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17th century

January 01, 1970

The 17th century lasted from January 1, 1601 (represented by the Roman numerals MDCI), to December 31, 1700 (MDCC).

It falls into the early modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement, the latter part of the Spanish Golden Age, the Dutch Golden Age,[1] the French Grand Siècle dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, the world's first public company and megacorporation known as the Dutch East India Company, and according to some historians, the General Crisis.

From the mid-17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde. The semi-feudal territorial French nobility was weakened and subjugated to the power of an absolute monarchy through the reinvention of the Palace of Versailles from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison, in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily kept under surveillance. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded. It was during this century that the English monarch became increasingly involved in conflicts with the Parliament - this would culminate in the English civil war and an end to the dominance of the English monarchy.

A scene on the ice, Dutch Republic, first half of the 17th century

By the end of the century, Europeans were masters of logarithms, electricity, the telescope and microscope, calculus, universal gravitation, Newton's Laws of Motion, air pressure, and calculating machines due to the work of the first scientists of the Scientific Revolution, including Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, René Descartes, Pierre Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Robert Boyle, Christiaan Huygens, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. It was also a period of development of culture in general (especially theater, music, visual arts and philosophy). Some of the greatest inventions took place in this century.

It was during this period that the European colonization of the Americas began in earnest, including the exploitation of the silver deposits, which resulted in bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe.[2] Also during this period, there would be a more intense European presence in Southeast Asia and East Asia (such as the colonization of Taiwan). These foreign elements would contribute to a revolution in Ayutthaya. While the Mataram Sultanate and the Aceh Sultanate would be the major powers of the region, especially during the first half of the century.[2]

In the Islamic world, the gunpowder empires – the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal – grew in strength as well. The southern half of India would see the decline of the Deccan Sultanates and extinction of the Vijayanagara Empire. The Dutch would colonize Ceylon and endure hostilities with Kandy. The end of the 17th century saw the first major surrender of Ottoman territory in Europe when the Treaty of Karlowitz ceded most of Hungary to the Habsburgs in 1699.

Qing China spent decades of this century with economic problems (results of civil wars between the Qing and former Ming dynasty loyalists), only recovering well at the end of the century. In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa shogunate at the beginning of the century, beginning the Edo period; the isolationist Sakoku policy began in the 1630s and lasted until the 19th century. In China, the collapsing Ming dynasty was challenged by a series of conquests led by the Manchu warlord Nurhaci, which were consolidated by his son Hong Taiji and finally consummated by his grandson, the Shunzhi Emperor, founder of the Qing dynasty.[3]

The greatest military conflicts of the century were the Thirty Years' War,[4] Dutch–Portuguese War,[5] the Great Turkish War, the Nine Years' War, Mughal–Safavid Wars, and the Qing annexation of the Ming.

Events edit

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the 17th century.

1601–1650 edit

 
Persian Ambassador during his entry into Kraków for the wedding ceremonies of King Sigismund III of Poland in 1605.

1651–1700 edit

 
The Night Watch or The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq, 1642. Oil on canvas; on display at the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Gallery edit

Inventions, discoveries, introductions edit

See also: Timeline of historic inventions § 17th century

Major changes in philosophy and science take place, often characterized as the Scientific Revolution.

