Bryan Singer
Bryan Jay Singer (born September 17, 1965)[1] is an American filmmaker. He is the founder of Bad Hat Harry Productions and has produced almost all of the films he has directed.
Bryan Singer | |
|---|---|
Singer in 2015 | |
| Born | Bryan Jay Singer September 17, 1965 New York City, U.S. |
| Occupations |
|
| Years active | 1984–Present |
| Children | 1 |
| Website | https://www.bryansinger.com |
After graduating from the University of Southern California, Singer directed his first short film, Lion's Den (1988). On the basis of that film, he received financing for his next film, Public Access (1993), which was a co-winner of the Grand Jury Prize at the 1993 Sundance Film Festival. In the mid-1990s, Singer received critical acclaim for directing the neo-noir crime thriller The Usual Suspects (1995). He followed this with another thriller, Apt Pupil (1998), an adaptation of a Stephen King novella about a boy's fascination with a Nazi war criminal. In the 2000s, he became known for big budget superhero films such as X-Men (2000), for which Singer won the 2000 Saturn Award for Best Direction, its sequel X2 (2003), and Superman Returns (2006). He then directed the World War II historical thriller Valkyrie (2008), co-wrote/co-produced X-Men: First Class (2011), and directed the fantasy adventure film Jack the Giant Slayer (2013), as well as two more X-Men films, X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014) and X-Men: Apocalypse (2016). Singer also directed the Queen biographical film Bohemian Rhapsody (2018), although he was fired from the film shortly before its completion in the wake of allegations of sexual misconduct.
Early life Edit
Singer was born in New York City and was adopted by Grace Sinden, an environmental activist, and Norbert Dave Singer, a corporate executive.[1] He grew up in a Jewish household in West Windsor Township, New Jersey. In his early teens, he started making 8mm films as well as experimenting with photography.[2] He attended West Windsor-Plainsboro High School (now renamed West-Windsor Plainsboro High School South), graduating in 1984.[3][4] He studied filmmaking for two years at the School of Visual Arts in New York, and later transferred to the USC School of Cinematic Arts in Los Angeles where he followed the Critical studies program.[5]
Career Edit
1980s–1990s Edit
Singer directed a short film in 1988 called Lion's Den involving a number of friends, including actor Ethan Hawke, whom he knew from his childhood in New Jersey, and editor John Ottman, whom he had met while working on a friend's short film.[6][7] After a screening of Lion's Den, Singer was approached by someone from Tokuma Japan Productions, a Japanese company interested in funding a series of low-budget films.[8] Singer pitched a concept that eventually became the film Public Access (1993). Ottman again served as editor but this time also composed the score for the film. At the 1993 Sundance Film Festival, the film was named as co-winner of the Grand Jury Prize with Ruby in Paradise.[9]
In 1994, he founded the production company Bad Hat Harry Productions, in homage to Steven Spielberg and the famous line from Jaws. Singer followed this by directing The Usual Suspects, which was screened out of competition at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival.[citation needed] It was a success, winning Christopher McQuarrie an Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay), and actor Kevin Spacey an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.[citation needed]
In 1998, Singer obtained the rights to adapt Stephen King's novella Apt Pupil, a thriller about an all-American boy discovering that a Nazi war criminal lives in his neighborhood.[10] Singer's film adaptation starred Sir Ian McKellen, Brad Renfro, and David Schwimmer.
2000s Edit
In the early 2000s, Singer was hoping to direct Confessions of a Dangerous Mind based on the Chuck Barris book of the same name.[11] The film was later directed by George Clooney for Miramax Films with Sam Rockwell in the lead role. In February 2001, Singer was attempting to produce a new Battlestar Galactica television series for Studios USA (now NBC Universal Television Studio) Speaking to BBC News, Singer said he was "confident that the Galactica brand is a sleeping giant. It was a show I watched during its initial run, from the pilot to the final episode. The essence and the brand name is quite potent in a climate where there's a great deficit of sci-fi programming."[12] Singer eventually left the project, which was produced by another team on the Sci Fi Channel.
