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Sayula Popoluca

April 18, 2024

Sayula Popoluca, also called Sayultec, is a Mixe language spoken by around 5,000 indigenous people in and around the town of Sayula de Alemán in the southern part of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Almost all published research on the language has been the work of Lawrence E. Clark of the Summer Institute of Linguistics. More recent studies of Sayula Popoluca have been conducted by Dennis Holt (lexico-semantics) and Richard A. Rhodes (morphology and syntax), but few of their findings have been published.

Sayula Popoluca
Sayultec
Native toMexico
RegionVeracruz
Native speakers
4,800 (2020 census)[1]
Mixe–Zoque
Language codes
ISO 639-3pos
Glottologsayu1241
ELPSayula Popoluca
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Etymology edit

Popoluca is the Castilian alteration of the Nahuatl word popoloca, meaning 'barbarians' or 'people speaking a foreign language'.[2] In Mexico, the name Popoluca is a traditional name for various Mixe-Zoquean languages, and the name Popoloca is a traditional name for a totally unrelated language belonging to the Oto-Manguean languages.

Natively it is known as yamay ajw 'local language' or tʉcmay-ajw 'language of the home'.[2]

Phonology edit

/s/ is only found in Spanish loans.

Front Central Back
High i, iː, iʔ ɨ, ɨː, ɨʔ u, uː, uʔ
Mid e, eː, eʔ o, oː, oʔ
Low a, aː, aʔ

Sayula vowels are short, long, and broken (i.e. glottalized, represented here as Vʔ).

There are two systems of orthography in the published literature.

  • Clark (1961, 1995) uses some Spanish orthographic principles. /h/ is spelled ⟨j⟩. /j/ is spelled ⟨y⟩. /ʔ/ is spelled ⟨ꞌ⟩. /ʃ/ is spelled ⟨s̈⟩. /tʃ/ is spelled ⟨ch⟩. /k/ is spelled ⟨qu⟩ before /i/ and /e/, and ⟨c⟩ elsewhere. Similarly /g/ is spelled ⟨gu⟩ before /i/ and /e/, and ⟨g⟩ elsewhere. Syllable final /w/ is spelled ⟨u⟩. /ɨ/ is spelled ⟨ʉ⟩. Vowel length is indicated by an underline. Unassimilated Spanish loans are spelled as in Spanish.
  • Clark (1983) uses an orthography closer to IPA, but as in the other orthography /ɨ/ is spelled ⟨ʉ⟩, and /ʔ/ is spelled ⟨ꞌ⟩. /s/ is ⟨š⟩. /ts/ is spelled ⟨c⟩. /tʃ/ is spelled ⟨č⟩. Length is spelled ⟨꞉⟩.

The orthography of Clark (1983) is used here.

Morphology edit

Sayula Popoluca verbs are inflected for person and number of subject and object, for aspect, and for the difference between independent and dependent.

Intransitive independent
'walk' imperfective perfective future
yoꞌy -p -w -áh
1sg tʉ- tʉyóꞌyp tʉyóꞌyw tʉyòꞌyáh
2sg mi- miyóꞌyp miyóꞌyw miyòꞌyáh
3rd Ø yóꞌyp yóꞌyw yòꞌyáh
1 excl tʉ- -ga tʉyóꞌygap tʉyóꞌygaw tʉyòꞌygáh
1 incl na- -ga nayóꞌygap nayóꞌygaw nayòꞌygáh
2pl mi- -ga miyóꞌygap miyóꞌygaw miyòꞌygáh
3pl -ga yóꞌygap yóꞌygaw yòꞌygáh

Dependency is marked by the allomorphy of the aspect markers, as shown in the following paradigm.

