fbpx
Wikipedia

Power projection

February 16, 2024

Power projection (or force projection or strength projection) in international relations is the capacity of a state to deploy and sustain forces outside its territory.[1] The ability of a state to project its power into an area may serve as an effective diplomatic lever, influencing the decision-making processes and acting as a potential deterrent on other states' behavior.[2][3][4][5]

Aircraft carriers such as the USS Nimitz play an important role in modern power projection.

This ability is a crucial element of a state's power in international relations. Any state able to direct its military forces outside its territory might be said to have some level of power projection capability, but the term itself is used most frequently in reference to militaries with a worldwide reach (or at least significantly broader than a state's immediate area). Even states with sizable hard power assets (such as a large standing army) may only be able to exert limited regional influence so long as they lack the means of effectively projecting their power on a global scale. Generally, only a select few states are able to overcome the logistical difficulties inherent in the deployment and direction of a modern, mechanized military force.[6][7] Allies and partners can take up or share some of the burden of power projection.[8][9][10] One measure of the capability of a state to project power is loss of Strength Gradient, until a culminating point is apparent to others, once an operation is underway.

A state might § compete in the gray zone just short of conflict, exercising its soft power, or hard power, in a bid for potential superpower.[11][12]: 1:47 [a] While traditional measures of power projection typically focus on hard power assets (tanks, soldiers, aircraft, naval vessels, etc.), the use of soft power shows that power projection does not necessarily have to actively put military forces in combat, but only potentially.[13] Assets for power projection can often serve dual uses, as the deployment of various countries' militaries during the humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake illustrates.

History edit

Early examples of power projection include Roman dominance of Europe and the wider Mediterranean basin: the ability to project power is tied to the ability to innovate and field such innovations. Roman engineering innovations such as machines (pile driver), concrete, aqueducts and modern roads provided the footing for an economic engine that powered a military that was unmatched in its day. Examples of Roman power projection include Julius Caesar constructing the Rhine bridge in 10 days to demonstrate the ability to march his 40,000 troops as he saw fit: the local inhabitants enjoyed the natural protection of the river and fled when this natural protection was overcome. Although Rome is far from the center of modern power, its influence can be seen in the architecture of modern capitols around the world (domes, arches, columns). The demonstration of an extraordinary innovative military capability will signal power and, when properly applied, terminate conflicts summarily.[14]

During the Ming treasure voyages in the 15th century, the Chinese treasure fleet was heavily militarized to exercise power projection around the Indian Ocean and thereby promote its interests.[15]

The modern ability to project power and exert influence on a global scale can be tied to innovations stemming from the Industrial Revolution and the associated modernizations in technology, communications, finance and bureaucracy; this finally allowed the state to create unprecedented amounts of wealth and to effectively marshal these resources to exert power over long distances.[16]

As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, Britain was the first to utilize its industrial-technological power advantage to dominate rivals and greatly expand its global Empire throughout the 19th century. As a maritime power, the Royal Navy played a central role in providing Britain the strength and ability to dominate world trade and project power globally to further its interests. A worldwide system of naval bases and coaling stations, a large logistical bureaucracy to oversee shipbuilding, the supply of coal, food, water, and sailors, and an industrial base for the manufacture and technological enhancement of the fleet were among the essential ingredients for this capability. During the First Opium War (1839–1842), it was this capacity that enabled a British expeditionary force of 15 barracks ships, 4 steam-powered gunboats and 25 smaller boats with 4,000 marines to successfully defend its interests 6,000 miles from the fleet's home port.[17]

 
An illustration of the burning of Magdala, an event which took place during the British Expedition to Abyssinia in 1868. The expedition came about as a result of Tewodros II of Ethiopia's imprisonment of European missionaries and officials, and demonstrated the power projection capabilities of the British Empire.

The Anglo-French expeditionary force sent to shore up the Ottoman Empire against Russian aggression during the Crimean War (1853–1856) was one of the earliest modern examples of a planned expeditionary power-projection campaign. It was the first campaign to use modern technology, including steam-powered warships and telegraph communications.[citation needed]

Another illustrative example of industrial power projection, was the British Expedition to Abyssinia in 1868 as a retaliation against Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia's imprisonment of several missionaries and British government representatives. The expeditionary force sent was a tremendous logistical and technological challenge at the time. Commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Napier of the Bombay Army, military intelligence was used to estimate the required size of the army and the difficulties of traversing the inhospitable terrain.[citation needed]

A force of over 30,000 was shipped from British India to Zula on the Red Sea on a fleet of more than 280 steam ships, while an advance detachment of engineers built a large port with two piers, warehouses and a lighthouse, and constructed a 20-mile-long railway towards the interior.[18] A road was also built for the artillery to be moved along with the help of elephants. After three months of trekking, the British force repelled an Ethiopian attack and launched an artillery bombardment against the fortress of Magdala which led to its capitulation; Tewodros committed suicide.[19][20]

In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the Japanese destruction of the Imperial Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet demonstrated Imperial Russia's inability to project force in the East. This immediately diminished Russia's diplomatic sway in that region. At the same time, Russia's western armies became less credible, as mobilization exposed organizational flaws and threw the western armies into chaos. This led analysts in Europe, such as German chief of staff Count Alfred von Schlieffen, to conclude that Russia would prove inept at projecting force in Europe, thus demoting Russia in European diplomatic relations.

Many other actions can be considered projections of force. The 19th century is full of incidents such as the 1864 Shimonoseki campaign and the Boxer Rebellion. More recently, the Falklands War provided an example of the United Kingdom's ability to project force far from home. Other recent examples of power projection include the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. The ability of the U.S. Navy, the British Royal Navy, and the French Navy to deploy large numbers of ships for long periods of time away from home are notable projection abilities. See § Power projection capabilities.

Elements edit

 
The cargo hold and intercontinental flight capabilities of the C-5 Galaxy make it a major asset for deploying military equipment around the globe.

The U.S. Department of Defense defines power projection as the "ability of a nation to apply all or some of its elements of national power—political, economic, informational, or military—to rapidly and effectively deploy and sustain forces in and from multiple dispersed locations to respond to crises, to contribute to deterrence, and to enhance regional stability".[21][22]

As distance between a fighting force and its headquarters increases, command and control inevitably becomes more difficult. Modern-day power projection often employs high-tech communications and information technology to overcome these difficulties, a process sometimes described as the "Revolution in Military Affairs".

While a few long-range weapons such as the intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and some unmanned combat aerial vehicles (drones) are capable of projecting deadly force in their own right, it is military logistics that is at the heart of power projection. The ability to integrate naval and air forces with land armies as part of joint warfare is a key aspect of effective power projection; airlift and sealift capabilities facilitate the deployment of soldiers and weapons to a distant theater of war.

The aircraft carrier strike group, strategic bomber, ballistic missile submarine, and strategic airlifter are all examples of power projection platforms. Military units designed to be light and mobile, such as airborne forces (paratroopers and air assault forces) and amphibious assault forces, are utilized in power projection. Forward basing is another method of power projection, which, by pre-positioning military units or stockpiles of arms at strategically located military bases outside a country's territory, reduces the time and distance needed to mobilize them.

Types edit

Scholars have disaggregated military power projection into nine different categories based on political goals and level of force. Four of these employ "soft" military power (securing sea lanes of communication, non-combatant evacuation, humanitarian response, and peacekeeping) and the rest are primarily concerned with "hard" military power (show the flag, compellence/deterrence, punishment, armed intervention, and conquest).[23] There is a § continuum in these capabilities.[a]

Soft power edit

Main article: Soft power

Examples of soft power projection include:

  • Securing sea lanes of communication: the protection of shipping lanes from attack by hostile states or irregular threats.
  • Non-combatant evacuation operations: the evacuation of citizens or friendly third-country civilians from a foreign country when they are endangered by war or civil unrest.
  • Humanitarian response: the use of military forces abroad to assist in the aftermath of a natural disaster.
  • Peacekeeping: military operations designed to support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement to an ongoing dispute.[4][24][25]
  • Establishing trust, as the basis of cooperation among allies and partners[26][27]

Gray zone competition edit

This section has been split from US Army Futures Command § Other armies

The gray zone between cooperation and conflict[13] has expanded due to the competition in power projection capabilities of the world's armies, as well as in the competition for economic power among the world's nations.[28][29][30][31][32]

The US, Russia, China, Britain, and France have renounced the use of nuclear weapons in 2022.[33] However, in the face of threats of nuclear war (say from Russia, as threatened during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine),[34][b] NATO keeps about 100 B61 nuclear bombs in storage in Europe.[36][37][38][39]: 4:50, 5:55  [40][41]

The British Army is investigating innovations, such as robots and drones,[42] including 70 technologies funded by the £800 million (US$1 billion) Defence Innovation Fund launched in 2016.[43] Two hundred troops will engage in "surveillance, long-range, and precision targeting, enhanced mobility and the re-supply of forces, urban warfare and enhanced situational awareness".[44] The British Army is reducing size by about 10,000 troops as well, by 2025.[45] The British Army will have Integrated Operating Concept (MDI—like MDO) for "gray zone" operations across domains, using a synthetic operating environment, with repeatable hard and soft strike capability.[46] The UK, Germany, and France respectively have established a joint command for space United Kingdom Space Command, a Space Situational Awareness Centre (Germany), and Commandement de l’espace (France).[47][48] In light of the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine NATO members are implementing new stockpile guidelines for their arsenals.[49] [50] "By 2020 the Army's programs for modernization were now framed as a decades-long process of cooperation with allies and partners,[51][52] for competition with potential adversaries who historically have blurred the distinction between peace and war"[53]—from: § Reorganization plan of the United States Army

