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Pittsburgh synagogue shooting

April 26, 2024

The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting was an antisemitic terrorist attack that took place at the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation[b] synagogue in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The congregation, along with New Light Congregation and Congregation Dor Hadash, which also worshipped in the building, was attacked during Shabbat morning services on October 27, 2018. The perpetrator killed eleven people and wounded six, including several Holocaust survivors. It was the deadliest attack on any Jewish community in the United States.[7][8]

Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
People visit the memorials to victims of the mass shooting outside the Tree of Life synagogue on November 4, 2018
1km
0.6miles
LocationTree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation,
5898 Wilkins Avenue,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Coordinates40°26′37″N 79°55′17″W / 40.44361°N 79.92139°W / 40.44361; -79.92139
DateOctober 27, 2018; 5 years ago (2018-10-27)
9:54 – 11:08 a.m. (EDT)
TargetTree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation
Attack type
Mass shooting, mass murder, domestic terrorism, hate crime, right-wing terrorism[1]
Weapons
Deaths11
Injured7 (including the perpetrator)
PerpetratorRobert Gregory Bowers
MotiveAntisemitism, belief in the white genocide conspiracy theory
VerdictFederal:
Guilty on all counts
Convictions63 federal criminal counts[a]
Charges36 state criminal counts
SentenceFederal:
Death[5]

The perpetrator, identified as 46-year-old Robert Gregory Bowers,[9] was shot multiple times by police and arrested at the scene.[10] Bowers had earlier posted antisemitic comments against HIAS (formerly, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) on the online alt-tech social network Gab.[11][12][13] Dor Hadash[14] had participated in HIAS's National Refugee Shabbat the previous week. Referring to Central American migrant caravans and immigrants, Bowers posted a message on Gab in which he wrote that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[15][16] He was charged with 63 federal crimes, some of which are capital crimes.[10] He pleaded not guilty.[10] On June 16, 2023, he was found guilty on all federal counts, and on August 3, 2023, he was sentenced to death by lethal injection.[17][18][19][20] He separately faces 36 charges in Pennsylvania state court.[21]

Background edit

Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation is a Conservative Jewish synagogue. The synagogue describes itself as a "traditional, progressive, and egalitarian congregation".[22] It is located in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1 mile (1.6 km) east of Carnegie Mellon University and about 5 miles (8.0 km) east of downtown Pittsburgh.[22][23] The Squirrel Hill neighborhood is one of the largest predominantly Jewish neighborhoods in the United States and has historically been the center of Pittsburgh's Jewish community. About 26 percent of the city's Jewish population live in the area.[24][25][26]

Originally founded as an Orthodox Jewish congregation in 1864 in downtown Pittsburgh, by an early group of Jewish immigrants, Tree of Life merged in 2010 with the recently founded Congregation Or L'Simcha.[27] The modern synagogue building, located at the intersection of Wilkins and Shady avenues in Squirrel Hill, was built in 1953. The congregation also rents space to Dor Hadash,[c] a Reconstructionist congregation; and New Light, another Conservative congregation.[28][29][30] The synagogue's main sanctuary has a capacity of 1,250 people.[31]

Squirrel Hill has a low crime rate and is not generally regarded as racially tense. However, local rabbinic student Neal Rosenblum was murdered in the neighborhood in 1986 in an antisemitic hate crime.[32]

This 2018 mass shooting took place soon after Columbia University and the Anti-Defamation League independently reported a spike in antisemitic activity online, especially on the popular social networking platforms Instagram and Twitter.[33][34][35][36] In addition, other antisemitic acts had been committed elsewhere.[37]

The immediate rise in the months of August to October 2018 was attributed to rising tensions associated with advertising for the 2018 U.S. midterm elections.[38] A similar rise in online attacks had occurred during the 2016 US election,[33] with the midterms being a "rallying point" for far-right extremists to organize efforts to spread antisemitism online among the populace.[34] In 2017 there was a 57% rise in antisemitic incidents in the United States,[36][35] in context of rising hate crimes against other groups, including Muslims and African Americans, as reported by the FBI.[36] For instance, hundreds of Jewish gravestones were vandalized in Pennsylvania and Missouri,[34] and antisemitic incidents on university campuses doubled in number.[37]

In August 2017, the widely publicized Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia featured Nazi symbols, salutes, and the slogan "Blood and Soil",[37] among other racist and antisemitic rhetoric. Considerable antisemitic material was being spread online via conspiracy theories about wealthy Jewish individuals, including billionaire George Soros. Columbia University's Jon Albright said that these represented the "worst sample" of all the hate speech he had seen on Instagram.[33]

Shooting edit

At 9:45 a.m. EDT (13:45 UTC), three religious services were underway in the Tree of Life synagogue, which housed three distinct congregations. Tree of Life and New Light had both begun independent Shabbat morning service in the Pervin Chapel[39] and basement, respectively. The Dor Hadash congregants were gathered near the front of the building, prior to their 10:00 a.m. Torah study session.[40]

Five minutes later, a gunman, identified as Robert Bowers and described as a "bearded heavy-set white male", entered the building, opened fire and was "shooting for about 20 minutes."[41] He was armed with a Colt AR-15 semi-automatic rifle (cited by authorities as an "assault rifle")[3] and three Glock .357 SIG semi-automatic pistols, all four of which he fired, according to authorities.[7][21][23][42] There would typically be around 75 people in the building on a Saturday morning.[39] The first two persons shot were two brothers, Cecil and David Rosenthal, at the main entrance, after which Bowers headed downstairs to New Light. Some hearing the shots did not initially recognize them for what they were: Rabbi Jeffrey Myers, located upstairs, thought a coat rack had fallen and clattered.[43] By 9:54, police began receiving multiple calls from people barricaded in the building and reporting the attack.[44][45][46]

At 9:55,[47] Melvin Wax, the leader of New Light's services, hid in a pitch-black closet in the basement. He opened the door of the closet, and Bowers immediately shot him. The latter did not notice the other three congregants who remained in the closet. Two other members of New Light, Gottfried and Stein, were shot and killed in the basement kitchen.[39] Bowers also killed Jerry Rabinowitz of Dor Hadash, a physician who had gone toward the sound of gunshots to see if anyone had been hurt.[39] At 9:57,[47] Bowers left the basement and headed upstairs to the larger Tree of Life service. About 13 worshippers had gathered for the Shabbat service in an upstairs chapel. Myers helped four of them evacuate the chapel through a side door, but eight of the worshippers remained behind. Bowers killed seven of them and wounded the eighth.[39][48] Police sources said Bowers shouted at some point during the attack, "All Jews must die!"[44][49]

At 9:59, police arrived at the synagogue.[45][50] Bowers fired on police from the entryway while apparently departing, and police returned fire, forcing him to retreat into the building.[39][51] A half-hour later, tactical teams entered the building, and Bowers also fired upon them. When officers wounded him in return fire, he retreated to the third floor and hid in a room.[45] He had wounded two officers and two SWAT members, one of them critically.[51] At 11:08, Bowers crawled out of the room and surrendered, having been shot multiple times.[52] As he received medical care in police custody, he allegedly told a SWAT officer that he wanted Jews to die and that Jews were committing genocide against his people.[53]

Victims edit

 
Memorials to victims outside the Tree of Life synagogue
 
Plaque listing the victims' names. By the 9/11 Living Memorial Plaza in Jerusalem

Eleven people were killed,[54][15][55] including three on the ground level and four in the synagogue's basement.[56] Among the dead were two brothers and a married couple.[41][57] At least six others were injured, including four Pittsburgh Police officers.[58][44] Five people were transported to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, four requiring surgery, while one was treated and released by the afternoon. Another victim was transported to UPMC Mercy, while the accused was taken to Allegheny General Hospital.[59] Those killed were:

  • Joyce Fienberg,
  • Richard Gottfried,
  • Rose Mallinger,
  • Jerry Rabinowitz
  • Cecil, & David Rosenthal,
  • Bernice, & Sylvan Simon
  • Daniel Stein,
  • Melvin Wax,
  • Irving Younger,

Seven others who were injured in the incident included three other congregants and four Pittsburgh officers (two patrol officers and two SWAT officers; three by ricocheted gunfire and another by glass fragments).[39]

Perpetrator edit

Robert Gregory Bowers (born September 4, 1972),[9][failed verification] a resident of Baldwin, Pennsylvania, was arrested as the shooter.[60][61][62] Bowers's parents divorced when he was about one year old.[63] His father, Randall Bowers, died by suicide in October 1979 at the age of 26 while he was awaiting trial on a rape charge,[64] when Bowers was 7 years old.[63][64][65] Bowers's mother remarried, with the family living in Florida before the couple separated one year later.[63]

Upon their return to Pennsylvania, Robert and his mother lived with his mother's parents in Whitehall, a suburb of Pittsburgh. His maternal grandparents took responsibility for raising him because his mother suffered from health problems.[63] Bowers attended Baldwin High School in the Baldwin-Whitehall School District from August 1986 to November 1989. He dropped out of high school before graduation and worked as a trucker.[66][67] Neighbors described Bowers as "a ghost" who rarely interacted with others.[60]

According to accounts which were given by Bowers's coworkers, and analysis of his recent social media posts, his conservatism became radicalized as white nationalism; at one point Bowers was fascinated by the right-wing radio host Jim Quinn.[68] At a later time he became a follower of "aggressive online provocateurs of the right wing's fringe."[69] He was deeply involved in posting comments on social media websites such as Gab and he also promoted antisemitic conspiracy theories on them.[70] Bowers routinely discussed a conspiracy theory that Jews were assisting "evil Muslims" to take over the United States together.[71]

Gab has been described as friendly to neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and the alt-right.[72] Bowers registered his Gab profile in January 2018 under the handle "onedingo"; he described his account by the following: "Jews are the children of Satan (John 8:44). The Lord Jesus Christ [has] come in the flesh." The cover picture was a photo with the number 1488, which is used by neo-Nazis and white supremacists to evoke David Lane's "Fourteen Words" and the Nazi slogan Heil Hitler. Bowers published posts that supported the white genocide conspiracy theory, such as one that said, "Daily Reminder: Diversity means chasing down the last white person".[73] Bowers said that supporters of the QAnon conspiracy theory were "deluded" and being tricked.[74][75][76]

Bowers was very active on social media, posting his own similar antisemitic and racist rants. He often re-posted content by other similarly minded users, such as Patrick Little, who expressed antisemitic, neo-Nazi, white nationalist/supremacist thoughts and denied the Holocaust. In addition, he reposted comments in support of the four men behind the beating of DeAndre Harris and the Southern California-based alt-right fight club Rise Above Movement (RAM) in the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. RAM was later arrested by the FBI and convicted at trial for violence against counter-demonstrators. Bowers also posted comments in support of the "Western chauvinist" Proud Boys led by Gavin McInnes, who were arrested the same month for engaging in a fight with Antifa outside the Metropolitan Republican Club in New York City.[77][78][79][80][81][82]