References edit

  1. ^ "Exchange History NL – 400 years: the story". Exchange History NL. from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  2. ^ a b "The Seventeenth-Century Decline". The Library of Iberian resources online. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
  3. ^ "5 of the 10 Deadliest Wars Began in China". Business Insider. 6 October 2014.
  4. ^ . Western New England College. Archived from the original on 1999-10-09. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
  5. ^ Ames, Glenn J. (2008). The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700. pp. 102–103.
  6. ^ Turchin, Peter (2009). Secular Cycles. Princeton University Press. pp. 256–257. ISBN 9780691136967.
  7. ^ Ricklefs (1991), page 28
  8. ^ History of UST UST.edu.ph. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
  10. ^ Mark, Joshua J. "Indian Massacre of 1622". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
  11. ^ Campbell, B.C (2008). Disasters, accidents, and crises in American history: A reference guide to the nation's most catastrophic events. Infobase Publishing. pp. 11–12.
  12. ^ Rokosz, M. (1995). (PDF). Animal Genetics Resources Information. 16: 5–12. doi:10.1017/S1014233900004582. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2013.
  13. ^ Itihas इतिहास [History, class fourth] (in Marathi). Maharashtra, India: Pathyapustak nirmiti madal, Pune. 2019.
  14. ^ "London museum correct record on general disembowelment by Chhatrapati Shivaji". The Tribune.
  15. ^ "René-Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle". Britannica. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  16. ^ Alan Macfarlane (1997). The savage wars of peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian trap. Wiley . p. 64. ISBN 0-631-18117-2
  17. ^ Karen J. Cullen (2010). "Famine in Scotland: The 'Ill Years' of the 1690s". Edinburgh University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-7486-3887-3

Further reading edit

 
Detail of a 17th-century Tekke Turkmen carpet
  • Chang, Chun-shu, and Shelley Hsueh-lun Chang. Crisis and Transformation in Seventeenth-Century China (1998).
  • Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events online free
  • Reid, A. J. S. Trade and State Power in 16th & 17th Century Southeast Asia (1977).
  • Spence, J. D. The Death of Woman Wang: Rural Life in China in the 17th Century (1978).

Focus on Europe edit

  • Clark, George. The Seventeenth Century (2nd ed. 1945).
  • Hampshire, Stuart. The Age of Reason the 17th Century Philosophers, Selected, with Introduction and Interpretive Commentary (1961).
  • Hugon, Cécile (1997) [1911]. "Social Conditions in 17th-Century France (1649-1652)". In Halsall, Paul (ed.). Social France in the XVII Century. London: Methuen. pp. 171–172, 189. ISBN 9780548161944. from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  • Lewitter, Lucian Ryszard. "Poland, the Ukraine and Russia in the 17th Century." The Slavonic and East European Review (1948): 157–171. in JSTOR
  • Ogg, David. Europe in the Seventeenth Century (6th ed. 1965).
  • Rowbotham, Sheila. Hidden from history: Rediscovering women in history from the 17th century to the present (1976).
  • Trevor-Roper, Hugh R. "The general crisis of the 17th century." Past & Present 16 (1959): 31–64.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 17th century.
  • : Timelines of 17th century events, science, culture and persons

