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Royal Air Force

January 01, 1970

"RAF" redirects here. For other uses, see RAF (disambiguation) and Royal Air Force (disambiguation).

The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air and space force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.[5] It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by merging the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS).[6] Following the Allied victory over the Central Powers in 1918, the RAF emerged as the largest air force in the world at the time.[7] Since its formation, the RAF has played a significant role in British military history. In particular, during the Second World War, the RAF established air superiority over Hermann Göring's Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain, and led the Allied strategic bombing effort.[8][9]

Royal Air Force
Founded1 April 1918; 106 years ago (1918-04-01)
Country United Kingdom
TypeAir and space force
RoleAerial and space warfare
Size
  • 31,025 active personnel[1]
  • 3,028 reserve personnel[1][a]
  • 404 aircraft[2]
Part of British Armed Forces
Air Staff OfficesWhitehall, London
Motto(s)"Per Ardua ad Astra" (Latin)
(Through Adversity to the Stars)
ColoursRed, white, blue
     
MarchQuick: "Royal Air Force March Past"
Slow: "Saeculum"[3]
Anniversaries1 April
Engagements
See list
Websitewww.raf.mod.uk
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief Charles III
Secretary of State for Defence Rt Hon Grant Shapps MP
Chief of the Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Knighton
Deputy Chief of the Air Staff Air Marshal Paul Lloyd
Air and Space Commander Air Marshal Allan Marshall
Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force Warrant Officer Murugesvaran Subramaniam
Insignia
Roundel
Fin flash
Ensign
Aircraft flown
AttackMQ-9 Reaper
Protector RG1[4]
FighterTyphoon FGR4
F-35B Lightning
HelicopterChinook HC5/6/6A
Puma HC2
ReconnaissancePoseidon MRA1
Airseeker R1
MQ-9 Reaper
Shadow R1/1A
Protector RG1
TrainerHawk T1/2
Texan T1
Phenom T1
Typhoon T3
Viking T1
Prefect T1
Tutor T1
Juno HT1
Jupiter HT1
TransportVoyager KC2/3
Atlas C1
C-17 Globemaster
Envoy IV CC1
TankerVoyager KC2/3

The RAF's mission is to support the objectives of the British Ministry of Defence (MOD), which are to "provide the capabilities needed to ensure the security and defence of the United Kingdom and overseas territories, including against terrorism; to support the Government's foreign policy objectives particularly in promoting international peace and security".[10] The RAF describes its mission statement as "... [to provide] an agile, adaptable and capable Air Force that, person for person, is second to none, and that makes a decisive air power contribution in support of the UK Defence Mission".[11] The mission statement is supported by the RAF's definition of air power, which guides its strategy. Air power is defined as "the ability to project power from the air and space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events".[12]

Today, the Royal Air Force maintains an operational fleet of various types of aircraft,[13] described by the RAF as being "leading-edge" in terms of technology.[14] This largely consists of fixed-wing aircraft, including those in the following roles: fighter and strike, airborne early warning and control, intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR), signals intelligence (SIGINT), maritime patrol, air-to-air refueling (AAR) and strategic & tactical transport. The majority of the RAF's rotary-wing aircraft form part of the tri-service Joint Helicopter Command in support of ground forces. Most of the RAF's aircraft and personnel are based in the UK, with many others serving on global operations (principally over Iraq and Syria) or at long-established overseas bases (Ascension Island, Cyprus, Gibraltar, and the Falkland Islands). Although the RAF is the principal British air power arm, the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm and the British Army's Army Air Corps also operate armed aircraft.

History edit

Further information: List of Royal Air Force operations
Main article: History of the Royal Air Force

Air Force (Constitution) Act 1917
Act of Parliament
 
Long titleAn Act to make provision for the establishment, administration, and discipline of an Air Force, the establishment of an Air Council, and for purposes connected therewith.
Citation7 & 8 Geo. 5. c. 51
Dates
Royal assent29 November 1917
Other legislation
Amended by
Status: Current legislation
Text of statute as originally enacted
Text of the Air Force (Constitution) Act 1917 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.

Origins edit

While the British were not the first to make use of heavier-than-air military aircraft, the RAF is the world's oldest independent air force; first air force to become independent of army or naval control.[15] The RAF was founded on 1 April 1918 (during World War I) by the amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS), as recommended in a report prepared by Jan Smuts.[16] At that time it was the largest air force in the world.[16] Its headquarters was located in the former Hotel Cecil.[17]

After the war, the RAF was drastically cut and its inter-war years were relatively quiet. The RAF was put in charge of British military activity in Iraq, and carried out minor activities in other parts of the British Empire, including establishing bases to protect Singapore and Malaya.[18] The RAF's naval aviation branch, the Fleet Air Arm, was founded in 1924 but handed over to Admiralty control on 24 May 1939.[19]

The RAF adopted the doctrine of strategic bombing, which led to the construction of long-range bombers and became its main bombing strategy in the Second World War.[20]

Second World War edit

Further information: Air warfare of World War II
 
A Spitfire and Hurricane, which both played major roles in the Battle of Britain.

The Royal Air Force underwent rapid expansion prior to and during the Second World War. Under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan of December 1939, the air forces of British Commonwealth countries trained and formed "Article XV squadrons" for service with RAF formations. Many individual personnel from these countries, and exiles from occupied Europe, also served with RAF squadrons. By the end of the war the Royal Canadian Air Force had contributed more than 30 squadrons to serve in RAF formations, similarly, approximately a quarter of Bomber Command's personnel were Canadian.[21] Additionally, the Royal Australian Air Force represented around nine per cent of all RAF personnel who served in the European and Mediterranean theatres.[22] During the Battle of Britain in 1940, the RAF defended the skies over Britain against the numerically superior German Luftwaffe. In what is perhaps the most prolonged and complicated air campaign in history, the Battle of Britain contributed significantly to the delay and subsequent indefinite postponement of Operation Sea Lion, Hitler's plans for an invasion of the UK. In the House of Commons on 20 August, prompted by the ongoing efforts of the RAF, Prime Minister Winston Churchill made a speech to the nation, where he said "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few".[23]

 
The Avro Lancaster heavy bomber was extensively used during the strategic bombing of Germany.

The largest RAF effort during the war was the strategic bombing campaign against Germany by Bomber Command. While RAF bombing of Germany began almost immediately upon the outbreak of war at first it was ineffectual; it was only later, particularly under the leadership of Air Chief Marshal Harris, that these attacks became increasingly devastating, from early 1943 onward, as new technology and greater numbers of superior aircraft became available.[24] The RAF adopted night-time area bombing on German cities such as Hamburg and Dresden. Night time area bombing constituted the great bulk of the RAF's bombing campaign, mainly due to Harris, but it also developed precision bombing techniques for specific operations, such as the "Dambusters" raid by No. 617 Squadron,[25] or the Amiens prison raid known as Operation Jericho.[26]

Cold War era edit

Further information: Cold War
Main article: Structure of the Royal Air Force in 1989

Following victory in the Second World War, the RAF underwent significant re-organisation, as technological advances in air warfare saw the arrival of jet fighters and bombers. During the early stages of the Cold War, one of the first major operations undertaken by the RAF was the Berlin Airlift, codenamed Operation Plainfire. Between 26 June 1948 and the lifting of the Russian blockade of the city on 12 May 1949, the RAF provided 17% of the total supplies delivered, using Avro Yorks, Douglas Dakotas flying to Gatow Airport and Short Sunderlands flying to Lake Havel.[27] The RAF saw its first post-war engagements in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War: during the withdrawal of the former Mandatory Palestine in May 1948 where British Supermarine Spitfire FR.18s shot down four Royal Egyptian Air Force Spitfire LF.9s after the REAF mistakenly attacked RAF Ramat David;[28] and during encounters with the Israeli Air Force which saw the loss of a single de Havilland Mosquito PR.34 in November 1948 and four Spitfire FR.18s and a single Hawker Tempest F.6 in January 1949.[29][30]

Before Britain developed its own nuclear weapons, the RAF was provided with American nuclear weapons under Project E. However, following the development of its own arsenal, the British Government elected on 16 February 1960 to share the country's nuclear deterrent between the RAF and submarines of the Royal Navy, first deciding to concentrate solely on the air force's V bomber fleet. These were initially armed with nuclear gravity bombs, later being equipped with the Blue Steel missile. Following the development of the Royal Navy's Polaris submarines, the strategic nuclear deterrent passed to the navy's submarines on 30 June 1969.[31] With the introduction of Polaris, the RAF's strategic nuclear role was reduced to a tactical one, using WE.177 gravity bombs. This tactical role was continued by the V bombers into the 1980s and until 1998 by the Panavia Tornado GR1.[32][33]

 
The RAF V bomber force was used to carry both conventional and nuclear bombs.

For much of the Cold War the primary role of the RAF was the defence of Western Europe against potential attack by the Soviet Union, with many squadrons based in West Germany. The main RAF bases in RAF(G) were RAF Brüggen, RAF Gutersloh, RAF Laarbruch and RAF Wildenrath – the only air defence base in RAF(G). With the decline of the British Empire, global operations were scaled back, and RAF Far East Air Force was disbanded on 31 October 1971.[34] Despite this, the RAF fought in many battles in the Cold War period. In June 1948, the RAF commenced Operation Firedog against Malayan pro-independence fighters during the Malayan Emergency.[35] Operations continued for the next 12 years until 1960 with aircraft flying out of RAF Tengah and RAF Butterworth. The RAF played a minor role in the Korean War, with flying boats taking part.[36] From 1953 to 1956 the RAF Avro Lincoln squadrons carried out anti-Mau Mau operations in Kenya using its base at RAF Eastleigh.[37] The Suez Crisis in 1956 saw a large RAF role, with aircraft operating from RAF Akrotiri and RAF Nicosia on Cyprus and RAF Luqa and RAF Hal Far on Malta as part of Operation Musketeer.[38] The RAF suffered its most recent loss to an enemy aircraft during the Suez Crisis, when an English Electric Canberra PR7 was shot down over Syria.[39]

In 1957, the RAF participated heavily during the Jebel Akhdar War in Oman, operating both de Havilland Venom and Avro Shackleton aircraft. The RAF made 1,635 raids, dropping 1,094 tons and firing 900 rockets at the interior of Oman between July and December 1958, targeting insurgents, mountain top villages and water channels in a war that remained under low profile.[40][41] The Konfrontasi against Indonesia in the early 1960s did see use of RAF aircraft, but due to a combination of deft diplomacy and selective ignoring of certain events by both sides, it never developed into a full-scale war.[42] The RAF played a large role in the Aden Emergency between 1963 and 1967. Hawker Hunter FGA.9s based at RAF Khormaksar, Aden, were regularly called in by the British Army as close air support to carry out strikes on rebel positions.[43] The Radfan Campaign (Operation Nutcracker) in early 1964 was successful in suppressing the revolt in Radfa, however it did nothing to end the insurgency with the British withdrawing from Aden in November 1967.[44]

One of the largest actions undertaken by the RAF during the Cold War was the air campaign during the 1982 Falklands War, in which the RAF operated alongside the Fleet Air Arm. During the war, RAF aircraft were deployed in the mid-Atlantic at RAF Ascension Island and a detachment from No. 1 Squadron was deployed with the Royal Navy, operating from the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes.[45][46] RAF pilots also flew missions using the Royal Navy's Sea Harriers in the air-to-air combat role, in particular Flight Lieutenant Dave Morgan the highest scoring pilot of the war.[47] Following a British victory, the RAF remained in the South Atlantic to provide air defence to the Falkland Islands, with the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR2 based at RAF Mount Pleasant which was built in 1984.[48]

Post-Cold War edit

 
The Tornado played an integral part in RAF operations from 1991 until its retirement in 2019

With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the RAF's focus returned to expeditionary air power.[49] Since 1990, the RAF has been involved in several large-scale operations, including the 1991 Gulf War,[50] the 1999 Kosovo War,[51] the 2001 War in Afghanistan,[52] the 2003 invasion and war in Iraq,[53] the 2011 intervention in Libya[54] and from 2014 onwards has been involved in the war against the Islamic State.[55]

The RAF began conducting Remotely-piloted Air System (RPAS) operations in 2004, with No. 1115 Flight carrying out missions in Afghanistan and Iraq with the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator.[56] Initially embedded with the United States Air Force, the RAF formed its own RPAS squadron in 2007 when No. 39 Squadron was stood up as a General Atomics MQ-9A Reaper unit at Creech AFB, Nevada.[57]

The RAF's 90th anniversary was commemorated on 1 April 2008 by a flypast of the RAF's Aerobatic Display Team the Red Arrows and four Eurofighter Typhoons along the River Thames, in a straight line from just south of London City Airport Tower Bridge, the London Eye, the RAF Memorial and (at 13.00) the Ministry of Defence building.[58][59][60]

Four major defence reviews have been conducted since the end of the Cold War: the 1990 Options for Change, the 1998 Strategic Defence Review, the 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World and the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR). All four defence reviews have resulted in steady reductions in manpower and numbers of aircraft, especially combat aircraft such as fast-jets. As part of the latest 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review, the BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4 maritime patrol aircraft was cancelled due to over spending and missing deadlines.[61] Other reductions saw total manpower reduced by 5,000 personnel to a trained strength of 33,000 and the early retirement of the Joint Force Harrier aircraft, the BAE Harrier GR7/GR9.[62]

 
The Sea King was operated by the RAF in the SAR role from 1978 until 2015 when RAF Search and Rescue was disbanded.