  1. In 2020, one measure of § military power projection ranks the competition between the armies of the world (after the US Army, which is ranked atop this list).[54][55][c][57][58] The list of armies, a mixture of allies, partners, and competitors is estimated to be:
  2. Russia[54] jammed the GPS signal during NATO exercises in November 2018.[59][60][61][d] In 2014 the DoD's research and engineering chief Alan Shaffer warned that the 'US lost dominance of the electromagnetic spectrum'[73] (EMS), in part due to the US government selloff of EMS radio frequencies, and also due in part to the proliferation of digital technologies which allow for low-cost jammers.[73] (See: meaconing)[74][75] General Valery Gerasimov advocates hybrid warfare, a "blend of political, economic and military power to bear against adversaries".[76][77][78] Russia took Crimea without firing a shot.[79][30][e][80][81] In April 2020 Russia tested an anti-satellite system for low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites.[82] On 15 November 2021, a Russian anti-satellite test destroyed its Kosmos 1408, endangering its own cosmonauts on the International Space Station, and other satellites in low earth orbit.[83][84][85][86] Cyber attacks on the whole of the US government via Supply_chain_attack § Whole of government began in March 2020, but only reached the attention of the news media on 14 December 2020.[87][88] Russia is mapping the undersea cables which bear the majority of the communications traffic[d] between the US and Europe.[89][90][91]
    • On 25 December 2021 President Putin disclosed that Russia would be unable to defend itself against missiles launched against Moscow from Ukraine; their flight times would be four to five minutes, according to him.[92] However, Putin did not acknowledge that the West's Aegis Ashore sites in Poland and Romania are for defense against ballistic missiles, and not the Tomahawk missiles which he named in his statement.[12] See: A-135 anti-ballistic missile system, A-235 anti-ballistic missile system, S-400 missile system, S-500 missile system To prove that Aegis Ashore is defensive only, inspection of the sites in Poland and Romania have been offered to Russia.[93]
    •  
      2014 map of line separating Ukrainian and Russian-backed forces
      Ukraine had a trench network on its border with Russia, in a standoff as of April 2021.[94][95][96][97][98][99][100] A border exercise involving 110,000 Russian troops on the Ukraine border[101][102] has pulled back; however hundreds of armored vehicles, including tanks are remaining one hundred miles from Donbas (colloquial for Donets basin)[103] in spite of a partial armor pullback.[104][105] Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OCSE) drones which are monitoring the line between Ukrainian troops and the Donbas separatists are seeing jamming of their drone's dual GPS receivers, with tens of thousands of infantry troops remaining on the Ukrainian border.[101] The OSCE has provided a map of the line dividing the Ukrainian forces and the Russian-backed forces.[106][107] As of 18 February 2022 there were up to 190,000 troops along Ukraine's borders;[108] after recognizing the separatist states of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, Moscow is moving troops over the border of Russia into the Donetsk and Luhansk areas, and establishing military bases there.[109] This troop movement triggered sanctions on five Russian banks and three individuals, on 22 February 2022.[110][108][111][e] (See 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine which began 24 February 2022)
      • Andrei Illarionov cites Pavel Felgengauer, who projects a scenario by which Russia can create a 'Novorossia' (see § CSIS figures 2a-2c)[112] stretching across Southern Ukraine to Transnistria (Moldova) after a gas pipeline to the EU is completed (September 2021).[113] If the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline were to be weaponized by holding the liquefied natural gas (LNG) supply to Western Europe hostage, the US is countering this threat with contingency plans to redirect LNG supplies from the rest of the world.[114][115][116] Germany has agreed to safeguard Ukraine, as well.[117][118][119][120][f][114][125] See 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage —26 September 2022
      • Cyber attacks on Ukrainian government websites are occurring in January 2022.[126][127] Frida Ghitis and Richard Galant point out that the muddy season that ends winter would bog down an armored invasion.[128][129][113] US Army Lieutenant Colonel Alex Vershinen points out that if the Russian Army were to attempt a quick fait accompli and then dig in, its logistical capability would be insufficient to complete a large land grab, as its logistic capabilities are largely based on railroads, but not trucks.[130][131] Russia's logistic capability without railroads is 90 miles, without replenishment;[130] thus Sebastien Roblin suggests that a "short, victorious war" by Russia (as in the 12-day war with Georgia in 2008), with stipulations largely resembling its current diplomatic demands, namely installation of pro-Russian leadership, Ukraine's withdrawal from the path of joining NATO etc., coupled with the expedient of bypassing Russian control of Kyiv's population, might avoid Russia's getting bogged down in Ukraine.[132] This calculation could get up-ended by a longer war,[e][g] with determined resistance in Ukraine,[137][138] via guerilla warfare,[139][140] as in Afghanistan (1979-1989), which indirectly ended the Soviet Union.[141] Within two months of the beginning of the First Chechen War, an antiwar movement arose in Russia.[130][142]
        • On 22 February 2022 historian Sergey Radchenko recalled a vignette from September 1945, during the post World War II Potsdam Conference negotiations on the division of world power at the London Conference of Foreign Ministers, when Soviet Foreign Commissar Vyacheslav Molotov asked U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes whether he carried the atomic bomb in his side pocket, to which Byrnes threatened Molotov to stop stalling, or else Byrnes would pull the atomic bomb out of his pocket and use it on Molotov (laughter). Molotov was guided by Stalin's directive "It is clear that you must display complete obduracy".[143] (See Proxy war)
    • Russia and Belarus began Zapad 2021, a 200,000-troop exercise held every four years.[144][145] The Pripyat marshes would bog down an armored invasion through Belarus.[129]: 2:22 [e]
    • In the opinion of James Stavridis, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine is showing that Special Forces, unmanned systems, and Cyber will become far more important in the future.[146]
    • In 2021 Russia spent 2.7 percent of its GDP on defense, a level which is expected to drop to 2.3 percent by 2023, as part of a mandate to boost domestic production.[147]
      • Unmanned ground combat vehicles (UGCVs), among them Uran-6, Uran-9 (Уран-9), and Uran-14 are entering service in the Russian Army as of 2021. Uran-6 is a mine flail; Uran-14 is an unmanned firefighting vehicle. Uran-9s are semi-autonomous robotic combat vehicles; specialists can operate them using mobile control stations.[148] Their first attempted service was in Syria. Analysts from BAE Systems (UK) assessed the Uran-9s in Syria as unreliable, with their radio-controls sometimes blocked by buildings; their sensors and guidance were unstabilized.[149] An armed Uran-9 weighs 12 tons,[149] and measures 5 meters long, which is a fifth of the weight and half the length of a T-90 tank.[150] Each Uran-9 control system operates at ranges up to 1.8 miles from the UGVs;[151]: min 1:00 [152]: minute 2:20  each control system currently (2021) guides 4 UGVs, in a leader-follower configuration.[150][148][153] Uran-9 was used in the Vostok 2018 exercises in 2018. At least 20 Uran-9 UGCVs exist.[153][148]
      • Russia's defense ministry has signed a contract to field the Tsirkon hypersonic missiles to its troops in 2025.[154]
      • During the 2021 negotiations for defusing the Ukraine-Russia confrontation, Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov has warned that its 9M729 nuclear-capable cruise missile, which is already deployed in the European part of Russia, might be further employed there.[155][b]
      • The hypersonic Kh-47M2 Kinzhal, and 3M22 Zircon (Tsirkon) are standoff strike weapons, for keeping adversaries at bay; they are land-based, and sea-based respectively.[156][b]
    • On 1 September 2022 Russia, China, India, and 11 other nations began a scaled-down Vostok 2022 (East 2022).[157] Vostok will exercise 50,000 troops, down from 300,000 in 2018. India is contributing 75 troops. [157]
    • By 19 October 2022 NATO nations were providing winter equipment to Ukraine.[158] By Spring 2023 the US industrial base can be providing 20,000 rounds of 155mm howitzer munitions per month to Ukraine.[159]
    • Beginning 1 April 2023 400,000 contract servicemen are to replenish the Russian army.[160][161]
    • In a meeting in Moscow, March 2023 the presidents of China and Russia agreed to cooperate over a wide range of business, and economic issues, such as payment in local currencies (viz., Yuan or Rubles).[162]
  3. China[54]—RAND simulations show Blue losses.[163] Six of the top 15 defense companies in the world are now Chinese, in 2019 for the first time.[164] The competition with China was shaped in the decade 2010–2020, according to David Kriete.[165][166][167] By 2023 China's defense companies were offering competitors to US Javelins, armed drones, and supersonic cruise missiles.[168]
    • Secretary Mark Esper said that China is aiming to be the dominant military power in Asia by 2049.[169][170][171] The 14th five-year plan (2021-2025) of China's ruling party, aims to accelerate the army's modernization and informationization, in order to improve national security for 2027 (100th anniversary of its ruling party), according to Dean Cheng.[172][173][174] By 2023 China's working-age demographic (a shrinking labor force/ capital savings rate) will start to work against the Party's aspiration for 2027,[175][176] [177] [178] [179] [180][h] which, according to Xi Jinping's plan, is for China's military to reach parity with the US military in 2027.[183][184] As of June 2023 a diplomatic solution is being sought.[185][186]
    • The International Federation of Robotics reports that China has been the world leader in implementing industrial robots for the past eight years; in 2020 China used almost half the world's industrial robots.[187]
      • The takeover of a UK semiconductor fab by a Chinese-owned firm has been blocked on national security grounds.[188]
    • In 2017 China adopted the National Intelligence Law which obligates Chinese companies to subordinate themselves to intelligence-gathering measures for the state.[189] China is militarizing the South China Sea.[81] In 2020 a match-up of the Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning (a rebuilt aircraft cruiser) versus the supercarrier USS Ronald Reagan is assessed to give the Ronald Reagan air superiority within one hour.[190][191]
    • The 3rd generation GPS network of BeiDou satellites (BDS-3) was completed in July 2020 with the launch of the 30th BDS-3 satellite.[192] The 30th BDS-3 satellite, meant to complete China's own global navigation satellite system,[193] had been previously postponed.[194] See Restrictions on geographic data in China
    • Satellite images of 4 June 2021 reveal an estimated 250 additional missile silos under construction near Yumen, China, warn specialists at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies.[195]
    • The Defense Intelligence Agency projects that China will at least double its nuclear arsenal and that its production capability will be far expanded in the 2020s.[196][197][198][199]
    • China controls 80% of world rare earth mineral production, and routinely floods this market when other nations attempt to ramp up their own rare earth production.[200][201][202]
      • The tech leaders of China are being enlisted to aid 'Socialism with Chinese characteristics' by pledging part of their wealth to 'common prosperity'.[203] The Cyberspace Administration of China is regulating algorithms on its financial reporting websites which republish foreign financial journalists.[204]
    • Chinese cyber groups are attacking Russia, reports Ben Watson.[205][206][207] China is accelerating its timeline to take Taiwan.[208][209]
    • 149 Chinese fighters and bombers swept over Taiwan's Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) 1–4 October 2021.[210][211][212] Taiwan has countered with Civil Air Patrol warnings.[210][213][211][214][215][216][217]
    • China is implementing its plan for 2027: Office of Secretary of Defense (3 Nov 2021) "Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China", Annual report to Congress [218] China has been reverse-engineering its purchases of Russian materiel, and selling to Russia's defense customers.[219] [181]: 38:30  [220][e][i][j]
      • By November 2022 a strict zero-Covid lockdown policy instituted in 2020 had led to 2022 COVID-19 protests in China; China then allowed use of a locally-developed mRNA vaccine (2 December 2022), in lieu of lockdowns.[236][237][238]
  4. India: faces Pakistan;[54][239][201] Pakistan can be supplied with Turkey's drones (such as the Bayraktar TB2), which were used with great effect by Azerbaijan against Armenian tanks and Armenian air defense[240] during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. In 2010 China deployed 11,000 troops in Gilgit, near Kashmir.[241]
    • Japan and India have agreed to enhance their bilateral defense cooperation (9 September 2022).[242]
  5. Japan: faces North Korea;[54][243] Japan has expressed interest in developing its own F-X fighter program;[244] Brian Burton notes that interoperable materiel is needed for allies and partners of the US, and that the US could constructively influence Japan's impending 20-year development effort with lessons learned from UAVs and air defense, for example.[244] On 26 December 2019, at Putin's annual news conference with foreign media, Hirofumi Sugizaki, a Japanese journalist asked about the end of the INF Treaty and the cooperation of Russia and China on an anti-missile system. Putin characterized the anti-missile system as defensive, and the relation of US and Russia as a 'draw' (ヒキワケ—hikiwake).[245][246][247][220][142][181] Japan will compensate companies for not disclosing patents with military applications.[248] In a Joint test, Japan's Cooperative Engagement Capability allowed JS Maya to detect and track a ballistic missile; JS Haguro shot it down.[249]

Applications of power projection edit

The Texas National Security Review projects five scenarios for the global economy:[250]

  1. Reglobalization as in the 1980s
  2. Deglobalization away from the trends of the 2000s[251]
  3. Globalization with Chinese characteristics[162]
  4. Regional blocs with partially closed trading[123][a][162][253][k][256][257]
  5. Shared strategic interests and common political values, which Friedberg judges will be the choice of the Western bloc[250] and its direction for power projection.[f]

Hard power edit

Main article: Hard power

Examples of hard power projection include:

  • Showing the flag: the symbolic deployment of military forces to a region for the purposes of demonstrating political interest, resolve, or willingness to take more forceful military action.
  • Compulsion/deterrence: the use of the threat of military force against another state to either induce it into or dissuade it from pursuing a given policy. In this form, power projection acts as a diplomatic tool, attempting to influence the decision-making process of foreign actors.[258][259][260][261][262] See Power projection#Gray zone competition for context
  • Punishment: the punitive use of force against another state in response to their pursuit of a given policy.[a]
  • Armed intervention: the movement of military forces into another nation's territory for the purposes of influencing the internal affairs of the target country short of outright conquest.[122][263][264][265][125]
  • Conquest: the offensive use of military assets to forcibly occupy territory controlled or claimed by another state.[124][266][267][268] [269][270][271][272] In 2022 Michael Kofman projected that a Russian invasion of Ukraine would be eastward via Donbas, northward from Crimea, and up the Dnieper river to encircle Ukraine's capital Kyiv,[273][274] with a political takeover of Ukraine a likely objective of Russian leadership.[122][124][275][276][7][277][278][125][279] However, in lieu of a political takeover,[142] a decapitation strike is a possible tactic.[280][281][282][121][283] Alexander Vindman has projected a path for Ukraine to retake Crimea.[284] By 5 April 2023 Ukraine signalled that it might entertain talks with Russia if the Ukrainian counteroffensive reached the border of Crimea.[285][286]

Power projection capabilities edit

Power projection capabilities
Country Bloc/Group Maritime
force 		Helicopter/aircraft
carriers active 		Overseas
bases 		Troops deployed
in operations abroad 		Nuclear
deterrence
  Australia G20/MIKTA/FVEY/Commonwealth/APEC/ANZUS/MNNA/QUAD/AUKUS Green-water navy 2 / 0 1 2900[287]  N
  Argentina G20/UNASUR/UFC/Mercosur/MNNA/Rio Green-water navy 0 2 1050[288]  N
  Bangladesh D-8/BIMSTEC/SAARC/IMCTC/Commonwealth of Nations 0 1 6417[289]  N
  Belgium EU/NATO 0 0 710[288] Nuclear sharing
  Brazil G20/G4/BRICS/UNASUR/Mercosur/MNNA/Rio Green-water navy 1 / 0 0 273[290]  N
  Canada G20/G7/NATO/APEC/FVEY/Commonwealth/UFC Green-water navy 0 0 3600[291]  N
  China P5/G20/BRICS/APEC/SCO Blue-water navy 2 / 2 1 11,775[288][292]  Y
  Egypt African Union/Arab League/D-8/MNNA 2 / 0 0 3760[290]  N
  France P5/G20/G7/EU/NATO/Quint Blue-water navy 3 / 1 10 10,300[293]  Y
  Germany G20/G7/G4/EU/NATO/Quint Green-water navy 0 1 3597[294] Nuclear sharing
  India G20/BRICS/G4/Commonwealth/SAARC/SCO/QUAD Blue-water navy 2 / 2 8 6430[290]  Y
  Iran ECO/OPEC/GECF/SCO/Brics Green-water navy 0 5  N
  Indonesia G20/ASEAN/APEC/UFC/D-8 0 0 3064[290]  N
  Italy G20/G7/UFC/EU/NATO/Quint Blue-water navy 1 / 2 2 6000[295] Nuclear sharing
  Japan G20/G7/G4/APEC/MNNA/QUAD Green-water navy 2 / 2 1 278[288]  N
  Mexico G20/MIKTA/APEC/UFC 0 0  N
  Netherlands EU/NATO Green-water navy 0 0 650[288] Nuclear sharing
  Nigeria African Union/OPEC/Commonwealth/D-8 0 0 2190[288]  N
  Pakistan D-8/ UFC/SCO/MNNA/SAARC/IMCTC/Commonwealth 0 1 5264[290]  Y
  Poland EU/NATO 0 0 3000[288]  N
  Russia P5/G20/BRICS/SCO/EAEU/APEC/CSTO/CIS Blue-water navy 0 / 1 10 48,500[288]  Y
  Saudi Arabia G20/Opec/OIC/Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf/Arab League 0 0  N
  South Africa G20/BRICS/African Union/Commonwealth 0 0 1171[290]  N
  South Korea G20/APEC/MIKTA/UFC/MNNA Green-water navy 2 / 0 0 1008[288]  N
  Spain EU/NATO/UFC Green-water navy 0 / 1 0 1500[288]  N
  Turkey G20/D-8/MIKTA/NATO/UFC Green-water navy 1 / 0 12[296] 60,000+ [297] Nuclear sharing
  United Kingdom P5/G20/G7/FVEY/NATO/Quint/FPDA/Commonwealth/AUKUS Blue-water navy 0 / 2 15 15,000  Y
  United States P5/G20/G7/NATO/APEC/FVEY/Quint/ANZUS/QUAD/Rio/AUKUS Blue-water navy 11 / 11 38 130,000  Y