His posts on Gab mentioned that he was initially a supporter of US president Donald Trump.[77] Bowers felt that Trump was not extreme enough, and he criticized him as "globalist, not a nationalist"[83] and for supposedly being surrounded by and controlled by Jews.[84]

Bowers also denounced African Americans with racial slurs and images which are related to lynchings, and he also denounced white women who have relationships with black men.[85] He used his online accounts to post conspiracy theories regarding philanthropist George Soros.[86] The Times said that security sources had alleged that Bowers had links to the far-right and neo-Nazis in the United Kingdom.[87]

A month before the attack, Bowers posted photos of results of his target practice. He also posted a photo of his three handguns, calling them his "glock family".[80] In the post, he identified the .357 SIG handguns as Glock 31, Glock 32, and Glock 33.[79]

Bowers coordinated with Brad Griffin (aka Hunter Wallace) of Occidental Dissent, an alt-right associated blogger and member of League of the South on doxxing an unidentified left-wing blogger. Bowers wrote "that address is not the most current for him. I can get you the most recent outside of gab".[88] League of the South was one of the organizations that participated in the Unite the Right Rally in Charlottesville.[88]

In the weeks before the shooting, Bowers made antisemitic posts directed at the HIAS-sponsored[12][13] National Refugee Shabbat[89] of October 19–20, in which Dor Hadash[14] participated. He claimed Jews were aiding members of Central American caravans moving toward the United States border and referred to those migrants as "invaders".[11] Shortly before the attack, he posted on Gab that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[15][90][62] According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, "the mention of 'optics' references a disagreement that has raged within the white nationalist movement since the Unite the Right rally in 2017 about how best to get their message across to the general public".[91]

After the shooting, Gab suspended Bowers's profile and pledged to cooperate with the criminal investigation.[74][82] Shortly after the attack, PayPal, Stripe, Joyent, and Medium pulled their support for Gab, and GoDaddy, under which the Gab domains were registered, required Gab to relocate their domain name hosting to a different service, effectively shutting Gab down in the short term.[92]

Criminal charges and proceedings edit

Federal criminal proceedings edit

Indictment and pretrial proceedings edit

Bowers was charged by the U.S. Department of Justice with 29 federal crimes.[21][93]

Bowers appeared in federal court in Pittsburgh on October 29, 2018, and was ordered held without bail pending trial.[94] Two days later, Bowers was indicted on 44 counts by a federal grand jury. The charges carry a maximum penalty of death or 535 years in federal prison.[95] The counts included hate crimes,[96] 11 counts of obstruction of exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death, 11 counts of use of a firearm to commit murder during a crime of violence, four counts of obstruction of exercise of religious beliefs resulting in bodily injury to a public safety officer, and three counts of use and discharge of a firearm during a crime of violence.[41][93][97][98] On November 1, 2018, Bowers entered a plea of not guilty.[99]

On January 29, 2019, the grand jury indicted Bowers on an additional 19 counts, 13 of which were for hate crimes.[100] On February 11, 2019, Bowers was arraigned in federal court.[10]

Bowers's defense team includes two public defenders plus well-known criminal defense attorney Judy Clarke, a death penalty expert who was appointed by the court as co-counsel for the defendant.[10][101] The defense offered a plea deal in which Bowers would plead guilty in exchange for a sentence of life imprisonment without parole; federal prosecutors declined, seeking the death penalty instead.[101][102][103]

The trial date was not set until various pretrial motions were resolved.[103][104] In April 2020, Senior U.S. District Judge Donetta Ambrose denied a defense challenge to the federal death penalty.[101] In October 2020, Judge Ambrose denied a defense motion to dismiss charges brought under the Hate Crimes Prevention Act and Church Arson Prevention Act.[101] In November 2021, the defense decided that it would not pursue an insanity defense or intellectual disability defense.[105] In January 2022, after holding an earlier evidentiary hearing, Judge Ambrose denied Bowers's motion to suppress evidence of statements he made after being arrested by police, inside an ambulance, and at the hospital the day of the attack.[106]

After Judge Ambrose retired in February 2022, the case was randomly reassigned to U.S. District Judge Robert J. Colville.[107] In March 2022, Colville denied Bowers's motion for a change of venue.[108]

Trial edit

In September 2022, Judge Colville set the trial to begin in April 2023, rejecting a bid by the defense to delay the trial until December 2023.[109] In March 2023, members of the jury pool began completing questionnaires.[110] The jury selection process began on April 24 with twelve jurors and six alternates being selected.[111][112]

The trial began May 30, 2023.[113][114] Prosecutors called sixty witnesses, while the defense did not call any witnesses.[115] The witnesses who testified included survivors of the attack, including congregants and Rabbi Jeffrey Myers.[115] Evidence presented to the jury included recordings of 9-1-1 calls as the attacks unfolded (including from some of the people killed), and testimony from police officers who ultimately subdued the gunman; from expert witnesses on medicine, guns, and computers; from the FBI agents and police detectives who investigated the case; from a paramedic who responded to the scene; and from the director of the Allegheny County Medical Examiner's Office.[115][116] Photographs were also introduced as evidence,[115] including photos of exhaustively documented bloodstains, bullet fragments, and shell casings, and police body-worn camera footage was also shown to the jury.[116] Bowers's antisemitic social media posts were also introduced as evidence.[117] After 11 days of testimony, prosecutors told the jury in closing argument that Bowers had made "cold, calculated, deliberate choices" in the shooting.[117] Bowers's defense counsel conceded that he had fatally shot all the victims, but argued that there was doubt as to his specific intent: "why he did what he did and what he thought he would accomplish by doing so."[117]

On June 16, 2023, 50-year-old Bowers was found guilty on all 63 federal charges, including 11 counts of obstructing the free exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death; the jury rendered its verdict after five hours of deliberation over two days.[118]

Sentencing phase edit

The sentencing phase began on June 16, 2023, with the jury hearing arguments to decide if Bowers should be sentenced to death or life without parole. Bowers's defense lawyers sought to persuade the jury that Bowers had significant brain damage[119] and was influenced by mental illness or delusions.[120][121] By contrast, prosecutors emphasized evidence showing that Bowers had extensively planned his attack and was motivated by antisemitism,[119][120] as shown in his numerous rants on social media and statements to police after the attack.[121]

Three University of Pittsburgh Medical Center physicians (two radiologists and a neurologist) testified about their review of brain-imaging tests (an EEG, PET, and MRI) of Bowers in 2021 and 2022.[119] They found the tests to be largely normal.[119][121] Two defense experts, by contrast, testified that they believed Bowers "had significant brain damage that could be correlated with schizophrenia" and could affect behavior.[119] A separate defense expert, a University of North Texas forensic psychologist, testified on his opinions from 20 hours of examination of Bowers over four days in 2022. He testified that Bowers was "proud" of his attack, expressed regret that more people were not slain, and thought that he deserved medals and a parade.[120] The psychologist opined that Bowers is "blatantly psychotic" and suffers from schizophrenia, but agreed on cross-examination that he was "goal-oriented" and planned the attack as much as six months in advance.[120] Separately, a neurologist who examined Bowers in 2021 testified as a defense expert, opining that Bowers had schizophrenia and epilepsy.[121] On cross-examination, the defense neurologist acknowledged that Bowers was not "incapable" of plotting the shootings, but testified that "his reasons for planning it out are unreliable in his brain."[121] The defense presented evidence of Bowers's lengthy history of serious mental illness, including multiple suicide attempts since his teenage years, an incident in which he "threw flammable liquid on his mother and tried to ignite it" at age thirteen, and three instances of involuntary commitment, the latest in 2004.[121]

At the request of the defense, the sentencing phase was split into two parts (each with its own opening statements, closing arguments and jury decision): (1) whether Bowers was eligible to be sentenced to death and (2) the selection of the sentence. On July 13, 2023, after two hours of deliberation, the jury found that Bowers was eligible for a death sentence.[122] After making further deliberation on sentence for two days, the federal jury issued a unanimous decision to sentence Bowers to the death penalty on August 2.[123] Bowers was the first criminal to be sentenced to death by the US federal government during the presidency of Joe Biden.[124][125]

On August 3, 2023, Bowers was formally sentenced to death.[126] On August 26, 2023, Bowers was transferred to the custody of the Federal Bureau of Prisons and placed on death row at United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute.[127]

State criminal proceedings edit

Bowers was also charged with 36 state criminal counts, including 11 counts of criminal homicide, six counts of aggravated assault, six counts of attempted criminal homicide, and 13 counts of ethnic intimidation.[21] The state charges were held in abeyance pending the federal trial.[96]

Reactions edit

United States edit

National edit

 
Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf makes a statement about the shooting. Pittsburgh Mayor Bill Peduto stands listening in the striped tie.

President Donald Trump, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf, Braddock Mayor John Fetterman, and Pittsburgh City Councilman Corey O'Connor released statements about the incident through Twitter. Trump called the shooting a wicked, antisemitic act of "pure evil."[58] He also opined that the shooting was preventable: "If there was an armed guard inside the temple, they would have been able to stop him".[128][129][130] Trump suggested cases such as this call for the death penalty.[130]

Cecilia Wang of the American Civil Liberties Union said the attack, along with other recent unrest, was inspired by elements of Trump's rhetoric.[131] Vice President Mike Pence denied any such connection in an NBC News interview that night.[132][133] Over 2,000 people, including many from the local Jewish community, protested against Trump's visit to the synagogue site, chanting "words have meaning", and carrying signs with such slogans as "We build bridges, not walls".[134]

From October 27 to 31, all U.S. flags on public and military grounds were flown at half-staff in memory of the victims.[135]

On the Friday following the shooting, David Shribman, executive editor of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, ran the opening of the Hebrew-Aramaic kaddish, often called the Jewish mourner's prayer, as a full-width front-page headline.[136]

Jewish security edit

The aftermath of the shooting included arguably the most ambitious and comprehensive effort ever taken to protect Jewish life in the United States, according to the New York Times. In addition to bringing in $100 million in federal grants through the Nonprofit Security Grant Program (NGSP), the Jewish Federations of North America raised $62 million to secure every Jewish community in North America, overseen by the Secure Community Network. By 2023, 93 Jewish federations had full-time security directors, a more than four-fold increase over the previous 5 years.[137]

The next year, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed Act 83 of 2019 to establish the state's Nonprofit Security Grant Fund, a state-level version of the NGSP. Initially, $5 million in grant funding was available. After an increase in antisemitism during the Israel-Hamas war in 2023, the General Assembly increased the available funding to $10 million.[138] In the 5 years since its inception, the fund distributed $25 million to synagogues, mosques, and other nonprofit organizations.[139]

Local edit

 
Carnegie Mellon University lowered the American flag to half-staff to mourn the victims.
 