In recent years, fighter aircraft on Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) have been increasingly required to scramble in response to Russian Air Force aircraft approaching British airspace.[63] On 24 January 2014, in the Houses of Parliament, Conservative MP and Minister of State for the Armed Forces, Andrew Robathan, announced that the RAF's QRA force had been scrambled almost thirty times in the last three years: eleven times during 2010, ten times during 2011 and eight times during 2012.[64] RAF Coningsby in Lincolnshire and RAF Lossiemouth in Moray both provide QRA aircraft, and scramble their Typhoons within minutes to meet or intercept aircraft which give cause for concern. Lossiemouth generally covers the northern sector of UK airspace, while Coningsby covers the southern sector. Typhoon pilot Flight Lieutenant Noel Rees describes how QRA duty works. "At the start of the scaled QRA response, civilian air traffic controllers might see on their screens an aircraft behaving erratically, not responding to their radio calls, or note that it's transmitting a distress signal through its transponder. Rather than scramble Typhoons at the first hint of something abnormal, a controller has the option to put them on a higher level of alert, 'a call to cockpit'. In this scenario the pilot races to the hardened aircraft shelter and does everything short of starting his engines".[65]

 
The RAF operated the Hercules since 1967. The C-130J model was in service between 1998 and 2023

On 4 October 2015, a final stand-down saw the end of more than 70 years of RAF Search and Rescue provision in the UK. The RAF and Royal Navy's Westland Sea King fleets, after over 30 years of service, were retired. A civilian contractor, Bristow Helicopters, took over responsibility for UK Search and Rescue, under a Private Finance Initiative with newly purchased Sikorsky S-92 and AgustaWestland AW189 aircraft. The new contract means that all UK SAR coverage is now provided by Bristow aircraft.[66]

In 2018, the RAF's vision of a future constellation of imagery satellites was initiated through the launch of the Carbonite-2 technology demonstrator. The 100 kg Carbonite-2 uses commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components to deliver high-quality imagery and 3D video footage from space.[67][68] The Royal Air Force celebrated its 100th anniversary on 1 April 2018.[69] It marked the occasion on 10 July 2018 with a flypast over London consisting of 103 aircraft.[70][71]

Between March 2020 and 2022, the RAF assisted with the response efforts to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom as part of Operation Rescript. This saw the service provide repatriation flights and aeromedical evacuations of COVID-19 patients, drivers and call-handlers to support ambulance services and medics to assist with the staffing of hospitals, testing units and vaccination centres.[72][73] Under Operation Broadshare, the RAF has also been involved with COVID-19 relief operations overseas, repatriating stranded nationals and delivering medical supplies and vaccines to British Overseas Territories and military installations.[74]

The UK's 20-year long operations in Afghanistan came to an end in August 2021, seeing the largest airlift since the Berlin Blockade take place. As part of Operation Pitting, the RAF helped evacuate over 15,000 people in two weeks.[75][76] Between April and May 2023, the RAF helped evacuate over 2,300 people from Sudan due to the 2023 Sudan conflict as part of Operation Polarbear.[77][78]

Structure edit

Main article: Structure of the Royal Air Force

Senior leadership edit

 
Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Knighton

The professional head and highest-ranking officer of the Royal Air Force is the Chief of the Air Staff (CAS). He reports to the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is the professional head of the British Armed Forces.[79] The incumbent Chief of the Air Staff is Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Knighton who was appointed in 2023.[80]

The management of the RAF is the responsibility of the Air Force Board, a sub-committee of the Defence Council which is part of the Ministry of Defence and body legally responsible for the defence of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories. The Chief of the Air Staff chairs the Air Force Board Standing Committee (AFBSC) which decides on the policy and actions required for the RAF to meet the requirements of the Defence Council and His Majesty's Government.[81]

The Chief of the Air Staff is supported by several other senior commanders:

Royal Air Force senior management positions[82]
Title Rank NATO rank scale
Chief of the Air Staff Air Chief Marshal OF-9
Deputy Chief of the Air Staff Air Marshal OF-8
Air and Space Commander Air Marshal OF-8
Air Officer Northern Ireland Air Marshal OF-8
Assistant Chief of the Air Staff Air Vice-Marshal OF-7
Air Officer Scotland Air Vice-Marshal OF-7
Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Plans) Air Vice-Marshal OF-7
Chief of Staff Personnel and Air Secretary Air Vice-Marshal OF-7
Commandant General Royal Auxiliary Air Force Air Vice-Marshal OF-7
Director of Legal Services Air Vice-Marshal OF-7
Air Member for Materiel and Chief of Materiel Vice Admiral OF-8[83]
Chaplain-in-Chief Air Vice-Marshal OF-7
Air Officer Wales Air Commodore OF-6
Director of Resources Civilian
Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force Warrant Officer OR-9

Air Command edit

Administrative and operational command of the RAF is delegated by the Air Force Board to Headquarters Air Command, based at RAF High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire. Air Command was formed on 1 April 2007 by combining RAF Strike Command and RAF Personnel and Training Command, resulting in a single command covering the whole RAF, led by the Chief of the Air Staff.[84] Through its subordinate groups, Air Command oversees the whole spectrum of RAF aircraft and operations.[85]

United Kingdom Space Command (UKSC), established 1 April 2021 under the command of Air Vice-Marshal Paul Godfrey is a joint command, but sits "under the Royal Air Force."[86] Godfrey is of equal rank to the commanders of 1, 2, 11, and 22 Groups. The new command has "responsibility for not just operations, but also generating, training and growing the force, and also owning the money and putting all the programmatic rigour into delivering new ..capabilities."[86] UKSC headquarters is at RAF High Wycombe co-located with Air Command.[87]

Groups edit

Main article: List of Royal Air Force groups

Groups are the subdivisions of operational commands and are responsible for certain types of capabilities or for operations in limited geographical areas. There are five groups subordinate to Air Command, of which four are functional and one is geographically focused:

No. 1 Group (Air Combat) edit

No. 1 Group is responsible for combat aircraft (comprising the Lightning Force and Typhoon Force) and the RAF's intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR) capabilities. It oversees stations at RAF Coningsby and RAF Waddington in Lincolnshire, RAF Lossiemouth in Moray and RAF Marham in Norfolk. The group's Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 aircraft protect UK and NATO airspace by providing a continuous Quick Reaction Alert capability.[88]

No. 2 Group (Air Combat Support) edit

No. 2 Group controls the Air Mobility Force which provides strategic and tactical airlift, air-to-air refuelling and Command Support Air Transport. The group is also responsible for the RAF's Force Protection assets comprising the RAF Regiment and RAF Police. It oversees stations at RAF Benson and RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire, RAF Henlow in Bedfordshire, RAF Honington in Suffolk, RAF Odiham in Hampshire and RAF Northolt in West London.[89]

No. 11 Group (Multi-domain operations) edit

No. 11 Group is responsible for integrating operations across the air, cyber and space domains whilst responding to new and evolving threats. It includes the RAF's Battlespace Management Force which controls the UK Air Surveillance and Control System (ASACS). The group oversees stations at RAF Boulmer in Northumberland, RAF Fylingdales in North Yorkshire and RAF Spadeadam in Cumbria.[90]

No. 22 Group (Training) edit

No. 22 Group is responsible for the supply of qualified and skilled personnel to the RAF and provides flying and non-flying training to all three British armed services. It is the end-user of the UK Military Flying Training System which is provided by civilian contractor Ascent Flight Training. The group oversees stations at RAF College Cranwell in Lincolnshire, RAF Cosford and RAF Shawbury in Shropshire, RAF Halton in Buckinghamshire, MOD St Athan in the Vale of Glamorgan, RAF St Mawgan in Cornwall and RAF Valley on Angelsey.[91] The No. 22 Group also manages the Royal Air Force Air Cadets.[92]

No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group edit

No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group (No. 83 EAG) is the RAF's operational headquarters in the Middle East, based at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar. It is responsible for UK air operations in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean (Operation Kipion), the military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (Operation Shader) and wider UK defence objectives in the Middle East. Operations are delivered through four Expeditionary Air Wings (No. 901 EAW, No. 902 EAW, No. 903 EAW and No. 904 EAW).[93]

Stations edit

See also: List of Royal Air Force stations and List of former Royal Air Force stations
 
 
Cranwell & Barkston Heath
 
Benson
 
Boulmer
 
Brize Norton
 
Coningsby
 
Cosford
 
 
Fylingdales
 
Halton
 
Henlow
 
Honington
 
Leeming
 
Lossiemouth
 
Marham
 
Northolt
 
Odiham
 
Shawbury
 
St. Mawgan
 
Valley
 
Waddington
 
Wittering
 
Woodvale
 
Wyton
class=notpageimage|
Map of the Royal Air Force's main stations.
  Front-line flying station
  Training station
  Battlespace management
  Support station

An RAF station is ordinarily subordinate to a group and is commanded by a group captain. Each station typically hosts several flying and non-flying squadrons or units which are supported by administrative and support wings.[94]

United Kingdom edit

Front-line flying operations are focussed at eight stations:[95]

Flying training takes places at RAF Barkston Heath, RAF College Cranwell, RAF Shawbury and RAF Valley, each forming part of the UK Military Flying Training System which is dedicated to training aircrew for all three UK armed services. Specialist ground crew training is focused at RAF Cosford, RAF St Mawgan and MOD St. Athan.

Operations are supported by numerous other flying and non-flying stations, with activity focussed at RAF Honington which coordinates Force Protection and RAF Leeming & RAF Wittering which have a support enabler role.

A Control and Reporting Centre (CRC) at RAF Boulmer is tasked with compiling a Recognised Air Picture of UK air space and providing tactical control of the Quick Reaction Alert Force. In order to achieve this Boulmer is supported by a network of eight Remote Radar Heads (RRHs) spread the length of the UK.[96]

Overseas edit

The UK operates permanent military airfields (known as Permanent Joint Operating Bases) in four British Overseas Territories. These bases contribute to the physical defence and maintenance of sovereignty of the British Overseas Territories and enable the UK to conduct expeditionary military operations.[97] Although command and oversight of the bases is provided by Strategic Command, the airfield elements are known as RAF stations.[98]

Four RAF squadrons are based overseas. No. 17 Test and Evaluation Squadron is based at Edwards Air Force Base, California, in the United States and works in close cooperation with the U.S. Air Force in the development of the Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning.[99] No. 80 Squadron is part of the Australia, Canada and United Kingdom Reprogramming Laboratory (ACURL) at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, and is tasked with compiling and testing the Mission Data File Sets (MDFS) for the F-35.[100] No. 84 Squadron is located at RAF Akrotiri, operating the Westland Puma HC2 for search and rescue.[101] No. 230 Squadron, based at Medicina Lines, Brunei, also operate the Puma HC2.[102]

Squadrons edit

Main article: List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons

A flying squadron is an aircraft unit which carries out the primary tasks of the RAF. RAF squadrons are somewhat analogous to the regiments of the British Army in that they have histories and traditions going back to their formation, regardless of where they are based or which aircraft they are operating. They can be awarded standards and battle honours for meritorious service. Most flying squadrons are commanded by a wing commander and, for a fast-jet squadron, have an establishment of around twelve aircraft.[103]

Flights edit

See also: List of Royal Air Force aircraft independent flights
 
RAF Mount Pleasant, home to No. 1435 Flight providing air defence for the Falkland Islands.

Independent flights are so designated because they are explicitly smaller in size than a squadron. Many independent flights are, or have been, front-line flying units. For example, No. 1435 Flight carries out air defence duties for the Falkland Islands, with four Eurofighter Typhoon fighters based at RAF Mount Pleasant.[104]

Support wings and units edit

See also: List of wings of the Royal Air Force and List of Royal Air Force units & establishments

Support capabilities are provided by several specialist wings and other units.

Expeditionary Air Wings edit

Main article: Expeditionary Air Wing

Command, control, and support for overseas operations is typically provided through Expeditionary Air Wings (EAWs). Each wing is brought together as and when required and comprises the deployable elements of its home station as well as other support elements from throughout the RAF.[105]

Several Expeditionary Air Wings are based overseas:[93]

Training schools edit

Main article: List of Royal Air Force schools

Flying training edit

The RAF Schools consist of the squadrons and support apparatus that train new aircrew to join front-line squadrons. The schools separate individual streams, but group together units with similar responsibility or that operate the same aircraft type. Some schools operate with only one squadron, and have an overall training throughput which is relatively small; some, like No. 3 Flying Training School, have responsibility for all Elementary Flying Training (EFT) in the RAF, and all RAF aircrew will pass through its squadrons when they start their flying careers. No. 2 Flying Training School and No. 6 Flying Training School do not have a front-line training responsibility – their job is to group the University Air Squadrons and the Volunteer Gliding Squadrons together. The commanding officer of No. 2 FTS holds the only full-time flying appointment for a Group Captain in the RAF, and is a reservist.