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d In the view of Larry Fink, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the disruption of their supply chains show that companies and governments in regional blocs will have "to reevaluate their dependencies and reanalyze their manufacturing and assembly footprints".[252]
  2. ^ a b c When asked about countering tactical nuclear weapons which Russia might possibly use against Ukraine, Mark Esper the US' 27th secretary of defense suggested that US and NATO allies agree to put an 'air cap' over Ukraine, to counter any Russian aircraft capable of delivering a tactical nuclear bomb (most likely a 1-10 kTon gravity bomb, or via Iskander cruise missile), and to warn Russia not to fly such an aircraft at Ukraine.[35]: min 1:30 
  3. ^ The US Army's unclassified Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) concept is "the combined arms employment of capabilities from all domains that create and exploit relative advantages to defeat enemy forces, achieve objectives and consolidate gains during competition, crisis, and armed conflict".[56]
  4. ^ a b "All types of Russian precision munitions are seeing high failure rates".[62] Connectivity to GLONASS is a factor in the lack of Russian PGM availability,[63] [64] and the use of 3G/4G cell towers for Russian encrypted communications (Era) [65] at the beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[66] "On February 24, 2022 between 5 and 9 AM, just as Russian forces were starting their missile attacks, hackers targeted satellite modems that communicate with Viasat's KA-SAT".[67]: min 15:01  This weakness was unearthed during the use of open communication ("Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate")[68] when FSB was discussing the deaths of their generals: Vitaly Gerasimov, killed 7 Mar 2022;[69] Andrei Sukhovetsky, killed 28 Feb 2022.[70][63] [71][72]
  5. ^ a b c d e In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine which began 24 February 2022, earlier assumptions of the truth of public statements about the situation up to that time were reassessed. The speed of the logistical response of the partners in the NATO alliance when funnelling aid like Bayraktar TB2s to Ukraine is instructive. By 7 April 2022, "the U.S. and allies have provided [Ukraine] 60,000 anti-tank weapons and 25,000 anti-aircraft weapons"—Gen. Mark Milley.[221][220] By 31 October 2022, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine had slowed due to the rainy season.[222][142][181]: minute 8:10 
  6. ^ a b In 2022 Russia's actions against Ukraine alerted 'the West' (that is, Europe, and its NATO partners) to the threat to Europe's food and energy supply.[121][122] After the 2008 war in Georgia, and the 2014 takeover of Crimea and Donbas in Ukraine,[12]: 2:42  a political takeover of Ukraine is a likely objective of Russian leadership.[122][123][124]
  7. ^ Russia's invasion was countered by $100 billion in logistical aid to Ukraine, Feb-Dec 2022; however the aid is becoming constrained by the capacity of the US's industrial base to surge production.[133] The invasion is causing materiel shortages in Russia.[134] The surge in aid to Ukraine is causing NATO to acquire more interoperable materiel from a global industrial base, for more integrated deterrence across the NATO alliance against its adversaries.[135] [136]
  8. ^ During the DoD secretary's review of the 7th monthly meeting of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group, Gen. Mark Milley was pressed for an assessment of the CCP's readiness for war; Gen. Milley reminded the press that the PLA had not fought a war since 1979; that China's GDP was being harvested for materiel, and that the US military would remain atop the world's armies as long as the US GDP remained strong.[181]: 38:30 
    • On 7 December 2022 "Gen. Mark A. Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Royal Navy Adm. Sir Tony Radakin, the United Kingdom's chief of defense staff, said the Russian leader has continued to make calamitous mistakes in Russia's war on Ukraine"; when asked "might the invasion of Ukraine embolden China to invade Taiwan"? —Radakin rejected the premise, and Milley reiterated "[The US] is the number one military in the world, and it's the most capable that combined arms maneuver," ... "We're one of the few militaries remaining in the world that can bring it all together in time and space and in all the domains of space, cyber, land, sea and air and undersea. We are very skilled and talented at doing all that. And, and no adversary should underestimate our capabilities".[182]
  9. ^ Andrew Eversden (17 Dec 2021) Here's the Army's 24 programs in soldiers’ hands by 2023
    1. Precision Strike Missile (§ PrSM)
    2. Extended Range Cannon Artillery (ERCA)
    3. Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (§ LRHW)
    4. Mid-range capability (§ MRC) missile
    5. Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV)
    6. Robotic Combat Vehicle (§ RCV)
    7. Mobile Protective Firepower (§ MPF)
    8. Future Unmanned Aircraft Systems/ Future Tactical Unmanned Aircraft System (FUAS)/(FTUAS)[223]
    9. Integrated Tactical Network (§ ITN) unified with § echelons above brigade, and the multi-domain task forces
    10. Common Operating Environment: Command Post Computing Environment[224]/Mounted Computed Environment (CPCE)/(MCE) See Common operational picture
    11. Command Post Integrated Infrastructure (CPI2)
    12. Mounted Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing System (MAPS)[225][226]
    13. Dismounted Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing System (DAPS)[225]
    14. Maneuver-Short Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) using high-energy lasers
    15. Indirect Fires Protection Capability: Iron Dome
    16. Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (§ LTAMDS)[227] - Patriot radar replacement
    17. Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense (§ IBCS)
    18. Directed Energy Maneuver-Short Range Air Defense (DE M-SHORAD)[228] High energy lasers
    19. Next Generation Squad Weapon (NGSW)
    20. Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS)
    21. Enhanced Night Vision Goggle – Binocular (ENVG-B)
    22. Reconfigurable Virtual Collective Trainer (RVCT) - Synthetic training environment
    23. IVAS Squad Immersive Virtual Trainer (SiVT) - Synthetic training environment
    24. One World Terrain/ Training Management Tools/ Training Simulation Software (OWT) / (TMT) / (TSS) - Synthetic training environment
    [229][230][231][232]
  10. ^ In Future Vertical Lift, FARA and FLRAA are projected to be prototyped by 2028, with fielding by 2030.[233][234] The OMFV prototype is projected for 2025.[235]
  11. ^ Peter Zeihan's (16 Mar 2022) prediction over the next few decades: End of globalization, breakdown into regional blocs[254][255]