In mid-2004, Singer was in negotiations to direct X-Men: The Last Stand for Fox, when Singer agreed to direct Superman Returns for Warner Bros. In consequence, Fox terminated its production deal with Bad Hat Harry Productions, Singer's production company.[13]
Superman Returns was filmed in Australia in 2005, and was released on June 28, 2006. Singer claimed that he had always admired and identified with the character, citing the fact that he and Superman are both orphans, noting that he was inspired by the 1978 film starring Christopher Reeve and the comics of Alex Ross.[14]
In August 2009, Universal Pictures announced that Singer would direct and produce a big screen reimagining of the Battlestar Galactica television series of the late-1970s, which would not draw any material from the Syfy Channel reimagined series.[15]
On September 10, 2009, it was announced NBC has partnered with Singer and Bryan Fuller to adapt Augusten Burroughs's Sellevision into a series about a fictional home shopping network, according to The Hollywood Reporter.[16] Neither project was ultimately produced.
At the premiere of James Cameron's Avatar on December 16, 2009, Singer confirmed that he would be directing Jack the Giant Slayer (2013) for Warner Bros, and that he had signed on to do X-Men: First Class,[17][non-primary source needed][18] but conflicts between the two projects led to Singer being only a producer and co-screenwriter on First Class,[19] with Matthew Vaughn taking over directorial duties.[20]
2010s Edit
In October 2012, it was announced that Singer would direct the next movie in the series, X-Men: Days of Future Past; Vaughn stayed on as a producer and screenwriter, and the film was released in May 2014.[21] Singer produced the commercials for the ice cream Magnum Gold, which featured Benicio del Toro.[22] In 2012, Singer was the executive producer alongside Jane Lynch of the short film, Ronny and I,[23] directed by Guy Shalem that screened at Outfest and Cannes.[24][25] Singer directed another X-Men film, X-Men: Apocalypse,[26] that he also produced and co-wrote with Simon Kinberg, Dan Harris, and Michael Dougherty.[27] Days of Future Past stars Hugh Jackman, James McAvoy, Michael Fassbender, Nicholas Hoult, Jennifer Lawrence, and Evan Peters re-teamed with Singer for Apocalypse.[28][29]
In 2015, Singer, Bad Hat Harry Productions, and Same Name Productions started to collaborate on a documentary project with Guy Shalem. The documentary was set to explore the Israeli–Palestinian conflict through the vantage point of a dynamic Arab-Israeli activist.[30]
In 2016, Fox announced that Singer would direct its version of 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, after having been asked to participate on the elaboration of the movie's script.[31]
After the release of X-Men: Apocalypse, Singer expressed interest in directing a solo Mystique film starring Jennifer Lawrence.[32]
In November 2016, it was announced that Singer would direct the Queen biopic Bohemian Rhapsody.[33] He produced the film with Jim Beach and Graham King.[34] On December 1, 2017, The Hollywood Reporter reported that 20th Century Fox had temporarily halted production due to the "unexpected unavailability" of Singer, with sources saying that he had failed to return to the set after the Thanksgiving week. Producers were nervous about the state of production and started discussions about potentially replacing him, at which point cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel may have stepped in to direct during Singer's absence.[35] Singer's absence was reportedly due to "a personal health matter concerning [him] and his family", and Singer's representatives stated that he was visiting his ill mother.[36] However, other sources stated that the film's lead actor Rami Malek and the crew had grown tired of Singer's behavior; Singer had reportedly shown up late to set on multiple occasions, and had repeatedly clashed with Malek.[37] On December 4, 2017, Singer was fired as a director with about two weeks remaining in principal photography.[38] Singer's replacement Dexter Fletcher is quoted saying he came in and "just finished it up, really."[39] 20th Century Fox terminated his Bad Hat Harry Productions deal with the studio. Singer still received directorial credit for Bohemian Rhapsody due to a Directors Guild of America ruling that only a sole director can receive credit.[40]