People gathered again at the intersection of Forbes and Murray Avenues in front of the Sixth Presbyterian Church on October 30. On the same day, Trump visited Pittsburgh in response to the shooting incident.[140]

Immediately after the shooting, the campus of Carnegie Mellon University was placed on lockdown and all university-sponsored activities were cancelled for the day.[30] At the same time residents were advised by police to remain in their homes and stay off the streets.[56]

An unusually large proportion of the Pittsburgh Jewish community from all denominations participated in local Jewish rituals related to death and mourning. Jewish tradition requires a person to guard a corpse until it is buried. Shomrim (volunteer guards) took one-hour shifts at the Pittsburgh morgue until the bodies were moved to funeral homes. The Atlantic reported that "most of the volunteers appeared to be Orthodox, but they felt strong solidarity with the liberal communities that were directly affected by the shooting."[141]

Members of the Pittsburgh Steelers attended the joint funeral service for the Rosenthal brothers on Tuesday, October 30, when NFL teams are traditionally off. The brothers, who were intellectually disabled, had a sister who is a former employee of the team.[142]

During the long wait for a trial, members of the Pittsburgh congregations received interfaith support and solidarity from black church and American Sikh communities targeted by violent hatred,[143] including members of the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina (targeted by a shooting attack in 2015)[143] and the Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin that had been targeted in a shooting attack in 2012.[144]

International edit

The Eiffel Tower in Paris darkened its lights in tribute to the victims of the shooting.[145]

Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned the "horrifying antisemitic brutality", adding "the whole of Israel grieves with the families of the dead."[146] Israel's education and diaspora affairs minister, Naftali Bennett, immediately left for Pittsburgh to visit the synagogue, meet with community members, and participate in the funerals of the victims,[147] and directed the Ministry of Diaspora Affairs "to assess and prepare to assist the Pittsburgh Jewish community, 'including the need for emergency and resilience teams that immediately left Israel for psychological assistance and community rehabilitation.'"[148][149][150] Israel's cabinet stood for a moment's silence on October 28 to honor the victims.[151]

Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel David Lau said "any murder of any Jew in any part of the world for being Jewish is unforgivable".[152] He described the location as "a place with a profound Jewish flavor". Many news reports said he refused to refer to the Conservative congregation as a "synagogue" since it is non-Orthodox.[153] Prominent non-Orthodox Israeli religious leaders and scholars rejected his statement.[154][155][156]

Tel Aviv Municipality lit the city hall building with the colors of the American flag in solidarity with the victims of the Pittsburgh attack.[157][158] An image of the Israeli flag next to the American flag was projected onto Jerusalem's Western Wall.[159]

Pope Francis denounced the "inhuman act of violence" in his Sunday prayers in St. Peter's Square on October 28, and led prayers for the dead and wounded, as well as their families. He asked God "to help us to extinguish the flames of hatred that develop in our societies".[160]

Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs Javad Zarif offered his thoughts and prayers to the victims of the shooting, and said "Extremism and terrorism know no race or religion, and must be condemned in all cases".[161]

Hamas offered condolences and condemned the attack.[162][163]

Jan Kickert, Austrian Permanent Representative to the United Nations, said: "The attack ... was an attack on all of us, on what we stand for – religious liberty, human rights. We are committed to the safety and security of Jews wherever they are. I say this with growing up and living with the shame that my forefathers were among the worst perpetrators in Nazi times."[164]

Media and organizations edit

 
Many local businesses on Murray Avenue put up posters in support of the victims.

The New York Times published an op-ed by Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO of the Anti-Defamation League, that urged readers to fight against antisemitism and hate.[165]

A CNN editorial described the shooting as one of three hate-incited acts that took place in the United States in the same week, along with a series of mail bombing attempts and a shooting at a Kroger grocery store in Jeffersontown, Kentucky.[166]

On October 28, the Empire State Building darkened its lights in honor of the victims. According to the building's Twitter account, the top of the spire was left aglow with "an orange halo shining a light on gun violence awareness".[167] In the wake of the shooting, the University of Pittsburgh darkened its traditional Victory Lights atop of the Cathedral of Learning,[168] and on November 2, the university altered the Victory Lights so the blue beam would shine for 11 seconds, one second for each fatality.[169]

Sports edit

Sports teams that observed a moment of silence for the shooting victims included the Pittsburgh Steelers at their home game against the Cleveland Browns,[170] the New Orleans Saints at the Minnesota Vikings,[171] the Pittsburgh Penguins at the Vancouver Canucks,[172] the Winnipeg Jets at the Toronto Maple Leafs,[173] the Philadelphia Eagles and the Jacksonville Jaguars playing in London,[174] and the Pittsburgh Panthers hosting Duke at Heinz Field.[175] A moment of silence was also observed before Game 4 of the World Series at Dodger Stadium on the night of October 27.[175]

The Pittsburgh Penguins wore jerseys with a patch that read "Stronger Than Hate" for their game against the New York Islanders on October 30. The team announced that, following the game, the team would auction off the jerseys on behalf of the synagogue.[176] Similarly, the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team displayed a "Stronger than Hate" decal on their helmets during the November 2 game visiting the University of Virginia.[177]

NFL player Terrell Suggs wore a Star of David on his cleats during a game in October 2019 to commemorate the one-year anniversary of the shooting.[178]

Vigils and rallies edit

 
Pittsburgh locals crocheted or knit forms of the Star of David and hung them along Murray Avenue.

On the evening of the shooting, over 3,000 people gathered at the intersection of Murray and Forbes avenues in Squirrel Hill for an interfaith candlelight vigil; it was organized by students from nearby Taylor Allderdice High School.[179] Two additional vigils were held in the neighborhood.[21]

The day after the shooting, an interfaith vigil organized by the regional Jewish Federation was held at Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall, drawing an overflow crowd estimated at 2,500.[180] Attended by numerous national and local dignitaries, the event featured several speakers, including the rabbis of the three congregations that occupied the synagogue building, Islamic and Christian clergy, and civic leaders.[181] Among those in attendance were Bill Peduto, mayor of Pittsburgh; Rich Fitzgerald, Allegheny County executive; Senators Bob Casey and Pat Toomey; Governor Tom Wolf; Naftali Bennett, Israeli Minister for Education and Minister for Diaspora Affairs; Ron Dermer, Israeli ambassador to the United States; and Danny Danon, permanent representative of Israel to the United Nations. A video was streamed during the event featuring Israeli president Reuven Rivlin,[182] who offered brief remarks and led the crowd in a recitation of the Kaddish.[183][184]

In the week following the attack, Jewish and interfaith communal vigils and solidarity rallies were held across the world.[185][186] In the United States, these were attended by hundreds or thousands of people,[187] in many cities across the nation.[d] In Canada, they were held in Montreal, Ottawa, Halifax, Vancouver and other places. In Israel, approximately 500 Americans and Israelis lit candles on the night of October 28 at Zion Square in Jerusalem.[186] In Europe, Jewish communal vigils were held in London, Liverpool, Brighton, and Paris.[195][196]

College students at more than one hundred campuses across the country held vigils in the days following the shootings in memory of the victims.[197]

The American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Federations of North America called for Jews and non-Jews to attend synagogue services on the Shabbat following the attack, under the hashtag #ShowUpForShabbat. NBC News reported thousands of people around the world attended services in local synagogues, community centers, and college campuses, including Mayor of London Sadiq Khan.[198] Additionally, many congregations recited the prayer for martyrs Av HaRachamim even though it would normally be omitted that Shabbat.[199][200]

Presidential visit edit

 
US President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania disembark Air Force One at Pittsburgh International Airport

On October 30, Trump flew to Pittsburgh on Air Force One, accompanied by First Lady Melania Trump, daughter Ivanka Trump, son-in-law Jared Kushner, and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin. They went to the synagogue, where they met with Tree of Life spiritual leader Jeffrey Myers and Israeli ambassador to the US Ron Dermer. Trump lit candles for the victims inside and outside placed stones on each of the 11 Star-of-David markers of the memorial. The group went to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, where Trump spoke with wounded victims, their families, law enforcement officials, and medical staff.[140]

Trump's visit was discouraged by some in the Pittsburgh community. Pittsburgh mayor Bill Peduto said Trump should not have come, as the wounds were raw and the community was just beginning to mourn and hold funerals.[201] Peduto, with agreement from Allegheny County executive Rich Fitzgerald, also urged Trump to consider "the wills of the families" of the deceased.[202] More than 70,000 people had signed an open letter written by Bend the Arc: Pittsburgh saying that Trump was not welcome until he "fully denounces white nationalism".[203] Former Tree of Life president Lynette Lederman opposed Trump's visit, saying she felt his words were "hypocritical" and that "We have people who stand by us who believe in values, not just Jewish values, but believe in values, and those are not the values of this president, and I do not welcome him to Pittsburgh".[204][205][206]

Before Trump's visit, Tree of Life rabbi Jeffrey Myers said,

"There is hate, and it isn't going away. It just seems to be getting worse. ... We've got to stop hate, and it can't just be to say we need to stop hate. We need to do, we need to act to tone down rhetoric," adding that he would welcome a visit from Trump.[204]

Aaron Bisno, the rabbi of Rodef Shalom Congregation, said he did not think Trump's presence was beneficial, saying that Trump had become a "symbol of division" for many.[207] During Trump's visit to the synagogue, an estimated 2,000 protesters were cordoned off a few blocks away.[208] Afterward, Rabbi Jeffrey Myers said, "The President was very warm, very consoling."[209]

Neo-Nazis and white supremacists edit

Among American neo-Nazis and white supremacists, figures such as Andrew Anglin of The Daily Stormer, Matthew Heimbach of the now defunct Traditionalist Workers Party, Richard B. Spencer of the National Policy Institute, Patrick Casey of Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement, Greg Johnson of Counter-Currents Publishing and the messageboard forum Stormfront expressed the fear that the backlash over the attack could derail their efforts to gain mainstream political acceptance.[210]

4chan users on the /pol/ board viewed the attack as "accidentally redpilling" people and denied that it had occurred. They claimed the purported attack was a "false flag" committed by Jews to gain sympathy. Some users praised the shooting and created the hashtag #HeroRobertBowers to express support for the shooter on Gab. A multiple-choice poll was posted asking for the best option for Jewish people in the West: 35% of respondents chose "Genocide". In another poll, the question "Do you support the Pittsburgh synagogue shooter, Robert Bowers?" was posted; nearly 25% of respondents said yes, and some added inflammatory remarks.[210][211][212]