References edit

  1. ^ US Department of Defense (2013). The Dictionary of Military Terms. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781628730197.
  2. ^ Bartosz Głowacki (4 Feb 2022) What weapons will Poland send to Ukraine – and is an alliance next?
  3. ^ Reuters (February 1, 2022) Factbox-How Ukraine's armed forces shape up against Russia's
  4. ^ a b Pravda (Правда) (17 Mar 2022) Zelenskyy explained the essence of the new military alliance   U24 from Zelenskyy's night address verbatim: "I addressed the United States and all responsible states with a proposition to create a new U24 union: a new union that will ensure that each aggressor receives a coordinated world response quickly, effectively, and immediately - not in weeks, months, years, but for the first 24 hours after the attack."   "We can no longer trust existing institutions. We cannot expect bureaucrats in international organisations to change fast enough, so we must look for new guarantees, create new tools, and to build alliances with those who have the courage to do what justice demands."
  5. ^ Salamah Magnuson, Morgan Keay, Kimberly Metcalf (Spring 2022) Countering Hybrid Warfare: Mapping Social Contracts to Reinforce Societal Resiliency in Estonia and Beyond
  6. ^ Michael J. Mazarr (15 Apr 2020) Toward a New Theory of Power Projection
  7. ^ a b Paul Kirby (23 Feb 2022) Why is Russia ordering troops into Ukraine and what does Putin want?
  8. ^ Katie Lange (8 Oct 2018) National Defense Strategy: Alliances and Partnerships
  9. ^ Ian Ward (23 Feb 2022) Joe Biden’s Secret Constitutional Weapon
  10. ^ Andrew Desiderio, Tara Palmeri and Meridith McGraw (23 Feb 2022) Republicans descend into foreign policy factionalism over Russia-Ukraine standoff
  11. ^ Matthew Brown (February 1, 2022) Putin says US, NATO have 'ignored' Russia's security demands on Ukraine: What we know
  12. ^ a b c Russia Insight (February 1, 2022) BREAKING! Putin: USA Is Using Ukraine As ‘Tool’ To Contain Russia 8:01 Video clip, English closed captions
  13. ^ a b Shashank Joshi (29 Jan 2022) The technology of seeing and shooting your enemies
  14. ^ Lyall, Nicholas; Brizhinev, Dmitry; Bradbury, Roger (2020). "Rome as a Hegemon: A Portrayal and Database of its Power Projection over Seven Hundred Years". Cliodynamics. 11 (2). doi:10.21237/C7clio11248308. S2CID 234267958.
  15. ^ Wang, Yuan-kang (2015). "The Myth of Chinese Exceptionalism: A Historical Perspective on China's Rise". Responding To China's Rise: US and EU Strategies. Springer. pp. 59–62. ISBN 978-3-319-10033-3.
  16. ^ Ostrovsky, Max (2018). Military Globalization: Strategy, Geography, Weaponry, (New York: Edwin Mellen Press), p 2-3, https://archive.org/details/military-globalization/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater
  17. ^ "No. 19930". The London Gazette. 15 December 1840. pp. 2990–2991.
  18. ^ Moorehead, Alan (1972). The Blue Nile. New York: Harper and Row. p. 266. ISBN 9780060956400.
  19. ^ Rubenson, Survival, p. 268
  20. ^ Ferguson, Niall (2008). Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465013104.
  21. ^ United States Department of Defense. J1-02: Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. [1] 2011-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Jeremy Herb, Jennifer Hansler and Ellie Kaufman, CNN (28 January 2022) Top US general warns of 'horrific' outcome if Russian forces 'unleashed' on Ukraine Secretary of Defense Austin puts 8,500 US troops on alert for EUCOM engagement
  23. ^ Ladwig III, Walter C. (November–December 2010). "India and Military Power Projection: Will the Land of Gandhi Become a Conventional Great Power?". Asian Survey. 50 (6): 1162–1183. doi:10.1525/as.2010.50.6.1162.
  24. ^ Zachary B. Wolf, Curt Merrill and Ji Min Lee, CNN (16 Mar 2022) Zelensky’s address to Congress, annotated
  25. ^ Volodymyr Zelenskyy (16 Mar 2022) Address by President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the US Congress
  26. ^ E. John Teichert (24 Mar 2022) The Hard Power of Security Cooperation
  27. ^ Jim Garamone, DOD News (22 Nov 2022) Austin: Nations Support Rules-Based Order ASEAN conference
  28. ^ James Graham Military Power vs Economic Power in History Compares nations
  29. ^ James Graham Military Power vs Economic Power in History (Part 2) "[I]t is economic power that allows military power to be built up in the first place".
  30. ^ a b (7 Apr 2022) Russia facing most difficult situation in three decades, PM says after 6 weeks of economic sanctions, Mikhail Mishustin: "the current situation could be called the most difficult in three decades for Russia".
  31. ^ BILL GREENWALT and EMILY COLETTA (23 Mar 2023) $1T in new defense spending pledged by key US partners in 1 year: Analysis "In the last year, 37 nations have combined to announce defense spending increases of over $1 trillion, to be spent during the next five years, according to a new American Enterprise Institute analysis"
  32. ^ Jen Judson (28 Mar 2023) US Army eyes six-fold production boost of 155mm shells used in Ukraine Army is spending $1.45 billion on capacity in 2023 to increase production from 14,000 per month, to 24,000 per month in 2023, to 85,000 155mm howitzer shells per month by 2028.
  33. ^ NBC News (4 Jan 2022) Russia, China, Britain, U.S. and France say no one can win nuclear war
  34. ^ Reuters (25 Apr 2022) Russia's Lavrov: Do not underestimate threat of nuclear war
  35. ^ CNN New Day (5 Oct 2022) Ex-US defense secretary says if Putin resorts to nukes, he's likely to use this weapon 1-10 kTon gravity bomb, or Iskander cruise missile
  36. ^ Dan Zak (25 March 2022) Meet the nuke the U.S. keeps in Europe, just waiting to not be used
  37. ^ Robbin Laird (11 Apr 2022) Time to relearn nuclear escalation management for the 21st century
  38. ^ Reuters (30 Apr 2022) Russia says risks of nuclear war must be kept to minimum -TASS
  39. ^ Gen. (USA Ret.) Barry R. McCaffrey (26 Apr 2022) "Putin's threat of nuclear weapons is horrendously unsettling"
  40. ^ Hyung-Jin Kim and Kim Tong-Hyung, Associated Press (28 Oct 2022) North Korea fires missiles toward sea as US warns over nukes "The Pentagon's National Defense Strategy report issued on Thursday stated that any nuclear attack by North Korea against the United States or its allies and partners will result in the end of [the DPRK (Kim)] regime".
  41. ^ PBS NewsHour (28 Oct 2022) WATCH LIVE: Defense Secretary Austin holds news briefing to announce 2022 National Defense Strategy Unclassified. Integrated deterrence— Strategy Across all domains
  42. ^ Jaspreet Gill (14 Nov 2022) How Project Convergence is informing British, Australian military modernization § Project Convergence 2022
  43. ^ Army start biggest military robot exercise in British history, Defence Secretary announces, Ministry of Defence, 12 November 2018
  44. ^ Jee, Charlotte (13 November 2018), "The British Army is carrying out a massive test of military robots and drones", MIT Technology Review
  45. ^ "Defence review: British army to be cut to 72,500 troops by 2025", BBC News, 22 March 2021
  46. ^ White, Andrew (15 September 2021), Three Objectives For The UK Military's Future, Breaking Defense
  47. ^ Vivienne Machi (13 Jul 2021) Germany establishes new military space command
  48. ^ Rameesh Cheema (17 Dec 2022) 15 Most Advanced Countries in Military Technology Israel; Hellenic Republic; Brazil; Taiwan; Saudi Arabia; India; Italy; Republic of Türkiye; Japan; France
    • Rameesh Cheema (17 Dec 2022) 5 Most Advanced Countries in Military Technology UK; RoK (So. Korea); PRC (China); Russia; US
  49. ^ Vivienne Machi (13 Feb 2023) Eyes on Ukraine, NATO preps new ammo guidelines to boost production "Orders placed today will only be delivered two-and-a-half years later". —Jens Stoltenberg
  50. ^ Andrew White (15 Feb 2023) NATO must collaborate, be ‘smarter’ about rebuilding munition stockpiles: Official Ukraine is expending more than 5,000 artillery rounds daily.
  51. ^ Defender-Europe 20 videos, images and stories
  52. ^ Lt. Col. Travis Dettmer (9 February 2020) U.S. Army Futures and Concepts Center teaches Multi-Domain Operations to NATO Allied Land Command
  53. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (January 13, 2020) Infinite Games & War By Other Means: Ryan McCarthy: "We must be engaged in constant competition, versus an episodic engagement strategy" —Secretary Ryan McCarthy
  54. ^ a b c d e Greg Norman (22 Feb 2020) The 5 most powerful armies in the world
  55. ^ The Hon. David Norquist, Deputy Secretary of Defense, DoD (10 Sep 2020) Closing Keynote: Day 2 Defense News Conference 2020 : Sept 9 - 10 22:00 minutes
  56. ^ Jen Judson (23 Mar 2022) Multidomain operations concept will become doctrine this summer
  57. ^ Zamone Perez (18 Oct 2022) US military in decline, threats from China 'formidable', report says Heritage Foundation report for the case of 2 major wars (as opposed to 1.5 wars, rated as Favorable)
  58. ^ C. Todd Lopez, DOD News (18 Oct 2022) U.S. Can Support Ukraine While Meeting Its Own Security Commitments
  59. ^ (4 November 2018) Russia Jammed GPS During Major NATO Military Exercise With US Troops
  60. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (6 June 2019) Army Fields Anti-Jam GPS In Germany This Fall
  61. ^ Russia has figured out how to jam U.S. drones in Syria, officials say
  62. ^ Tara Copp (25 Mar 2022) Russian Forces Halt Kyiv Advance as Kremlin Says Donbass Was Only Goal All Along "Pentagon official rebuts Moscow's claims about war aims, casualties; adds that Russian precision munitions are failing at high rates". (20 to 60 %)
  63. ^ a b Jamie Ross, who cites Christo Grozev of Bellingcat: (Tue, March 8, 2022, 5:32 AM) (7 March 2022) Russian Officer Complains About Dead General and Comms Meltdown in Intercepted Call FSB (Federal Security Service, successor agency to the KGB) officers discuss Gerasimov's death amid the destruction of 3G/4G cell towers in Ukraine, and the loss of Russian encrypted communications (Era), which compromised the FSB officer's sim-card-enabled phone call.
  64. ^ Tobias Naegele (27 Nov 2022) Q&A: The New Chief of Space Operations on Empowering the Force "one B-2 hits 80 independent targets because of GPS".—Gen. B.Chance Saltzman, Space Force
  65. ^ Rob Waugh (8 Mar 2022) 'Idiots': Russian military phone calls hacked after own soldiers destroy 3G towers 3G/4G Towers Needed For Russian encrypted communications (Era)
  66. ^ Caroline Vakil (25 Mar 2022) US officials say Russia behind hack of Ukrainian satellite communications at invasion start: report Apparently GRU-instigated: 'compromise of tens of thousands of satellite modems provided by Viasat's KA-SAT service' at the beginning of the invasion
  67. ^ Not What You Think (25 Mar 2022) Are Tanks Obsolete? The Future of Warfare
  68. ^ Mehul Srivastava, Madhumita Murgia, and Hannah Murphy, Financial Times (3/9/2022, 8:33 AM) The secret US mission to bolster Ukraine’s cyber defences ahead of Russia’s invasion European official: "instead of communicating solely through encrypted military-grade phones, Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate, at times simply by using their Russian cell phones. 'The Ukrainians love it—there is so much data in simply watching these phones, whether or not they are using encrypted apps,' he said. The Ukrainians then block Russian phones from their local networks at key moments, further jamming their communications. 'Then you suddenly see Russian soldiers grabbing cell phones off Ukrainians on the street, raiding repair shops for sims,' he said. 'This is not sophisticated stuff. It’s quite puzzling."
  69. ^ Rob Picheta and Jack Guy, CNN (8 Mar 2022) Ukraine claims Russian general has been killed in Kharkiv
  70. ^ Doug Cunningham (3 Mar 2022) Ukraine forces say Chechen commander Magomed Tushayev killed near Kyiv