At the end of January 2017, Singer signed on to direct an action adventure pilot in the X-Men Universe entitled The Gifted. The show was broadcast on Fox and canceled after two seasons.[41]
Personal life Edit
Singer is bisexual,[42] and has said that growing up Jewish and a sexual minority influenced his movies.[43] He and actress Michelle Clunie have a son who was born in January 2015.[44]
Sexual assault allegations Edit
1997 lawsuit Edit
In 1997, a 14-year-old extra accused Singer of asking him and other minors to film a shower scene nude for the film Apt Pupil.[45] Two other adolescent boys, 16 and 17 years old, later supported the 14-year-old's claim. The boys claimed trauma from the experience and filed a civil suit against the filmmakers alleging infliction of emotional distress, negligence, and invasion of privacy,[46] and alleged that they were filmed for sexual gratification.[47] While some sources state that the civil case was dismissed due to insufficient evidence,[48][49][50] others indicate that it was settled out of court.[51][52][53][54] The Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office declined to press criminal charges.[55]
2014 lawsuits and allegations Edit
In April 2014, Singer was accused in a civil lawsuit of sexual assault of a minor. According to the suit filed by attorney Jeff Herman, Singer is alleged to have drugged and raped actor and model Michael Egan III in Hawaii, after initially meeting him at parties hosted by convicted sex offender Marc Collins-Rector in the late 1990s.[56] Singer's attorney called the allegations "completely fabricated" and said Singer planned to countersue.[57] Singer denied the allegations in a statement, calling them "outrageous, vicious, and completely false".[58] On May 22, 2014, Singer's attorney presented evidence to Federal District Judge Susan Oki Mollway stating that neither Singer nor Egan was in Hawaii at the time.[59] In early August 2014, Egan sought to withdraw his lawsuit via a Request for Court Order of Dismissal, and asked that it be granted "without prejudice or an award of costs or fees, in the interest of justice."[60]
In May 2014, another lawsuit was filed by attorney Jeff Herman on behalf of an anonymous British man. Both Singer and producer Gary Goddard (who was also named separately in the first case) were accused of sexually assaulting "John Doe No. 117".[61] According to the lawsuit, Goddard and Singer met the man for sex when he was a minor and engaged in acts of "gender violence" against him while in London for the premiere of Superman Returns.[62] The charge against Singer in this case was dismissed, at the accuser's request, in July 2014.[63]
Singer was cited in the 2014 documentary film on child sexual abuse in Hollywood, An Open Secret, but details of Egan's allegations were omitted after Egan withdrew his lawsuit during the film's production.[64][65] Author Bret Easton Ellis alleged that two of his former partners had attended underage sex parties hosted by Singer and fellow director Roland Emmerich.[66]
2017 lawsuit Edit
On December 7, 2017, Cesar Sanchez-Guzman filed a lawsuit in Washington against Singer, alleging that he had been raped at age 17 by the director in 2003.[67] Singer denied the allegations and removed himself from the public eye.[68] After the lawsuit was announced, the USC School of Cinematic Arts removed Singer's name from its Division of Cinema & Media Studies program,[69] an action which had previously been petitioned for by students at the school due to the many allegations against him.[70]
In June 2019, Sanchez-Guzman's bankruptcy trustee Nancy James recommended that a $150,000 settlement be approved, citing the absence of evidence that Singer attended the yacht party where the alleged assault took place. Singer's attorney Andrew Brettler said that Singer has maintained his innocence and that the "decision to resolve the matter with the bankruptcy trustee was purely a business one". Much of the settlement would go towards paying creditors and the administrators of the case, with the remainder allocated to Sanchez-Guzman.[71]
2019 allegations Edit