On August 10, 2023, Hardy Carroll Lloyd, a man from Follansbee, West Virginia, was arrested for allegedly making threats towards the jurors and witnesses in Bowers's federal trial on social media and in emails and online comments. According to prosecutors with the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of West Virginia, Lloyd was a "self-proclaimed 'reverend' of a White supremacy movement". He also allegedly expressed support for Bowers and the shooting and had encouraged similar attacks.[213][214] Lloyd was charged with "obstruction of the due administration of justice, transmitting threats in interstate and foreign commerce and witness tampering."[215] On September 19, 2023, he pleaded guilty and is expected to face more than six years in prison.[214]

Fundraising efforts edit

Numerous fundraising efforts were launched in order to assist the survivors of the shooting, pay for the burial of the victims, and pay for the repairs to the synagogue.[216] As of November 1, a GoFundMe campaign which was initiated by an Iranian graduate student in Washington, D.C., had exceeded US$1 million in donations,[217] and a new goal of US$1.2 million has also been surpassed. Muslim groups opened a LaunchGood crowdfunding campaign to help pay for the burial of the victims and survivors' medical bills, with the funds to be distributed by the Islamic Center of Pittsburgh.[218][219] As of November 1, that campaign had exceeded its goal of $150,000 with more than $225,000 in contributions.[217]

The organizers of the campaign announced that all excess funds would be "spent on projects that help foster Muslim-Jewish collaboration, dialogue, and solidarity".[220] The Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh raised $3.65 million for victims by November 13;[221] donations to that organization were to be matched by the United Way of Southwestern Pennsylvania and the Pittsburgh Foundation.[216][217] Fundraising campaigns for shooting victims in the Dor Hadash and New Light congregations raised nearly $23,000 combined.[222]

A $6.3 million fund was raised for the survivors of the shooting, the families of the 11 dead, and police officers.[223]

Documentary edit

In 2022, A Tree of Life: The Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting documentary was released by HBO Documentary Films.[224][225]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^
    • Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death (11 counts)
    • Hate crimes resulting in death (11 counts)
    • Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs involving an attempt to kill and use of a dangerous weapon and resulting in bodily injury (2 counts)
    • Hate crimes involving an attempt to kill (2 counts)
    • Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs involving an attempt to kill and use of a dangerous weapon, and resulting in bodily injury to public safety officers (8 counts)
    • Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs involving use of a dangerous weapon and resulting in bodily injury to public safety officers (4 counts)
    • Discharge of a firearm during these crimes of violence (25 counts)[4]
  2. ^ Hebrew: עֵץ חַיִּים – אוֹר לְשִׂמְחָה[6]
  3. ^ Hebrew: דוֹר חָדָשׁ
  4. ^ These included Ann Arbor, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Buffalo, Charleston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Denver, Houston, Jacksonville, Knoxville, Los Angeles, Madison, Memphis, Middletown, New Haven, New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia, Portland, Rochester, Salt Lake City, Seattle, St. Louis, Washington, Wilkes-Barre and Woodbridge.[186][188][189][190][191][192][193][194]

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External links edit

  • Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation official website
  • New Light Congregation official website
  • Official Gab account of the accused,
  • Vigil for Pittsburgh shooting victims