  71. ^ MSNBC Morning Joe (28 Mar 2022) 'Astounding' Number Of Casualties: Why The Invasion Is Proving Deadly For Russia
  72. ^ Elizabeth Howell, Space.com (14 Apr 2022) Russia Is Jamming GPS Satellite Signals In Ukraine, US Space Force Says "When four satellites are available, GPS receivers can use their signals to calculate the user's position, often to within just a few feet" —Navstar being jammed
  73. ^ a b Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (3 September 2014) US Has Lost ‘Dominance In Electromagnetic Spectrum’: Shaffer
  74. ^ Stephen Clark (25 November 2019) Russia launches space surveillance satellite Kosmos 2542, in a polar orbit—"[To] monitor the condition of other Russian satellites in orbit."
  75. ^ Joseph Trevithick (30 January 2020) A Russian "Inspector" Spacecraft Now Appears To Be Shadowing An American Spy Satellite USA 245 is a KH-11 series satellite; Cosmos 2542 is now tailing the USA 245's movements with a precision of 150 to 300 kilometers. See Hall thruster
  76. ^ Andrew E. Kramer (2 March 2019) Russian General Pitches ‘Information’ Operations as a Form of War
  77. ^ Paul McCleary (30 May 2019) Dunford: Leaders Mull First NATO Strategy In Decades
  78. ^ Neil Hauer (26 February 2020) Russia may have met its match in Libya Is unable to tip the balance, as it has in Syria. So Russia is escalating its involvement.
  79. ^ Andrew Goodman (26 Apr 2022) Putin the Planner Worked alongside Putin when he was Deputy Mayor of St. Petersberg. "Whatever happens on the ground now, there is good reason to think that Putin will continue to pursue a solution on his terms as long as he remains in power".
  80. ^ Clare Sebastian and Chris Liakos, CNN (20 Apr 2022) Russian billionaire Oleg Tinkov blasts Putin's 'insane war' in Ukraine
  81. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 April 2020) COVID-19: Army Futures Command Takes Wargames Online
  82. ^ Aaron Bateman (22 May 2020) As Russia stalks US satellites, a space arms race may be heating up
  83. ^ Theresa Hitchens (15 November 2021) Russian suspected ground-launched ASAT test scatters dangerous debris through LEO
    • (16 November 2021) Surprise Russian ASAT test shows need to ‘scale’ space tracking, LeoLabs says
  84. ^ Specialist website Russian Space Web (25 Nov 2021) Russia launches classified military satellite
  85. ^ Vladimir Isachenkov, The Associated Press (9 Aug 2020) Russia warns it will see any incoming missile as nuclear
  86. ^ Mark B. Schneider (19 Sep 2020) Will Russia Further Lower Its Nuclear Weapons Use Threshold?
  87. ^ Eric Geller https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/14/massively-disruptive-cyber-crisis-engulfs-multiple-agencies-445376 (14 Dec 2020) 'Massively disruptive' cyber crisis engulfs multiple agencies]
  88. ^ Ellen Nakashima & Craig Timberg (14 Dec 2020) Russian government hackers are behind a broad espionage campaign that has compromised U.S. agencies, including Treasury and Commerce Identified as SVR /APT29 /Cozy Bear, according to FireEye. Breached using the update server of SolarWinds, its Orion Platform, versions released in Mar & Jun 2020.
    • Catalin Cimpanu (14 Dec 2020) SolarWinds Says 18,000 Customers Were Impacted by Recent Hack
    • Dan Goodin (14 Dec 2020) ~18,000 organizations downloaded backdoor planted by Cozy Bear hackers
  89. ^ Lorne Cook (30 May 2021) As Russia tensions simmer, NATO conducts massive war games
    • Thomas Newdick (11 Nov 2021) Norwegian Undersea Surveillance Network Had Its Cables Mysteriously Cut
  90. ^ Jacob Gronholt-Pedersen and Gwladys Fouche, Reuters (16 Nov 2022) NATO allies wake up to Russian supremacy in the Arctic
  91. ^ John Christianson (5 Dec 2022) FIGHTING AND WINNING IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (EMS)
  92. ^ Vladimir Isachenkov, The Associated Press (26 Dec 2021) Putin to mull options if West refuses guarantees on Ukraine
  93. ^ Heather Mongilio (2 Feb 2022) U.S. Offered Russians Aegis Ashore Inspections to Ease Ukraine Tensions; More American Troops Headed to Europe
  94. ^ Matthew Chance (12 Apr 2021) Ukraine's President heads to the trenches as Russia masses its troops Troops and armor are massing by rail, within Russia's border.
  95. ^ ZEYNEP BILGINSOY (10 Apr 2021) The leaders of Ukraine, Turkey stress territorial integrity Donbass and Crimea are disputed.
  96. ^ The Associated Press (12 Apr 2021) Blinken heads to Brussels for talks on Afghanistan, Ukraine SecDef Lloyd Austin will attend.
  97. ^ Lara Seligman and Natasha Bertand (04/12/2021) Can Ukraine deploy U.S.-made weapons against the Russians? FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missiles barely overmatch Uran-9s
  98. ^ Lara Seligman (03/31/2021) Pentagon ‘watching’ as Russia steps up aggression in Eastern Europe A ceasefire between the Ukraine Army and Donetsk separatists ended Jun 2020. EUCOM's V Corps has been on pre-planned maneuvers, but in a NATO partner's territory as of April 2021.
  99. ^ Vivian Salama in Kyiv and William Mauldin in Washington (18 Jan 2022) U.S. Aims Sanctions at Pro-Russian Agents as Blinken Plans Ukraine, Russia Meetings
  100. ^ Robert Burns (19 Jan 2022) Explainer: What are US military options to help Ukraine?
  101. ^ a b Paul McLeary (7 May 2021) Jamming Strikes OSCE Drones Tracking Russian Forces
  102. ^ Olivia Gazis (22 Apr 2021)) After Putin's warning to West, Russia begins large-scale military exercises in and around Ukraine
  103. ^ Nils Adler, Laura King Los Angeles Times (21 Jan 2022) In eastern Ukraine, trench warfare grinds on against backdrop of invasion fears
    • Greg Ganske (22 Jan 2022) Opinion: Why would war in Ukraine matter to the United States?
  104. ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Troianovski, Anton; Jakes, Lara (2021-04-22). "Russia Orders Partial Pullback From Ukraine Border Region". The New York Times. Moscow and Kyiv. ISSN 0362-4331.
  105. ^ Jim Garamone, DOD News (14 Jan 2022) Russia Trying to Develop Pretext for Ukraine Invasion, DOD Official Says
  106. ^ Michael Schwirtz New York Times (6 Dec 2021) On Ukrainian Front, Grinding War and Weary Anticipation of Invasion Map of "Approximate line separating Ukrainian and Russian-backed forces"
  107. ^ New York Times Ukraine map (7 Jan 2022) How Russia's Military is Positioned To Threaten Ukraine
  108. ^ a b Jeff Schogol, Paul Szoldra (21 Feb 2022) Moscow orders Russian troops into Ukraine
  109. ^ Reuters (22 February 2022) Putin gets green light to deploy troops to eastern Ukraine
  110. ^ Charles Riley (22 February 2022) The sanctions that could really hurt Russia
  111. ^ Charles Riley (22 February 2022) Russia is already paying a hefty financial price for its aggression
  112. ^ Ryan Pickrell (25 Jan 2022) Russian forces are massing on Ukraine's border. Here's what Russia watchers think could be Putin's next big move. Figures 2a-2c CSIS scenarios
  113. ^ a b Andrei Illarionov (30 April 2021) Putin was not ready to launch a war in the Spring
  114. ^ a b Rick Rouan, Courtney Subramanian, Joey Garrison and David Jackson, USA Today (22 February 2022) Biden levels sanctions on Russia for beginning an invasion of Ukraine: live updates
  115. ^ natasha Bertrand (23 Jan 2022) US putting together 'global' strategy to increase gas production if Russia invades Ukraine, officials say
  116. ^ Charles Riley (26 Jan 2022) What is SWIFT and why it might be the weapon Russia fears most
  117. ^ Deutsche Welle (27 Feb 2022) Germany commits €100 billion to defense spending Scholz: Germany has now agreed to a one-time $113 billion increase in its defense budget.
  118. ^ Christian Datoc (15 July 2021) US lifted Nord Stream 2 sanctions to gain German cooperation in safeguarding Ukraine, Biden says
  119. ^ Alexander Ratz and Pavel Polityuk (17 Jan 2022) Germany says Russia will pay price if it moves on Ukraine
  120. ^ Binkov (26 Jan 2022) What might happen if Russia does attack Ukraine? Ukraine is outgunned. Russia would likely stop when resistance stiffens, in Spring 2022. Europe would be divided over heating supplies for impending winter. Ties between Russia and China would strengthen as Europe sanctions its trade with Russia due to war.
  121. ^ a b Rob Picheta (29 Jan 2022) How a Russian invasion of Ukraine would reverberate around the world
  122. ^ a b c d Leaders: (29 Jan 2022) A war in Ukraine could have global consequences "The likelihood of China invading Taiwan would surely rise."
  123. ^ a b Michael Kofman (Apr 2019) Drivers of Russian Grand Strategy
  124. ^ a b c CaspianReport (29 Jan 2022) What a Russian assault on Ukraine would look like video clip 14:41
  125. ^ a b c Jessie Yeung, Adam Renton, Rob Picheta, Ed Upright, Aditi Sangal, Adrienne Vogt and Melissa Macaya, CNN (23 Feb 2022) The latest on the Ukraine-Russia crisis Situation
  126. ^ Roman Olearchyk and Henry Foy, Financial Times (14 Jan 2022) Ukraine says government websites hit by "massive cyber attack"
  127. ^ Howard Altman (19 Jan 2022) Russian attack could happen 'any minute' Ukraine official says
  128. ^ Frida Ghitis (13 Jan 2022) Putin's big miscalculation
  129. ^ a b Richard Galant (23 Jan 2022) Putin confronts the mud of Ukraine
  130. ^ a b c US Army Lieutenant Colonel Alex Vershinen (23 Nov 2021) Feeding the Bear: A Closer Look at Russian Army Logistics and the Fait Accompli
  131. ^ Matthew Chance, Kylie Atwood, Emmet Lyons and Ami Kaufman, CNN (19 Jan 2021) Ukraine warns Russia has 'almost completed' build-up of forces near border
    • (10 Apr 2021) Russia Sets Up Army Field Hospital Near Ukraine; Moves Iskander Missiles and Amphibious Landing Craft From Caspian Sea to Ukraine Coast!
  132. ^ Eric Schmitt, Julian E. Barnes and Helene Cooper (7 Apr 2022) Russia Is Recruiting Mercenaries and Syrians to Ukraine, Western Officials Say
  133. ^ Joe Gould (21 Nov 2022) Weapons shortages spark tough choices for Ukraine’s allies
  134. ^ Stephen Fidler and Ann M. Simmons (22 Nov 2022) Russia’s Munitions Shortages Raise Questions Over How Long It Can Continue Ukraine War
  135. ^ Rachel Nostrant (22 Nov 2022) The scramble to rearm Ukraine is transforming NATO in a way that would've been hard without Putin's help
  136. ^ Patrick Tucker ( Why Defense Budgets Will Stay High After the Ukraine War "The war is exposing how European nations were underinvesting in defense, and the critical role that renewable energy will play in transatlantic security"
  137. ^ (23 Jan 2022) Ukraine receives second batch of U.S. weapons in Russian stand-off
  138. ^ Julie Coleman (1 Feb 2022) 'Putin should be afraid of us': Regular Ukrainian civilians are training to fight off a Russian invasion Training in Kharkiv and Kyiv
  139. ^ Helene Cooper (14 Jan 2022) U.S. Considers Backing an Insurgency if Russia Invades Ukraine
  140. ^ Michael Kofman and Rob Lee (2 Jun 2022) Not Built For Purpose: The Russian Military's Ill-Fated Force Decision Platoons on paper were half-sized in reality, leading to no dismounted infantry in motorized units.
  141. ^ Sebastien Roblin (21 Jan 2022) The ‘Georgia Model’: Russia’s Plan For Invading Ukraine?
  142. ^ a b c d Allegra Goodwin CNN in London (14 Nov 2022) Russia becoming a "pariah state," British PM Sunak says as he attends G20 summit UK Prime Minister "Sunak said it was 'telling' that Putin would not attend" G20 in Indonesia, in light of the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine.
    • Mark Galleoti (11 Nov 2022) Opinion: Putin can cling on to power, but his legend is dead "Multiple security forces balance each other: in Moscow, for example, the military garrison, a special division of the National Guard and the Kremlin Regiment, all report to different chains of command. The Federal Security Service watches all three – and the Federal Protection Service in turn watch them".