On January 23, 2019, Alex French and Maximillian Potter published an investigative report in The Atlantic in which four more men alleged that Singer sexually assaulted them when they were underage.[72][73][74] The article also claimed that Sanchez-Guzman's 2017 lawsuit was stalled when Singer's legal team reported Sanchez-Guzman to the Internal Revenue Service and to US immigration officials, although this was disputed by one of Singer's lawyers.[72][75] In response to the men's allegations, Singer denied any association with them and described the journalists as "homophobic".[72][76][77]
In the wake of the renewed allegations, GLAAD withdrew Bohemian Rhapsody's nomination for the year's GLAAD Media Award (in the Outstanding Film – Wide Release category) due to "Singer's response to The Atlantic story wrongfully used 'homophobia' to deflect from sexual assault allegations".[78][79] Time's Up released a statement on Twitter applauding the decision, stating, "The recent allegations regarding Bryan Singer's behavior are horrifying and MUST be taken seriously and investigated."[80][78][81][82] On February 6, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts removed Singer's name from Bohemian Rhapsody's nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best British Film due to the allegations against him.[83][84]
On February 11, Millennium Films stated that Red Sonja, a film that Singer had been attached to as director, was no longer on their slate of films; the company's founder, Avi Lerner, had previously defended hiring Singer in spite of the allegations.[85]
Filmography Edit
Film Edit
| Year | Title | Credited as | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Director | Producer | Writer | Actor | |||
| 1988 | Lion's Den | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Short film |
| 1993 | Public Access | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
| 1995 | The Usual Suspects | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| 1998 | Apt Pupil | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| Burn | No | Yes | No | No | ||
| 2000 | X-Men | Yes | No | Story | No | |
| 2002 | Star Trek: Nemesis | No | No | No | Yes | As Kelly |
| 2003 | X2 | Yes | Executive | Story | Cameo | As security guard |
| 2006 | Superman Returns | Yes | Yes | Story | No | |
| Look, Up in the Sky: The Amazing Story of Superman | No | Yes | No | No | Documentary | |
| 2007 | Color Me Olsen | No | Yes | No | No | Short film |
| Trick 'r Treat | No | Yes | No | No | ||
| 2008 | Valkyrie | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| 2011 | X-Men: First Class | No | Yes | Story | No | [19][86] |
| 2013 | Jack the Giant Slayer | Yes | Yes | No | No | [87] |
| Uwantme2killhim? | No | Yes | No | No | ||
| 2014 | X-Men: Days of Future Past | Yes | Yes | Concept | Cameo | As man with a small film camera[88] |
| The Taking of Deborah Logan | No | Yes | No | No | [89] | |
| 2016 | X-Men: Apocalypse | Yes | Yes | Story | Cameo | As security guard |
| 2018 | Bohemian Rhapsody | Yes | Uncredited | No | No | Replaced by Dexter Fletcher late in production but retained credit as director |
| 2019 | Dark Phoenix | No | Uncredited | No | No | [90] Removed from production and credits amid sexual assault allegations |
Television Edit
| Year | Title | Credited as | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Director | Producer | Writer | Actor | |||
| 2004–2012 | House | Yes (2004) | Executive | Yes | Episodes: "Pilot" (also known as "Everybody Lies"), "Occam's Razor" and "Sports Medicine" | |
| 2005 | The Triangle | Yes | Yes | Miniseries | ||
| 2006 | The Science of Superman | Yes | TV documentary | |||
| 2007 | Football Wives | Yes | Yes | Episode: "Pilot" | ||
| 2007–2009 | Dirty Sexy Money | Yes | ||||
| 2008 | Valkyrie: The Plot to Kill Hitler | Yes | TV documentary | |||
| 2012 | Mockingbird Lane | Yes | Executive | TV special | ||
| 2015 | Battle Creek | Yes | Executive | Episode: "The Battle Creek Way" | ||
| 2017 | Legion | Executive | Removed from credits for season two onward amid sexual assault allegations | |||
| 2017–2019 | The Gifted | Yes (2017) | Executive | Episode: "eXposed" | ||
Web series Edit
| Year | Title | Credited as | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Director | Producer | Writer | Actor | |||
| 2012–2013 | H+: The Digital Series | Yes | ||||
Recurring collaborators Edit
Awards and nominations Edit
| Year | Work | Award | Category | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | Public Access | Sundance Film Festival | Grand Jury Prize | Won | |