April 26, 2024
pittsburgh, synagogue, shooting, antisemitic, terrorist, attack, that, took, place, tree, life, simcha, congregation, synagogue, squirrel, hill, neighborhood, pittsburgh, pennsylvania, united, states, congregation, along, with, light, congregation, congregatio. The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting was an antisemitic terrorist attack that took place at the Tree of Life Or L Simcha Congregation b synagogue in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania United States The congregation along with New Light Congregation and Congregation Dor Hadash which also worshipped in the building was attacked during Shabbat morning services on October 27 2018 The perpetrator killed eleven people and wounded six including several Holocaust survivors It was the deadliest attack on any Jewish community in the United States 7 8 Pittsburgh synagogue shootingPeople visit the memorials to victims of the mass shooting outside the Tree of Life synagogue on November 4 2018 1km0 6miles LocationTree of Life Or L Simcha Congregation 5898 Wilkins Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania U S Coordinates40 26 37 N 79 55 17 W 40 44361 N 79 92139 W 40 44361 79 92139DateOctober 27 2018 5 years ago 2018 10 27 9 54 11 08 a m EDT TargetTree of Life Or L Simcha CongregationAttack typeMass shooting mass murder domestic terrorism hate crime right wing terrorism 1 WeaponsColt AR 15 SP1 semi automatic rifle 2 3 Three Glock 357 SIG handguns 2 Deaths11Injured7 including the perpetrator PerpetratorRobert Gregory BowersMotiveAntisemitism belief in the white genocide conspiracy theoryVerdictFederal Guilty on all countsConvictions63 federal criminal counts a Charges36 state criminal countsSentenceFederal Death 5 The perpetrator identified as 46 year old Robert Gregory Bowers 9 was shot multiple times by police and arrested at the scene 10 Bowers had earlier posted antisemitic comments against HIAS formerly Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society on the online alt tech social network Gab 11 12 13 Dor Hadash 14 had participated in HIAS s National Refugee Shabbat the previous week Referring to Central American migrant caravans and immigrants Bowers posted a message on Gab in which he wrote that HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people I can t sit by and watch my people get slaughtered Screw your optics I m going in 15 16 He was charged with 63 federal crimes some of which are capital crimes 10 He pleaded not guilty 10 On June 16 2023 he was found guilty on all federal counts and on August 3 2023 he was sentenced to death by lethal injection 17 18 19 20 He separately faces 36 charges in Pennsylvania state court 21 Contents 1 Background 2 Shooting 3 Victims 4 Perpetrator 5 Criminal charges and proceedings 5 1 Federal criminal proceedings 5 1 1 Indictment and pretrial proceedings 5 1 2 Trial 5 1 3 Sentencing phase 5 2 State criminal proceedings 6 Reactions 6 1 United States 6 1 1 National 6 1 2 Jewish security 6 1 3 Local 6 2 International 6 3 Media and organizations 6 4 Sports 6 5 Vigils and rallies 6 6 Presidential visit 6 7 Neo Nazis and white supremacists 6 8 Fundraising efforts 6 9 Documentary 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksBackground editTree of Life Or L Simcha Congregation is a Conservative Jewish synagogue The synagogue describes itself as a traditional progressive and egalitarian congregation 22 It is located in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 1 mile 1 6 km east of Carnegie Mellon University and about 5 miles 8 0 km east of downtown Pittsburgh 22 23 The Squirrel Hill neighborhood is one of the largest predominantly Jewish neighborhoods in the United States and has historically been the center of Pittsburgh s Jewish community About 26 percent of the city s Jewish population live in the area 24 25 26 Originally founded as an Orthodox Jewish congregation in 1864 in downtown Pittsburgh by an early group of Jewish immigrants Tree of Life merged in 2010 with the recently founded Congregation Or L Simcha 27 The modern synagogue building located at the intersection of Wilkins and Shady avenues in Squirrel Hill was built in 1953 The congregation also rents space to Dor Hadash c a Reconstructionist congregation and New Light another Conservative congregation 28 29 30 The synagogue s main sanctuary has a capacity of 1 250 people 31 Squirrel Hill has a low crime rate and is not generally regarded as racially tense However local rabbinic student Neal Rosenblum was murdered in the neighborhood in 1986 in an antisemitic hate crime 32 This 2018 mass shooting took place soon after Columbia University and the Anti Defamation League independently reported a spike in antisemitic activity online especially on the popular social networking platforms Instagram and Twitter 33 34 35 36 In addition other antisemitic acts had been committed elsewhere 37 The immediate rise in the months of August to October 2018 was attributed to rising tensions associated with advertising for the 2018 U S midterm elections 38 A similar rise in online attacks had occurred during the 2016 US election 33 with the midterms being a rallying point for far right extremists to organize efforts to spread antisemitism online among the populace 34 In 2017 there was a 57 rise in antisemitic incidents in the United States 36 35 in context of rising hate crimes against other groups including Muslims and African Americans as reported by the FBI 36 For instance hundreds of Jewish gravestones were vandalized in Pennsylvania and Missouri 34 and antisemitic incidents on university campuses doubled in number 37 In August 2017 the widely publicized Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville Virginia featured Nazi symbols salutes and the slogan Blood and Soil 37 among other racist and antisemitic rhetoric Considerable antisemitic material was being spread online via conspiracy theories about wealthy Jewish individuals including billionaire George Soros Columbia University s Jon Albright said that these represented the worst sample of all the hate speech he had seen on Instagram 33 Shooting editAt 9 45 a m EDT 13 45 UTC three religious services were underway in the Tree of Life synagogue which housed three distinct congregations Tree of Life and New Light had both begun independent Shabbat morning service in the Pervin Chapel 39 and basement respectively The Dor Hadash congregants were gathered near the front of the building prior to their 10 00 a m Torah study session 40 Five minutes later a gunman identified as Robert Bowers and described as a bearded heavy set white male entered the building opened fire and was shooting for about 20 minutes 41 He was armed with a Colt AR 15 semi automatic rifle cited by authorities as an assault rifle 3 and three Glock 357 SIG semi automatic pistols all four of which he fired according to authorities 7 21 23 42 There would typically be around 75 people in the building on a Saturday morning 39 The first two persons shot were two brothers Cecil and David Rosenthal at the main entrance after which Bowers headed downstairs to New Light Some hearing the shots did not initially recognize them for what they were Rabbi Jeffrey Myers located upstairs thought a coat rack had fallen and clattered 43 By 9 54 police began receiving multiple calls from people barricaded in the building and reporting the attack 44 45 46 At 9 55 47 Melvin Wax the leader of New Light s services hid in a pitch black closet in the basement He opened the door of the closet and Bowers immediately shot him The latter did not notice the other three congregants who remained in the closet Two other members of New Light Gottfried and Stein were shot and killed in the basement kitchen 39 Bowers also killed Jerry Rabinowitz of Dor Hadash a physician who had gone toward the sound of gunshots to see if anyone had been hurt 39 At 9 57 47 Bowers left the basement and headed upstairs to the larger Tree of Life service About 13 worshippers had gathered for the Shabbat service in an upstairs chapel Myers helped four of them evacuate the chapel through a side door but eight of the worshippers remained behind Bowers killed seven of them and wounded the eighth 39 48 Police sources said Bowers shouted at some point during the attack All Jews must die 44 49 At 9 59 police arrived at the synagogue 45 50 Bowers fired on police from the entryway while apparently departing and police returned fire forcing him to retreat into the building 39 51 A half hour later tactical teams entered the building and Bowers also fired upon them When officers wounded him in return fire he retreated to the third floor and hid in a room 45 He had wounded two officers and two SWAT members one of them critically 51 At 11 08 Bowers crawled out of the room and surrendered having been shot multiple times 52 As he received medical care in police custody he allegedly told a SWAT officer that he wanted Jews to die and that Jews were committing genocide against his people 53 Victims edit nbsp Memorials to victims outside the Tree of Life synagogue nbsp Plaque listing the victims names By the 9 11 Living Memorial Plaza in Jerusalem Eleven people were killed 54 15 55 including three on the ground level and four in the synagogue s basement 56 Among the dead were two brothers and a married couple 41 57 At least six others were injured including four Pittsburgh Police officers 58 44 Five people were transported to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital four requiring surgery while one was treated and released by the afternoon Another victim was transported to UPMC Mercy while the accused was taken to Allegheny General Hospital 59 Those killed were Joyce Fienberg Richard Gottfried Rose Mallinger Jerry Rabinowitz Cecil amp David Rosenthal Bernice amp Sylvan Simon Daniel Stein Melvin Wax Irving Younger Seven others who were injured in the incident included three other congregants and four Pittsburgh officers two patrol officers and two SWAT officers three by ricocheted gunfire and another by glass fragments 39 Perpetrator editRobert Gregory Bowers born September 4 1972 9 failed verification a resident of Baldwin Pennsylvania was arrested as the shooter 60 61 62 Bowers s parents divorced when he was about one year old 63 His father Randall Bowers died by suicide in October 1979 at the age of 26 while he was awaiting trial on a rape charge 64 when Bowers was 7 years old 63 64 65 Bowers s mother remarried with the family living in Florida before the couple separated one year later 63 Upon their return to Pennsylvania Robert and his mother lived with his mother s parents in Whitehall a suburb of Pittsburgh His maternal grandparents took responsibility for raising him because his mother suffered from health problems 63 Bowers attended Baldwin High School in the Baldwin Whitehall School District from August 1986 to November 1989 He dropped out of high school before graduation and worked as a trucker 66 67 Neighbors described Bowers as a ghost who rarely interacted with others 60 According to accounts which were given by Bowers s coworkers and analysis of his recent social media posts his conservatism became radicalized as white nationalism at one point Bowers was fascinated by the right wing radio host Jim Quinn 68 At a later time he became a follower of aggressive online provocateurs of the right wing s fringe 69 He was deeply involved in posting comments on social media websites such as Gab and he also promoted antisemitic conspiracy theories on them 70 Bowers routinely discussed a conspiracy theory that Jews were assisting evil Muslims to take over the United States together 71 Gab has been described as friendly to neo Nazis white supremacists and the alt right 72 Bowers registered his Gab profile in January 2018 under the handle onedingo he described his account by the following Jews are the children of Satan John 8 44 The Lord Jesus Christ has come in the flesh The cover picture was a photo with the number 1488 which is used by neo Nazis and white supremacists to evoke David Lane s Fourteen Words and the Nazi slogan Heil Hitler Bowers published posts that supported the white genocide conspiracy theory such as one that said Daily Reminder Diversity means chasing down the last white person 73 Bowers said that supporters of the QAnon conspiracy theory were deluded and being tricked 74 75 76 Bowers was very active on social media posting his own similar antisemitic and racist rants He often re posted content by other similarly minded users such as Patrick Little who expressed antisemitic neo Nazi white nationalist supremacist thoughts and denied the Holocaust In addition he reposted comments in support of the four men behind the beating of DeAndre Harris and the Southern California based alt right fight club Rise Above Movement RAM in the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville Virginia RAM was later arrested by the FBI and convicted at trial for violence against counter demonstrators Bowers also posted comments in support of the Western chauvinist Proud Boys led by Gavin McInnes who were arrested the same month for engaging in a fight with Antifa outside the Metropolitan Republican Club in New York City 77 78 79 80 81 82 His posts on Gab mentioned that he was initially a supporter of US president Donald Trump 77 Bowers felt that Trump was not extreme enough and he criticized him as globalist not a nationalist 83 and for supposedly being surrounded by and controlled by Jews 84 Bowers also denounced African Americans with racial slurs and images which are related to lynchings and he also denounced white women who have relationships with black men 85 He used his online accounts to post conspiracy theories regarding philanthropist George Soros 86 The Times said that security sources had alleged that Bowers had links to the far right and neo Nazis in the United Kingdom 87 A month before the attack Bowers posted photos of results of his target practice He also posted a photo of his three handguns calling them his glock family 80 In the post he identified the 357 SIG handguns as Glock 31 Glock 32 and Glock 33 79 Bowers coordinated with Brad Griffin aka Hunter Wallace of Occidental Dissent an alt right associated blogger and member of League of the South on doxxing an unidentified left wing blogger Bowers wrote that address is not the most current for him I can get you the most recent outside of gab 88 League of the South was one of the organizations that participated in the Unite the Right Rally in Charlottesville 88 In the weeks before the shooting Bowers made antisemitic posts directed at the HIAS sponsored 12 13 National Refugee Shabbat 89 of October 19 20 in which Dor Hadash 14 participated He claimed Jews were aiding members of Central American caravans moving toward the United States border and referred to those migrants as invaders 11 Shortly before the attack he posted on Gab that HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people I can t sit by and watch my people get slaughtered Screw your optics I m going in 15 90 62 According to the Southern Poverty Law Center the mention of optics references a disagreement that has raged within the white nationalist movement since the Unite the Right rally in 2017 about