    • Simone McCarthy, CNN (18 Nov 2022) World leaders met all week to address global issues. Putin appears to no longer have a seat at the table "Putin ... is increasingly isolated".
  143. ^ Sergey Radchenko (22 February 2022) Moscow Musings on Brinksmanship From Stalin to Putin
  144. ^ Anton Troianovski (10 Sep 2021) Russia and Belarus inch closer to a full-blown merger
  145. ^ Michael Kofman (8 Sep 2021) Zapad-2021: What to Expect From Russia's Strategic Military Exercise
  146. ^ James Stavridis (11 Apr 2022) What the U.S. Military Needs to Learn from the Ukraine War
  147. ^ Alexander Bratersky (3 Sep 2021) Private companies at ‘Army 2021’ forum strive for survival as Russian military orders shrink
  148. ^ a b c Combat Approved (13 Feb 2021) Episode 44. The Uran-9 Russia’s First Combat Robot
  149. ^ a b Isabella Beltran (10 Apr 2021) Uran-9, Russian Robotic Tanks Slated to be Deployed "Soon" Despite Flaws During Syrian Tests, The Sciencetimes (Mixed-font I in 'science' appears deliberate.)
  150. ^ a b Sebastien Roblin (21 October 2019) This Is the Robot Tank Russia Used in Syria
  151. ^ Axx (14 Sep 2021) Russia one step ahead, Why Russia's strike robots is scary enough
  152. ^ Zvezda (TV channel) Воины будущего. Какими возможностями обладают поступившие на вооружение ВС РФ боевые роботы «Уран-9» Uran-9 Control system
  153. ^ a b Army Technology.com (2016) Uran-9 Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle
  154. ^ James Crump (24 Aug 2021) Russia Orders Hypersonic Missiles As Putin Vows to Put Weapons on 'Combat Alert'
  155. ^ Alexander Marrow and Mark Trevelyan (Reuters) (13 Dec 2021) Russia says it may be forced to deploy mid-range nuclear missiles in Europe
  156. ^ Roger McDermott (7 Feb 2022) The Role of Hypersonic Weapons in Russian Military Strategy Giperzvukovogo Oruzhiya—(GZO); or Giperzvukovyye letatel’nyye apparaty—(GZLA) Kinzhal, Tsirkon, Kalibr, Poseidon, Avangard, Burevestnik, Sarmat,
  157. ^ a b The Moscow Times (1 September 2022) Russia Stages Scaled-down War Games With China, India
  158. ^ Paul McLeary (19 October 2022) NATO is rushing equipment to Ukraine as troops hunker down for the winter "The war begins a new phase as Russia launches missiles and temperatures fall"
  159. ^ Brian Bender and Laura Seligman (4 Dec 2022) "We haven't got this figured out just yet": Pentagon, industry struggle to arm Ukraine "The Russia problem takes center stage at this year's Reagan National Defense Forum".
  160. ^ Ukrayinska Pravda (15 Mar 2023) Russian army to be replenished with 400,000 new contract service personnel starting 1 Apr 2023
  161. ^ David Axe (20 Aug 2023) Add A New Radar To An Old Air-Defense Missile, And You'd Get The Ukrainian 5V28—Kyiv's Most Potent Deep-Strike Weapon Moscow shows no black/brown clouds of AK27F/TG02 propellant in its skies, to back its claims of an intercept
  162. ^ a b c Evelyn Chang (22 Mar 2023) China and Russia affirm economic cooperation for the next several years Presidents Xi Jinping, V.V. Putin, respectively
  163. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 March 2019) US ‘Gets Its Ass Handed To It’ In Wargames: Here’s A $24 Billion Fix Army prepositioned stocks (APS) vulnerability
  164. ^ Defense News (July 2019) Top 100 for 2019
  165. ^ Theresa Hitchens (31 July 2019) Competition (With China) IS The New Deterrence, US Military Leaders Say Vice Adm. David Kriete of US Strategic Command
  166. ^ aj.com (1 Oct 2019) China Confirms New Hypersonic Nuclear Missile On 70th Anniversary DF-17
    • Kristin Huang (23 Aug 2019) China’s hypersonic DF-17 missile threatens regional stability, analyst warns
    • (1 Oct 2019) China unveils Dongfeng-17 conventional missiles in military parade See minute 0:05 to 0:49 for 16 Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (white-tipped contrast atop their DF-17 fuselages mounted on booster rockets)
    • Kathrin Hille in Taipei and Qianer Liu in Beijing (1 Oct 2019) China displays military advances in show of strength to rivals Lists missile armaments. FT video FT estimates 1/3rd of China's missile arsenal is on display in 1 Oct parade
    • BILL POWELL (10/3/19) China's Hypersonic Missile, AKA 'Carrier Killers,' Are a 'Holy S**t Moment' for US Military
  167. ^ Bill Gertz (24 December 2019) China's test of sub-launched missile a threat to peace, retired captain warns JL-3 is an SLBM
  168. ^ Ashley Roque (22 Feb 2023) As US worries over Beijing’s influence in Middle East, Chinese defense firms flock to IDEX 2023 International Defense Exhibition in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  169. ^ Robert Burns (27 Aug 2020) Esper visit to tiny Palau highlights US-China competition
  170. ^ uscc.gov (Nov 2019) Chapter 4: China's Global Ambitions
  171. ^ David Kirton (30 Sep 2021) China's high-end military technology touted at biggest air show Airshow China in Zhuhai
  172. ^ Dean Cheng (23 Nov 2020) Chinese Party Sets Bold Military Goal: ‘Mechanized & Informationized’ By 2027
  173. ^ Dean Cheng (19 May 2021) How China’s Thinking About The Next War Proposed doctrine: brigade-based, joint MDO
  174. ^ Kris Osborn (4 Feb 2022) China is Trying to Steal and Copy U.S. Military Multi-Domain Warfare Tactics "accompanied by an effort to replicate emerging U.S. strategies and warfare maneuvers" including JADC2
  175. ^ Deutsche Welle (21 May 2021) China releases population census with enormous implications for the country's future
  176. ^ Tanner Brown (17 Jan 2022) China’s Population Crisis Is Complicated. What It Means for the Country’s Economy.
  177. ^ Evelyn Cheng (17 Jan 2023) China's Population Drops For the First Time In Decades in 2022
  178. ^ Task & Purpose (22 Mar 2023) 4 Reasons China's Outta Time to Invade Taiwan 1) Demographics; 2) TSMC; 3) Russia is now the largest oil supplier to China; 4) Ukraine as cautionary example.
  179. ^ 60 Minutes (19 Mar 2023) Is the Navy ready? How the U.S. is preparing amid a naval buildup in China USS Nimitz
  180. ^ Michael C Horowitz (19 Nov 2021) War by Timeframe: Responding to China's Pacing Challenge
  181. ^ a b c d CNN (16 November 2022) Pentagon gives update after missile hits Poland 4 hour Ukraine Defense Contact Group meeting with 50 nations 47:21
  182. ^ Jim Garamone, DOD News (7 Dec 2022) U.S., U.K. Military Chiefs Discuss Ukraine, China
  183. ^ Paul McLeary and Alexander Ward (20 Nov 2021) U.S. ‘not as advanced’ as China and Russia on hypersonic tech, Space Force general warns
  184. ^ TAYLOR A. LEE and PETER W. SINGER (7 Feb 2023) The PLA’s People Problem "China’s military has long struggled to field quality personnel".
  185. ^ Humeyra Pamuk (19 Jun 2023) Xi, Blinken agree to stabilise U.S.-China relations in rare Beijing talks
  186. ^ Fareed Zakaria, GPS (14 Sep 2023) On GPS: Gen. Mark Milley on estimating China's military power
  187. ^ Roopinder Tara (22 Sep 2022) Almost Half of Industrial Robots Are in China
  188. ^ Ryan Browne (16 Nov 2022) Chinese takeover of the UK’s biggest chip plant blocked on national security grounds as reported in (20 Nov 2022) Chinese Takeover of UK's Largest Chip Plant Blocked on National Security Grounds
  189. ^ Reuters World News (27 June 2017) China passes tough new intelligence law National Intelligence Law
  190. ^ Defense updates (30 Apr 2020) 3 Reasons Chinese Liaoning Will Not Last an Hour Against USS Ronald Reagan Protecting Japan!
  191. ^ Smerconish (6 Feb 2023) Chang: Not shooting down balloon could embolden China 'By not shooting down the balloon, "we convince the Chinese we're incapable," says Gordon Chang, author of The Great US-China Tech War. "It could push them to do things which can't be undone." '
  192. ^ Sutirtho Patranobis (31 Jul 2020) China says its Beidou system now fully operational, to challenge US’s GPS
  193. ^ P.W. Singer and Taylor A. Lee (31 March 2020) China’s version of GPS is almost complete. Here's what that means.
  194. ^ Elizabeth Howell (16 June 2020) China postpones launch of Beidou global navigation satellite
  195. ^ Huizhong Wu and Jon Gambrell, The Associated Press (30 July 2021) US military warns China is building more nuclear missile silos
  196. ^ James Anderson (31 July 2020) China's troubling nuclear buildup The New York Times Op-Ed p. A25. —James Anderson is Acting undersecretary of defense for policy
  197. ^ Dean Cheng (28 Oct 2022) China calls for new ‘strategic guidance’ at 20th Party Congress in a call for strategic deterrence [standoff] by 2027
  198. ^ Colin Clark (18 Jun 2021) Chinese Nuke Modernization Prompts Shift In DoD Strategy cites SIPRI as authority
  199. ^ DANIEL SHATS and PETER W. SINGER (5 Oct 2022) The Balance of Power Is Shifting Among Nuclear-Energy Titans RosAtom vs CNNC, CGN
  200. ^ Sun Yu and Demetri Sevastopulo, Financial Times (16 Feb 2021) China targets rare earth export curbs to hobble US defense industry
    • Gabriel Crossley and Min Zhang (28 Feb 2021) China says domestic competition hurting rare earth prices
  201. ^ a b Small Wars journal (14 Aug 2021) Letter to the Editor: Critical Afghanistan Assessment "Now the rare earth minerals in Afghanistan will fall into the hands of the CCP."
  202. ^ Daniel L. Davis (6 Aug 2021): Defense Priorities fellow Daniel Davis BBC to discuss Afghanistan withdrawal
  203. ^ Fergus Ryan (26 Aug 2021) China Takes on Its Tech Leaders
  204. ^ Bloomberg (30 Aug 2021) China To Cleanse Online Content That 'Bad-Mouths' Its Economy
  205. ^ Ben Watson (6 Aug 2021) China is hacking Russia who cites Sam Bendet's tweet
  206. ^ China Observer (8 Jul 2023) Xi Jinping Spends 1 Trillion Every Year, Turning All Chinese People Into Prisoners! 1 Trillion Yuan is spent per year for internet surveillance, more than on defense. Data monitoring is enforced by 25,000 police, on the people of Beijing, indexed on their phone number. For example, the software listens for key phrases, such as "street store economy", which might insinuate any sayings against the thoughts of "paramount leader" Xi Jinping, and calls in the people who quote the sayings on the phone to the police station for questioning (such as "excellent style capable of winning battles"). The police interview is termed "invitedForTea".
  207. ^ Brandi Vincent (9 Feb 2022) New Operating System Aims to Speed AI to the Battlefield China has goal of 2030 for Parity with US on AI —Lt. Gen. Michael Groen, for DoD's Artificial Intelligence and Data Accelerator (AIDA)
  208. ^ Mallory Shelbourne (19 Oct 2022) China’s Accelerated Timeline to Take Taiwan Pushing Navy in the Pacific, Says CNO Gilday
  209. ^ Lee Hsi-min and Eric Lee (3 Nov 2020) Taiwan’s Overall Defense Concept, Explained "The concept’s developer explains the asymmetric approach to Taiwan’s defense".
  210. ^ a b Colin Clark (4 Oct 2021) 149 Chinese Fighters, Bombers Sweep Across Taiwan ADIZ In 4 Days
  211. ^ a b Harry Halem and Eyck Freymann (7 Apr 2022) Ukraine Shows Why Taiwan Needs More Air Defense options: "transferring air-defense systems to Taiwan, funding Taiwan’s domestic air-defense programs, and deploying American-made integrated air-defense technology"
  212. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (8 Apr 2022) Three reasons why defense is beating offense in Ukraine – and why it matters for Taiwan 1) precision-guided firepower 2) sprawling urbanization 3) mass mobilization
  213. ^ Covert Cabal (10 Oct 2021) Can Taiwan Stop a Chinese Invasion?
  214. ^ Military Aviation History (4 Feb 2018) Air Superiority 2030 - How America Wants To Retain Dominance Encapsulates the factors for 2030
  215. ^ Mike Yeo (20 Oct 2021) China shows off drones recycled from Soviet-era fighter jets J-6=Mig-19 Drones
  216. ^ Oren Liebermann, CNN (24 Feb 2023) US plans to expand training of Taiwanese forces