Intransitive dependent
'walk' imperfective perfective future
yoꞌy -Ø -h -wáꞌn
1sg tʉ- tʉyóꞌy tʉyóꞌhy tʉyòꞌywáꞌn
2sg ꞌin- ꞌinyóꞌy ꞌinyóꞌhy ꞌinyòꞌywáꞌn
3rd ꞌi- ꞌiyóꞌy ꞌiyóꞌhy ꞌiyòꞌywáꞌn
1 excl tʉ- -ga tʉyóꞌyga tʉyóꞌygah tʉyòꞌywáꞌn
1 incl na- -ga nayóꞌyga nayóꞌygah nayòꞌygawáꞌn
2pl ꞌin- -ga ꞌinyóꞌyga ꞌinyóꞌygah ꞌinyòꞌygawáꞌn
3pl ꞌi- -ga ꞌiyóꞌyga ꞌiyóꞌygah ꞌiyòꞌygawáꞌn

Sayula Popoluca marks agreement in transitive clause in an inverse system (Tatsumi, 2013). Speech Act Participants (SAP) 1EXCL, 1INCL, and 2 outrank 3. There is a separate system in which a topical 3rd person (PROXIMATE) outranks a non-topical 3rd person (OBVIATIVE). The pattern of person marking is given in Table I (adapted from Tatsumi, 2013:88).

Independent Transitive person markers
Object SAP Non-SAP
Subject 1EXCL 1INCL 2 3PROX 3OBV
1EXCL tʉ= tʉn=
SAP 1INCL na=
2 ꞌiš= in=
Non-SAP 3PROX tʉ=š- na=š- ꞌi=š- ꞌi=
3OBV ꞌigi=

Table I

The inverse system is also reflected in the form of the plural marker. In the case in which a higher ranking singular acts on a lower ranking plural, the plural marker is -kʉš-, elsewhere the plural is as in the singular, -ka-. An example paradigm is given below:

Transitive independent
imperfective sg object pl object
yu꞉giy- 'cure' 1 2 3 1excl 1incl 2 3
sg

subj

1 — tʉyu꞉gip tʉnyu꞉gip — — tʉyu꞉gigʉšp tʉnyu꞉gigʉšp
2 ꞌišyu꞉gip — ꞌinyu꞉gip ꞌišyu꞉gigap — — ꞌinyu꞉gigʉšp
3 tʉšyu꞉gip ꞌišyu꞉gip ꞌiyu꞉gip tʉšyu꞉gigap našyu꞉gigap ꞌišyu꞉gigap ꞌiyu꞉gigʉšp
ꞌigiyu꞉gip ꞌigiyu꞉gigap

Inversion affects he allomorphy of both the person marking and the aspect marking (Clark (1961:195) with the result that the inverse forms have no distinct dependent form.

Transitive dependent
imperfective sg object pl object
yu꞉giy- 'cure' 1 2 3 1excl 1incl 2 3
sg

subj

1 — tʉyu꞉giy tʉšyu꞉giy — — tʉyu꞉gigʉš tʉšyu꞉gigʉš
2 ꞌišyu꞉gip — ꞌišyu꞉giy ꞌišyu꞉gigap — — ꞌišyu꞉gigʉš
3 tʉšyu꞉gip ꞌišyu꞉gip ꞌigiyu꞉giy tʉšyu꞉gigap našyu꞉gigap ꞌišyu꞉gigap ꞌigiyu꞉gigʉš
ꞌigiyu꞉gip ꞌigiyu꞉gigap

Notes edit

  1. ^ Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020 INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
  2. ^ a b Sistema de Información Cultural (2007)

Bibliography edit

  • Clark, Lawrence E. 1959. "Phoneme classes in Sayula Popoluca." Studies in Linguistics 14:25-33.
  • Clark, Lawrence E. 1961. "Sayula Popoluca Texts, with Grammatical Outline". Linguistic Series, 6. Norman, Oklahoma: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.
  • Clark, Lawrence E. 1962. "Sayula Popoluca Morpho-Syntax. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 28(3):183-198.
  • Clark, Lawrence E. 1977. "Linguistic Acculturation in Sayula Popoluca." ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 43(2):128-138.
  • Clark, Lawrence E. 1983. "Sayula Popoluca Verb Derivation". Amerindian Series, 8. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Clark, Lawrence E. 1995. Vocabulario popoluca de Sayula: Veracruz, México. Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves", 104. Tucson: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
  • Holt, Dennis. 1998. Review of Vocabulario popoluca de Sayula: Veracruz, México. By Lawrence E. Clark. Language 74.2:438-40.
  • Holt, Dennis. 2002. "Poemo Sayula Popoluca". The Third Page. [1]
  • Sistema de Información Cultural, Government of Mexico. 26 January 2007. Mixe–popoluca de Oluta, Mixe–popoluca de Sayula
  • Tatsumi, Tomoko. 2013. Inversion in Sayula Popoluca. 言語研究（Gengo Kenkyu）144: 83–101.