Non-flying training edit

 
Jaguar aircraft used for training by No.1 School of Technical Training at RAF Cosford

The British military operate a number of joint training organisations, with Air Command leading the provision of technical training through the Defence College of Technical Training (DCTT).[117] It provides training in aeronautical engineering, electro and mechanical engineering, and communication and information systems.[118]

  • No. 1 School of Technical Training is based at RAF Cosford and provides RAF personnel with mechanical, avionics, weapons and survival equipment training. Also based at Cosford is the Aerosystems Engineer and Management Training School. Both are part of the Defence School of Aeronautical Engineering.[119]
  • No. 4 School of Technical Training is part of the Defence School of Electronic and Mechanical Engineering (DSEME) and is based at MOD St Athan. It provides training to non-aircraft ground engineering technicians.[120]
  • No. 1 Radio School and the Aerial Erectors School are based at Cosford and RAF Digby respectively and are part of the Defence School of Communications and Information Systems.[121]

Specialist training and education edit

The Royal Air Force operates several units and centres for the provision of non-generic training and education. These include the Royal Air Force Leadership Centre and the RAF Centre for Air Power Studies, both based at RAF Cranwell,[122] and the Air Warfare Centre, based at RAF Waddington and RAF Cranwell.[123] Non-commissioned officer training and developmental courses occur at RAF Halton and officer courses occur at the Joint Services Command and Staff College at Shrivenham.[124]

Personnel edit

See also: List of Royal Air Force personnel and List of comparative military ranks
 
Members of the RAF Regiment on parade, 2013

At its height in 1944 during the Second World War, more than 1,100,000 personnel were serving in the RAF. The longest-lived founding member of the RAF was Henry Allingham, who died on 18 July 2009 aged 113.[125]

As of 1 January 2015, the RAF numbered some 34,200 Regular[126] and 1,940 Royal Auxiliary Air Force[127] personnel, giving a combined component strength of 36,140 personnel. In addition to the active elements of the RAF, (Regular and Royal Auxiliary Air Force), all ex-Regular personnel remain liable to be recalled for duty in a time of need, this is known as the Regular Reserve. In 2007, there were 33,980 RAF Regular Reserves, of which 7,950 served under a fixed-term reserve contract.[128] Publications since April 2013 no-longer report the entire strength of the Regular Reserve, instead they only give a figure for Regular Reserves who serve under a fixed-term reserve contract.[129] They had a strength of 7,120 personnel in 2014.[130]

Figures provided by the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 2012 showed that RAF pilots achieve a relatively high number of flying hours per year when compared with other major NATO allies such as France and Germany. RAF pilots achieve 210 to 290 flying hours per year.[131] French and German Air Force pilots achieved 180 and 150 flying hours across their fleets respectively.[132]

Officers edit

 
King George VI, Queen Elizabeth, and Princess Elizabeth with RAF personnel during World War II

Officers hold a commission from the Sovereign, which provides the legal authority for them to issue orders to subordinates. The commission of a regular officer is granted after successfully completing the 24-week-long Initial Officer Training course at the RAF College, Cranwell, Lincolnshire.[133]

To emphasise the merger of both military and naval aviation when the RAF was formed, many of the titles of officers were deliberately chosen to be of a naval character, such as flight lieutenant, wing commander, group captain, and air commodore.[134]

Other ranks edit

Other ranks attend the Recruit Training Squadron at RAF Halton for basic training.[135] The titles and insignia of other ranks in the RAF were based on that of the Army, with some alterations in terminology. Over the years, this structure has seen significant changes: for example, there was once a separate system for those in technical trades, and the ranks of chief technician and junior technician continue to be held only by personnel in technical trades. RAF other ranks fall into four categories: Warrant Officers, Senior Non-Commissioned Officers, Junior Non-Commissioned Officers and Airmen. All Warrant Officers in the RAF are equal in terms of rank, but the most senior Non-Commissioned appointment is known as the Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force.[136]

Ranks edit

Main articles: RAF officer ranks and RAF other ranks
Royal Air Force officer rank insignia
NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D)
  Royal Air Force
epaulette rank insignia 		                       
rank title[137] Marshal of the Royal Air Force Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice-Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer Officer cadet
abbreviation MRAF[note 1] Air Chf Mshl Air Mshl AVM Air Cdre Gp Capt Wg Cdr Sqn Ldr Flt Lt Fg Off Plt Off Off Cdt
Royal Air Force other rank insignia
NATO rank code OR-9 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
  Royal Air Force
rank insignia
(view) 		                    no insignia
rank title[138] Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force Warrant Officer Flight Sergeant Chief Technician Sergeant Corporal Lance Corporal
(RAF Regiment) 		Air Specialist (Class 1) Technician Air Specialist (Class 1) Air Specialist (Class 2) Air Recruit
abbreviation WORAF WO FS Chf Tech Sgt Cpl LCpl AS1(T) AS1 AS2 AR
  Aircrew
rank insignia 		      no equivalent
rank title RAF Master Aircrew RAF Flight Sergeant Aircrew RAF Sergeant Aircrew
abbreviation MAcr FSAcr SAcr

Aircraft edit

Further information: List of aircraft of the RAF and List of active United Kingdom military aircraft

Combat air edit

Typhoon edit

 
Typhoon FGR4

The Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 is the RAF's primary multi-role air defence and ground attack fighter aircraft,[139][140] following the retirement of the Panavia Tornado F3 in late March 2011.[141] With the completion of 'Project Centurion' upgrades, the Typhoon FGR4 took over ground attack duties from the Panavia Tornado GR4, which was retired on 1 April 2019.[142][143][144] The Typhoon is tasked to defend UK airspace, while also frequently deploying in support of NATO air defence missions in the Baltic (Operation Azotize), Black Sea (Operation Biloxi), and Iceland.[139][145]

The RAF has seven front-line Typhoon squadrons, plus an Operational Conversion Unit (OCU), and Operational Evaluation Unit (OEU); No. 3 (Fighter) Squadron, No. XI (F) Squadron, No. 12 Squadron (joint RAF / Qatar Air Force), No. 29 Squadron (OCU), and No. 41 Test and Evaluation Squadron (OEU) based at RAF Coningsby; with No. 1 (F) Squadron, No. II (Army Cooperation) Squadron, No. 6 Squadron, and No. IX (Bomber) Squadron based at RAF Lossiemouth.[139][146] Additionally, four Typhoons (Faith, Hope, Charity, and Desperation) are based at RAF Mount Pleasant on the Falkland Islands, forming No. 1435 Flight, where they provide air defence.[147] It was originally suggested that an eighth front-line Typhoon squadron could be formed,[148] however, the 2021 Defence Command Paper announced the retirement of 24 Tranche 1 Typhoons by 2025, and a commitment to seven front-line squadrons.[149][150]

The Typhoon made its combat debut in support of Operation Ellamy in 2011, and has been supporting Operation Shader since December 2015.[139] The Typhoon made its first air-to-air kill in December 2021, shooting down a small hostile drone near Al-Tanf, Syria, with an ASRAAM.[151]

Lightning edit

 
F-35B Lightning

The Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II is a single-seat, single-engine, all-weather stealth multirole combat aircraft. It is intended to perform both air superiority and strike missions while also providing electronic warfare and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. It will be jointly operated by the RAF and the Royal Navy and with its ability to perform short take-offs and vertical-landings (STOVL), can operate from the Royal Navy's Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers.[152] Originally a total of 138 Lightnings were planned,[153][154][155] however the 2021 Defence Command Paper amended this to a commitment to increase the fleet beyond the current order of 48.[149] By March 2024, 34 F-35Bs had been delivered to the RAF[156][157] (though one crashed in November 2021).[158] The F-35B has an out of service date (OSD) of 2069.[159]

The first RAF squadron to operate the F-35B was No. 17 Test and Evaluation Squadron at Edwards AFB, California, accepting its first aircraft in 2014.[99] No. 617 (The Dambusters) Squadron officially reformed on 18 April 2018 as the first operational RAF Lightning squadron.[160] The first four aircraft arrived at RAF Marham from the United States in June 2018,[161] with a further five arriving in August 2018.[162] The Lightning was declared combat ready in January 2019.[163] The second UK based F-35B squadron to be formed was No. 207 Squadron on 1 August 2019 as the OCU for both RAF and Royal Navy pilots.[164][165]

Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR) edit

Six Hawker Beechcraft Shadow R1s (with two more to be converted) are operated by No. 14 Squadron from RAF Waddington, these aircraft are King Air 350CERs that have been specially converted for the ISTAR role.[166] Four Shadow R1s were originally ordered in 2007 due to an Urgent Operational Requirement,[167] and began the conversion process to the ISTAR role in 2009.[168] ZZ416 was the first Shadow R1 to be delivered in May 2009 to No. V (AC) Squadron.[169] A further Shadow was procured and delivered in December 2011.[170] The Shadow fleet was transferred over to the newly reformed No. 14 Squadron in October 2011.[171] Following the 2015 SDSR, three more Shadows were ordered and the fleet was given an OSD of 2030.[172]

Ten General Atomics MQ-9A Reaper unmanned aerial vehicles have been purchased to support operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. They are operated by No. XIII Squadron at RAF Waddington.[173][174]

Three Boeing RC-135W Rivet Joints (also known in RAF service as Airseeker) replaced the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R1 fleet in the signals intelligence role under the Airseeker Programme and are flown by No. 51 Squadron.[175] The Nimrod fleet was retired in 2011, the RAF co-manned aircraft of the US Air Force until the three RC-135s entered service between 2014 and 2017.[176] The aircraft were Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker tankers converted to RC-135W standard in the most complex combined Foreign Military Sales case and co-operative support arrangement that the UK had undertaken with the United States Air Force since the Second World War.[177] The Rivet Joint received its first operational deployment in August 2014, when it was deployed to the Middle East to fly missions over Iraq and Syria as part of Operation Shader.[178] The RC-135W's OSD is 2035.[179]

The General Atomics Protector RG1 is currently being introduced into RAF service, with operational flying scheduled to begin in 2025.[180] On 5 October 2015, it was announced that the Scavenger programme had been replaced by "Protector", a new requirement for at least 20 unmanned aerial vehicles.[181] On 7 October 2015, it was revealed that Protector would be a certifiable derivative of the MQ-9B SkyGuardian with enhanced range and endurance.[182] In 2016, it was indicated that at least sixteen aircraft would be purchased with a maximum of up to twenty-six.[183] In July 2018, a General Atomics US civil-registered SkyGuardian was flown from North Dakota to RAF Fairford for the Royal International Air Tattoo where it was given RAF markings. In July 2020, the Ministry of Defence signed a contract for three Protectors with an option on an additional thirteen aircraft.[184] The 2021 Defence Command Paper confirmed the order for 16 Protectors,[149] despite the fact that the 2015 SDSR originally laid out plans for more than 20.[185] The first Protector RG1 (PR009) was delivered to RAF Waddington in September 2023.[186] No. 31 Squadron was reformed as the first Protector squadron on 11 October 2023,[187] having been earmarked for the role in 2018.[188]

Based at RAF Waddington, No. 54 Squadron and No. 56 Squadron act as the OCU and OEU for the ISTAR fleet respectively.[189][190]

Maritime patrol edit

 
Poseidon MRA1

Nine Boeing Poseidon MRA1[191] were ordered by the Government in November 2015 in its Strategic Defence and Security Review for surveillance, anti-submarine and anti-surface ship warfare, filling a capability gap in maritime patrol that had been left since the cancellation of the BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4 programme in the 2010 SDSR.[192] On 13 July 2017, it was announced that No. 120 Squadron and No. 201 Squadron, both former Nimrod MR2 squadrons, would operate the Poseidon and be based at RAF Lossiemouth.[193] No. 120 Squadron was stood up on 1 April 2018,[193] with No. 201 Squadron reforming on 7 August 2021.[194] No. 54 Squadron was the OCU for the Poseidon fleet between 2020 and 2023.[195] No. 42 (Torpedo Bomber) Squadron has been the OCU for the Poseidon since September 2023.[196]

The first production Poseidon MRA1 ZP801 made its initial flight on 13 July 2019.[197] ZP801 arrived at Kinloss Barracks, the former home of the Nimrod, on 4 February 2020, filling a decade long gap in maritime capability.[198] The Poseidon was declared combat ready in April 2020.[199] The Poseidon carried out its first operational mission on 3 August 2020, when the Russian warship Vasily Bykov was tracked.[200] A Poseidon MRA1 arrived at RAF Lossiemouth for the first time in October 2020.[195] The ninth, and final Poseidon arrived at RAF Lossiemouth on 11 January 2022.[201]

Air mobility edit

Further information: AirTanker Services

No. 99 Squadron operate eight Boeing C-17A Globemaster III in the heavy strategic airlift role from RAF Brize Norton, Oxfordshire. Four C-17A were originally leased from Boeing in 2000,[202] These four were subsequently purchased outright,[203] followed by a fifth delivered on 7 April 2008 and a sixth delivered on 11 June 2008.[204] The MOD said there was "a stated departmental requirement for eight" C-17s and a seventh was subsequently ordered, to be delivered in December 2010.[205] In February 2012 the purchase of an eighth C-17 was confirmed;[206] the aircraft arrived at RAF Brize Norton in May 2012.[207]

The Airbus Atlas C1 (A400M) replaced the RAF's fleet of C-130 Hercules, initially replacing the C1/C3 (C-130K) which were withdrawn from use on 28 October 2013, having originally entered service in 1967.[208] Based at RAF Brize Norton, the Atlas fleet is operated by No. 30 Squadron and No. LXX Squadron.[209] The first Atlas C1 (ZM400) was delivered to the RAF in November 2014.[210] Originally, twenty-five A400Ms were ordered in the initial batch; the total initial purchase then dropped to twenty-two.[211][212] The final aircraft in the initial order of 22 aircraft was delivered in May 2023.[213] In February 2023, the Chief of the Air Staff indicated that up to six additional aircraft were planned for delivery by 2030.[214] The C-130 Hercules was retired from RAF service on 30 June 2023.[215]

No. XXIV Squadron acts as the Air Mobility OCU (AMOCU) for the Globemaster and Atlas,[216] while No. 206 Squadron is the OEU.[217]

Air transport tasks are also carried out by the Airbus Voyager KC2/3, flown by No. 10 Squadron and No. 101 Squadron.[218] The first Voyager (ZZ330) arrived in the UK for testing at MOD Boscombe Down in April 2011,[219] and entered service in April 2012.[220] The Voyager received approval from the MOD on 16 May 2013 to begin air-to-air refuelling flights and made its first operational tanker flight on 20 May 2013 as part of a training sortie with Tornado GR4s. By 21 May 2013, the Voyager fleet had carried over 50,000 passengers and carried over 3,000 tons of cargo.[221] A total of fourteen Voyagers form the fleet, with nine allocated to sole RAF use (three KC2s and six KC3s).[222] As the Voyagers lack a refuelling boom, the RAF has requested a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the USAF allowing the UK access to tankers equipped with refuelling booms for its RC-135W Rivet Joint .[223]

Two Dassault Falcon 900XLs were procured in early 2022 to replace the RAF's fleet of four BAe 146s (two CC2s and two C3s) in the Command Support Air Transport role.[224] Known as the Envoy IV CC1 in British service, the aircraft are based at RAF Northolt and are operated by a mixed civilian and No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron crew. This arrangement will remain until 2024 when the fleet will be placed on the military register.[225]

Helicopters edit

RAF helicopters support the British Army by moving troops and equipment to and around the battlefield. Helicopters are also used in a variety of other roles, including in support of RAF ground units and heavy-lift support for the Royal Marines. The support helicopters are organised into the tri-service Joint Helicopter Command (JHC), along with helicopters from the British Army and Royal Navy.[226] No. 22 Squadron, based at RAF Benson, re-formed in May 2020 as the OEU for JHC.[227]

The large twin-rotor Boeing Chinook is the RAF's medium-lift support helicopter.[228] Originally ordered in 1978,[229] with subsequent orders in 1995,[230] 2011,[231] and 2018 (yet to be finalised),[232] the Chinook is operated by No. 7 Squadron, No. 18 (B) Squadron and No. 27 Squadron at RAF Odiham and No. 28 (AC) Squadron (Support Helicopter OCU) at RAF Benson.[233] Since being first delivered in 1980,[234] the Chinook has been involved in numerous operations: the Falklands War (1982); Operation Granby (1991); Operation Engadine (1999); Operation Barras (2000); Operation Herrick (2002–2014); Operation Telic (2003–2011); Operation Ruman (2017); and Operation Newcombe (2018–2022).[233][235][236][237] The 60-strong fleet of Chinooks currently has an OSD in the 2040s.[238][239]