January 01, 1970
17th, century, lasted, from, january, 1601, represented, roman, numerals, mdci, december, 1700, mdcc, falls, into, early, modern, period, europe, that, continent, whose, impact, world, increasing, characterized, baroque, cultural, movement, latter, part, spani. The 17th century lasted from January 1 1601 represented by the Roman numerals MDCI to December 31 1700 MDCC It falls into the early modern period of Europe and in that continent whose impact on the world was increasing was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement the latter part of the Spanish Golden Age the Dutch Golden Age 1 the French Grand Siecle dominated by Louis XIV the Scientific Revolution the world s first public company and megacorporation known as the Dutch East India Company and according to some historians the General Crisis From the mid 17th century European politics were increasingly dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of the Fronde The semi feudal territorial French nobility was weakened and subjugated to the power of an absolute monarchy through the reinvention of the Palace of Versailles from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily kept under surveillance With domestic peace assured Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded It was during this century that the English monarch became increasingly involved in conflicts with the Parliament this would culminate in the English civil war and an end to the dominance of the English monarchy A scene on the ice Dutch Republic first half of the 17th centuryBy the end of the century Europeans were masters of logarithms electricity the telescope and microscope calculus universal gravitation Newton s Laws of Motion air pressure and calculating machines due to the work of the first scientists of the Scientific Revolution including Galileo Galilei Johannes Kepler Rene Descartes Pierre Fermat Blaise Pascal Robert Boyle Christiaan Huygens Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz It was also a period of development of culture in general especially theater music visual arts and philosophy Some of the greatest inventions took place in this century It was during this period that the European colonization of the Americas began in earnest including the exploitation of the silver deposits which resulted in bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe 2 Also during this period there would be a more intense European presence in Southeast Asia and East Asia such as the colonization of Taiwan These foreign elements would contribute to a revolution in Ayutthaya While the Mataram Sultanate and the Aceh Sultanate would be the major powers of the region especially during the first half of the century 2 In the Islamic world the gunpowder empires the Ottoman Safavid and Mughal grew in strength as well The southern half of India would see the decline of the Deccan Sultanates and extinction of the Vijayanagara Empire The Dutch would colonize Ceylon and endure hostilities with Kandy The end of the 17th century saw the first major surrender of Ottoman territory in Europe when the Treaty of Karlowitz ceded most of Hungary to the Habsburgs in 1699 Qing China spent decades of this century with economic problems results of civil wars between the Qing and former Ming dynasty loyalists only recovering well at the end of the century In Japan Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa shogunate at the beginning of the century beginning the Edo period the isolationist Sakoku policy began in the 1630s and lasted until the 19th century In China the collapsing Ming dynasty was challenged by a series of conquests led by the Manchu warlord Nurhaci which were consolidated by his son Hong Taiji and finally consummated by his grandson the Shunzhi Emperor founder of the Qing dynasty 3 The greatest military conflicts of the century were the Thirty Years War 4 Dutch Portuguese War 5 the Great Turkish War the Nine Years War Mughal Safavid Wars and the Qing annexation of the Ming Contents 1 Events 1 1 1601 1650 1 2 1651 1700 2 Gallery 3 Inventions discoveries introductions 4 References 5 Further reading 5 1 Focus on Europe 6 External linksEvents editFor a chronological guide see Timeline of the 17th century 1601 1650 edit nbsp Persian Ambassador during his entry into Krakow for the wedding ceremonies of King Sigismund III of Poland in 1605 1601 In the Battle of Kinsale England defeats Irish and Spanish forces driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system 1601 1603 The Russian famine of 1601 1603 kills perhaps one third of Russia 6 1602 Matteo Ricci produces the Map of the Myriad Countries of the World 坤輿萬國全圖 Kunyu Wanguo Quantu a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for centuries 1602 The Dutch East India Company VOC is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies 7 