how best to get their message across to the general public 91 After the shooting Gab suspended Bowers s profile and pledged to cooperate with the criminal investigation 74 82 Shortly after the attack PayPal Stripe Joyent and Medium pulled their support for Gab and GoDaddy under which the Gab domains were registered required Gab to relocate their domain name hosting to a different service effectively shutting Gab down in the short term 92 Criminal charges and proceedings editFederal criminal proceedings edit Indictment and pretrial proceedings edit Bowers was charged by the U S Department of Justice with 29 federal crimes 21 93 Bowers appeared in federal court in Pittsburgh on October 29 2018 and was ordered held without bail pending trial 94 Two days later Bowers was indicted on 44 counts by a federal grand jury The charges carry a maximum penalty of death or 535 years in federal prison 95 The counts included hate crimes 96 11 counts of obstruction of exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death 11 counts of use of a firearm to commit murder during a crime of violence four counts of obstruction of exercise of religious beliefs resulting in bodily injury to a public safety officer and three counts of use and discharge of a firearm during a crime of violence 41 93 97 98 On November 1 2018 Bowers entered a plea of not guilty 99 On January 29 2019 the grand jury indicted Bowers on an additional 19 counts 13 of which were for hate crimes 100 On February 11 2019 Bowers was arraigned in federal court 10 Bowers s defense team includes two public defenders plus well known criminal defense attorney Judy Clarke a death penalty expert who was appointed by the court as co counsel for the defendant 10 101 The defense offered a plea deal in which Bowers would plead guilty in exchange for a sentence of life imprisonment without parole federal prosecutors declined seeking the death penalty instead 101 102 103 The trial date was not set until various pretrial motions were resolved 103 104 In April 2020 Senior U S District Judge Donetta Ambrose denied a defense challenge to the federal death penalty 101 In October 2020 Judge Ambrose denied a defense motion to dismiss charges brought under the Hate Crimes Prevention Act and Church Arson Prevention Act 101 In November 2021 the defense decided that it would not pursue an insanity defense or intellectual disability defense 105 In January 2022 after holding an earlier evidentiary hearing Judge Ambrose denied Bowers s motion to suppress evidence of statements he made after being arrested by police inside an ambulance and at the hospital the day of the attack 106 After Judge Ambrose retired in February 2022 the case was randomly reassigned to U S District Judge Robert J Colville 107 In March 2022 Colville denied Bowers s motion for a change of venue 108 Trial edit In September 2022 Judge Colville set the trial to begin in April 2023 rejecting a bid by the defense to delay the trial until December 2023 109 In March 2023 members of the jury pool began completing questionnaires 110 The jury selection process began on April 24 with twelve jurors and six alternates being selected 111 112 The trial began May 30 2023 113 114 Prosecutors called sixty witnesses while the defense did not call any witnesses 115 The witnesses who testified included survivors of the attack including congregants and Rabbi Jeffrey Myers 115 Evidence presented to the jury included recordings of 9 1 1 calls as the attacks unfolded including from some of the people killed and testimony from police officers who ultimately subdued the gunman from expert witnesses on medicine guns and computers from the FBI agents and police detectives who investigated the case from a paramedic who responded to the scene and from the director of the Allegheny County Medical Examiner s Office 115 116 Photographs were also introduced as evidence 115 including photos of exhaustively documented bloodstains bullet fragments and shell casings and police body worn camera footage was also shown to the jury 116 Bowers s antisemitic social media posts were also introduced as evidence 117 After 11 days of testimony prosecutors told the jury in closing argument that Bowers had made cold calculated deliberate choices in the shooting 117 Bowers s defense counsel conceded that he had fatally shot all the victims but argued that there was doubt as to his specific intent why he did what he did and what he thought he would accomplish by doing so 117 On June 16 2023 50 year old Bowers was found guilty on all 63 federal charges including 11 counts of obstructing the free exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death the jury rendered its verdict after five hours of deliberation over two days 118 Sentencing phase edit The sentencing phase began on June 16 2023 with the jury hearing arguments to decide if Bowers should be sentenced to death or life without parole Bowers s defense lawyers sought to persuade the jury that Bowers had significant brain damage 119 and was influenced by mental illness or delusions 120 121 By contrast prosecutors emphasized evidence showing that Bowers had extensively planned his attack and was motivated by antisemitism 119 120 as shown in his numerous rants on social media and statements to police after the attack 121 Three University of Pittsburgh Medical Center physicians two radiologists and a neurologist testified about their review of brain imaging tests an EEG PET and MRI of Bowers in 2021 and 2022 119 They found the tests to be largely normal 119 121 Two defense experts by contrast testified that they believed Bowers had significant brain damage that could be correlated with schizophrenia and could affect behavior 119 A separate defense expert a University of North Texas forensic psychologist testified on his opinions from 20 hours of examination of Bowers over four days in 2022 He testified that Bowers was proud of his attack expressed regret that more people were not slain and thought that he deserved medals and a parade 120 The psychologist opined that Bowers is blatantly psychotic and suffers from schizophrenia but agreed on cross examination that he was goal oriented and planned the attack as much as six months in advance 120 Separately a neurologist who examined Bowers in 2021 testified as a defense expert opining that Bowers had schizophrenia and epilepsy 121 On cross examination the defense neurologist acknowledged that Bowers was not incapable of plotting the shootings but testified that his reasons for planning it out are unreliable in his brain 121 The defense presented evidence of Bowers s lengthy history of serious mental illness including multiple suicide attempts since his teenage years an incident in which he threw flammable liquid on his mother and tried to ignite it at age thirteen and three instances of involuntary commitment the latest in 2004 121 At the request of the defense the sentencing phase was split into two parts each with its own opening statements closing arguments and jury decision 1 whether Bowers was eligible to be sentenced to death and 2 the selection of the sentence On July 13 2023 after two hours of deliberation the jury found that Bowers was eligible for a death sentence 122 After making further deliberation on sentence for two days the federal jury issued a unanimous decision to sentence Bowers to the death penalty on August 2 123 Bowers was the first criminal to be sentenced to death by the US federal government during the presidency of Joe Biden 124 125 On August 3 2023 Bowers was formally sentenced to death 126 On August 26 2023 Bowers was transferred to the custody of the Federal Bureau of Prisons and placed on death row at United States Penitentiary Terre Haute 127 State criminal proceedings edit Bowers was also charged with 36 state criminal counts including 11 counts of criminal homicide six counts of aggravated assault six counts of attempted criminal homicide and 13 counts of ethnic intimidation 21 The state charges were held in abeyance pending the federal trial 96 Reactions editUnited States edit National edit nbsp Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf makes a statement about the shooting Pittsburgh Mayor Bill Peduto stands listening in the striped tie President Donald Trump Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf Braddock Mayor John Fetterman and Pittsburgh City Councilman Corey O Connor released statements about the incident through Twitter Trump called the shooting a wicked antisemitic act of pure evil 58 He also opined that the shooting was preventable If there was an armed guard inside the temple they would have been able to stop him 128 129 130 Trump suggested cases such as this call for the death penalty 130 Cecilia Wang of the American Civil Liberties Union said the attack along with other recent unrest was inspired by elements of Trump s rhetoric 131 Vice President Mike Pence denied any such connection in an NBC News interview that night 132 133 Over 2 000 people including many from the local Jewish community protested against Trump s visit to the synagogue site chanting words have meaning and carrying signs with such slogans as We build bridges not walls 134 From October 27 to 31 all U S flags on public and military grounds were flown at half staff in memory of the victims 135 On the Friday following the shooting David Shribman executive editor of the Pittsburgh Post Gazette ran the opening of the Hebrew Aramaic kaddish often called the Jewish mourner s prayer as a full width front page headline 136 Jewish security edit The aftermath of the shooting included arguably the most ambitious and comprehensive effort ever taken to protect Jewish life in the United States according to the New York Times In addition to bringing in 100 million in federal grants through the Nonprofit Security Grant Program NGSP the Jewish Federations of North America raised 62 million to secure every Jewish community in North America overseen by the Secure Community Network By 2023 93 Jewish federations had full time security directors a more than four fold increase over the previous 5 years 137 The next year the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed Act 83 of 2019 to establish the state s Nonprofit Security Grant Fund a state level version of the NGSP Initially 5 million in grant funding was available After an increase in antisemitism during the Israel Hamas war in 2023 the General Assembly increased the available funding to 10 million 138 In the 5 years since its inception the fund distributed 25 million to synagogues mosques and other nonprofit organizations 139 Local edit nbsp Carnegie Mellon University lowered the American flag to half staff to mourn the victims nbsp People gathered again at the intersection of Forbes and Murray Avenues in front of the Sixth Presbyterian Church on October 30 On the same day Trump visited Pittsburgh in response to the shooting incident 140 Immediately after the shooting the campus of Carnegie Mellon University was placed on lockdown and all university sponsored activities were cancelled for the day 30 At the same time residents were advised by police to remain in their homes and stay off the streets 56 An unusually large proportion of the Pittsburgh Jewish community from all denominations participated in local Jewish rituals related to death and mourning Jewish tradition requires a person to guard a corpse until it is buried Shomrim volunteer guards took one hour shifts at the Pittsburgh morgue until the bodies were moved to funeral homes The Atlantic reported that most of the volunteers appeared to be Orthodox but they felt strong solidarity with the liberal communities that were directly affected by the shooting 141 Members of the Pittsburgh Steelers attended the joint funeral service for the Rosenthal brothers on Tuesday October 30 when NFL teams are traditionally off The brothers who were intellectually disabled had a sister who is a former employee of the team 142 During the long wait for a trial members of the Pittsburgh congregations received interfaith support and solidarity from black church and American Sikh communities targeted by violent hatred 143 including members of the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston South Carolina targeted by a shooting attack in 2015 143 and the Sikh temple in Oak Creek Wisconsin that had been targeted in a shooting attack in 2012 144 International edit The Eiffel Tower in Paris darkened its lights in tribute to the victims of the shooting 145 Israel s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned the horrifying antisemitic brutality adding the whole of Israel grieves with the families of the dead 146 Israel s education and diaspora affairs minister Naftali Bennett immediately left for Pittsburgh to visit the synagogue meet with community members and participate in the funerals of the victims 147 and directed the Ministry of Diaspora Affairs to assess and prepare to assist the Pittsburgh Jewish community including the need for emergency and resilience teams that immediately left Israel for psychological assistance and community rehabilitation 148 149 150 Israel s cabinet stood for a moment s silence on October 28 to honor the victims 151 Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel David Lau said any murder of any Jew in any part of the world for being Jewish is unforgivable 152 He described the location as a place with a profound Jewish flavor Many news reports said he refused to refer to the Conservative congregation as a synagogue since it is non Orthodox 153 Prominent non Orthodox Israeli religious leaders and scholars rejected his statement 154 155 156 Tel Aviv Municipality lit the city hall building with the colors of the American flag in solidarity with the victims of the Pittsburgh attack 157 158 An image of the Israeli flag next to the American flag was projected onto Jerusalem s Western Wall 159 Pope Francis denounced the inhuman act of violence in his Sunday prayers in St Peter s Square on October 28 and led prayers for the dead and wounded as well as their families He asked God to help us to extinguish the flames of hatred that develop in our societies 160 Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs Javad Zarif offered his thoughts and prayers to the victims of the shooting and said Extremism and terrorism know no race or religion and must be condemned in all cases 161 Hamas offered condolences and condemned the attack 162 163 Jan Kickert Austrian Permanent Representative to the United Nations said The attack was an attack on all of us on what we stand for religious liberty human rights We are committed to the safety and security of Jews wherever they are I say this with growing up and living with the shame that my forefathers were among the worst perpetrators in Nazi times 164 Media and organizations edit nbsp Many local businesses on Murray Avenue put up posters in support of the victims The New York Times published an op ed by Jonathan Greenblatt CEO of the Anti Defamation League that urged readers to fight against antisemitism and hate 165 A CNN editorial described the shooting as one of three hate incited acts that took place in the United States in the same week along with a series of mail bombing attempts