 

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April 18, 2024
sayula, popoluca, also, called, sayultec, mixe, language, spoken, around, indigenous, people, around, town, sayula, alemán, southern, part, state, veracruz, mexico, almost, published, research, language, been, work, lawrence, clark, summer, institute, linguist. Sayula Popoluca also called Sayultec is a Mixe language spoken by around 5 000 indigenous people in and around the town of Sayula de Aleman in the southern part of the state of Veracruz Mexico Almost all published research on the language has been the work of Lawrence E Clark of the Summer Institute of Linguistics More recent studies of Sayula Popoluca have been conducted by Dennis Holt lexico semantics and Richard A Rhodes morphology and syntax but few of their findings have been published Sayula PopolucaSayultecNative toMexicoRegionVeracruzNative speakers4 800 2020 census 1 Language familyMixe Zoque MixeanSayula PopolucaLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code pos class extiw title iso639 3 pos pos a Glottologsayu1241ELPSayula PopolucaThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Contents 1 Etymology 2 Phonology 3 Morphology 4 Notes 5 BibliographyEtymology editPopoluca is the Castilian alteration of the Nahuatl word popoloca meaning barbarians or people speaking a foreign language 2 In Mexico the name Popoluca is a traditional name for various Mixe Zoquean languages and the name Popoloca is a traditional name for a totally unrelated language belonging to the Oto Manguean languages Natively it is known as yamay ajw local language or tʉcmay ajw language of the home 2 Phonology editBilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar GlottalPlosives voiceless p t k ʔvoiced b d ɡFricatives s ʃ hAffricates ts tʃNasals m nRhotics ɾ rApproximants w l j s is only found in Spanish loans Front Central BackHigh i iː iʔ ɨ ɨː ɨʔ u uː uʔMid e eː eʔ o oː oʔLow a aː aʔSayula vowels are short long and broken i e glottalized represented here as Vʔ There are two systems of orthography in the published literature Clark 1961 1995 uses some Spanish orthographic principles h is spelled j j is spelled y ʔ is spelled ꞌ ʃ is spelled s tʃ is spelled ch k is spelled qu before i and e and c elsewhere Similarly g is spelled gu before i and e and g elsewhere Syllable final w is spelled u ɨ is spelled ʉ Vowel length is indicated by an underline Unassimilated Spanish loans are spelled as in Spanish Clark 1983 uses an orthography closer to IPA but as in the other orthography ɨ is spelled ʉ and ʔ is spelled ꞌ s is s ts is spelled c tʃ is spelled c Length is spelled The orthography of Clark 1983 is used here Morphology editSayula Popoluca verbs are inflected for person and number of subject and object for aspect and for the difference between independent and dependent Intransitive independent walk imperfective perfective futureyoꞌy p w ah1sg tʉ tʉyoꞌyp tʉyoꞌyw tʉyoꞌyah2sg mi miyoꞌyp miyoꞌyw miyoꞌyah3rd O yoꞌyp yoꞌyw yoꞌyah1 excl tʉ ga tʉyoꞌygap tʉyoꞌygaw tʉyoꞌygah1 incl na ga nayoꞌygap nayoꞌygaw nayoꞌygah2pl mi ga miyoꞌygap miyoꞌygaw miyoꞌygah3pl ga yoꞌygap yoꞌygaw yoꞌygahDependency is marked by the allomorphy of the aspect markers as shown in the following paradigm Intransitive dependent walk imperfective perfective futureyoꞌy O h waꞌn1sg tʉ tʉyoꞌy tʉyoꞌhy tʉyoꞌywaꞌn2sg