Its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age 1603 Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland uniting the crowns of Scotland and England 1603 Tokugawa Ieyasu takes the title of shōgun establishing the Tokugawa shogunate This begins the Edo period which will last until 1868 1603 In Nagasaki the Portuguese Jesuit missionary Joao Rodrigues publishes Nippo Jisho the first dictionary of Japanese to a European Portuguese language 1605 The King of Gowa a Makassarese kingdom in South Sulawesi converts to Islam nbsp Tsar Michael I of Russia reigned 1613 1645 1605 1627 The reign of Mughal emperor Jahangir after the death of emperor Akbar 1606 The Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and Austria is ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok Austria abandons Transylvania 1606 Treaty of Vienna ends an anti Habsburg uprising in Royal Hungary 1606 Willem Janszoon captained the first recorded European landing on the Australian continent sailing from Bantam Java in the Duyfken 1607 Flight of the Earls the fleeing of most of the native Gaelic aristocracy occurs from County Donegal in the west of Ulster in Ireland 1607 Iskandar Muda becomes the Sultan of Aceh for 30 years He will launch a series of naval conquests that will transform Aceh into a great power in the western Malay Archipelago 1610 The Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth army defeats combined Russian Swedish forces at the Battle of Klushino and conquers Moscow 1610 King Henry IV of France is assassinated by Francois Ravaillac 1611 The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas the oldest existing university in Asia is established by the Dominican Order in Manila 8 1611 The first publication of the King James Bible 1612 The first Cotswold Olympic Games an annual public celebration of games and sports begins in the Cotswolds England 1613 The Time of Troubles in Russia ends with the establishment of the House of Romanov which rules until 1917 1613 1617 Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth is invaded by the Tatars dozens of times 9 nbsp James I of England and VI of Scotland ruled in the first quarter of the 17th century 1613 The Dutch East India Company is forced to evacuate Gresik due to the Mataram siege in neighboring Surabaya The dutch negotiates with Mataram and is allowed to set up a trading post in Jepara 1614 1615 The Siege of Osaka last major threat to Tokugawa shogunate ends 1616 The last remaining Moriscos Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity in Spain are expelled 1616 English poet and playwright William Shakespeare dies 1618 The Defenestration of Prague 1618 The Bohemian Revolt precipitates the Thirty Years War which devastates Europe in the years 1618 48 1618 The Manchus start invading China Their conquest eventually topples the Ming dynasty 1619 European slaving reaches America when the first Africans are brought to the present day United States 1619 The Dutch East India Company storm Jayakarta and withstand a months long siege by the combined English Bantenese and Jayakartan forces They are relieved by Jan Pieterszoon Coen and a fleet of ships from Ambon The dutch destroys Jayakarta and builds its new headquarters Batavia on top of it 1620 1621 Polish Ottoman War over Moldavia 1620 Bethlen Gabor allies with the Ottomans and an invasion of Moldavia takes place The Polish suffer a disaster at Cecora on the River Prut 1620 The Mayflower sets sail from Plymouth England to what became the Plymouth Colony in New England nbsp The 1622 massacre was instrumental in causing English colonists to view all natives as enemies 1621 The Battle of Chocim Poles and Cossacks under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz defeat the Ottomans 1622 Jamestown massacre Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown Virginia approximately one third of the colony s population 10 11 and burn the Henricus settlement 1624 1642 As chief minister Cardinal Richelieu centralises power in France 1626 St Peter s Basilica in the Vatican completed 1627 Aurochs go extinct 12 1628 1629 Sultan Agung of Mataram launches a failed campaign to conquer Dutch Batavia 1629 Abbas I the Safavids king died 1629 Cardinal Richelieu allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the Thirty Years War to counter Ferdinand II s expansion 1630 Birth of Shivaji at Shivneri fort in present day Maharashtra India who later founded Maratha Empire in year 1674 13 1631 Mount Vesuvius erupts 1632 Battle of Lutzen death of king of Sweden Gustav II Adolf nbsp Battle of Nordlingen 1634 The Catholic Imperial army bolstered by professional Habsburg Spanish troops won a great victory in the battle over the combined Protestant armies of Sweden and their German allies 1632 Taj Mahal building work started in Agra India 1633 Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition 1633 1639 