and a shooting at a Kroger grocery store in Jeffersontown Kentucky 166 On October 28 the Empire State Building darkened its lights in honor of the victims According to the building s Twitter account the top of the spire was left aglow with an orange halo shining a light on gun violence awareness 167 In the wake of the shooting the University of Pittsburgh darkened its traditional Victory Lights atop of the Cathedral of Learning 168 and on November 2 the university altered the Victory Lights so the blue beam would shine for 11 seconds one second for each fatality 169 Sports edit Sports teams that observed a moment of silence for the shooting victims included the Pittsburgh Steelers at their home game against the Cleveland Browns 170 the New Orleans Saints at the Minnesota Vikings 171 the Pittsburgh Penguins at the Vancouver Canucks 172 the Winnipeg Jets at the Toronto Maple Leafs 173 the Philadelphia Eagles and the Jacksonville Jaguars playing in London 174 and the Pittsburgh Panthers hosting Duke at Heinz Field 175 A moment of silence was also observed before Game 4 of the World Series at Dodger Stadium on the night of October 27 175 The Pittsburgh Penguins wore jerseys with a patch that read Stronger Than Hate for their game against the New York Islanders on October 30 The team announced that following the game the team would auction off the jerseys on behalf of the synagogue 176 Similarly the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team displayed a Stronger than Hate decal on their helmets during the November 2 game visiting the University of Virginia 177 NFL player Terrell Suggs wore a Star of David on his cleats during a game in October 2019 to commemorate the one year anniversary of the shooting 178 Vigils and rallies edit nbsp Pittsburgh locals crocheted or knit forms of the Star of David and hung them along Murray Avenue On the evening of the shooting over 3 000 people gathered at the intersection of Murray and Forbes avenues in Squirrel Hill for an interfaith candlelight vigil it was organized by students from nearby Taylor Allderdice High School 179 Two additional vigils were held in the neighborhood 21 The day after the shooting an interfaith vigil organized by the regional Jewish Federation was held at Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall drawing an overflow crowd estimated at 2 500 180 Attended by numerous national and local dignitaries the event featured several speakers including the rabbis of the three congregations that occupied the synagogue building Islamic and Christian clergy and civic leaders 181 Among those in attendance were Bill Peduto mayor of Pittsburgh Rich Fitzgerald Allegheny County executive Senators Bob Casey and Pat Toomey Governor Tom Wolf Naftali Bennett Israeli Minister for Education and Minister for Diaspora Affairs Ron Dermer Israeli ambassador to the United States and Danny Danon permanent representative of Israel to the United Nations A video was streamed during the event featuring Israeli president Reuven Rivlin 182 who offered brief remarks and led the crowd in a recitation of the Kaddish 183 184 In the week following the attack Jewish and interfaith communal vigils and solidarity rallies were held across the world 185 186 In the United States these were attended by hundreds or thousands of people 187 in many cities across the nation d In Canada they were held in Montreal Ottawa Halifax Vancouver and other places In Israel approximately 500 Americans and Israelis lit candles on the night of October 28 at Zion Square in Jerusalem 186 In Europe Jewish communal vigils were held in London Liverpool Brighton and Paris 195 196 College students at more than one hundred campuses across the country held vigils in the days following the shootings in memory of the victims 197 The American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Federations of North America called for Jews and non Jews to attend synagogue services on the Shabbat following the attack under the hashtag ShowUpForShabbat NBC News reported thousands of people around the world attended services in local synagogues community centers and college campuses including Mayor of London Sadiq Khan 198 Additionally many congregations recited the prayer for martyrs Av HaRachamim even though it would normally be omitted that Shabbat 199 200 Presidential visit edit nbsp US President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania disembark Air Force One at Pittsburgh International Airport On October 30 Trump flew to Pittsburgh on Air Force One accompanied by First Lady Melania Trump daughter Ivanka Trump son in law Jared Kushner and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin They went to the synagogue where they met with Tree of Life spiritual leader Jeffrey Myers and Israeli ambassador to the US Ron Dermer Trump lit candles for the victims inside and outside placed stones on each of the 11 Star of David markers of the memorial The group went to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital where Trump spoke with wounded victims their families law enforcement officials and medical staff 140 Trump s visit was discouraged by some in the Pittsburgh community Pittsburgh mayor Bill Peduto said Trump should not have come as the wounds were raw and the community was just beginning to mourn and hold funerals 201 Peduto with agreement from Allegheny County executive Rich Fitzgerald also urged Trump to consider the wills of the families of the deceased 202 More than 70 000 people had signed an open letter written by Bend the Arc Pittsburgh saying that Trump was not welcome until he fully denounces white nationalism 203 Former Tree of Life president Lynette Lederman opposed Trump s visit saying she felt his words were hypocritical and that We have people who stand by us who believe in values not just Jewish values but believe in values and those are not the values of this president and I do not welcome him to Pittsburgh 204 205 206 Before Trump s visit Tree of Life rabbi Jeffrey Myers said There is hate and it isn t going away It just seems to be getting worse We ve got to stop hate and it can t just be to say we need to stop hate We need to do we need to act to tone down rhetoric adding that he would welcome a visit from Trump 204 Aaron Bisno the rabbi of Rodef Shalom Congregation said he did not think Trump s presence was beneficial saying that Trump had become a symbol of division for many 207 During Trump s visit to the synagogue an estimated 2 000 protesters were cordoned off a few blocks away 208 Afterward Rabbi Jeffrey Myers said The President was very warm very consoling 209 Neo Nazis and white supremacists edit Among American neo Nazis and white supremacists figures such as Andrew Anglin of The Daily Stormer Matthew Heimbach of the now defunct Traditionalist Workers Party Richard B Spencer of the National Policy Institute Patrick Casey of Identity Evropa American Identity Movement Greg Johnson of Counter Currents Publishing and the messageboard forum Stormfront expressed the fear that the backlash over the attack could derail their efforts to gain mainstream political acceptance 210 4chan users on the pol board viewed the attack as accidentally redpilling people and denied that it had occurred They claimed the purported attack was a false flag committed by Jews to gain sympathy Some users praised the shooting and created the hashtag HeroRobertBowers to express support for the shooter on Gab A multiple choice poll was posted asking for the best option for Jewish people in the West 35 of respondents chose Genocide In another poll the question Do you support the Pittsburgh synagogue shooter Robert Bowers was posted nearly 25 of respondents said yes and some added inflammatory remarks 210 211 212 On August 10 2023 Hardy Carroll Lloyd a man from Follansbee West Virginia was arrested for allegedly making threats towards the jurors and witnesses in Bowers s federal trial on social media and in emails and online comments According to prosecutors with the U S Attorney s Office for the Northern District of West Virginia Lloyd was a self proclaimed reverend of a White supremacy movement He also allegedly expressed support for Bowers and the shooting and had encouraged similar attacks 213 214 Lloyd was charged with obstruction of the due administration of justice transmitting threats in interstate and foreign commerce and witness tampering 215 On September 19 2023 he pleaded guilty and is expected to face more than six years in prison 214 Fundraising efforts edit Numerous fundraising efforts were launched in order to assist the survivors of the shooting pay for the burial of the victims and pay for the repairs to the synagogue 216 As of November 1 a GoFundMe campaign which was initiated by an Iranian graduate student in Washington D C had exceeded US 1 million in donations 217 and a new goal of US 1 2 million has also been surpassed Muslim groups opened a LaunchGood crowdfunding campaign to help pay for the burial of the victims and survivors medical bills with the funds to be distributed by the Islamic Center of Pittsburgh 218 219 As of November 1 that campaign had exceeded its goal of 150 000 with more than 225 000 in contributions 217 The organizers of the campaign announced that all excess funds would be spent on projects that help foster Muslim Jewish collaboration dialogue and solidarity 220 The Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh raised 3 65 million for victims by November 13 221 donations to that organization were to be matched by the United Way of Southwestern Pennsylvania and the Pittsburgh Foundation 216 217 Fundraising campaigns for shooting victims in the Dor Hadash and New Light congregations raised nearly 23 000 combined 222 A 6 3 million fund was raised for the survivors of the shooting the families of the 11 dead and police officers 223 Documentary edit In 2022 A Tree of Life The Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting documentary was released by HBO Documentary Films 224 225 See also edit nbsp Crime portal nbsp Judaism portal nbsp Pittsburgh portal Poway synagogue shooting Occurred six months later and inspired by Bowers Alt right Violent incidents Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century Far right politics United States Geography of antisemitism United States History of the Jews in Pennsylvania List of attacks on Jewish institutions in the United States List of death row inmates in the United States List of synagogue shootings Racism in the United States Jewish Americans Right wing terrorismNotes edit Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death 11 counts Hate crimes resulting in death 11 counts Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs involving an attempt to kill and use of a dangerous weapon and resulting in bodily injury 2 counts Hate crimes involving an attempt to kill 2 counts Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs involving an attempt to kill and use of a dangerous weapon and resulting in bodily injury to public safety officers 8 counts Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs involving use of a dangerous weapon and resulting in bodily injury to public safety officers 4 counts Discharge of a firearm during these crimes of violence 25 counts 4 Hebrew ע ץ ח י ים או ר ל ש מ ח ה 6 Hebrew דו ר ח ד ש These included Ann Arbor Atlanta Austin Boston Buffalo Charleston Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Denver Houston Jacksonville Knoxville Los Angeles Madison Memphis Middletown New Haven New Orleans New York City Philadelphia Portland Rochester Salt Lake City Seattle St Louis Washington Wilkes Barre and Woodbridge 186 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 References edit Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Called Domestic Terrorism Archived March 27 2019 at the Wayback Machine New Hampshire Public Radio a b What we know about Robert Bowers suspect in mass shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue WPXI October 28 2018 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Retrieved October 27 2018 Andone Dakin Sidner Sara October 28 2018 These are the victims of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting CNN Archived from the original on October 28 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 a b Dedaj Paulina Joyce Kathleen October 27 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting leaves 11 dead and 6 wounded suspect hit with multiple charges Fox News Archived from the original on October 27 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Jewish doctors nurses helped treat accused synagogue shooter The New York Post October 30 2018 Archived from the original on November 5 2018 Retrieved November 5 2018 a b Gabriel Trip October 28 2018 Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Suspect Was Pretty Much a Ghost The New York Times Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 Turkewitz Julie Roose Kevin October 27 2018 Who Is Robert Bowers the Suspect in the Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting The New York Times Archived from the original on October 27 2018 Retrieved October 27 2018 a b Ward Paula Lord Rich Navratil Liz October 27 2018 29 federal charges filed against shooting suspect Robert Bowers Pittsburgh Post Gazette Archived from the original on October 27 2018 Retrieved October 27 2018 a b c d Balingit Moriah St Martin Victoria Berman Mark November 2 2018 As questions linger about Pittsburgh suspect details emerge from his early life The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 4 2018 Retrieved November 5 2018 a b Ward Paula Reed Navratil Liz Lord Rich November 1 2018 Judge seals old criminal case file for presumed father of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting suspect Pittsburgh Post Gazette Archived from the original on November 5 2018 Retrieved November 5 2018 Healy Jack Turkewitz Julie November 2 2018 Man Said to Be Pittsburgh Suspect s Father Killed Himself Amid 1979 Rape Case The New York Times Archived from the original on November 5 2018 Retrieved November 20 2018 Pittsburgh Post Gazette Nov 1 2018 A high school dropout and trucker Robert Bowers left few footprints except online 1 Archived October 31 2018 at the Wayback Machine New York Times Oct 28 2018 Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Suspect Was Pretty Much a Ghost 2 Archived October 30 2018 at the Wayback Machine From nonpartisan voter to virulent extremist The undoing of Robert Bowers Pittsburgh Post Gazette Archived from the original on December 5 2022 Retrieved February 16 2023 How Robert Bowers went from conservative to white nationalist post gazette com Archived from the original on November 21 2018 Retrieved November 20 2018 Tree of Life shooting How the rise of conspiracy theory politics emboldens antisemitism Vox Archived from the original on November 3 2018 Retrieved November 2 2018 Beckett Lois October 27 2018 Pittsburgh shooting suspect railed against Jews and Muslims on site used by alt right The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved March 25 2024 Roose Kevin October 28 2018 On Gab an Extremist Friendly Site Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Aired His Hatred in Full The New York 