The Westland Puma HC2 is the RAF's Medium-lift support helicopter. It is operated by No. 33 Squadron and No. 28 (AC) Squadron (Support Helicopter OCU) at RAF Benson.[240] No. 230 Squadron, the RAF's tiger squadron,[241] operate the Puma from Medicina Lines, Brunei, having relocated from RAF Benson in May 2023.[102] No. 84 Squadron based at RAF Akrotiri in the Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas operate three Pumas as an emergency response platform after the Bell Griffin HAR2 was retired in April 2023.[101] The first two Puma HC1s (XW198 and XW199), of an eventual forty-eight, were delivered in January 1971,[242] which were supplemented by a captured Argentine Army SA 330J in 2001 and six ex-South African Air Force SA 330Ls in 2002.[243][244] Twenty-four Puma HC1s underwent upgrades to HC2 standard between 2012 and 2014.[245] The Puma HC2 OSD is currently March 2028, having been extended from March 2025.[246]

Training aircraft edit

Main article: UK Military Flying Training System

The UK's military flying training has been privatised through a public-private partnership, known as the UK Military Flying Training System (UKMFTS). Training is provided by Ascent Flight Training, a consortium of Lockheed Martin and Babcock International.[247] New aircraft were procured to reduce the training gap between the older generation Grob Tutor T1, Short Tucano T1 and Beechcraft King Air T1 aircraft, and the RAF's modern front-line aircraft, including advanced systems and glass cockpits. UKMFTS also relies far more on synthetic training to prepare aircrew for the front line, where advanced synthetic training is commonplace.[248]

Initial training edit

The Grob Tutor T1 equips fifteen University Air Squadrons, which provide university students an opportunity to undertake an RAF training syllabus, which includes first solo, as well as air navigation, aerobatics and formation flying. These units are co-located with Air Experience Flights, which share the same aircraft and facilities and provide air experience flying to the Air Training Corps and Combined Cadet Force. The Tutor is also flown by No. 16 Squadron and No. 115 Squadron based at RAF Wittering.[249]

Volunteer Gliding Squadrons also provide air experience flying to cadets using the Grob Viking T1 conventional glider. Due to an airworthiness issue in April 2014, the Viking fleet and the Grob Vigilant T1 fleet were grounded for a two-year period, although Viking operations have subsequently resumed.[250] The Vigilant was unexpectedly withdrawn from service in May 2018, a year earlier than planned. A contract tender was initiated in February 2018 to replace this capability from 2022 onwards.[251]

Elementary training edit

The Grob Prefect T1 was introduced to RAF service in 2016 as its elementary trainer. The 23-strong fleet is based at RAF Cranwell and RAF Barkston Heath in Lincolnshire where they are operated by No. 57 Squadron. On completion of elementary training, aircrew are then streamed to either fast jet, multi-engine, or rotary training.[252]

Basic fast jet training edit

Basic fast jet training is provided on the Beechcraft Texan T1, which replaced the Short Tucano T1 in November 2019. The Texan is a tandem-seat turboprop aircraft, featuring a digital glass cockpit. It is operated by No. 72 (F) Squadron based at RAF Valley in Anglesey which provides lead-in training for RAF and Royal Navy fighter pilots prior to advanced training on the BAE Hawk T2. The first two Texans were delivered in February 2018 and by December 2018 ten aircraft had arrived at RAF Valley.[253][254] Four additional Texans were delivered on 3 November 2020.[255]

Advanced fast jet training edit

The BAE Hawk T2 is flown by No. IV Squadron and No. XXV (F) Squadron based at RAF Valley. The latter provides initial Advanced Fast Jet Training (AFJT), while pilots who graduate on to the former squadron learn tactical and weapons training.[256] After advanced training aircrew go on to an Operational Conversion Unit (OCU) where they are trained to fly either the Typhoon FGR4 (No. 29 Squadron at RAF Coningsby) or F-35B Lightning (No. 207 Squadron at RAF Marham) in preparation for service with a front-line squadron. The OCUs use operational aircraft alongside simulators and ground training, although in the case of the Typhoon a two-seater training variant exists which is designated the Typhoon T3.[257]

On 15 October 2020, it was announced a joint RAF-Qatari Air Force Hawk squadron (similar to No. 12 Squadron) would be formed in the future.[258] On 1 April 2021, it was further elaborated that this squadron would be stood up in September 2021 at RAF Leeming, North Yorkshire.[259] The Joint Hawk Training Squadron received its first two Hawk Mk.167s at RAF Leeming on 1 September 2021.[260] On 24 November 2021, the Joint Hawk Training Squadron became 11 Squadron QEAF when it reformed at RAF Leeming.[261]

Multi-engine training edit

Multi-Engine aircrew, weapon systems officer (WSO) and weapon systems operator (WSOp) students are trained on the Embraer Phenom T1. It is operated by No. 45 Squadron based at RAF Cranwell. Multi-engine aircrew then go to their Operational Conversion Unit or front-line squadron.[262]

Rotary edit

No. 1 Flying Training School (No. 1 FTS) (formerly the Defence Helicopter Flying School) is based at RAF Shawbury in Shropshire and provides basic helicopter pilot training for all UK armed forces. It flies twenty-nine Airbus Juno HT1. No. 1 FTS comprises two main elements, 2 Maritime Air Wing (2 MAW) and No. 9 Regiment.[263] 2 MAW includes No. 660 Squadron of the Army Air Corps (AAC) and 705 Naval Air Squadron and provide basic helicopter flying training. No. 9 Regiment comprises No. 60 Squadron of the RAF and No. 670 Squadron of the AAC in the advanced helicopter flying training. No. 202 Squadron is also part of No. 1 FTS and operates the Airbus Jupiter HT1 at RAF Valley.[264]

Future aircraft edit

See also: Future of the Royal Air Force

In July 2014, the House of Commons Defence Select Committee released a report on the RAF future force structure that envisaged a mixture of unmanned and manned platforms, including further F-35, Protector RG1, a service life extension for the Typhoon (which would otherwise end its service in 2030) or a possible new manned aircraft.[265] In July 2018, at the Farnborough Airshow, the Defence Secretary announced a £2bn investment for BAE Systems, MBDA and Leonardo to develop a new British 6th Generation Fighter to replace Typhoon in 2035 under Project Tempest.[266]

On 22 March 2019, the Defence Secretary announced the UK had signed a $1.98 billion deal to procure five Boeing E-7 Wedgetails to replace the ageing Boeing E-3D Sentry AEW1 fleet in the Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) role.[267] As of May 2020, the first E-7 is expected to enter RAF service in 2023 with the final aircraft arriving in late 2025 or early 2026.[268] In December 2020, it was announced that the Wedgetail AEW1 will be based at RAF Lossiemouth.[269] The 2021 Defence Command Paper cut the Wedgetail order down to three aircraft.[149] The Sentry AEW1s were officially withdrawn on 28 September 2021.[270]

In March 2021, the Defence and Security Industrial Strategy paper was published which announced the aim to procure a New Medium Helicopter (NMH) in order to replace the Puma HC2, Griffin HAR2 (in RAF service) and the AAC's Bell 212 AH1 and Eurocopter Dauphin AH1.[271] In May 2022, the MoD announced the beginning of the NMH competition, with the aim to acquire up to 44 helicopters.[272] By November 2022, four companies qualified for the MoD's requirements: Airbus (H175M); Boeing (MH-139 Grey Wolf); Leonardo (AW149); and Sikorsky / Lockheed Martin (S-70 Black Hawk).[273] The Minister of State for Defence Procurement opened bidding for the competition, between Airbus Helicopters UK, Leonardo Helicopters UK and Lockheed Martin UK, in February 2024.[274]

Symbols, flags, emblems and uniform edit

Further information: Royal Air Force roundels and Uniforms of the Royal Air Force
 
Royal Air Force Ensign
 
The badge of the Royal Air Force on the gates of RAF College Cranwell

Following the tradition of the other British armed services, the RAF has adopted symbols to represent it, use as rallying devices for members and promote esprit de corps. British aircraft in the early stages of the First World War carried the Union Flag as an identifying feature; however, this was easily confused with Germany's Iron Cross motif. In October 1914, therefore, the French system of three concentric rings was adopted, with the colours reversed to a red disc surrounded by a white ring and an outer blue ring.[275] The relative sizes of the rings have changed over the years and during the Second World War an outer yellow ring was added to the fuselage roundel. Aircraft serving in the Far East during the Second World War had the red disc removed to prevent confusion with Japanese aircraft.[276] Since the 1970s, camouflaged aircraft carry low-visibility roundels, either red and blue on dark camouflage, or washed-out pink and light blue on light colours. Most non-camouflaged training and transport aircraft retain the traditional red-white-blue roundel.[276]

The RAF's motto is Per Ardua ad Astra and is usually translated from Latin as "Through Adversity to the Stars",[277] but the RAF's official translation is "Through Struggle to the Stars".[10] The choice of motto is attributed to a junior officer named J S Yule, in response to a request for suggestions from a commander of the Royal Flying Corps, Colonel Sykes.[278]

The badge of the Royal Air Force was first used in August 1918. In heraldic terms, it is: "In front of a circle inscribed with the motto Per Ardua ad Astra and ensigned by the Imperial Crown an eagle volant and affronté head lowered and to the sinister".[277] Although there have been debates among airmen over the years about whether the bird was originally meant to be an albatross or an eagle, the consensus is that it was always an eagle.[279]

Ceremonial functions and display edit

Red Arrows edit

Main article: Red Arrows
 
The Red Arrows in formation with an F-35B and a pair of Typhoons at the Royal International Air Tattoo in 2016

The Red Arrows, officially known as the Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team, is the aerobatics display team of the Royal Air Force based at RAF Waddington. The team was formed in late 1964 as an all-RAF team, replacing a number of unofficial teams that had been sponsored by RAF commands.[280] The Red Arrows badge shows the aircraft in their trademark Diamond Nine formation, with the motto Éclat, a French word meaning "brilliance" or "excellence".[280]

Initially, they were equipped with seven Folland Gnat trainers inherited from the RAF Yellowjacks display team. This aircraft was chosen because it was less expensive to operate than front-line fighters. In their first season, they flew at sixty-five shows across Europe. In 1966, the team was increased to nine members, enabling them to develop their Diamond Nine formation. In late 1979, they switched to the BAE Hawk trainer. The Red Arrows have performed over 4,700 displays in fifty-six countries worldwide.[281]

Royal Air Force Music edit

Main article: Royal Air Force Music Services

Headquarters Royal Air Force Music Services, located at RAF Northolt, supports professional musicians who perform at events around the globe in support of the RAF. The Central Band of the Royal Air Force was established in 1920.[282] Other bands include the Band of the Royal Air Force College, the Band of the Royal Air Force Regiment and the Band of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force.[283]

Trooping the Colour edit

Main article: Trooping the Colour

The Royal Air Force, and its predecessor, the Royal Flying Corps, has provided the flypast for Trooping the Colour since 1913. The RFC performed its first flypast for King George V's Official Birthday over Laffin's Plain, Aldershot.[284]

See also edit

Footnotes edit

RAF ranks edit

  1. ^ Marshal of the Royal Air Force has become an honorary/posthumous rank, war time rank; ceremonial rank.

Other notes edit

  1. ^ Since April 2013, MoD publications no longer report the entire strength of the Regular Reserve, instead, only Regular Reserves serving under a fixed-term reserve contract are counted. These contracts are similar in nature to the Royal Auxiliary Air Force.