Japan transforms into locked country 1634 Battle of Nordlingen results in Catholic victory 1636 Harvard University is founded in Cambridge Massachusetts 1637 Shimabara Rebellion of Japanese Christians rōnin and peasants against Edo 1637 The first opera house Teatro San Cassiano opens in Venice 1637 Qing dynasty attacked the Joseon dynasty 1639 Naval Battle of the Downs Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters 1639 Disagreements between the Farnese and Barberini Pope Urban VIII escalate into the Wars of Castro and last until 1649 1639 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms civil wars throughout Scotland Ireland and England 1640 1668 The Portuguese Restoration War led to the end of the Iberian Union nbsp The inauguration of the Royal Academy of Turku in 1640 1641 The Irish Rebellion by Irish Catholics who wanted an end to discrimination greater self governance and reverse ownership of the plantations of Ireland 1641 Rene Descartes publishes Meditationes de prima philosophia Meditations on First Philosophy 1642 Beginning of English Civil War conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king 1643 L incoronazione di Poppea Monterverdi 1644 The Manchu conquer China ending the Ming dynasty The subsequent Qing dynasty rules until 1912 1644 1674 The Mauritanian Thirty Year War 1645 1669 Ottoman war with Venice The Ottomans invade Crete and capture Canea 1647 1652 The Great Plague of Seville 1648 The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War and the Eighty Years War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers nbsp Map of Europe in 1648 at the end of the Thirty Years War 1648 1653 Fronde civil war in France 1648 1657 The Khmelnytsky Uprising a Cossack rebellion in Ukraine which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland 1648 1667 The Deluge wars leave Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins 1648 1669 The Ottomans capture Crete from the Venetians after the Siege of Candia 1649 King Charles I is executed for high treason the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a High Court of Justice and put to death 1649 1653 The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 1651 1700 edit nbsp The Night Watch or The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq 1642 Oil on canvas on display at the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 1651 English Civil War ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester 1656 1661 Mehmed Koprulu is Grand Vizier 1655 1661 The Northern Wars cement Sweden s rise as a Great Power 1657 Sambhaji the second King of Maratha Empire and eldest son of King Shivaji was born at Purandar Fort on 14 May citation needed 1658 After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire 1659 King Shivaji killed Adil Shahi dynasty s general Afzal Khan at Pratapgad fort on 9 November 14 1660 The Commonwealth of England ends and the monarchy is brought back during the English Restoration 1660 The Royal Society is founded 1661 The reign of the Kangxi Emperor of China begins 1663 Ottoman war against Habsburg Hungary 1664 The Battle of St Gotthard count Raimondo Montecuccoli defeats the Ottomans The Peace of Vasvar intended to keep the peace for 20 years 1665 Maratha King Shivaji signed the Treaty of Purandar with Mughal general Jai Singh I after Battle of Purandar citation needed 1665 Robert Hooke discovers cells using a microscope 1665 Portugal defeats the Kongo Empire at the Battle of Mbwila nbsp Taj Mahal completed by 1653 and commissioned by Shah Jahan one of the Wonders of the World 1665 1667 The Second Anglo Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces 1666 The Great Fire of London 1666 Shivaji visited Aurangzeb at Agra Fort and forced him into house arrest Shivaji later escaped and returned to the Maratha kingdom citation needed 1667 The Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo Dutch War 1667 1668 The War of Devolution France invades the Netherlands The Peace of Aix la Chapelle 1668 brings this to a halt 1667 1699 The Great Turkish War halts the Ottoman Empire s expansion into Europe 1672 1673 Ottoman campaign to help the Ukrainian Cossacks John Sobieski defeats the Ottomans at the second battle of Khotyn 1673 1672 1674 The Third Anglo Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces 1672 1676 Polish Ottoman War nbsp French invasion of the Netherlands which Louis XIV initiated in 1672 starting the Franco Dutch War 1672 1678 Franco Dutch War 1674 Shivaji founded the Maratha Empire and crowned himself as first Chatrapati of the empire 1676 1681 Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence the Russo Turkish Wars 1678 The Treaty of Nijmegen ends various interconnected wars among France the Dutch Republic Spain Brandenburg Sweden Denmark the Prince Bishopric of Munster and the Holy Roman Empire nbsp Claiming Louisiana for