| Deauville American Film Festival | International Critics' prize | Won | |||
| 1995 | The Usual Suspects | Tokyo International Film Festival | Silver prize | Won | |
| Seattle International Film Festival | Best Director | Won | |||
| 1996 | The Usual Suspects | Empire Awards | Best Newcomer | Won | |
| Saturn Award | Best Director | Nominated | |||
| Himself | Saturn Award | President's Memorial Award | Won | ||
| 1999 | Apt Pupil | Saturn Award | Best Director | Nominated | |
| 2001 | X-Men | Empire Awards | Best Director | Won | |
| Saturn Award | Best Director | Won | |||
| 2002 | X-Men | Prix Nebula | Best Script | Nominated | |
| 2004 | X2 | Saturn Award | Best Director | Nominated | |
| 2007 | Superman Returns | Empire Awards | Best Director | Nominated | |
| Saturn Award | Best Director | Won | |||
| 2009 | Valkyrie | Saturn Award | Best Director | Nominated | |
| 2015 | X-Men: Days of Future Past | Saturn Award | Best Director | Nominated | |
| 2017 | X-Men: Apocalypse | Saturn Award | Best Director | Nominated |
Note: Singer was initially listed as a nominee for Best British Film at the British Academy Film Awards for Bohemian Rhapsody as a co-producer in 2019,[91] however following sexual assault allegations the Academy announced that they had rescinded his nomination.[92]
References Edit
- ^ a b "Bryan Singer biography". Filmreference.com. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
- ^ "Great Conversations: Bryan Singer". HuffPost. May 28, 2015.
- ^ Miller, Lynn (January 25, 2008). . West Windsor & Plainsboro News. Archived from the original on January 25, 2008.
Two West Windsor-Plainsboro High School graduates are following in the footsteps of two other filmmakers from West Windsor, Bryan Singer and Christopher McQuarrie. Singer, Class of 1984, and McQuarrie, Class of 1986, have recently joined together for the filming of "Valkyrie", a controversial film about Colonel Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg, the German Army officer who tried to do away with Hitler during World War II.
- ^ Berrin, Danielle (March 18, 2010). "How Auschwitz, "X-Men" and its Jewish director changed comics". The Jewish Journal.
- ^ Weinraub, Bernard (July 9, 2000). "Film; An Unusual Choice for the Role of Studio Superhero". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2007.
As a child, Mr. Singer grew up in Princeton Junction, N.J. His father, Norbert Singer, is a businessman and his mother, Grace, is an environmental activist and former state environmental official. Mr. Singer attended the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan for two years, and then transferred to the University of Southern California.
- ^ Ottman, John. . johnottman.com. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
- ^ Ottman, John. . johnottman.com. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
- ^ Dau, Carsten (2001). . Directed By Online. Archived from the original on December 10, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
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- ^ "Cannes 2013: 'Ronny & i' Trailer". Film Pulse. April 29, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
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- ^ Stack, Tim (April 11, 2014). "'X-Men: Apocalypse': Who will return? What new mutants may appear? Scoop on the next X-Men film – Exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
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- ^ Robinson, Joanna (May 31, 2016). "X-Men's Bryan Singer Really Wants a Solo Mystique Movie For Jennifer Lawrence". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
- ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (November 4, 2016). "Queen Movie Amping Up With Bryan Singer & Rami Malek As Freddie Mercury". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
- ^ "Freddie Mercury biopic Bohemian Rhapsody cast confirmed: who's playing the rest of Queen?". The Daily Telegraph. August 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
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- ^ Bryan Singer: Illness forces director to stop work on Freddie Mercury film BBC News. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
- ^ Freeman, Molly (December 1, 2017). "Fox Halts Production on Bryan Singer's Queen Biopic Bohemian Rhapsody". Screen Rant.