References edit

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January 01, 1970
royal, force, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, disambiguation, space, force, united, kingdom, british, overseas, territories, crown, dependencies, formed, towards, first, world, april, 1918, becoming, first, independent, force, world, merging, roy. RAF redirects here For other uses see RAF disambiguation and Royal Air Force disambiguation The Royal Air Force RAF is the air and space force of the United Kingdom British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies 5 It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918 becoming the first independent air force in the world by merging the Royal Flying Corps RFC and the Royal Naval Air Service RNAS 6 Following the Allied victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as the largest air force in the world at the time 7 Since its formation the RAF has played a significant role in British military history In particular during the Second World War the RAF established air superiority over Hermann Goring s Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain and led the Allied strategic bombing effort 8 9 Royal Air ForceBadge of the Royal Air ForceLogo of the Royal Air ForceFounded1 April 1918 106 years ago 1918 04 01 CountryUnited KingdomTypeAir and space forceRoleAerial and space warfareSize31 025 active personnel 1 3 028 reserve personnel 1 a 404 aircraft 2 Part ofBritish Armed ForcesAir Staff OfficesWhitehall LondonMotto s Per Ardua ad Astra Latin Through Adversity to the Stars ColoursRed white blue MarchQuick Royal Air Force March Past Slow Saeculum 3 Anniversaries1 AprilEngagementsSee list First World WarThird Anglo Afghan WarSomaliland CampaignIraqi RevoltPink s WarArab revolt in PalestineSecond World WarPalestine EmergencyIndonesian National Revolution1948 Arab Israeli WarBerlin Blockade Operation Vittles Malayan EmergencyKorean WarCyprus EmergencyMau Mau Rebellion Operation Anvil Suez Crisis Operation Musketeer Cuban Missile CrisisIndonesia Malaysia confrontation Operation Claret Aden EmergencyDhofar RebellionNorthern Ireland Operation Banner Turkish invasion of CyprusFalklands War Operation Corporate Gulf War Operation Granby Bosnian WarKosovo War Operation Engadine War in Afghanistan Operation Herrick and Operation Toral Global War on Terrorism2003 Invasion of Iraq Operation Telic 2011 military intervention in Libya Operation Ellamy War against the Islamic State Operation Shader Operation ServalOperation NewcombeOperation Poseidon ArcherWebsitewww wbr raf wbr mod wbr ukCommandersCommander in ChiefCharles IIISecretary of State for DefenceRt Hon Grant Shapps MPChief of the Air StaffAir Chief Marshal Sir Richard KnightonDeputy Chief of the Air StaffAir Marshal Paul LloydAir and Space CommanderAir Marshal Allan MarshallWarrant Officer of the Royal Air ForceWarrant Officer Murugesvaran SubramaniamInsigniaRoundelFin flashEnsignAircraft flownAttackMQ 9 ReaperProtector RG1 4 FighterTyphoon FGR4F 35B LightningHelicopterChinook HC5 6 6APuma HC2ReconnaissancePoseidon MRA1Airseeker R1MQ 9 ReaperShadow R1 1A Protector RG1TrainerHawk T1 2Texan T1Phenom T1Typhoon T3Viking T1Prefect T1Tutor T1Juno HT1Jupiter HT1TransportVoyager KC2 3Atlas C1 C 17 GlobemasterEnvoy IV CC1TankerVoyager KC2 3 The RAF s mission is to support the objectives of the British Ministry of Defence MOD which are to provide the capabilities needed to ensure the security and defence of the United Kingdom and overseas territories including against terrorism to support the Government s foreign policy objectives particularly in promoting international peace and security 10 The RAF describes its mission statement as to provide an agile adaptable and capable Air Force that person for person is second to none and that makes a decisive air power contribution in support of the UK Defence Mission 11 The mission statement is supported by the RAF s definition of air power which guides its strategy Air power is defined as the ability to project power from the air and space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events 12 Today the Royal Air Force maintains an operational fleet of various types of aircraft 13 described by the RAF as being leading edge in terms of technology 14 This largely consists of fixed wing aircraft including those in the following roles fighter and strike airborne early warning and control intelligence surveillance target acquisition and reconnaissance ISTAR signals intelligence SIGINT maritime patrol air to air refueling AAR and strategic amp tactical transport The majority of the RAF s rotary wing aircraft form part of the tri service Joint Helicopter Command in support of ground forces Most of the RAF s aircraft and personnel are based in the UK with many others serving on global operations principally over Iraq and Syria or at long established overseas bases Ascension Island Cyprus Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands Although the RAF is the principal British air power arm the Royal Navy s Fleet Air Arm and the British Army s Army Air Corps also operate armed aircraft Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Second World War 1 3 Cold War era 1 4 Post Cold War 2 Structure 2 1 Senior leadership 2 2 Air Command 2 3 Groups 2 3 1 No 1 Group Air Combat 2 3 2 No 2 Group Air Combat Support 2 3 3 No 11 Group Multi domain operations 2 3 4 No 22 Group Training 2 3 5 No 83 Expeditionary Air Group 2 4 Stations 2 4 1 United Kingdom 2 4 2 Overseas 2 5 Squadrons 2 6 Flights 2 7 Support wings and units 2 8 Expeditionary Air Wings 2 9 Training schools 2 9 1 Flying training 2 9 2 Non flying training 2 9 3 Specialist training and education 3 Personnel 3 1 Officers 3 2 Other ranks 4 Ranks 5 Aircraft 5 1 Combat air 5 1 1 Typhoon 5 1 2 Lightning 5 2 Intelligence surveillance target acquisition and reconnaissance ISTAR 5 3 Maritime patrol 5 4 Air mobility 5 5 Helicopters 5 6 Training aircraft 5 6 1 Initial training 5 6 2 Elementary training 5 6 3 Basic fast jet training 5 7 Advanced fast jet training 5 8 Multi engine training 5 8 1 Rotary 5 9 Future aircraft 6 Symbols flags emblems and uniform 7 Ceremonial functions and display 7 1 Red Arrows 7 2 Royal Air Force Music 7 3 Trooping the Colour 8 See also 9 Footnotes 9 1 RAF ranks 9 2 Other notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External linksHistory editFurther information List of Royal Air Force operations Main article History of the Royal Air Force Air Force Constitution Act 1917Act of Parliament nbsp Parliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act to make provision for the establishment administration and discipline of an Air Force the establishment of an Air Council and for purposes connected therewith Citation7 amp 8 Geo 5 c 51DatesRoyal assent29 November 1917Other legislationAmended byStatute Law Revision Act 1927Auxiliary Forces Act 1953Revision of the Army and Air Force Acts Transitional Provisions Act 1955Naval Discipline Act 1957Defence Transfer of Functions Act 1964Statute Law Repeals Act 1976Armed Forces Act 1981Armed Forces Act 2006Status Current legislationText of statute as originally enactedText of the Air Force Constitution Act 1917 as in force today including any amendments within the United Kingdom from legislation gov uk Origins edit While the British were not the first to make use of heavier than air military aircraft the RAF is the world s oldest independent air force first air force to become independent of army or naval control 15 The RAF was founded on 1 April 1918 during World War I by the amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps RFC and the Royal Naval Air Service RNAS as recommended in a report prepared by Jan Smuts 16 At that time it was the largest air force in the world 16 Its headquarters was located in the former Hotel Cecil 17 After the war the RAF was drastically cut and its inter war years were relatively quiet The RAF was put in charge of British military activity in Iraq and carried out minor activities in other parts of the British Empire including establishing bases to protect Singapore and Malaya 18 The RAF s naval aviation branch the Fleet Air Arm was founded in 1924 but handed over to Admiralty control on 24 May 1939 19 The RAF adopted the doctrine of strategic bombing which led to the construction of long range bombers and became its main bombing strategy in the Second World War 20 Second World War edit Further information Air warfare of World War II nbsp A Spitfire and Hurricane which both played major roles in the Battle of Britain The Royal Air Force underwent rapid expansion prior to and during the Second World War Under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan of December 1939 the air forces of British Commonwealth countries trained and formed Article XV squadrons for service with RAF formations Many individual personnel from these countries and exiles from occupied Europe also served with RAF squadrons By the end of the war the Royal Canadian Air Force had contributed more than 30 squadrons to serve in RAF formations similarly approximately a quarter of Bomber Command s personnel were Canadian 21 Additionally the Royal Australian Air Force represented around nine per cent of all RAF personnel who served in the European and Mediterranean theatres 22 During the Battle of Britain in 1940 the RAF defended the skies over Britain against the numerically superior German Luftwaffe In what is perhaps the most prolonged and complicated air campaign in history the Battle of Britain contributed significantly to the delay and subsequent indefinite postponement of Operation Sea Lion Hitler s plans for an invasion of the UK In the House of Commons on 20 August prompted by the ongoing efforts of the RAF Prime Minister Winston Churchill made a speech to the nation where he said Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few 23 nbsp The Avro Lancaster heavy bomber was extensively used during the strategic bombing of Germany The largest RAF effort during the war was the strategic bombing campaign against Germany by Bomber Command While RAF bombing of Germany began almost immediately upon the outbreak of war at first it was ineffectual it was only later particularly under the leadership of Air Chief Marshal Harris that these attacks became increasingly devastating from early 1943 onward as new technology and greater numbers of superior aircraft became available 24 The RAF adopted night time area bombing on German cities such as Hamburg and Dresden Night time area bombing constituted the great bulk of the RAF s bombing campaign mainly due to Harris but it also developed precision bombing techniques for specific operations such as the Dambusters raid by No 617 Squadron 25 or the Amiens prison raid known as Operation Jericho 26 Cold War era edit Further information Cold War Main article Structure of the Royal Air Force in 1989 Following victory in the Second World War the RAF underwent significant re organisation as technological advances in air warfare saw the arrival of jet fighters and bombers During the early stages of the Cold War one of the first major operations undertaken by the RAF was the Berlin Airlift codenamed Operation Plainfire Between 26 June 1948 and the lifting of the Russian blockade of the city on 12 May 1949 the RAF provided 17 of the total supplies delivered using Avro Yorks Douglas Dakotas flying to Gatow Airport and Short Sunderlands flying to Lake Havel 27 The RAF saw its first post war engagements in the 1948 Arab Israeli War during the withdrawal of the former Mandatory Palestine in May 1948 where British Supermarine Spitfire FR 18s shot down four Royal Egyptian Air Force Spitfire LF 9s after the REAF mistakenly attacked RAF Ramat David 28 and during encounters with the Israeli Air Force which saw the loss of a single de Havilland Mosquito PR 34 in November 1948 and four Spitfire FR 18s and a single Hawker Tempest F 6 in January 1949 29 30 Before Britain developed its own nuclear weapons the RAF was provided with American nuclear weapons under Project E However following the development of its own arsenal the British Government elected on 16 February 1960 to share the country s nuclear deterrent between the RAF and submarines of the Royal Navy first deciding to concentrate solely on the air force s V bomber fleet These were initially armed with nuclear gravity bombs later being equipped with the Blue Steel missile Following the development of the Royal Navy s Polaris submarines the strategic nuclear deterrent passed to the navy s submarines on 30 June 1969 31 With the introduction of Polaris the RAF s strategic nuclear role was reduced to a tactical one using WE 177 gravity bombs This tactical role was continued by the V bombers into the 1980s and until 1998 by the Panavia Tornado GR1 32 33 nbsp The RAF V bomber force was used to carry both conventional and nuclear bombs For much of the Cold War the primary role of the RAF was the defence of Western Europe against potential attack by the Soviet Union with many squadrons based in West Germany The main RAF bases in RAF G were RAF Bruggen RAF Gutersloh RAF Laarbruch and RAF Wildenrath the only air defence base in RAF G With the decline of the British Empire global operations were scaled back and RAF Far East Air Force was disbanded on 31 October 1971 34 Despite this the RAF fought in many battles in the Cold War period In June 1948 the RAF commenced Operation Firedog against Malayan pro independence fighters during the Malayan Emergency 35 Operations continued for the next 12 years until 1960 with aircraft flying out of RAF Tengah and RAF Butterworth The RAF played a minor role in the Korean War with flying boats taking part 36 From 1953 to 1956 the RAF Avro Lincoln squadrons carried out anti Mau Mau operations in Kenya using its base at RAF Eastleigh 37 The Suez Crisis in 1956 saw a large RAF role with aircraft operating from RAF Akrotiri and RAF Nicosia on Cyprus and RAF Luqa and RAF Hal Far on Malta as part of Operation Musketeer 38 The RAF suffered its most recent loss to an enemy aircraft during the Suez Crisis when an English Electric Canberra PR7 was shot down over Syria 39 In 1957 the RAF participated heavily during the Jebel Akhdar War in Oman operating both de Havilland Venom and Avro Shackleton aircraft The RAF made 1 635 raids dropping 1 094 tons and firing 900 rockets at the interior of Oman between July and December 1958 targeting insurgents mountain top villages and water channels in a war that remained under low profile 40 41 The Konfrontasi against Indonesia in the early 1960s did see use of RAF aircraft but due to a combination of deft diplomacy and selective ignoring of certain events by both sides it never developed into a full scale war 42 The RAF played a large role in the Aden Emergency between 1963 and 1967 Hawker Hunter FGA 9s based at RAF Khormaksar Aden were regularly called in by the British Army as close air support to carry out strikes on rebel positions 43 The Radfan Campaign Operation Nutcracker in early 1964 was successful in suppressing the revolt in Radfa however it did nothing to end the insurgency with the British withdrawing from Aden in November 1967 44 One of the largest actions undertaken by the RAF during the Cold War was the air campaign during the 1982 Falklands War in which the RAF operated alongside the Fleet Air Arm During the war RAF aircraft were deployed in the mid Atlantic at RAF Ascension Island and a detachment from No 1 Squadron was deployed with the Royal Navy operating from the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes 45 46 RAF pilots also flew missions using the Royal Navy s Sea Harriers in the air to air combat role in particular Flight Lieutenant Dave Morgan the highest scoring pilot of the war 47 Following a British victory the RAF remained in the South Atlantic to provide air defence to the Falkland Islands with the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR2 based at RAF Mount Pleasant which was built in 1984 48 Post Cold War edit nbsp The Tornado played an integral part in RAF operations from 1991 until its retirement in 2019 With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union the RAF s focus returned to expeditionary air power 49 Since 1990 the RAF has been involved in several large scale operations including the 1991 Gulf War 50 the 1999 Kosovo War 51 the 2001 War in Afghanistan 52 the 2003 invasion and war in Iraq 53 the 2011 intervention in Libya 54 and from 2014 onwards has been involved in the war against the Islamic State 55 The RAF began conducting Remotely piloted Air System RPAS operations in 2004 with No 