The Nippo Jisho (日葡辞書, literally the "Japanese–Portuguese Dictionary") or Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam (Vocabulário da Língua do Japão in modern Portuguese; "Vocabulary of the Language of Japan" in English) is a Japanese to Portuguese dictionary compiled by Jesuit missionaries and published in Nagasaki, Japan, in 1603. Containing entries for 32,293 Japanese words with explanations in Portuguese, it was the first dictionary of Japanese to a European language. The original publication uses the Latin alphabet exclusively, without Japanese characters.
Only four copies of the original 1603 edition exist. Facsimile editions were published in Japan in 1960 by Iwanami Shoten and again in 1973 and 1975 by Benseisha. The Benseisha reproduction is generally considered the clearer and more legible. A 1630 translation into Spanish published in Manila, an 1869 translation into French, and a 1980 translation into Japanese (by Iwanami Shoten) also exist. No translation into English has been made.
The Society of Jesus (commonly known as the Jesuits), with the cooperation of Japanese people, compiled the dictionary over several years. They intended it to serve the need of missionaries for language study and research. The Portuguese priest João Rodrigues is supposed to have been the main organizer of the project and its editor: having already published works like Arte da Lingoa de Iapam (Arte da Língua do Japão in modern Portuguese; "Art of the Language of Japan" in English) and Arte breue da lingoa Iapoa (Arte breve da Língua Japonesa in modern Portuguese; "Brief Art of the Japanese Language" in English) explaining the Japanese language for missionaries, he was known among the Portuguese community as having the highest proficiency in Japanese.
Structure
The approximately 32,000 entries are arranged alphabetically. Each word is displayed in the Latin alphabet according to Portuguese conventions of the late sixteenth century, and explained in Portuguese.
The dictionary's primary purpose was to teach missionaries spoken Japanese. As needed, the authors identify such things as regional dialect, written and spoken forms, women's and children's language, elegant and vulgar words, and Buddhist vocabulary. Many of these words had never been written in any known text before the Nippo Jisho was published. The system of romanization used by the Nippo Jisho also reflects the phonetics of 16th-century Japanese (Late Middle Japanese), which is not identical to modern Japanese. Both these points provide present-day linguists valuable insight into the Japanese language of the Sengoku period of Japanese history and how it has evolved into its modern form. The dictionary also yields information on rhyming words, individual pronunciation, meaning, usage, names of plants and animals, popular phrases, and customs of the times.
Because this dictionary contains the earliest known written example of many words, Japanese language dictionaries often cite it as a primary source, such as the 14-volume Nihon Kokugo Daijiten (Japanese: 日本国語大辞典), known in English as "Shogakukan's Japanese Dictionary", published by Shogakukan.
Regional differences between Kyūshū and Kyoto speech are often noted, with preference given to the latter. "Qinchacu." (modern kinchaku巾着) A purse carried in the sash. In Ximo (Shimo, present-day Kyūshū) it is called "Fōzō" (modern hōzō 宝蔵).
In this example the syllable modernly romanized as ki (き) was transcribed 'qi', ku (く) as 'cu', and the modern syllable group ha, hi, fu, he and ho (はひふへほ) were transcribed 'fa', 'fi', 'fu', 'fe', and 'fo' respectively. Also the syllable o (を) was written 'vo', tsu (つ) was 'tçu', shi (し) was 'xi', and e (え) was sometimes 'ye'. To what extent these particular spellings reflect how Japanese was actually pronounced in the 16th century is of great interest to scholars of Japanese historical linguistics.
Other examples:
The name of the country, 日本, was written nifon, nippon, and iippon.
The capital city, 京都 (present-day Kyoto), was written cami (probably pronounced "kami", lit. "upper") while Kyūshū was written as ximo (probably pronounced "shimo", lit. "lower").
The term meaning "the first call of birds in spring" was spelled fatçu coye (modern "hatsu koe" 初声).
Spring warbler was spelled faru uguysu (modern "haru uguisu" 春鶯).
The word 侍 (samurai) referred to a noble, whereas the word 武士 (bushi) referred to a warrior.
The word 進退 (pronounced shintai in present-day Japanese) was listed as shindai; 抜群 (batsugun) was bakkun
Michael Cooper (Winter 1976). "Review: The Nippo Jisho". Monumenta Nipponica. 31 (4): 417–430. doi:10.2307/2384310. JSTOR 2384310.
Tadao Doi (1980). Hōyaku Nippo Jisho. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten. ISBN4-00-080021-3.