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Retrieved January 21 2019 First Trump came for the Charlottesville 4 but I kept supporting Trump because he is a better candidate than Hillary Clinton Then Trump came for RAM but I kept supporting Trump because he is better than Hillary Clinton Then Trump came for the Proud Boys but I kept supporting Trump because he is better than Hillary Clinton Then Trump came for me and there was no one left to support Silverstein Jason October 29 2018 Robert Bowers Pittsburgh shooting suspect was avid poster of anti Semitic content on Gab CBS News Archived from the original on January 22 2019 Retrieved January 21 2019 a b McBride Jessica October 27 2018 Robert Bowers See Squirrel Hill Suspect s Social Media Heavy com Archived from the original on October 27 2018 Retrieved October 27 2018 a b Anti Semitic social media posts may hold clues in fatal Pittsburgh shooting The Globe and Mail Toronto Reuters October 27 2018 Archived from the original on October 28 2018 Retrieved October 27 2018 Kalmbacher 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Byford Sam October 28 2018 Gab com goes down after GoDaddy threatens to pull domain The Verge Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 a b Ward Paula Reed Lord Rich Navratil Liz October 27 2018 29 federal charges filed against shooting suspect Robert Bowers Social posts attributed to suspect may provide clues Pittsburgh Post Gazette Archived from the original on October 27 2018 Retrieved October 27 2018 Swaney Chriss October 29 2018 Stony faced silent synagogue massacre suspect held without bond Reuters Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 29 2018 Madani Doha October 31 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting suspect indicted on federal hate crime charges faces 535 years NBC News Archived from the original on October 31 2018 Retrieved November 1 2018 a b Jacey Fortin October 31 2018 Robert Bowers Indicted on 44 Counts After Synagogue Shooting in Pittsburgh New York Times Archived from the original on February 2 2019 Retrieved 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Tribune Review June 25 2021 a b Torsten Ove September 25 2019 Prosecutors say defense balking at setting Robert Bowers trial date for Tree of Life killings Pittsburgh Post Gazette Archived from the original on October 11 2019 Retrieved October 11 2019 Judge waits to set trial date in Pittsburgh synagogue attack SFGate October 31 2019 Archived from the original on November 15 2019 Retrieved November 15 2019 Torsten Ove Bowers defense team won t seek insanity defense but still wants more time judge grants another delay Pittsburgh Post Gazette November 12 2021 Paula Reed Ward Judge denies motion to suppress statements made by defendant in Tree of Life case Pittsburgh Tribune Review January 20 2022 Torsten Ove New U S judge to preside over alleged Tree of Life shooter s death penalty case Pittsburgh Tribune Review February 3 2022 Paula Reed Ward Judge denies motion to move trial in Tree of Life shooting case Pittsburgh Tribune Review March 20 2022 Chris Hoffman Robert Bowers Trial date set for accused Tree of Life gunman CBS News September 20 2022 Paula Reed Ward Robert Bowers appears in federal court as prospective jurors complete questionnaires in Tree of Life case Pittsburgh Tribune Review March 6 2023 Paula Reed Ward Jury selection continues in Pittsburgh synagogue attack trial Pittsburgh Tribune Review April 26 2023 Peter Smith amp Mark Scolforo Jury selection begins over 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue attack Associated Press April 24 2023 Pittsburgh synagogue mass shooting trial begins prosecutors pursuing death penalty ABC News Retrieved May 30 2023 Lawyers for Pittsburgh synagogue defendant admit he carried out deadliest US antisemitic attack Associated Press News May 30 2023 Retrieved May 30 2023 a b c d LevensonSabrina Souza and Eric Levenson Final witness in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting trial says she played dead next to her 97 year old mother CNN June 14 2023 a b Guza Megan June 7 2023 There were no noises whatsoever Officer remembers silence inside the synagogue 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Independent Archived from the original on October 28 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Wootliff Raoul October 27 2018 Netanyahu Heartbroken and appalled by Pittsburgh synagogue shooting The Times of Israel Archived from the original on October 27 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Religious Leaders Others Express Horror at Synagogue Attack The New York Times October 27 2018 Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Israeli cabinet honors victims of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting Reuters October 28 2018 Archived from the original on October 28 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Chief rabbi says it doesn t matter if Pittsburgh s Tree of Life is a synagogue The Times of Israel October 29 2018 Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 29 2018 Chizhik Goldschmidt Avital October 29 2018 Israel Chief Rabbi Didn t Dismiss Progressive Synagogues Stop Twisting Words To Sow Division The Forward Archived from the original on October 30 2018 Retrieved October 29 2018 Israel Chief Rabbi Won t Call Pittsburgh Shooting Site Synagogue Because It s Not Orthodox The Forward Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Maltz Judy October 28 2018 Israel s Chief Rabbi Refuses to Call Pittsburgh Massacre Site a Synagogue Because It s non Orthodox Haaretz Archived from the original on October 28 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Eglash Ruth October 28 2018 Pittsburgh shooting was widely reported in Israel but not all media noted it took place in a synagogue The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 28 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Synagogue shooting suspect Robert Bowers What we know about alleged Pittsburgh gunman Sky News October 28 2018 Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Julian Hana October 28 2018 Tel Aviv City Hall Lights Up in Solidarity with Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Victims JewishPress com Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Birnbaum Emily October 28 2018 Projection on wall in Jerusalem s Old City pays tribute to Pittsburgh synagogue victims The Hill Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Pope Francis grieves for Jewish victims in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting CBS News Associated Press October 28 2018 Archived from the original on October 28 2018 Retrieved October 29 2018 TOI Staff October 29 2018 Iran s Zarif Offers Thoughts and Prayers Over Synagogue Massacre Archived August 27 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Times of Israel Retrieved August 26 2021 Hamas denounces Pittsburgh shooting claims it s a victim of Israeli terror The Times of Israel October 30 2018 Archived from the original on October 31 2018 Retrieved October 31 2018 Hamas condemns terror attack on Pittsburgh Synagogue October 28 2018 Archived from the original on December 3 2021 Retrieved December 3 2021 Kenneth Bandler 17 December 2018 On My Mind Shattered glass Archived February 2 2019 at the Wayback 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Bombulie Jonathan October 30 2018 Penguins to wear jersey patches to honor Squirrel Hill shooting victims Pittsburgh Tribune Review Archived from the original on October 31 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 Pittsburgh football to wear Pittsburgh Strong helmet decal to honor Tree of Life victims NCAA com ncaa com October 31 2018 Archived from the original on November 3 2018 Retrieved November 20 2018 Ghermezian Shiryn October 29 2019 NFL Player Wears Star of David on Cleats In Memory of Pittsburgh Shooting Victims Jewish amp Israel News Algemeiner com Archived from the original on December 12 2019 Retrieved January 19 2020 Pitz Marylynne Smith Peter October 27 2018 Thousands gather for vigil honoring victims in Squirrel Hill shooting Pittsburgh Post Gazette Archived from the original on October 28 2018 Retrieved October 27 2018 In Pittsburgh s darkest hour 2 500 attend synagogue massacre memorial CNBC Reuters October 28 2018 Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 PITTSBURGH SHOOTING Vigil to be held in Oakland for victims of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting WPXI News October 28 2018 permanent dead link Vigil for Pittsburgh shooting victims NBC News October 28 2018 Archived from the original on October 30 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 via YouTube The Latest Feds seeking approval to pursue death penalty Boston Herald October 28 2018 Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Rivlin We can never afford to ignore anti Semitism Arutz Sheva October 28 2018 Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 28 2018 Vigils held nationwide to honor victims of Squirrel Hill synagogue shooting Pittsburgh Post Gazette October 28 2018 Archived from the original on October 31 2018 Retrieved October 31 2018 a b c Vigils held around the Jewish world for Pittsburgh shooting victims Jewish Telegraphic Agency October 29 2018 Archived from the original on October 30 2018 Retrieved October 31 2018 Why Pittsburgh 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Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Victims Hillel International October 29 2018 Archived from the original on November 1 2018 Retrieved October 31 2018 Kaplan Ezra McCausland Phil November 4 2018 Thousands across the globe ShowUpForShabbat to honor Squirrel Hill victims NBC News Archived from the original on November 4 2018 Retrieved November 4 2018 Sales Ben November 2 2018 This Pittsburgh rabbi lost 3 congregants in the shooting Here s how he is observing Shabbat Jewish Telegraphic Agency Archived from the original on September 3 2019 Retrieved August 16 2020 Albert Gershon Remembering the Victims of the Pittsburgh Shooting Notes from ShowUpForShabbat Facebook Archived from the original on April 26 2021 Retrieved August 16 2020 Trump Arrives in Pittsburgh as Many Make Clear His Visit Isn t Welcome The New York Times October 30 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 Smeltz Adam October 29 2018 Peduto to White House Talk to shooting victims families before presidential visit Pittsburgh Post Gazette Archived from the original on October 31 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 Pittsburgh shooting First of 11 funerals held for victims BBC October 30 2018 Archived from the original on October 30 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 a b Tree of Life rabbi says nation s leaders need to tone down rhetoric in fight against hate NBC News October 30 2018 Archived from the original on October 31 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 Former synagogue president Trump not welcome CNN October 29 2018 Archived from the original on October 30 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 Anapol Avery October 29 2018 synagogue says Trump not welcome He is the purveyor of hate speech The Hill Archived from the original on October 29 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 Jackson Hallie October 30 2018 Pittsburgh Rabbi President Donald Trump Has Become A Symbol Of Division NBC News Archived from the original on November 18 2020 Retrieved October 30 2018 Selk Avi Swenson Kyle October 31 2018 Here s the small protest Trump says he didn t see in Pittsburgh The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 1 2018 Retrieved November 1 2018 Dailey Ruth Ann November 4 2018 Rabbi רב teacher Rabbi Jeffrey Myers sets an example for all of us Pittsburgh Post Gazette a b Hauslohner Abigal Olhlheiser Abby October 30 2018 Some neo Nazis lament the Pittsburgh massacre It derails their efforts to be mainstream The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 29 2018 Retrieved January 10 2019 Katz Rita October 29 2018 Inside the Online Cesspool of Anti Semitism That Housed Robert Bowers Archived from the original on January 20 2019 Retrieved January 10 2019 The Jews Should Count Themselves Lucky Extremists React to Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Anti Defamation League October 27 2018 Retrieved January 10 2019 permanent dead link Brown Nicki August 10 2023 Man arrested after engaging in threatening conduct toward jurors and witnesses in Pittsburgh synagogue shooter trial prosecutors say CNN Retrieved September 29 2023 a b White supremacist admits threatening jury and witnesses in Pittsburgh synagogue shooter s trial AP News September 19 2023 Retrieved September 29 2023 Katersky Aaron August 10 2023 White supremacist arrested for threatening Pittsburgh synagogue jury witnesses Feds ABC News Retrieved September 29 2023 a b Rotstein Gary October 29 2018 In the wake of tragedy more than 1 million in donations pours in Pittsburgh Post Gazette Archived from the original on October 31 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 a b c Rotstein Gary November 1 2018 Iranian raises 1 million for Tree of Life gets showered with offers of Steelers Penguins tickets Pittsburgh Post Gazette Archived from the original on November 3 2018 Retrieved November 3 2018 Sadeque Samira October 30 2018 U S Muslims Raise 190 000 for Burial of Jewish Pittsburgh Victims Haaretz Archived from the original on October 30 2018 Retrieved October 31 2018 Fisher Alyssa October 30 2018 Muslims Raise More Than 180K For Pittsburgh Synagogue Victims The Forward Archived from the original on October 30 2018 Retrieved October 30 2018 Muslims Unite for Pittsburgh Synagogue LaunchGood 2018 Archived from the original on November 7 2018 Retrieved November 16 2018 Goldstein Andrew November 14 2018 Jewish Federation readying to distribute donations to Tree of Life shooting victims Archived from the original on November 18 2018 Retrieved November 16 2018 Pink Aiden November 4 2018 As Tree Of Life GoFundMe Hits 1M Other Synagogues Affected Get Left Behind The Forward Archived from the original on November 20 2018 Retrieved November 20 2018 Smith Peter March 5 2019 Millions from Tree of Life donations go to survivors congregations and police Archived from the original on April 1 2019 Retrieved March 5 2019 Tree of Life shooting survivors stories told in documentary ABC News Archived from the original on December 13 2022 Retrieved December 13 2022 Han Angie October 25 2022 A Tree of Life Review Synagogue Shooting Doc Goes Light on Politics Deep on Humanity The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on December 13 2022 Retrieved December 13 2022 External links editPittsburgh synagogue shooting at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote Tree of Life Or L Simcha Congregation official website Congregation Dor Hadash official website New Light Congregation official website Official Gab account of the accused second archive Vigil for Pittsburgh shooting victims Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pittsburgh synagogue shooting amp oldid 1216672305 Accused, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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