- ^ Kit, Borys; Masters, Kim (December 4, 2017). "Bryan Singer Fired From Directing Queen Biopic After On-Set Chaos (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
- ^ Wakeman, Gregory (May 10, 2018). "Dexter Fletcher talks replacing Bryan Singer as 'Bohemian Rhapsody' director". Metro US.
- ^ Galuppo, Mia (June 12, 2018). "Bryan Singer to Get Directing Credit on Queen Biopic 'Bohemian Rhapsody'". The Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
- ^ Schwindt, Oriana; Holloway, Daniel (January 24, 2017). "Fox Orders X-Men Pilot With Bryan Singer Directing". Variety. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- ^ . Entertainment Tonight. May 14, 2014. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
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- ^ Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca (May 2, 1997). "A Clothes Call". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- ^ Mottram, James (May 2007). "Genre II: School Days;– Election, Rushmore, and Apt Pupil". The Sundance Kids: How the Mavericks Took Back Hollywood. Faber & Faber. pp. 203–244. ISBN 978-0-86547-967-8. p. 223
- ^ "The Bryan Singer Timeline: A History of Allegations and Defenses, from Troubled Films to Sexual Assault Claims". December 8, 2017.
- ^ "Director Bryan Singer is Reportedly Being Sued over Allegations of Sexual Assault". December 8, 2017.
- ^ Teeman, Tim (April 18, 2014). "'I Considered Suicide,' Alleged Sex Abuse Victim of Bryan Singer Tells the Daily Beast". The Daily Beast.
- ^ "Nobody is Going to Believe You". The Atlantic. January 23, 2019.
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- ^ "Bryan Singer keeps directing gig following allegations". January 24, 2019.
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- ^ Barnes, Brook (April 17, 2014). "Suit Accuses Director of New 'X-Men' Film of Sexual Assault". The New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
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- ^ a b Donnelly, Matt (January 24, 2019). "'Bohemian Rhapsody' Loses GLAAD Award Nomination Over Bryan Singer Accusations (Exclusive)". Variety. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
- ^ "Bohemian Rhapsody excluded by award show". BBC. January 25, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
- ^ Time's Up (January 24, 2019). "Time's Up on Twitter". Retrieved January 25, 2019.
- ^ Keveney, Bill. "GLAAD awards drops 'Bohemian Rhapsody' after sex abuse accusations against Bryan Singer". USA Today. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
- ^ Radulovic, Petrana (January 24, 2019). "Despite new sexual misconduct accusations, Bryan Singer still set to direct Red Sonja movie". Polygon. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
- ^ "Bafta removes Bryan Singer from nomination". BBC. February 6, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ "BAFTA drops Bryan Singer from 'Bohemian Rhapsody' nomination over sexual misconduct allegations". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ McNary, Dave (February 11, 2019). "Bryan Singer's 'Red Sonja' Movie Delayed Amid Controversy". Variety.
- ^ Marshall, Rick (September 8, 2010). "First Look at January Jones As Emma Frost In 'X-Men: First Class'". MTV. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
- ^ Fischer, Russ (September 23, 2009). . slashfilm.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
- ^ "Bryan Singer Officially Set For X-Men: Days of Future Past". October 30, 2012.
- ^ "Exclusive Green Band Trailer for The Taking of Deborah Logan". September 22, 2014.
- ^ "Fox Formalizes Simon Kinberg To Helm 'X-Men: Dark Phoenix'; Jennifer Lawrence, Michael Fassbender, James McAvoy Back, Jessica Chastain In Talks". June 14, 2017.
- ^ "Outstanding British Film". British Academy Film Awards. January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
- ^ "Bryan Singer's Name Removed From BAFTA Nomination for 'Bohemian Rhapsody'". The Wrap. February 6, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
External links Edit
- Bryan Singer at IMDb
- Official Website