  217. ^ Heather Penney (May 2023) Scale, Scope, Speed & Survivability: Winning the Kill Chain Competition Mitchell Institutem Policy Paper 40 seeks to counter China's Warfighting Strategy of “System Destruction” of "sensor networks, datalinks, C2 architectures, and other nodes"
  218. ^ Tara Copp (3 Nov 2021) China Likely to Have ‘At Least’ 1,000 Nukes by 2030, Pentagon Estimates CJCS views Taiwan invasion unlikely over next two years.
    • Office of Secretary of Defense (3 Nov 2021) Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China Annual report to Congress
  219. ^ THOMAS CORBETT and PETER W. SINGER (3 Apr 2023) China Is Eating Russia’s Lunch in the Defense Market
  220. ^ a b c Mike Rogers (4 Mar 2022) China is watching Ukraine closely, the US should watch China
  221. ^ Joe Gould (7 April 2022) Putin’s ‘probably given up’ on Kyiv as Ukraine war enters new phase
    • C. Todd Lopez, DOD News (6 April 2022) DOD: More Javelins Approved for Ukraine; Switchblades On their Way 
  222. ^ Ben Watson (28 Oct 2022) Today's D Brief: Difficult years ahead for Europe; Rain slows Ukraine fight; Pentagon’s strategy trio; US Army’s new training center; And a bit more.
  223. ^ Ashley Roque (22 Aug 2022) US Army picks AeroVironment's Jump 20 for FTUAS Increment 1
  224. ^ Jaspreet Gill (14 Jan 2022) Army ‘well on its way’ to first OCONUS cloud in Indo-Pacific
  225. ^ a b Alternative PNT & Area Protection DAPS
  226. ^ Andrew Eversden (Feb. 2, 2022 at 12:09 PM ET update) Here’s the Army’s 24 programs in soldiers’ hands by 2023 Updated by AFC
  227. ^ MDAA (24 Jul 2020) Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (LTAMDS)
  228. ^ Jen Judson (13 Jan 2022) Army readies to deliver first set of Strykers with 50-kilowatt laser weapons
  229. ^ Grinston, McConville, and McCarthy (2019) 2019 Army Modernization Strategy: Investing in the future 7 —Figure 3. Current Cross Functional Teams and Signature Efforts
  230. ^ "Chief of staff: Most signature systems to be fielded by 2023, people still No. 1". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  231. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 May 2020) Army Braces For Post-COVID Cuts: Gen. Murray 34 Signature Programs: 31 in Futures Command, 3 in RCCTO
  232. ^ MG Cedric T. Wins (5 Dec 2018) RDECOM’S ROAD MAP TO MODERNIZING THE ARMY: NEXT GENERATION COMBAT VEHICLE MODULAR ACTIVE PROTECTION SYSTEMS. Second in a series.
  233. ^ Jen Judson (4 April 2019) US Army plans to field a future long-range assault helicopter by 2030 FLRAA
    • RFI posted on the Federal Business Opportunities, 4 April
    • Contract award: fourth quarter of FY21
    • preliminary design review (PDR) second quarter of FY23
    • first flight in the third quarter of FY24
    • critical design review (CDR) in the fourth quarter of FY24
    • fielding to first unit in second quarter of FY30
  234. ^ Steve Trimble (24 July 2020) U.S. Army Upgrades Vision For Future Vertical Lift Programs
  235. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (10 April 2020) Army Revamps OMFV Bradley Replacement For Russian Front OMFV digital designs by 2023, prototypes by 2025, operational by 2028
    • OMFV OPTIONALLY MANNED FIGHTING VEHICLE (OMFV) INDUSTRY DAY & PROGRAM QUESTIONS (9-April-2020) 17 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine 14 pages
    • Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (11 Mar 2021) A War With China Would Spread To Land, Says Army Tanker
  236. ^ Brian Yang (2 December 2022) China Set To Green-Light First mRNA Vaccine
  237. ^ Rebecca Cohen, Morgan McFall-Johnsen, and Paola Rosa-Aquino (29 Nov 2022) China's refusal to use Western COVID-19 vaccines is making its protest problems even worse
  238. ^ Bloomberg (4 Dec 2022) China's Covid Pivot Accelerates as Cities Ease Testing Rules
  239. ^ Deutsche Welle DW News (16 Aug 2021) Taliban back in power: What does it mean for the Indo-Pacific region?
  240. ^ The Print Team (14 Nov 2020) How drones helped Azerbaijan defeat Armenia, and the implications for future modern warfare
  241. ^ Indian Express (28 Aug 2010) China deploys 11,000 troops in Gilgit area in Occupied Kashmir
  242. ^ Press Trust of India (9 Sep 2022) India, Japan to enhance defence ties to bolster their strategic partnership
  243. ^ Daishi Abe and Rieko Miki (14 Aug 2020) Japan wants de facto 'Six Eyes' intelligence status: defense chief
    • Masay Kato (13 Aug 2020) Japan's deeper ties with Five Eyes hinge on how it keeps secrets
  244. ^ a b Brian Burton (28 Jun 2021) As Allies Design Fighter Aircraft, The United States Faces a Decision
  245. ^ Russia Insight (26 December 2019) Putin Stunned By Words Of Japanese Journalist: What Are You Talking About!? Video clip: 6:51
  246. ^ Colin Clark (15 Jul 2021) 'Sense Of Crisis' On China-Taiwan: Japan Defense White Paper Japan draws closer to Taiwan
  247. ^ Zack Cooper and Eric Sayers (12 Jan 2023) JAPAN’S SHIFT TO WAR FOOTING '2+2 Meeting' of defense/state us/japan bilateral agreements
  248. ^ Reuters (25 Dec 2021) Japan to pay companies to keep sensitive patents secret- Nikkei
  249. ^ Mike Yeo (22 Nov 2022) Japanese destroyers intercept ballistic missiles in tests with US Navy
  250. ^ a b Aaron L. Friedberg (Winter 2021/2022) The Growing Rivalry Between America and China and the Future of Globalization
  251. ^ The Changing Order (9 Feb 2022) —Peter Zeihan: How Deglobalization Works, Full Webinar video 58:24
  252. ^ Anna Cooban (24 March 2022) BlackRock says Russia’s war in Ukraine is the end of globalization
  253. ^ Akhil Ramesh ( Are we witnessing the beginning of de-dollarization?
  254. ^ JackCarrUSA video 1:01:50 Peter Zeihan (June 2022): The End of the World Is Just the Beginning hardcover
  255. ^ China Observer (12 Aug 2023) No Orders From US & EU, No Money to Pay Salaries, China Faced Its Worst Manufacturing Year in 2023
    • Zeihan on Geopolitics (10 Aug 2023) The Chinese Slide Into Deflation (The Final Straw?)
  256. ^ Caspian Report (14 Jun 2022) How Russia could collapse (again) Local republics could blockade other republics of the Federation to preserve local stability, which appears to be the choice of the people.
  257. ^ Clare Sebastian, CNN (28 Aug 2022) 'Slower burn.' Russia dodges economic collapse but the decline has started Russia now selling oil to Asia, six months after sanctions by West.
  258. ^ (26 Jan 2022) Will There Be a War Over Ukraine? 13 Putin Watchers Weigh In
  259. ^ David M. Herszenhorn and Paul McLeary (8 Apr 2022) Ukraine’s 'iron general' is a hero, but he's no star ala SoF
  260. ^ Sebastian Sprenger (17 Feb 2022) Ukraine, UK, Poland announce security pact amid heightened tensions
  261. ^ Jaroslaw Adamowski (9 Jul 2021) Poland could purchase M1 Abrams tanks from US 250 M1A2 SEPv3s, + dozen tracked vehicles, purchase confirmed 14 July 2021
    • John Vandiver (18 Feb 2022) US will sell Poland tanks to bolster NATO defense
    • Paul McLeary (18 Feb 2022) ‘What Mr. Putin did not want’: U.S. approves $6B tank deal with Poland State Department approval, so the tanks are not yet available for shipment from Vendor
  262. ^ Douglas London, Foreign Affairs (11 Apr 2022) A Shadow War Against Putin
  263. ^ Anna Nemtsova (28 Jan 2022) ‘Putin Lost Us’: A City of Russian-Speaking Ukrainians Is Vowing To Fight Moscow’s Aggression
  264. ^ Ivana Kottasová, Tamara Qiblawi and Helen Regan (22 Feb 2022) Putin orders troops into pro-Russian regions of eastern Ukraine
  265. ^ Sergey Radchenko (22 Feb 2022) MOSCOW MUSINGS ON BRINKSMANSHIP FROM STALIN TO PUTIN
  266. ^ Sam LaGrone (8 Feb 2022) UPDATED: Russian Navy Amphibious Group Enters Black Sea as Warships Mass in the Mediterranean
  267. ^ Liudas Dapkus and Dasha Litvinova (19 Feb 2022) Russia ‘uncoiling and poised to strike’ says US defense secretary
  268. ^ Jack Watling and Nick Reynolds (22 Apr 2022) Operation Z: The Death Throes of an Imperial Delusion 26 pages
  269. ^ Reuben Johnson (19 May 2022) Russian attempts to restock its military may be doomed to failure
  270. ^ Kyle Mizokami (27 Jan 2022) Russia Won't Start a War With Ukraine Out of the Blue. Look For These 8 Warning Signs.
    1. Fuel and Ammunition Stockpiles
    2. Cyberwarfare
    3. GPS Jamming, Spoofing
    4. Attack submarine sorties
    5. Electronic warfare
    6. Social media blackout
    7. Little green men Events
    8. Drone reconnaissance
  271. ^ Jeremy Herb, Katie Bo Lillis, Barbara Starr and Sean Lyngaas, CNN (10 February 2022) What the US is watching that could signal Russia is launching an invasion of Ukraine
  272. ^ Phil Stewart and Humeyra Pamuk, Reuters (5 Feb 2022) Russian forces at 70% of level needed for full Ukraine invasion - U.S. officials
  273. ^ Michael Kofman (24 Jan 2022) Putin's Wager in Russia's Standoff With the West
  274. ^ Karen DeYoung, Dan Lamothe, John Hudson and Shane Harris. The Washington Post (5 Feb 2022) Russia could invade Ukraine within days, causing up to 50,000 civilian deaths, U.S. intelligence assessments find
  275. ^ The New York Times (24 Feb 2022) Maps: Tracking the Russian Invasion of Ukraine
  276. ^ Daniel Treisman (22 Feb 2022) Putin isn't likely to stop here
  277. ^ Reuters (23 Feb 2022) Ukraine starts drafting reservists aged 18-60 after president's order
  278. ^ Jake Harrington and Riley McCabe (1 Feb 2022) Keeping Pace in the Gray ZOne: Three Recommendations for the U.S. Intelligence Community
  279. ^ Michael Kofman (23 Feb 2022) Michael Kofman, an expert on Russia’s armed forces, explains why the Kremlin will seek regime change in Ukraine
  280. ^ Valerie Insinna (24 Feb 2022) Russia aiming to ‘decapitate’ Ukrainian government: US official
  281. ^ Valerie Insinna (11 March 2022 at 12:35 PM) Top American generals on three key lessons learned from Ukraine Marine Corps Commandant Gen. David Berger, Army Chief of Staff Gen. James McConville, and Air Combat Command head Gen. Mark Kelly: 1) Humble “Legacy” Technology Can Still Play a Role Against a Sophisticated Adversary, 2) The Human Element (Still) Matters, and 3) Logistics Are Not Optional
  282. ^ Sky News (28 Apr 2022) Can Russia be pushed out of Ukraine entirely? Retired Air Vice Marshal Sean Bell 2:25/4:08 use 155mm howitzers, coupled with counterfire radar (i.e. TPQ-53) against Russian artillery
  283. ^ Frontline (Mar 15, 2022) Putin's Road to War (full documentary) 53:18
  284. ^ Francis P. Sempa (7 Feb 2023) Alexander Vindman and the Road to World War III
  285. ^ Christopher Miller in Kyiv and Felicia Schwartz in Washington (5 Apr 2023) Ukraine 'ready' to talk to Russia on Crimea if counteroffensive succeeds
  286. ^ Barry Rosenberg (20 July 2023) 3-to-5 years from now is the danger time when the US could face both China and Russia Justin Bronk RUSI(UK) US/Europe power projection
  287. ^ "Home : Global Operations : Department of Defence". www.defence.gov.au.
  288. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Providing for Peacekeeping: Country Profiles
  289. ^ "Bangladesh". United Nations Peacekeeping. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  290. ^ a b c d e f https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/2_country_ranking_9.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  291. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2014-07-27.
  292. ^ "China deploys 11,000 troops in Gilgit area in Occupied Kashmir – Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com.
  293. ^ "French military forces deployed in operations abroad". Gouvernement.fr.
  294. ^ "Soldiers of the Bundeswehr abroad 2023 – Statistic". Statista.
  295. ^ "COI, visita del sottosegretario Tofalo. Circa 6.000 i militari impegnati all'estero e 7.200 in Italia". 2018-08-10.
  296. ^ "Türkiye'nin hangi ülkelerde askeri üssü var?". euronews (in Turkish). 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  297. ^ "Her yedi askerden biri sınırların ötesinde: TSK'nın yurtdışındaki gücü 50 bini aştı".