May 06, 2023
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This article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations May 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Nippo Jisho 日葡辞書 literally the Japanese Portuguese Dictionary or Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam Vocabulario da Lingua do Japao in modern Portuguese Vocabulary of the Language of Japan in English is a Japanese to Portuguese dictionary compiled by Jesuit missionaries and published in Nagasaki Japan in 1603 Containing entries for 32 293 Japanese words with explanations in Portuguese it was the first dictionary of Japanese to a European language The original publication uses the Latin alphabet exclusively without Japanese characters Frontispiece Only four copies of the original 1603 edition exist Facsimile editions were published in Japan in 1960 by Iwanami Shoten and again in 1973 and 1975 by Benseisha The Benseisha reproduction is generally considered the clearer and more legible A 1630 translation into Spanish published in Manila an 1869 translation into French and a 1980 translation into Japanese by Iwanami Shoten also exist No translation into English has been made Contents 1 Compilation 2 Structure 3 Examples 4 See also 5 ReferencesCompilation EditThe Society of Jesus commonly known as the Jesuits with the cooperation of Japanese people compiled the dictionary over several years They intended it to serve the need of missionaries for language study and research The Portuguese priest Joao Rodrigues is supposed to have been the main organizer of the project and its editor having already published works like Arte da Lingoa de Iapam Arte da Lingua do Japao in modern Portuguese Art of the Language of Japan in English and Arte breue da lingoa Iapoa Arte breve da Lingua Japonesa in modern Portuguese Brief Art of the Japanese Language in English explaining the Japanese language for missionaries he was known among the Portuguese community as having the highest proficiency in Japanese Structure EditThe approximately 32 000 entries are arranged alphabetically Each word is displayed in the Latin alphabet according to Portuguese conventions of the late sixteenth century and explained in Portuguese The dictionary s primary purpose was to teach missionaries spoken Japanese As needed the authors identify such things as regional dialect written and spoken forms women s and children s language elegant and vulgar words and Buddhist vocabulary Many of these words had never been written in any known text before the Nippo Jisho was published The system of romanization used by the Nippo Jisho also reflects the phonetics of 16th century Japanese Late Middle Japanese which is not identical to modern Japanese Both these points provide present day linguists valuable insight into the Japanese language of the Sengoku period of Japanese history and how it has evolved into its modern form The dictionary also yields information on rhyming words individual pronunciation meaning usage names of plants and animals popular phrases and customs of the times Because this dictionary contains the earliest known written example of many words Japanese language dictionaries often cite it as a primary source such as the 14 volume Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Japanese 日本国語大辞典 known in English as Shogakukan s Japanese Dictionary published by Shogakukan Examples EditThe creators of the Nippo Jisho devised a system of transcription for the 16th century Japanese language with contemporary Portuguese Roman letters Take the following example from Michael Cooper s review of the Jisho in the journal Monumenta Nipponica in 1976 Regional differences between Kyushu and Kyoto speech are often noted with preference given to the latter Qinchacu modern kinchaku 巾着 A purse carried in the sash In Ximo Shimo present day Kyushu it is called Fōzō modern hōzō 宝蔵 In this example the syllable modernly romanized as ki き was transcribed qi ku く as cu and the modern syllable group ha hi fu he and ho はひふへほ were transcribed fa fi fu fe and fo respectively Also the syllable o を was written vo tsu つ was tcu shi し was xi and e え was sometimes ye To what extent these particular spellings reflect how Japanese was actually pronounced in the 16th century is of great interest to scholars of Japanese historical linguistics Other examples The name of the country 日本 was written nifon nippon and iippon The capital city 京都 present day Kyoto was written cami probably pronounced kami lit upper while Kyushu was written as ximo probably pronounced shimo lit lower The term meaning the first call of birds in spring was spelled fatcu coye modern hatsu koe 初声 Spring warbler was spelled faru uguysu modern haru uguisu 春鶯 The word 侍 samurai referred to a noble whereas the word 武士 bushi referred to a warrior The word 進退 pronounced shintai in present day Japanese was listed as shindai 抜群 batsugun was bakkun The word rorirori meant unsettled from fright See also EditRakuyōshu Japanese dictionaries Romanization of Japanese Late Middle JapaneseReferences EditMichael Cooper Winter 1976 Review The Nippo Jisho Monumenta Nipponica 31 4 417 430 doi 10 2307 2384310 JSTOR 2384310 Tadao Doi 1980 Hōyaku Nippo Jisho Tōkyō Iwanami Shoten ISBN 4 00 080021 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nippo Jisho amp oldid 1150430103, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