France in 1682 1680 The Pueblo Revolt drives the Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692 1680 Prince Sambhaji crowned himself as the second Chatrapati of Maratha Empire 20 July citation needed 1682 French explorer Robert La Salle claims all the land east of the Mississippi River 15 1683 China conquers the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan 1683 The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the second Siege of Vienna 1683 1699 The Great Turkish War leads to the conquest of most of Ottoman Hungary by the Habsburgs 1687 Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 1688 The Siege of Derry the first major event in the Williamite War in Ireland 1688 Siamese revolution of 1688 ousted French influence and virtually severed all ties with the West until the 19th century 1688 1689 The Glorious Revolution starts with the Dutch Republic invading England England becomes a constitutional monarchy 1688 1691 The War of the Two Kings in Ireland 1688 1697 The Grand Alliance sought to stop French expansion during the Nine Years War 1689 The Battle of Killiecrankie is fought between Jacobite and Williamite forces in Highland Perthshire 1689 The Karposh rebellion is crushed in present day North Macedonia Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks Karposh is killed and the rebels are defeated nbsp The Battle of Vienna 1683 marked the historic end of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe 1689 Bill of Rights gains royal consent 1689 John Locke publishes Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration 1690 The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland 1692 Port Royal in Jamaica is struck by an earthquake and a tsunami Approximately 2 000 people die and 2 300 are injured 1692 1694 Famine in France kills two million 16 1693 The College of William and Mary is founded in Williamsburg Virginia by a royal charter 1694 The Bank of England is established 1695 The Mughal Empire nearly bans the East India Company in response to pirate Henry Every s capture of the trading ship Ganj i Sawai 1696 1697 Famine in Finland wipes out almost one third of the population 17 1697 1699 Grand Embassy of Peter the Great to Western Europe 1699 Thomas Savery demonstrates his first steam engine to the Royal Society Gallery edit nbsp Catholic general Albrecht von Wallenstein 1583 1634 supreme commander of the armies of the Imperial Army during the Thirty Years War nbsp Jan Pieterszoon Coen 1587 1629 the founder of Batavia was an officer of the Dutch East India Company VOC holding two terms as its Governor General of the Dutch East Indies nbsp Rene Descartes 1596 1650 with Queen Christina of Sweden 1626 1689 nbsp Cardinal Mazarin 1602 1661 who served as the chief minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV nbsp Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb 1618 1707 who ruled over almost the entire Indian subcontinent for a period of 49 years nbsp Chhatrapati Shivaji 1630 1680 founder of Maratha Empire is widely regarded as one of the greatest Hindu rulers nbsp Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder of Japan s final shogunate which lasted well into the 19th centuryInventions discoveries introductions editSee also Timeline of historic inventions 17th century Major changes in philosophy and science take place often characterized as the Scientific Revolution Banknotes reintroduced in Europe Ice cream Tea and coffee become popular in Europe Central Banking in France and modern Finance by Scottish economist John Law Minarets Jame Mosque of Isfahan Isfahan Persia Iran are built 1604 Supernova SN 1604 is observed in the Milky Way 1605 Johannes Kepler starts investigating elliptical orbits of planets 1605 Johann Carolus of Germany publishes the Relation the first newspaper 1608 Refracting telescopes first appear Dutch spectacle maker Hans Lippershey tries to obtain a patent on one spreading word of the invention 1610 The Orion Nebula is identified by Nicolas Claude Fabri de Peiresc of France 1610 Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius observe Jupiter s Galilean moons 1611 King James Bible or Authorized Version first published 1612 The first flintlock musket likely created for Louis XIII of France by gunsmith Marin Bourgeois 1614 John Napier introduces the logarithm to simplify calculations 1616 Niccolo Zucchi describes experiments with a bronze parabolic mirror trying to make a reflecting telescope 1620 Cornelis Drebbel funded by James I of England builds the first submarine made of wood and greased leather 1623 The third English dictionary English Dictionarie is published by Henry Cockeram listing difficult words with definitions 1628 William Harvey publishes and elucidates his earlier discovery of the circulatory system 1637 Dutch Bible published 1637 Teatro San Cassiano the first public opera house opened