1115 Flight carrying out missions in Afghanistan and Iraq with the General Atomics MQ 1 Predator 56 Initially embedded with the United States Air Force the RAF formed its own RPAS squadron in 2007 when No 39 Squadron was stood up as a General Atomics MQ 9A Reaper unit at Creech AFB Nevada 57 The RAF s 90th anniversary was commemorated on 1 April 2008 by a flypast of the RAF s Aerobatic Display Team the Red Arrows and four Eurofighter Typhoons along the River Thames in a straight line from just south of London City Airport Tower Bridge the London Eye the RAF Memorial and at 13 00 the Ministry of Defence building 58 59 60 Four major defence reviews have been conducted since the end of the Cold War the 1990 Options for Change the 1998 Strategic Defence Review the 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World and the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review SDSR All four defence reviews have resulted in steady reductions in manpower and numbers of aircraft especially combat aircraft such as fast jets As part of the latest 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review the BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4 maritime patrol aircraft was cancelled due to over spending and missing deadlines 61 Other reductions saw total manpower reduced by 5 000 personnel to a trained strength of 33 000 and the early retirement of the Joint Force Harrier aircraft the BAE Harrier GR7 GR9 62 nbsp The Sea King was operated by the RAF in the SAR role from 1978 until 2015 when RAF Search and Rescue was disbanded In recent years fighter aircraft on Quick Reaction Alert QRA have been increasingly required to scramble in response to Russian Air Force aircraft approaching British airspace 63 On 24 January 2014 in the Houses of Parliament Conservative MP and Minister of State for the Armed Forces Andrew Robathan announced that the RAF s QRA force had been scrambled almost thirty times in the last three years eleven times during 2010 ten times during 2011 and eight times during 2012 64 RAF Coningsby in Lincolnshire and RAF Lossiemouth in Moray both provide QRA aircraft and scramble their Typhoons within minutes to meet or intercept aircraft which give cause for concern Lossiemouth generally covers the northern sector of UK airspace while Coningsby covers the southern sector Typhoon pilot Flight Lieutenant Noel Rees describes how QRA duty works At the start of the scaled QRA response civilian air traffic controllers might see on their screens an aircraft behaving erratically not responding to their radio calls or note that it s transmitting a distress signal through its transponder Rather than scramble Typhoons at the first hint of something abnormal a controller has the option to put them on a higher level of alert a call to cockpit In this scenario the pilot races to the hardened aircraft shelter and does everything short of starting his engines 65 nbsp The RAF operated the Hercules since 1967 The C 130J model was in service between 1998 and 2023 On 4 October 2015 a final stand down saw the end of more than 70 years of RAF Search and Rescue provision in the UK The RAF and Royal Navy s Westland Sea King fleets after over 30 years of service were retired A civilian contractor Bristow Helicopters took over responsibility for UK Search and Rescue under a Private Finance Initiative with newly purchased Sikorsky S 92 and AgustaWestland AW189 aircraft The new contract means that all UK SAR coverage is now provided by Bristow aircraft 66 In 2018 the RAF s vision of a future constellation of imagery satellites was initiated through the launch of the Carbonite 2 technology demonstrator The 100 kg Carbonite 2 uses commercial off the shelf COTS components to deliver high quality imagery and 3D video footage from space 67 68 The Royal Air Force celebrated its 100th anniversary on 1 April 2018 69 It marked the occasion on 10 July 2018 with a flypast over London consisting of 103 aircraft 70 71 Between March 2020 and 2022 the RAF assisted with the response efforts to the COVID 19 pandemic in the United Kingdom as part of Operation Rescript This saw the service provide repatriation flights and aeromedical evacuations of COVID 19 patients drivers and call handlers to support ambulance services and medics to assist with the staffing of hospitals testing units and vaccination centres 72 73 Under Operation Broadshare the RAF has also been involved with COVID 19 relief operations overseas repatriating stranded nationals and delivering medical supplies and vaccines to British Overseas Territories and military installations 74 The UK s 20 year long operations in Afghanistan came to an end in August 2021 seeing the largest airlift since the Berlin Blockade take place As part of Operation Pitting the RAF helped evacuate over 15 000 people in two weeks 75 76 Between April and May 2023 the RAF helped evacuate over 2 300 people from Sudan due to the 2023 Sudan conflict as part of Operation Polarbear 77 78 Structure editMain article Structure of the Royal Air Force Senior leadership edit nbsp Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Knighton The professional head and highest ranking officer of the Royal Air Force is the Chief of the Air Staff CAS He reports to the Chief of the Defence Staff who is the professional head of the British Armed Forces 79 The incumbent Chief of the Air Staff is Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Knighton who was appointed in 2023 80 The management of the RAF is the responsibility of the Air Force Board a sub committee of the Defence Council which is part of the Ministry of Defence and body legally responsible for the defence of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories The Chief of the Air Staff chairs the Air Force Board Standing Committee AFBSC which decides on the policy and actions required for the RAF to meet the requirements of the Defence Council and His Majesty s Government 81 The Chief of the Air Staff is supported by several other senior commanders Royal Air Force senior management positions 82 Title Rank NATO rank scale Chief of the Air Staff Air Chief Marshal OF 9 Deputy Chief of the Air Staff Air Marshal OF 8 Air and Space Commander Air Marshal OF 8 Air Officer Northern Ireland Air Marshal OF 8 Assistant Chief of the Air Staff Air Vice Marshal OF 7 Air Officer Scotland Air Vice Marshal OF 7 Assistant Chief of the Air Staff Plans Air Vice Marshal OF 7 Chief of Staff Personnel and Air Secretary Air Vice Marshal OF 7 Commandant General Royal Auxiliary Air Force Air Vice Marshal OF 7 Director of Legal Services Air Vice Marshal OF 7 Air Member for Materiel and Chief of Materiel Vice Admiral OF 8 83 Chaplain in Chief Air Vice Marshal OF 7 Air Officer Wales Air Commodore OF 6 Director of Resources Civilian Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force Warrant Officer OR 9 Air Command edit Administrative and operational command of the RAF is delegated by the Air Force Board to Headquarters Air Command based at RAF High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire Air Command was formed on 1 April 2007 by combining RAF Strike Command and RAF Personnel and Training Command resulting in a single command covering the whole RAF led by the Chief of the Air Staff 84 Through its subordinate groups Air Command oversees the whole spectrum of RAF aircraft and operations 85 United Kingdom Space Command UKSC established 1 April 2021 under the command of Air Vice Marshal Paul Godfrey is a joint command but sits under the Royal Air Force 86 Godfrey is of equal rank to the commanders of 1 2 11 and 22 Groups The new command has responsibility for not just operations but also generating training and growing the force and also owning the money and putting all the programmatic rigour into delivering new capabilities 86 UKSC headquarters is at RAF High Wycombe co located with Air Command 87 Groups edit Main article List of Royal Air Force groupsGroups are the subdivisions of operational commands and are responsible for certain types of capabilities or for operations in limited geographical areas There are five groups subordinate to Air Command of which four are functional and one is geographically focused No 1 Group Air Combat edit No 1 Group is responsible for combat aircraft comprising the Lightning Force and Typhoon Force and the RAF s intelligence surveillance target acquisition and reconnaissance ISTAR capabilities It oversees stations at RAF Coningsby and RAF Waddington in Lincolnshire RAF Lossiemouth in Moray and RAF Marham in Norfolk The group s Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 aircraft protect UK and NATO airspace by providing a continuous Quick Reaction Alert capability 88 No 2 Group Air Combat Support edit No 2 Group controls the Air Mobility Force which provides strategic and tactical airlift air to air refuelling and Command Support Air Transport The group is also responsible for the RAF s Force Protection assets comprising the RAF Regiment and RAF Police It oversees stations at RAF Benson and RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire RAF Henlow in Bedfordshire RAF Honington in Suffolk RAF Odiham in Hampshire and RAF Northolt in West London 89 No 11 Group Multi domain operations edit No 11 Group is responsible for integrating operations across the air cyber and space domains whilst responding to new and evolving threats It includes the RAF s Battlespace Management Force which controls the UK Air Surveillance and Control System ASACS The group oversees stations at RAF Boulmer in Northumberland RAF Fylingdales in North Yorkshire and RAF Spadeadam in Cumbria 90 No 22 Group Training edit No 22 Group is responsible for the supply of qualified and skilled personnel to the RAF and provides flying and non flying training to all three British armed services It is the end user of the UK Military Flying Training System which is provided by civilian contractor Ascent Flight Training The group oversees stations at RAF College Cranwell in Lincolnshire RAF Cosford and RAF Shawbury in Shropshire RAF Halton in Buckinghamshire MOD St Athan in the Vale of Glamorgan RAF St Mawgan in Cornwall and RAF Valley on Angelsey 91 The No 22 Group also manages the Royal Air Force Air Cadets 92 No 83 Expeditionary Air Group edit No 83 Expeditionary Air Group No 83 EAG is the RAF s operational headquarters in the Middle East based at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar It is responsible for UK air operations in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean Operation Kipion the military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Operation Shader and wider UK defence objectives in the Middle East Operations are delivered through four Expeditionary Air Wings No 901 EAW No 902 EAW No 903 EAW and No 904 EAW 93 Stations edit See also List of Royal Air Force stations and List of former Royal Air Force stations nbsp nbsp Cranwell amp Barkston Heath nbsp Benson nbsp Boulmer nbsp Brize Norton nbsp Coningsby nbsp Cosford nbsp nbsp Fylingdales nbsp Halton nbsp Henlow nbsp Honington nbsp Leeming nbsp Lossiemouth nbsp Marham nbsp Northolt nbsp Odiham nbsp Shawbury nbsp St Mawgan nbsp Valley nbsp Waddington nbsp Wittering nbsp Woodvale nbsp Wytonclass notpageimage Map of the Royal Air Force s main stations nbsp Front line flying station nbsp Training station nbsp Battlespace management nbsp Support station An RAF station is ordinarily subordinate to a group and is commanded by a group captain Each station typically hosts several flying and non flying squadrons or units which are supported by administrative and support wings 94 United Kingdom edit Front line flying operations are focussed at eight stations 95 RAF Coningsby RAF Marham and RAF Lossiemouth Air Combat RAF Waddington ISTAR RAF Brize Norton and RAF Northolt Air Transport RAF Benson and RAF Odiham Support Helicopter Force operating under Joint Helicopter Command Flying training takes places at RAF Barkston Heath RAF College Cranwell RAF Shawbury and RAF Valley each forming part of the UK Military Flying Training System which is dedicated to training aircrew for all three UK armed services Specialist ground crew training is focused at RAF Cosford RAF St Mawgan and MOD St Athan Operations are supported by numerous other flying and non flying stations with activity focussed at RAF Honington which coordinates Force Protection and RAF Leeming amp RAF Wittering which have a support enabler role A Control and Reporting Centre CRC at RAF Boulmer is tasked with compiling a Recognised Air Picture of UK air space and providing tactical control of the Quick Reaction Alert Force In order to achieve this Boulmer is supported by a network of eight Remote Radar Heads RRHs spread the length of the UK 96 Overseas edit The UK operates permanent military airfields known as Permanent Joint Operating Bases in four British Overseas Territories These bases contribute to the physical defence and maintenance of sovereignty of the British Overseas Territories and enable the UK to conduct expeditionary military operations 97 Although command and oversight of the bases is provided by Strategic Command the airfield elements are known as RAF stations 98 RAF Akrotiri Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Cyprus RAF Ascension Island Saint Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cuhna RAF Mount Pleasant Falkland Islands RAF Gibraltar Gibraltar Four RAF squadrons are based overseas No 17 Test and Evaluation Squadron is based at Edwards Air Force Base California in the United States and works in close cooperation with the U S Air Force in the development of the Lockheed Martin F 35B Lightning 99 No 80 Squadron is part of the Australia Canada and United Kingdom Reprogramming Laboratory ACURL at Eglin Air Force Base Florida and is tasked with compiling and testing the Mission Data File Sets MDFS for the F 35 100 No 84 Squadron is located at RAF Akrotiri operating the Westland Puma HC2 for search and rescue 101 No 230 Squadron based at Medicina Lines Brunei also operate the Puma HC2 102 Squadrons edit Main article List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadronsA flying squadron is an aircraft unit which carries out the primary tasks of the RAF RAF squadrons are somewhat analogous to the regiments of the British Army in that they have histories and traditions going back to their formation regardless of where they are based or which aircraft they are operating They can be awarded standards and battle honours for meritorious service Most flying squadrons are commanded by a wing commander and for a fast jet squadron have an establishment of around twelve aircraft 103 Flights edit See also List of Royal Air Force aircraft independent flights nbsp RAF Mount Pleasant home to No 1435 Flight providing air defence for the Falkland Islands Independent flights are so designated because they are explicitly smaller in size than a squadron Many independent flights are or have been front line flying units For example No 1435 Flight carries out air defence duties for the Falkland Islands with four Eurofighter Typhoon fighters based at RAF Mount Pleasant 104 Support wings and units edit See also List of wings of the Royal Air Force and List of Royal Air Force units amp establishments Support capabilities are provided by several specialist wings and other units Air Warfare Centre RAF Waddington Airborne Delivery Wing RAF Brize Norton Mobile Meteorological Unit RAF Waddington Tactical Communications Wing RAF Leeming Tactical Medical Wing RAF Brize Norton Tactical Supply Wing MOD Stafford No 1 Air Control Centre RAF Scampton No 1 Air Mobility Wing RAF Brize Norton No 1 Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing RAF Waddington No 42 Expeditionary Support Wing RAF Wittering No 85 Expeditionary Logistics Wing RAF Wittering No 90 Signals Unit RAF Leeming Expeditionary Air Wings edit Main article Expeditionary Air Wing Command control and support for overseas operations is typically provided through Expeditionary Air Wings EAWs Each wing is brought together as and when required and comprises the deployable elements of its home station as well as other support elements from throughout the RAF 105 No 34 Expeditionary Air Wing RAF Waddington ISTAR operations 106 No 38 Expeditionary Air Wing RAF Brize Norton air transport operations 107 No 121 Expeditionary Air Wing RAF Coningsby multi role operations 108 No 135 Expeditionary Air Wing RAF Leeming fighter operations 108 No 138 Expeditionary Air Wing RAF Marham fighter operations 108 No 140 Expeditionary Air Wing RAF Lossiemouth fighter operations 108 Several Expeditionary Air Wings are based