ꞌin ꞌinyoꞌy ꞌinyoꞌhy ꞌinyoꞌywaꞌn3rd ꞌi ꞌiyoꞌy ꞌiyoꞌhy ꞌiyoꞌywaꞌn1 excl tʉ ga tʉyoꞌyga tʉyoꞌygah tʉyoꞌywaꞌn1 incl na ga nayoꞌyga nayoꞌygah nayoꞌygawaꞌn2pl ꞌin ga ꞌinyoꞌyga ꞌinyoꞌygah ꞌinyoꞌygawaꞌn3pl ꞌi ga ꞌiyoꞌyga ꞌiyoꞌygah ꞌiyoꞌygawaꞌnSayula Popoluca marks agreement in transitive clause in an inverse system Tatsumi 2013 Speech Act Participants SAP 1EXCL 1INCL and 2 outrank 3 There is a separate system in which a topical 3rd person PROXIMATE outranks a non topical 3rd person OBVIATIVE The pattern of person marking is given in Table I adapted from Tatsumi 2013 88 Independent Transitive person markersObject SAP Non SAPSubject 1EXCL 1INCL 2 3PROX 3OBV1EXCL tʉ tʉn SAP 1INCL na 2 ꞌis in Non SAP 3PROX tʉ s na s ꞌi s ꞌi 3OBV ꞌigi Table IThe inverse system is also reflected in the form of the plural marker In the case in which a higher ranking singular acts on a lower ranking plural the plural marker is kʉs elsewhere the plural is as in the singular ka An example paradigm is given below Transitive independentimperfective sg object pl objectyu giy cure 1 2 3 1excl 1incl 2 3sg subj 1 tʉyu gip tʉnyu gip tʉyu gigʉsp tʉnyu gigʉsp2 ꞌisyu gip ꞌinyu gip ꞌisyu gigap ꞌinyu gigʉsp3 tʉsyu gip ꞌisyu gip ꞌiyu gip tʉsyu gigap nasyu gigap ꞌisyu gigap ꞌiyu gigʉspꞌigiyu gip ꞌigiyu gigapInversion affects he allomorphy of both the person marking and the aspect marking Clark 1961 195 with the result that the inverse forms have no distinct dependent form Transitive dependentimperfective sg object pl objectyu giy cure 1 2 3 1excl 1incl 2 3sg subj 1 tʉyu giy tʉsyu giy tʉyu gigʉs tʉsyu gigʉs2 ꞌisyu gip ꞌisyu giy ꞌisyu gigap ꞌisyu gigʉs3 tʉsyu gip ꞌisyu gip ꞌigiyu giy tʉsyu gigap nasyu gigap ꞌisyu gigap ꞌigiyu gigʉsꞌigiyu gip ꞌigiyu gigapNotes edit Lenguas indigenas y hablantes de 3 anos y mas 2020 INEGI Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda 2020 a b Sistema de Informacion Cultural 2007 Bibliography editClark Lawrence E 1959 Phoneme classes in Sayula Popoluca Studies in Linguistics 14 25 33 Clark Lawrence E 1961 Sayula Popoluca Texts with Grammatical Outline Linguistic Series 6 Norman Oklahoma Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma Clark Lawrence E 1962 Sayula Popoluca Morpho Syntax International Journal of American Linguistics 28 3 183 198 Clark Lawrence E 1977 Linguistic Acculturation in Sayula Popoluca International Journal of American Linguistics 43 2 128 138 Clark Lawrence E 1983 Sayula Popoluca Verb Derivation Amerindian Series 8 Dallas Texas Summer Institute of Linguistics Clark Lawrence E 1995 Vocabulario popoluca de Sayula Veracruz Mexico Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indigenas Mariano Silva y Aceves 104 Tucson Instituto Linguistico de Verano Holt Dennis 1998 Review of Vocabulario popoluca de Sayula Veracruz Mexico By Lawrence E Clark Language 74 2 438 40 Holt Dennis 2002 Poemo Sayula Popoluca The Third Page 1 Sistema de Informacion Cultural Government of Mexico 26 January 2007 Mixe popoluca de Oluta Mixe popoluca de Sayula Tatsumi Tomoko 2013 Inversion in Sayula Popoluca 言語研究 Gengo Kenkyu 144 83 101 nbsp This article related to the Indigenous languages of the Americas is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sayula Popoluca amp oldid 1218693021, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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