in Venice 1637 Pierre de Fermat formulates his so called Last Theorem unsolved until 1995 1637 Although Chinese naval mines were earlier described in the 14th century Huolongjing the Tian Gong Kai Wu book of Ming dynasty scholar Song Yingxing describes naval mines wrapped in a lacquer bag and ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on the nearby shore that triggers a steel wheel flint mechanism 1642 Blaise Pascal invents the mechanical calculator called Pascal s calculator 1642 Mezzotint engraving introduces grey tones to printed images 1643 Evangelista Torricelli of Italy invents the mercury barometer 1645 Giacomo Torelli of Venice Italy invents the first rotating stage 1651 Giovanni Riccioli renames the lunar maria 1656 Christiaan Huygens describes the true shape of the rings of Saturn 1657 Christiaan Huygens develops the first functional pendulum clock based on the learnings of Galileo Galilei 1659 Christiaan Huygens first to observe surface details of Mars 1662 Christopher Merret presents first paper on the production of sparkling wine 1663 James Gregory publishes designs for a reflecting telescope 1669 The first known operational reflecting telescope is built by Isaac Newton 1676 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers Bacteria 1676 First measurement of the speed of light 1679 Binary system developed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1684 Calculus independently developed by both Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Sir Isaac Newton and used to formulate classical mechanics References edit Exchange History NL 400 years the story Exchange History NL Archived from the original on 6 October 2022 Retrieved 6 October 2022 a b The Seventeenth Century Decline The Library of Iberian resources online Retrieved 13 August 2008 5 of the 10 Deadliest Wars Began in China Business Insider 6 October 2014 The Thirty Years War Western New England College Archived from the original on 1999 10 09 Retrieved 2008 05 24 Ames Glenn J 2008 The Globe Encompassed The Age of European Discovery 1500 1700 pp 102 103 Turchin Peter 2009 Secular Cycles Princeton University Press pp 256 257 ISBN 9780691136967 Ricklefs 1991 page 28 History of UST UST edu ph Retrieved December 21 2008 The Tatar Khanate of Crimea Archived from the original on 2016 03 23 Retrieved 2008 06 05 Mark Joshua J Indian Massacre of 1622 World History Encyclopedia Retrieved 2022 09 13 Campbell B C 2008 Disasters accidents and crises in American history A reference guide to the nation s most catastrophic events Infobase Publishing pp 11 12 Rokosz M 1995 History of the Aurochs Bos taurus primigenius in Poland PDF Animal Genetics Resources Information 16 5 12 doi 10 1017 S1014233900004582 Archived from the original PDF on 14 January 2013 Itihas इत ह स History class fourth in Marathi Maharashtra India Pathyapustak nirmiti madal Pune 2019 London museum correct record on general disembowelment by Chhatrapati Shivaji The Tribune Rene Robert Cavelier sieur de La Salle Britannica 30 March 2021 Retrieved 21 March 2021 Alan Macfarlane 1997 The savage wars of peace England Japan and the Malthusian trap Wiley p 64 ISBN 0 631 18117 2 Karen J Cullen 2010 Famine in Scotland The Ill Years of the 1690s Edinburgh University Press p 20 ISBN 0 7486 3887 3Further reading edit nbsp Detail of a 17th century Tekke Turkmen carpet Chang Chun shu and Shelley Hsueh lun Chang Crisis and Transformation in Seventeenth Century China 1998 Langer William An Encyclopedia of World History 5th ed 1973 highly detailed outline of events online free Reid A J S Trade and State Power in 16th amp 17th Century Southeast Asia 1977 Spence J D The Death of Woman Wang Rural Life in China in the 17th Century 1978 Focus on Europe edit Clark George The Seventeenth Century 2nd ed 1945 Hampshire Stuart The Age of Reason the 17th Century Philosophers Selected with Introduction and Interpretive Commentary 1961 Hugon Cecile 1997 1911 Social Conditions in 17th Century France 1649 1652 In Halsall Paul ed Social France in the XVII Century London Methuen pp 171 172 189 ISBN 9780548161944 Archived from the original on 23 August 2016 Retrieved 7 August 2021 Lewitter Lucian Ryszard Poland the Ukraine and Russia in the 17th Century The Slavonic and East European Review 1948 157 171 in JSTOR Ogg David Europe in the Seventeenth Century 6th ed 1965 Rowbotham Sheila Hidden from history Rediscovering women in history from the 17th century to the present 1976 Trevor Roper Hugh R The general crisis of the 17th century Past amp Present 16 1959 31 64 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to 17th century Vistorica Timelines of 17th century events science culture and persons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 17th century amp oldid 1222714204, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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