overseas 93 No 901 Expeditionary Air Wing Al Udeid Air Base Qatar Communication and information systems support No 902 Expeditionary Air Wing Middle East Helicopter support No 903 Expeditionary Air Wing RAF Akrotiri Cyprus Supports Operation Shader No 905 Expeditionary Air Wing RAF Mount Pleasant Falklands Islands Protection of British Overseas Territories in the South Atlantic No 906 Expeditionary Air Wing Middle East Air transport support Training schools edit Main article List of Royal Air Force schools Flying training edit The RAF Schools consist of the squadrons and support apparatus that train new aircrew to join front line squadrons The schools separate individual streams but group together units with similar responsibility or that operate the same aircraft type Some schools operate with only one squadron and have an overall training throughput which is relatively small some like No 3 Flying Training School have responsibility for all Elementary Flying Training EFT in the RAF and all RAF aircrew will pass through its squadrons when they start their flying careers No 2 Flying Training School and No 6 Flying Training School do not have a front line training responsibility their job is to group the University Air Squadrons and the Volunteer Gliding Squadrons together The commanding officer of No 2 FTS holds the only full time flying appointment for a Group Captain in the RAF and is a reservist Central Flying School RAF Cranwell standardises flying training across the air force and ensures standards and safety are maintained 109 No 1 Flying Training School RAF Shawbury basic and advanced helicopter training 110 111 No 2 Flying Training School RAF Syerston gliding training provided by Volunteer Gliding Squadrons based at airfields throughout the UK 112 No 3 Flying Training School RAF Cranwell Elementary Flying Training EFT for RAF Fleet Air Arm and Army Air Corps crews also operates from RAF Wittering and RAF Barkston Heath 113 114 No 4 Flying Training School RAF Valley Basic Fast Jet Training BFJT and Advanced Fast Jet Training AFJT 115 No 6 Flying Training School RAF Cranwell Initial training provided by University Air Squadrons and Air Experience Flights based at airfields throughout the UK 116 Non flying training edit nbsp Jaguar aircraft used for training by No 1 School of Technical Training at RAF Cosford The British military operate a number of joint training organisations with Air Command leading the provision of technical training through the Defence College of Technical Training DCTT 117 It provides training in aeronautical engineering electro and mechanical engineering and communication and information systems 118 No 1 School of Technical Training is based at RAF Cosford and provides RAF personnel with mechanical avionics weapons and survival equipment training Also based at Cosford is the Aerosystems Engineer and Management Training School Both are part of the Defence School of Aeronautical Engineering 119 No 4 School of Technical Training is part of the Defence School of Electronic and Mechanical Engineering DSEME and is based at MOD St Athan It provides training to non aircraft ground engineering technicians 120 No 1 Radio School and the Aerial Erectors School are based at Cosford and RAF Digby respectively and are part of the Defence School of Communications and Information Systems 121 Specialist training and education edit The Royal Air Force operates several units and centres for the provision of non generic training and education These include the Royal Air Force Leadership Centre and the RAF Centre for Air Power Studies both based at RAF Cranwell 122 and the Air Warfare Centre based at RAF Waddington and RAF Cranwell 123 Non commissioned officer training and developmental courses occur at RAF Halton and officer courses occur at the Joint Services Command and Staff College at Shrivenham 124 Personnel editSee also List of Royal Air Force personnel and List of comparative military ranks nbsp Members of the RAF Regiment on parade 2013 At its height in 1944 during the Second World War more than 1 100 000 personnel were serving in the RAF The longest lived founding member of the RAF was Henry Allingham who died on 18 July 2009 aged 113 125 As of 1 January 2015 the RAF numbered some 34 200 Regular 126 and 1 940 Royal Auxiliary Air Force 127 personnel giving a combined component strength of 36 140 personnel In addition to the active elements of the RAF Regular and Royal Auxiliary Air Force all ex Regular personnel remain liable to be recalled for duty in a time of need this is known as the Regular Reserve In 2007 there were 33 980 RAF Regular Reserves of which 7 950 served under a fixed term reserve contract 128 Publications since April 2013 no longer report the entire strength of the Regular Reserve instead they only give a figure for Regular Reserves who serve under a fixed term reserve contract 129 They had a strength of 7 120 personnel in 2014 130 Figures provided by the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 2012 showed that RAF pilots achieve a relatively high number of flying hours per year when compared with other major NATO allies such as France and Germany RAF pilots achieve 210 to 290 flying hours per year 131 French and German Air Force pilots achieved 180 and 150 flying hours across their fleets respectively 132 Officers edit nbsp King George VI Queen Elizabeth and Princess Elizabeth with RAF personnel during World War II Officers hold a commission from the Sovereign which provides the legal authority for them to issue orders to subordinates The commission of a regular officer is granted after successfully completing the 24 week long Initial Officer Training course at the RAF College Cranwell Lincolnshire 133 To emphasise the merger of both military and naval aviation when the RAF was formed many of the titles of officers were deliberately chosen to be of a naval character such as flight lieutenant wing commander group captain and air commodore 134 Other ranks edit Other ranks attend the Recruit Training Squadron at RAF Halton for basic training 135 The titles and insignia of other ranks in the RAF were based on that of the Army with some alterations in terminology Over the years this structure has seen significant changes for example there was once a separate system for those in technical trades and the ranks of chief technician and junior technician continue to be held only by personnel in technical trades RAF other ranks fall into four categories Warrant Officers Senior Non Commissioned Officers Junior Non Commissioned Officers and Airmen All Warrant Officers in the RAF are equal in terms of rank but the most senior Non Commissioned appointment is known as the Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force 136 Ranks editMain articles RAF officer ranks and RAF other ranks Royal Air Force officer rank insignia NATO code OF 10 OF 9 OF 8 OF 7 OF 6 OF 5 OF 4 OF 3 OF 2 OF 1 OF D nbsp Royal Air Forceepaulette rank insignia nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp rank title 137 Marshal of the Royal Air Force Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer Officer cadet abbreviation MRAF note 1 Air Chf Mshl Air Mshl AVM Air Cdre Gp Capt Wg Cdr Sqn Ldr Flt Lt Fg Off Plt Off Off Cdt Royal Air Force other rank insignia NATO rank code OR 9 OR 7 OR 6 OR 5 OR 4 OR 3 OR 2 OR 1 nbsp Royal Air Forcerank insignia view nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp no insignia rank title 138 Warrant Officer of the Royal Air Force Warrant Officer Flight Sergeant Chief Technician Sergeant Corporal Lance Corporal RAF Regiment Air Specialist Class 1 Technician Air Specialist Class 1 Air Specialist Class 2 Air Recruit abbreviation WORAF WO FS Chf Tech Sgt Cpl LCpl AS1 T AS1 AS2 AR nbsp Aircrewrank insignia nbsp nbsp nbsp no equivalent rank title RAF Master Aircrew RAF Flight Sergeant Aircrew RAF Sergeant Aircrew abbreviation MAcr FSAcr SAcrAircraft editFurther information List of aircraft of the RAF and List of active United Kingdom military aircraft Combat air edit Typhoon edit nbsp Typhoon FGR4 The Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 is the RAF s primary multi role air defence and ground attack fighter aircraft 139 140 following the retirement of the Panavia Tornado F3 in late March 2011 141 With the completion of Project Centurion upgrades the Typhoon FGR4 took over ground attack duties from the Panavia Tornado GR4 which was retired on 1 April 2019 142 143 144 The Typhoon is tasked to defend UK airspace while also frequently deploying in support of NATO air defence missions in the Baltic Operation Azotize Black Sea Operation Biloxi and Iceland 139 145 The RAF has seven front line Typhoon squadrons plus an Operational Conversion Unit OCU and Operational Evaluation Unit OEU No 3 Fighter Squadron No XI F Squadron No 12 Squadron joint RAF Qatar Air Force No 29 Squadron OCU and No 41 Test and Evaluation Squadron OEU based at RAF Coningsby with No 1 F Squadron No II Army Cooperation Squadron No 6 Squadron and No IX Bomber Squadron based at RAF Lossiemouth 139 146 Additionally four Typhoons Faith Hope Charity and Desperation are based at RAF Mount Pleasant on the Falkland Islands forming No 1435 Flight where they provide air defence 147 It was originally suggested that an eighth front line Typhoon squadron could be formed 148 however the 2021 Defence Command Paper announced the retirement of 24 Tranche 1 Typhoons by 2025 and a commitment to seven front line squadrons 149 150 The Typhoon made its combat debut in support of Operation Ellamy in 2011 and has been supporting Operation Shader since December 2015 139 The Typhoon made its first air to air kill in December 2021 shooting down a small hostile drone near Al Tanf Syria with an ASRAAM 151 Lightning edit nbsp F 35B LightningThe Lockheed Martin F 35B Lightning II is a single seat single engine all weather stealth multirole combat aircraft It is intended to perform both air superiority and strike missions while also providing electronic warfare and intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities It will be jointly operated by the RAF and the Royal Navy and with its ability to perform short take offs and vertical landings STOVL can operate from the Royal Navy s Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carriers 152 Originally a total of 138 Lightnings were planned 153 154 155 however the 2021 Defence Command Paper amended this to a commitment to increase the fleet beyond the current order of 48 149 By March 2024 34 F 35Bs had been delivered to the RAF 156 157 though one crashed in November 2021 158 The F 35B has an out of service date OSD of 2069 159 The first RAF squadron to operate the F 35B was No 17 Test and Evaluation Squadron at Edwards AFB California accepting its first aircraft in 2014 99 No 617 The Dambusters Squadron officially reformed on 18 April 2018 as the first operational RAF Lightning squadron 160 The first four aircraft arrived at RAF Marham from the United States in June 2018 161 with a further five arriving in August 2018 162 The Lightning was declared combat ready in January 2019 163 The second UK based F 35B squadron to be formed was No 207 Squadron on 1 August 2019 as the OCU for both RAF and Royal Navy pilots 164 165 Intelligence surveillance target acquisition and reconnaissance ISTAR edit Six Hawker Beechcraft Shadow R1s with two more to be converted are operated by No 14 Squadron from RAF Waddington these aircraft are King Air 350CERs that have been specially converted for the ISTAR role 166 Four Shadow R1s were originally ordered in 2007 due to an Urgent Operational Requirement 167 and began the conversion process to the ISTAR role in 2009 168 ZZ416 was the first Shadow R1 to be delivered in May 2009 to No V AC Squadron 169 A further Shadow was procured and delivered in December 2011 170 The Shadow fleet was transferred over to the newly reformed No 14 Squadron in October 2011 171 Following the 2015 SDSR three more Shadows were ordered and the fleet was given an OSD of 2030 172 Ten General Atomics MQ 9A Reaper unmanned aerial vehicles have been purchased to support operations in Iraq and Afghanistan They are operated by No XIII Squadron at RAF Waddington 173 174 Three Boeing RC 135W Rivet Joints also known in RAF service as Airseeker replaced the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R1 fleet in the signals intelligence role under the Airseeker Programme and are flown by No 51 Squadron 175 The Nimrod fleet was retired in 2011 the RAF co manned aircraft of the US Air Force until the three RC 135s entered service between 2014 and 2017 176 The aircraft were Boeing KC 135R Stratotanker tankers converted to RC 135W standard in the most complex combined Foreign Military Sales case and co operative support arrangement that the UK had undertaken with the United States Air Force since the Second World War 177 The Rivet Joint received its first operational deployment in August 2014 when it was deployed to the Middle East to fly missions over Iraq and Syria as part of Operation Shader 178 The RC 135W s OSD is 2035 179 The General Atomics Protector RG1 is currently being introduced into RAF service with operational flying scheduled to begin in 2025 180 On 5 October 2015 it was announced that the Scavenger programme had been replaced by Protector a new requirement for at least 20 unmanned aerial vehicles 181 On 7 October 2015 it was revealed that Protector would be a certifiable derivative of the MQ 9B SkyGuardian with enhanced range and endurance 182 In 2016 it was indicated that at least sixteen aircraft would be purchased with a maximum of up to twenty six 183 In July 2018 a General Atomics US civil registered SkyGuardian was flown from North Dakota to RAF Fairford for the Royal International Air Tattoo where it was given RAF markings In July 2020 the Ministry of Defence signed a contract for three Protectors with an option on an additional thirteen aircraft 184 The 2021 Defence Command Paper confirmed the order for 16 Protectors 149 despite the fact that the 2015 SDSR originally laid out plans for more than 20 185 The first Protector RG1 PR009 was delivered to RAF Waddington in September 2023 186 No 31 Squadron was reformed as the first Protector squadron on 11 October 2023 187 having been earmarked for the role in 2018 188 Based at RAF Waddington No 54 Squadron and No 56 Squadron act as the OCU and OEU for the ISTAR fleet respectively 189 190 nbsp Airseeker R1 nbsp Shadow R1 nbsp MQ 9A Reaper nbsp Protector RG1 Maritime patrol edit nbsp Poseidon MRA1 Nine Boeing Poseidon MRA1 191 were ordered by the Government in November 2015 in its Strategic Defence and Security Review for surveillance anti submarine and anti surface ship warfare filling a capability gap in maritime patrol that had been left since the cancellation of the BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4 programme in the 2010 SDSR 192 On 13 July 2017 it was announced that No 120 Squadron and No 201 Squadron both former Nimrod MR2 squadrons would operate the Poseidon and be based at RAF Lossiemouth 193 No 120 Squadron was stood up on 1 April 2018 193 with No 201 Squadron reforming on 7 August 2021 194 No 54 Squadron was the OCU for the Poseidon fleet between 2020 and 2023 195 No 42 Torpedo Bomber Squadron has been the OCU for the Poseidon since September 2023 196 The first production Poseidon MRA1 ZP801 made its initial flight on 13 July 2019 197 ZP801 arrived at Kinloss Barracks the former home of the Nimrod on 4 February 2020 filling a decade long gap in maritime capability 198 The Poseidon was declared combat ready in April 2020 199 The Poseidon carried out its first operational mission on 3 August 2020 when the Russian warship Vasily Bykov was tracked 200 A Poseidon MRA1 arrived at RAF Lossiemouth for the first time in October 2020 195 The ninth and final Poseidon arrived at RAF Lossiemouth on 11 January 2022 201 Air mobility edit Further information AirTanker Services No 99 Squadron operate eight Boeing C 17A Globemaster III in the heavy strategic airlift role from RAF Brize Norton Oxfordshire Four C 17A were originally leased from Boeing in 2000 202 These four were subsequently purchased outright 203 followed by a fifth delivered on 7 April 2008 and a sixth delivered on 11 June 2008 204 The MOD said there was a stated departmental requirement for eight C 17s and a seventh was subsequently ordered to be delivered in December 2010 205 In February 2012 the purchase of an eighth C 17 was confirmed 206 the aircraft arrived at RAF Brize Norton in May 2012 207 The Airbus Atlas C1 A400M replaced the RAF s fleet of C 130 Hercules initially replacing the