judith Robertson Ed December 5 2000 The Ethics of Star Trek New York HarperCollins ISBN 0 06 019530 4 Ellison Harlan January 1996 The City on the Edge of Forever Benson Maryland Borderlands Press ISBN 1 880325 02 0 Greenwald Jeff June 1998 Future Perfect How Star Trek Conquered Planet Earth New York Viking ISBN 0 670 87399 3 Gerrold David April 12 1973 Trouble with Tribbles New York Ballantine Books ISBN 0 345 23402 2 Gerrold David May 1984 The World of Star Trek Revised ed New York Bluejay Books ISBN 0 312 94463 2 Krauss Lawrence M September 1995 The Physics of Star Trek New York Basic Books ISBN 0 465 00559 4 Lichtenberg Jacqueline Marshak Sondra Winston Joan July 1975 Star Trek Lives New York Bantam Books ISBN 0 553 02151 6 McIntee David March 9 2000 Delta Quadrant The Unofficial Guide to Star Trek Voyager London Virgin Books ISBN 0 7535 0436 7 Nichols Nichelle October 19 1994 Beyond Uhura New York Putnam Adult ISBN 0 399 13993 1 Projansky Sarah Helford Elyce Rae Ono Kent August 8 1996 Harrison Taylor ed Enterprise Zones Critical Positions on Star Trek Boulder Colorado Westview Press ISBN 0 8133 2899 3 Shatner William Kreski Chris October 1993 Star Trek Memories New York HarperCollins ISBN 0 06 017734 9 Shatner William Kreski Chris May 1999 Get a Life New York Pocket Books ISBN 0 671 02131 1 Shatner William Walter Chip July 30 2002 I m Working on That A Trek from Science Fiction to Science Fact New York Pocket Books ISBN 0 671 04737 X Winston Joan November 1977 The Making of the Trek Conventions New York Knopf Doubleday ISBN 0 385 13112 7 External linksStar Trek at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Data from Wikidata Listen to this article 35 minutes source source nbsp This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 6 January 2010 2010 01 06 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles Official website Star Trek at Curlie Star Trek at NASA Enterprising Nebulae Welcome at Memory Alpha Portals nbsp United States nbsp Television 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