C1 C3 C 130K which were withdrawn from use on 28 October 2013 having originally entered service in 1967 208 Based at RAF Brize Norton the Atlas fleet is operated by No 30 Squadron and No LXX Squadron 209 The first Atlas C1 ZM400 was delivered to the RAF in November 2014 210 Originally twenty five A400Ms were ordered in the initial batch the total initial purchase then dropped to twenty two 211 212 The final aircraft in the initial order of 22 aircraft was delivered in May 2023 213 In February 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff indicated that up to six additional aircraft were planned for delivery by 2030 214 The C 130 Hercules was retired from RAF service on 30 June 2023 215 No XXIV Squadron acts as the Air Mobility OCU AMOCU for the Globemaster and Atlas 216 while No 206 Squadron is the OEU 217 Air transport tasks are also carried out by the Airbus Voyager KC2 3 flown by No 10 Squadron and No 101 Squadron 218 The first Voyager ZZ330 arrived in the UK for testing at MOD Boscombe Down in April 2011 219 and entered service in April 2012 220 The Voyager received approval from the MOD on 16 May 2013 to begin air to air refuelling flights and made its first operational tanker flight on 20 May 2013 as part of a training sortie with Tornado GR4s By 21 May 2013 the Voyager fleet had carried over 50 000 passengers and carried over 3 000 tons of cargo 221 A total of fourteen Voyagers form the fleet with nine allocated to sole RAF use three KC2s and six KC3s 222 As the Voyagers lack a refuelling boom the RAF has requested a memorandum of understanding MoU with the USAF allowing the UK access to tankers equipped with refuelling booms for its RC 135W Rivet Joint 223 Two Dassault Falcon 900XLs were procured in early 2022 to replace the RAF s fleet of four BAe 146s two CC2s and two C3s in the Command Support Air Transport role 224 Known as the Envoy IV CC1 in British service the aircraft are based at RAF Northolt and are operated by a mixed civilian and No 32 The Royal Squadron crew This arrangement will remain until 2024 when the fleet will be placed on the military register 225 nbsp C 17A Globemaster III nbsp Atlas C1 A400M nbsp Voyager KC2 A330 MRTT nbsp Envoy IV CC1 Helicopters edit RAF helicopters support the British Army by moving troops and equipment to and around the battlefield Helicopters are also used in a variety of other roles including in support of RAF ground units and heavy lift support for the Royal Marines The support helicopters are organised into the tri service Joint Helicopter Command JHC along with helicopters from the British Army and Royal Navy 226 No 22 Squadron based at RAF Benson re formed in May 2020 as the OEU for JHC 227 The large twin rotor Boeing Chinook is the RAF s medium lift support helicopter 228 Originally ordered in 1978 229 with subsequent orders in 1995 230 2011 231 and 2018 yet to be finalised 232 the Chinook is operated by No 7 Squadron No 18 B Squadron and No 27 Squadron at RAF Odiham and No 28 AC Squadron Support Helicopter OCU at RAF Benson 233 Since being first delivered in 1980 234 the Chinook has been involved in numerous operations the Falklands War 1982 Operation Granby 1991 Operation Engadine 1999 Operation Barras 2000 Operation Herrick 2002 2014 Operation Telic 2003 2011 Operation Ruman 2017 and Operation Newcombe 2018 2022 233 235 236 237 The 60 strong fleet of Chinooks currently has an OSD in the 2040s 238 239 The Westland Puma HC2 is the RAF s Medium lift support helicopter It is operated by No 33 Squadron and No 28 AC Squadron Support Helicopter OCU at RAF Benson 240 No 230 Squadron the RAF s tiger squadron 241 operate the Puma from Medicina Lines Brunei having relocated from RAF Benson in May 2023 102 No 84 Squadron based at RAF Akrotiri in the Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas operate three Pumas as an emergency response platform after the Bell Griffin HAR2 was retired in April 2023 101 The first two Puma HC1s XW198 and XW199 of an eventual forty eight were delivered in January 1971 242 which were supplemented by a captured Argentine Army SA 330J in 2001 and six ex South African Air Force SA 330Ls in 2002 243 244 Twenty four Puma HC1s underwent upgrades to HC2 standard between 2012 and 2014 245 The Puma HC2 OSD is currently March 2028 having been extended from March 2025 246 nbsp Chinook HC6A nbsp Puma HC2 Training aircraft edit Main article UK Military Flying Training System The UK s military flying training has been privatised through a public private partnership known as the UK Military Flying Training System UKMFTS Training is provided by Ascent Flight Training a consortium of Lockheed Martin and Babcock International 247 New aircraft were procured to reduce the training gap between the older generation Grob Tutor T1 Short Tucano T1 and Beechcraft King Air T1 aircraft and the RAF s modern front line aircraft including advanced systems and glass cockpits UKMFTS also relies far more on synthetic training to prepare aircrew for the front line where advanced synthetic training is commonplace 248 Initial training edit The Grob Tutor T1 equips fifteen University Air Squadrons which provide university students an opportunity to undertake an RAF training syllabus which includes first solo as well as air navigation aerobatics and formation flying These units are co located with Air Experience Flights which share the same aircraft and facilities and provide air experience flying to the Air Training Corps and Combined Cadet Force The Tutor is also flown by No 16 Squadron and No 115 Squadron based at RAF Wittering 249 Volunteer Gliding Squadrons also provide air experience flying to cadets using the Grob Viking T1 conventional glider Due to an airworthiness issue in April 2014 the Viking fleet and the Grob Vigilant T1 fleet were grounded for a two year period although Viking operations have subsequently resumed 250 The Vigilant was unexpectedly withdrawn from service in May 2018 a year earlier than planned A contract tender was initiated in February 2018 to replace this capability from 2022 onwards 251 Elementary training edit The Grob Prefect T1 was introduced to RAF service in 2016 as its elementary trainer The 23 strong fleet is based at RAF Cranwell and RAF Barkston Heath in Lincolnshire where they are operated by No 57 Squadron On completion of elementary training aircrew are then streamed to either fast jet multi engine or rotary training 252 Basic fast jet training edit Basic fast jet training is provided on the Beechcraft Texan T1 which replaced the Short Tucano T1 in November 2019 The Texan is a tandem seat turboprop aircraft featuring a digital glass cockpit It is operated by No 72 F Squadron based at RAF Valley in Anglesey which provides lead in training for RAF and Royal Navy fighter pilots prior to advanced training on the BAE Hawk T2 The first two Texans were delivered in February 2018 and by December 2018 ten aircraft had arrived at RAF Valley 253 254 Four additional Texans were delivered on 3 November 2020 255 Advanced fast jet training edit The BAE Hawk T2 is flown by No IV Squadron and No XXV F Squadron based at RAF Valley The latter provides initial Advanced Fast Jet Training AFJT while pilots who graduate on to the former squadron learn tactical and weapons training 256 After advanced training aircrew go on to an Operational Conversion Unit OCU where they are trained to fly either the Typhoon FGR4 No 29 Squadron at RAF Coningsby or F 35B Lightning No 207 Squadron at RAF Marham in preparation for service with a front line squadron The OCUs use operational aircraft alongside simulators and ground training although in the case of the Typhoon a two seater training variant exists which is designated the Typhoon T3 257 On 15 October 2020 it was announced a joint RAF Qatari Air Force Hawk squadron similar to No 12 Squadron would be formed in the future 258 On 1 April 2021 it was further elaborated that this squadron would be stood up in September 2021 at RAF Leeming North Yorkshire 259 The Joint Hawk Training Squadron received its first two Hawk Mk 167s at RAF Leeming on 1 September 2021 260 On 24 November 2021 the Joint Hawk Training Squadron became 11 Squadron QEAF when it reformed at RAF Leeming 261 Multi engine training edit Multi Engine aircrew weapon systems officer WSO and weapon systems operator WSOp students are trained on the Embraer Phenom T1 It is operated by No 45 Squadron based at RAF Cranwell Multi engine aircrew then go to their Operational Conversion Unit or front line squadron 262 nbsp Viking T1 nbsp Tutor T1 nbsp Prefect T1 nbsp Texan T1 nbsp Hawk T2 nbsp Phenom T1 nbsp Typhoon T3 Rotary edit No 1 Flying Training School No 1 FTS formerly the Defence Helicopter Flying School is based at RAF Shawbury in Shropshire and provides basic helicopter pilot training for all UK armed forces It flies twenty nine Airbus Juno HT1 No 1 FTS comprises two main elements 2 Maritime Air Wing 2 MAW and No 9 Regiment 263 2 MAW includes No 660 Squadron of the Army Air Corps AAC and 705 Naval Air Squadron and provide basic helicopter flying training No 9 Regiment comprises No 60 Squadron of the RAF and No 670 Squadron of the AAC in the advanced helicopter flying training No 202 Squadron is also part of No 1 FTS and operates the Airbus Jupiter HT1 at RAF Valley 264 nbsp Juno HT1 nbsp Jupiter HT1 Future aircraft edit See also Future of the Royal Air Force In July 2014 the House of Commons Defence Select Committee released a report on the RAF future force structure that envisaged a mixture of unmanned and manned platforms including further F 35 Protector RG1 a service life extension for the Typhoon which would otherwise end its service in 2030 or a possible new manned aircraft 265 In July 2018 at the Farnborough Airshow the Defence Secretary announced a 2bn investment for BAE Systems MBDA and Leonardo to develop a new British 6th Generation Fighter to replace Typhoon in 2035 under Project Tempest 266 On 22 March 2019 the Defence Secretary announced the UK had signed a 1 98 billion deal to procure five Boeing E 7 Wedgetails to replace the ageing Boeing E 3D Sentry AEW1 fleet in the Airborne Early Warning and Control AEW amp C role 267 As of May 2020 the first E 7 is expected to enter RAF service in 2023 with the final aircraft arriving in late 2025 or early 2026 268 In December 2020 it was announced that the Wedgetail AEW1 will be based at RAF Lossiemouth 269 The 2021 Defence Command Paper cut the Wedgetail order down to three aircraft 149 The Sentry AEW1s were officially withdrawn on 28 September 2021 270 In March 2021 the Defence and Security Industrial Strategy paper was published which announced the aim to procure a New Medium Helicopter NMH in order to replace the Puma HC2 Griffin HAR2 in RAF service and the AAC s Bell 212 AH1 and Eurocopter Dauphin AH1 271 In May 2022 the MoD announced the beginning of the NMH competition with the aim to acquire up to 44 helicopters 272 By November 2022 four companies qualified for the MoD s requirements Airbus H175M Boeing MH 139 Grey Wolf Leonardo AW149 and Sikorsky Lockheed Martin S 70 Black Hawk 273 The Minister of State for Defence Procurement opened bidding for the competition between Airbus Helicopters UK Leonardo Helicopters UK and Lockheed Martin UK in February 2024 274 nbsp E 7 WedgetailSymbols flags emblems and uniform editFurther information Royal Air Force roundels and Uniforms of the Royal Air Force nbsp Royal Air Force Ensign nbsp The badge of the Royal Air Force on the gates of RAF College Cranwell Following the tradition of the other British armed services the RAF has adopted symbols to represent it use as rallying devices for members and promote esprit de corps British aircraft in the early stages of the First World War carried the Union Flag as an identifying feature however this was easily confused with Germany s Iron Cross motif In October 1914 therefore the French system of three concentric rings was adopted with the colours reversed to a red disc surrounded by a white ring and an outer blue ring 275 The relative sizes of the rings have changed over the years and during the Second World War an outer yellow ring was added to the fuselage roundel Aircraft serving in the Far East during the Second World War had the red disc removed to prevent confusion with Japanese aircraft 276 Since the 1970s camouflaged aircraft carry low visibility roundels either red and blue on dark camouflage or washed out pink and light blue on light colours Most non camouflaged training and transport aircraft retain the traditional red white blue roundel 276 The RAF s motto is Per Ardua ad Astra and is usually translated from Latin as Through Adversity to the Stars 277 but the RAF s official translation is Through Struggle to the Stars 10 The choice of motto is attributed to a junior officer named J S Yule in response to a request for suggestions from a commander of the Royal Flying Corps Colonel Sykes 278 The badge of the Royal Air Force was first used in August 1918 In heraldic terms it is In front of a circle inscribed with the motto Per Ardua ad Astra and ensigned by the Imperial Crown an eagle volant and affronte head lowered and to the sinister 277 Although there have been debates among airmen over the years about whether the bird was originally meant to be an albatross or an eagle the consensus is that it was always an eagle 279 Ceremonial functions and display editRed Arrows edit Main article Red Arrows nbsp The Red Arrows in formation with an F 35B and a pair of Typhoons at the Royal International Air Tattoo in 2016 The Red Arrows officially known as the Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team is the aerobatics display team of the Royal Air Force based at RAF Waddington The team was formed in late 1964 as an all RAF team replacing a number of unofficial teams that had been sponsored by RAF commands 280 The Red Arrows badge shows the aircraft in their trademark Diamond Nine formation with the motto Eclat a French word meaning brilliance or excellence 280 Initially they were equipped with seven Folland Gnat trainers inherited from the RAF Yellowjacks display team This aircraft was chosen because it was less expensive to operate than front line fighters In their first season they flew at sixty five shows across Europe In 1966 the team was increased to nine members enabling them to develop their Diamond Nine formation In late 1979 they switched to the BAE Hawk trainer The Red Arrows have performed over 4 700 displays in fifty six countries worldwide 281 Royal Air Force Music edit Main article Royal Air Force Music Services Headquarters Royal Air Force Music Services located at RAF Northolt supports professional musicians who perform at events around the globe in support of the RAF The Central Band of the Royal Air Force was established in 1920 282 Other bands include the Band of the Royal Air Force College the Band of the Royal Air Force Regiment and the Band of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force 283 Trooping the Colour edit Main article Trooping the Colour The Royal Air Force and its predecessor the Royal Flying Corps has provided the flypast for Trooping the Colour since 1913 The RFC performed its first flypast for King George V s Official Birthday over Laffin s Plain Aldershot 284 See also edit nbsp United Kingdom portal nbsp Aviation portal List of all aircraft current and former of the United Kingdom List of military aircraft operational during World War II List of Royal Air Force stations Royal Air Force Air Cadets Royal Air Force Museum RAF NewsFootnotes editRAF ranks edit Marshal of the Royal Air Force has become an honorary posthumous rank war time rank ceremonial rank Other notes edit Since April 2013 MoD publications no longer report the entire strength of the Regular Reserve instead only Regular Reserves serving under a fixed term reserve contract are counted These contracts are similar in nature to the Royal Auxiliary Air Force References edit a b Quarterly service personnel statistics 1 January 2024 Retrieved 12 March 2024 International Institute for Strategic Studies 15 February 2023 The Military Balance 2023 London Routledge p 128 ISBN 9781032508955 New official RAF Slow March Royal Air Force Archived from the original on 30 January 2022 Retrieved 30 January 2022 First Protector aircraft has arrived at RAF Waddington raf mod uk Royal Air Force 23 October 2023 Retrieved 9 December 2023 Royal Air Force Royal Air Force Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 Retrieved 15 August 2012 RAF Timeline 1918 1929 Royal Air Force 2011 Archived from the original on 12 August 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