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military power projection.
  • US Army Field Manual 100-10 Chapter 1: Power Projection
  • US Army Field Manual 100-7 Chapter 6: Force Projection

February 16, 2024
power, projection, force, projection, strength, projection, international, relations, capacity, state, deploy, sustain, forces, outside, territory, ability, state, project, power, into, area, serve, effective, diplomatic, lever, influencing, decision, making, . Power projection or force projection or strength projection in international relations is the capacity of a state to deploy and sustain forces outside its territory 1 The ability of a state to project its power into an area may serve as an effective diplomatic lever influencing the decision making processes and acting as a potential deterrent on other states behavior 2 3 4 5 Aircraft carriers such as the USS Nimitz play an important role in modern power projection This ability is a crucial element of a state s power in international relations Any state able to direct its military forces outside its territory might be said to have some level of power projection capability but the term itself is used most frequently in reference to militaries with a worldwide reach or at least significantly broader than a state s immediate area Even states with sizable hard power assets such as a large standing army may only be able to exert limited regional influence so long as they lack the means of effectively projecting their power on a global scale Generally only a select few states are able to overcome the logistical difficulties inherent in the deployment and direction of a modern mechanized military force 6 7 Allies and partners can take up or share some of the burden of power projection 8 9 10 One measure of the capability of a state to project power is loss of Strength Gradient until a culminating point is apparent to others once an operation is underway A state might compete in the gray zone just short of conflict exercising its soft power or hard power in a bid for potential superpower 11 12 1 47 a While traditional measures of power projection typically focus on hard power assets tanks soldiers aircraft naval vessels etc the use of soft power shows that power projection does not necessarily have to actively put military forces in combat but only potentially 13 Assets for power projection can often serve dual uses as the deployment of various countries militaries during the humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake illustrates Contents 1 History 2 Elements 3 Types 3 1 Soft power 3 2 Gray zone competition 3 3 Applications of power projection 3 4 Hard power 4 Power projection capabilities 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksHistory editEarly examples of power projection include Roman dominance of Europe and the wider Mediterranean basin the ability to project power is tied to the ability to innovate and field such innovations Roman engineering innovations such as machines pile driver concrete aqueducts and modern roads provided the footing for an economic engine that powered a military that was unmatched in its day Examples of Roman power projection include Julius Caesar constructing the Rhine bridge in 10 days to demonstrate the ability to march his 40 000 troops as he saw fit the local inhabitants enjoyed the natural protection of the river and fled when this natural protection was overcome Although Rome is far from the center of modern power its influence can be seen in the architecture of modern capitols around the world domes arches columns The demonstration of an extraordinary innovative military capability will signal power and when properly applied terminate conflicts summarily 14 During the Ming treasure voyages in the 15th century the Chinese treasure fleet was heavily militarized to exercise power projection around the Indian Ocean and thereby promote its interests 15 The modern ability to project power and exert influence on a global scale can be tied to innovations stemming from the Industrial Revolution and the associated modernizations in technology communications finance and bureaucracy this finally allowed the state to create unprecedented amounts of wealth and to effectively marshal these resources to exert power over long distances 16 As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution Britain was the first to utilize its industrial technological power advantage to dominate rivals and greatly expand its global Empire throughout the 19th century As a maritime power the Royal Navy played a central role in providing Britain the strength and ability to dominate world trade and project power globally to further its interests A worldwide system of naval bases and coaling stations a large logistical bureaucracy to oversee shipbuilding the supply of coal food water and sailors and an industrial base for the manufacture and technological enhancement of the fleet were among the essential ingredients for this capability During the First Opium War 1839 1842 it was this capacity that enabled a British expeditionary force of 15 barracks ships 4 steam powered gunboats and 25 smaller boats with 4 000 marines to successfully defend its interests 6 000 miles from the fleet s home port 17 nbsp An illustration of the burning of Magdala an event which took place during the British Expedition to Abyssinia in 1868 The expedition came about as a result of Tewodros II of Ethiopia s imprisonment of European missionaries and officials and demonstrated the power projection capabilities of the British Empire The Anglo French expeditionary force sent to shore up the Ottoman Empire against Russian aggression during the Crimean War 1853 1856 was one of the earliest modern examples of a planned expeditionary power projection campaign It was the first campaign to use modern technology including steam powered warships and telegraph communications citation needed Another illustrative example of industrial power projection was the British Expedition to Abyssinia in 1868 as a retaliation against Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia s imprisonment of several missionaries and British government representatives The expeditionary force sent was a tremendous logistical and technological challenge at the time Commanded by Lieutenant General Sir Robert Napier of the Bombay Army military intelligence was used to estimate the required size of the army and the difficulties of traversing the inhospitable terrain citation needed A force of over 30 000 was shipped from British India to Zula on the Red Sea on a fleet of more than 280 steam ships while an advance detachment of engineers built a large port with two piers warehouses and a lighthouse and constructed a 20 mile long railway towards the interior 18 A road was also built for the artillery to be moved along with the help of elephants After three months of trekking the British force repelled an Ethiopian attack and launched an artillery bombardment against the fortress of Magdala which led to its capitulation Tewodros committed suicide 19 20 In the Russo Japanese War of 1904 1905 the Japanese destruction of the Imperial Russian Navy s Pacific Fleet demonstrated Imperial Russia s inability to project force in the East This immediately diminished Russia s diplomatic sway in that region At the same time Russia s western armies became less credible as mobilization exposed organizational flaws and threw the western armies into chaos This led analysts in Europe such as German chief of staff Count Alfred von Schlieffen to conclude that Russia would prove inept at projecting force in Europe thus demoting Russia in European diplomatic relations Many other actions can be considered projections of force The 19th century is full of incidents such as the 1864 Shimonoseki campaign and the Boxer Rebellion More recently the Falklands War provided an example of the United Kingdom s ability to project force far from home Other recent examples of power projection include the U S led invasion of Iraq and the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia The ability of the U S Navy the British Royal Navy and the French Navy to deploy large numbers of ships for long periods of time away from home are notable projection abilities See Power projection capabilities Elements edit nbsp The cargo hold and intercontinental flight capabilities of the C 5 Galaxy make it a major asset for deploying military equipment around the globe The U S Department of Defense defines power projection as the ability of a nation to apply all or some of its elements of national power political economic informational or military to rapidly and effectively deploy and sustain forces in and from multiple dispersed locations to respond to crises to contribute to deterrence and to enhance regional stability 21 22 As distance between a fighting force and its headquarters increases command and control inevitably becomes more difficult Modern day power projection often employs high tech communications and information technology to overcome these difficulties a process sometimes described as the Revolution in Military Affairs While a few long range weapons such as the intercontinental ballistic missiles ICBMs and some unmanned combat aerial vehicles drones are capable of projecting deadly force in their own right it is military logistics that is at the heart of power projection The ability to integrate naval and air forces with land armies as part of joint warfare is a key aspect of effective power projection airlift and sealift capabilities facilitate the deployment of soldiers and weapons to a distant theater of war The aircraft carrier strike group strategic bomber ballistic missile submarine and strategic airlifter are all examples of power projection platforms Military units designed to be light and mobile such as airborne forces paratroopers and air assault forces and amphibious assault forces are utilized in power projection Forward basing is another method of power projection which by pre positioning military units or stockpiles of arms at strategically located military bases outside a country s territory reduces the time and distance needed to mobilize them Types editScholars have disaggregated military power projection into nine different categories based on political goals and level of force Four of these employ soft military power securing sea lanes of communication non combatant evacuation humanitarian response and peacekeeping and the rest are primarily concerned with hard military power show the flag compellence deterrence punishment armed intervention and conquest 23 There is a continuum in these capabilities a Soft power edit Main article Soft power Examples of soft power projection include Securing sea lanes of communication the protection of shipping lanes from attack by hostile states or irregular threats Non combatant evacuation operations the evacuation of citizens or friendly third country civilians from a foreign country when they are endangered by war or civil unrest Humanitarian response the use of military forces abroad to assist in the aftermath of a natural disaster Peacekeeping military operations designed to support diplomatic efforts to reach a long term political settlement to an ongoing dispute 4 24 25 Establishing trust as the basis of cooperation among allies and partners 26 27 Gray zone competition edit This section has been split from US Army Futures Command Other armiesThe gray zone between cooperation and conflict 13 has expanded due to the competition in power projection capabilities of the world s armies as well as in the competition for economic power among the world s nations 28 29 30 31 32 The US Russia China Britain and France have renounced the use of nuclear weapons in 2022 33 However in the face of threats of nuclear war say from Russia as threatened during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 34 b NATO keeps about 100 B61 nuclear bombs in storage in Europe 36 37 38 39 4 50 5 55 40 41 The British Army is investigating innovations such as robots and drones 42 including 70 technologies funded by the 800 million US 1 billion Defence Innovation Fund launched in 2016 43 Two hundred troops will engage in surveillance long range and precision targeting enhanced mobility and the re supply of forces urban warfare and enhanced situational awareness 44 The British Army is reducing size by about 10 000 troops as well by 2025 45 The British Army will have Integrated Operating Concept MDI like MDO for gray zone operations across domains using a synthetic operating environment with repeatable hard and soft strike capability 46 The UK Germany and France respectively have established a joint command for space United Kingdom Space Command a Space Situational Awareness Centre Germany and Commandement de l espace France 47 48 In light of the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine NATO members are implementing new stockpile guidelines for their arsenals 49 50 By 2020 the Army s programs for modernization were now framed as a decades long process of cooperation with allies and partners 51 52 for competition with potential adversaries who historically have blurred the distinction between peace and war 53 from Reorganization plan of the United States Army In 2020 one measure of military power projection ranks the competition between the armies of the world after the US Army which is ranked atop this list 54 55 c 57 58 The list of armies a mixture of allies partners and competitors is estimated to be Russia 54 jammed the GPS signal during NATO exercises in November 2018 59 60 61 d In 2014 the DoD s research and engineering chief Alan Shaffer warned that the US lost dominance of the electromagnetic spectrum 73 EMS in part due to the US government selloff of EMS radio frequencies and also due in part to the proliferation of digital technologies which allow for low cost jammers 73 See meaconing 74 75 General Valery Gerasimov advocates hybrid warfare a blend of political economic and military power to bear against adversaries 76 77 78 Russia took Crimea without firing a shot 79 30 e 80 81 In April 2020 Russia tested an anti satellite system for low Earth orbit LEO satellites 82 On 15 November 2021 a Russian anti satellite test destroyed its Kosmos 1408 endangering its own cosmonauts on the International Space Station and other satellites in low earth orbit 83 84 85 86 Cyber attacks on the whole of the US government via Supply chain attack Whole of government began in March 2020 but only reached the attention of the news media on 14 December 2020 87 88 Russia is mapping the undersea cables which bear the majority of the communications traffic d between the US and Europe 89 90 91 On 25 December 2021 President Putin disclosed that Russia would be unable to defend itself against missiles launched against Moscow from Ukraine their flight times would be four to five minutes according to him 92 However Putin did not acknowledge that the West s Aegis Ashore sites in Poland and Romania are for defense against ballistic missiles and not the Tomahawk missiles which he named in his statement 12 See A 135 anti ballistic missile system A 235 anti ballistic missile system S 400 missile system S 500 missile system To prove that Aegis Ashore is defensive only inspection of the sites in Poland and Romania have been offered to Russia 93 nbsp 2014 map of line separating Ukrainian and Russian backed forcesUkraine had a trench network on its border with Russia in a standoff as of April 2021 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 A border exercise involving 110 000 Russian troops on the Ukraine border 101 102 has pulled back however hundreds of armored vehicles including tanks are remaining one hundred miles from Donbas colloquial for Donets basin 103 in spite of a partial armor pullback 104 105 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OCSE drones which are monitoring the line between Ukrainian troops and the Donbas separatists are seeing jamming of their drone s dual GPS receivers with tens of thousands of infantry troops remaining on the Ukrainian border 101 The OSCE has provided a map of the line dividing the Ukrainian forces and the Russian backed forces 106 107 As of 18 February 2022 there were up to 190 000 troops along Ukraine s borders 108 after recognizing the separatist states of the Donetsk and Luhansk People s Republics Moscow is moving troops over the border of Russia into the Donetsk and Luhansk areas and establishing military bases there 109 This troop movement triggered sanctions on five Russian banks and three individuals on 22 February 2022 110 108 111 e See 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine which began 24 February 2022 Andrei Illarionov cites Pavel Felgengauer who projects a scenario by which Russia can create a Novorossia see CSIS figures 2a 2c 112 stretching across Southern Ukraine to Transnistria Moldova after a gas pipeline to the EU is completed September 2021 113 If the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline were to be weaponized by holding the liquefied natural gas LNG supply to Western Europe hostage the US is countering this threat with contingency plans to redirect LNG supplies from the rest of the world 114 115 116 Germany has agreed to safeguard Ukraine as well 117 118 119 120 f 114 125 See 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage 26 September 2022 Cyber attacks on Ukrainian government websites are occurring in January 2022 126 127 Frida Ghitis and Richard Galant point out that the muddy season that ends winter would bog down an armored invasion 128 129 113 US Army Lieutenant Colonel Alex Vershinen points out that if the Russian Army were to attempt a quick fait accompli and then dig in its logistical capability would be insufficient to complete a large land grab as its logistic capabilities are largely based on railroads but not trucks 130 131 Russia s logistic capability without railroads is 90 miles without replenishment 130 thus Sebastien Roblin suggests that a short victorious war by Russia as in the 12 day war with Georgia in 2008 with stipulations largely resembling its current diplomatic demands namely installation of pro Russian leadership Ukraine s withdrawal from the path of joining NATO etc coupled with the expedient of bypassing Russian control of Kyiv s population might avoid Russia s getting bogged down in Ukraine 132 This calculation could get up ended by a longer war e g with determined resistance in Ukraine 137 138 via guerilla warfare 139 140 as in Afghanistan 1979 1989 which indirectly ended the Soviet Union 141 Within two months of the beginning of the First Chechen War an antiwar movement arose in Russia 130 142 On 22 February 2022 historian Sergey Radchenko recalled a vignette from September 1945 during the post World War II Potsdam Conference negotiations on the division of world power at the London Conference of Foreign Ministers when Soviet Foreign Commissar Vyacheslav Molotov asked U S Secretary of State James F Byrnes whether he carried the atomic bomb in his side pocket to which Byrnes threatened Molotov to stop stalling or else Byrnes would pull the atomic bomb out of his pocket and use it on Molotov laughter Molotov was guided by Stalin s directive It is clear that you must display complete obduracy 143 See Proxy war Russia and Belarus began Zapad 2021 a 200 000 troop exercise held every four years 144 145 The Pripyat marshes would bog down an armored invasion through Belarus 129 2 22 e In the opinion of James Stavridis the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine is showing that Special Forces unmanned systems and Cyber will become far more important in the future 146 In 2021 Russia spent 2 7 percent of its GDP on defense a level which is expected to drop to 2 3 percent by 2023 as part of a mandate to boost domestic production 147 Unmanned ground combat vehicles UGCVs among them Uran 6 Uran 9 Uran 9 and Uran 14 are entering service in the Russian Army as of 2021 Uran 6 is a mine flail Uran 14 is an unmanned firefighting vehicle Uran 9s are semi autonomous robotic combat vehicles specialists can operate them using mobile control stations 148 Their first attempted service was in Syria Analysts from BAE Systems UK assessed the Uran 9s in Syria as unreliable with their radio controls sometimes blocked by buildings their sensors and guidance were unstabilized 149 An armed Uran 9 weighs 12 tons 149 and measures 5 meters long which is a fifth of the weight and half the length of a T 90 tank 150 Each Uran 9 control system operates at ranges up to 1 8 miles from the UGVs 151 min 1 00 152 minute 2 20 each control system currently 2021 guides 4 UGVs in a leader follower configuration 150 148 153 Uran 9 was used in the Vostok 2018 exercises in 2018 At least 20 Uran 9 UGCVs exist 153 148 Russia s defense ministry has signed a contract to field the Tsirkon hypersonic missiles to its troops in 2025 154 During the 2021 negotiations for defusing the Ukraine Russia confrontation Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov has warned that its 9M729 nuclear capable cruise missile which is already deployed in the European part of Russia might be further employed there 155 b The hypersonic Kh 47M2 Kinzhal and 3M22 Zircon Tsirkon are standoff strike weapons for keeping adversaries at bay they are land based and sea based respectively 156 b On 1 September 2022 Russia China India and 11 other nations began a scaled down Vostok 2022 East 2022 157 Vostok will exercise 50 000 troops down from 300 000 in 2018 India is contributing 75 troops 157 By 19 October 2022 NATO nations were providing winter equipment to Ukraine 158 By Spring 2023 the US industrial base can be providing 20 000 rounds of 155mm howitzer munitions per month to Ukraine 159 Beginning 1 April 2023 400 000 contract servicemen are to replenish the Russian army 160 161 In a meeting in Moscow March 2023 the presidents of China and Russia agreed to cooperate over a wide range of business and economic issues such as payment in local currencies viz Yuan or Rubles 162 China 54 RAND simulations show Blue losses 163 Six of the top 15 defense companies in the world are now Chinese in 2019 for the first time 164 The competition with China was shaped in the decade 2010 2020 according to David Kriete 165 166 167 By 2023 China s defense companies were offering competitors to US Javelins armed drones and supersonic cruise missiles 168 Secretary Mark Esper said that China is aiming to be the dominant military power in Asia by 2049 169 170 171 The 14th five year plan 2021 2025 of China s ruling party aims to accelerate the army s modernization and informationization in order to improve national security for 2027 100th anniversary of its ruling party according to Dean Cheng 172 173 174 By 2023 China s working age demographic a shrinking labor force capital savings rate will start to work against the Party s aspiration for 2027 175 176 177 178 179 180 h which according to Xi Jinping s plan is for China s military to reach parity with the US military in 2027 183 184 As of June 2023 a diplomatic solution is being sought 185 186 The International Federation of Robotics reports that China has been the world leader in implementing industrial robots for the past eight years in 2020 China used almost half the world s industrial robots 187 The takeover of a UK semiconductor fab by a Chinese owned firm has been blocked on national security grounds 188 In 2017 China adopted the National Intelligence Law which obligates Chinese companies to subordinate themselves to intelligence gathering measures for the state 189 China is militarizing the South China Sea 81 In 2020 a match up of the Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning a rebuilt aircraft cruiser versus the supercarrier USS Ronald Reagan is assessed to give the Ronald Reagan air superiority within one hour 190 191 The 3rd generation GPS network of BeiDou satellites BDS 3 was completed in July 2020 with the launch of the 30th BDS 3 satellite 192 The 30th BDS 3 satellite meant to complete China s own global navigation satellite system 193 had been previously postponed 194 See Restrictions on geographic data in China Satellite images of 4 June 2021 reveal an estimated 250 additional missile silos under construction near Yumen China warn specialists at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies 195 The Defense Intelligence Agency projects that China will at least double its nuclear arsenal and that its production capability will be far expanded in the 2020s 196 197 198 199 China controls 80 of world rare earth mineral production and routinely floods this market when other nations attempt to ramp up their own rare earth production 200 201 202 The tech leaders of China are being enlisted to aid Socialism with Chinese characteristics by pledging part of their wealth to common prosperity 203 The Cyberspace Administration of China is regulating algorithms on its financial reporting websites which republish foreign financial journalists 204 Chinese cyber groups are attacking Russia reports Ben Watson 205 206 207 China is accelerating its timeline to take Taiwan 208 209 149 Chinese fighters and bombers swept over Taiwan s Air Defense Identification Zone ADIZ 1 4 October 2021 210 211 212 Taiwan has countered with Civil Air Patrol warnings 210 213 211 214 215 216 217 China is implementing its plan for 2027 Office of Secretary of Defense 3 Nov 2021 Military and Security Developments Involving the People s Republic of China Annual report to Congress 218 China has been reverse engineering its purchases of Russian materiel and selling to Russia s defense customers 219 181 38 30 220 e i j By November 2022 a strict zero Covid lockdown policy instituted in 2020 had led to 2022 COVID 19 protests in China China then allowed use of a locally developed mRNA vaccine 2 December 2022 in lieu of lockdowns 236 237 238 India faces Pakistan 54 239 201 Pakistan can be supplied with Turkey s drones such as the Bayraktar TB2 which were used with great effect by Azerbaijan against Armenian tanks and Armenian air defense 240 during the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh war In 2010 China deployed 11 000 troops in Gilgit near Kashmir 241 Japan and India have agreed to enhance their bilateral defense cooperation 9 September 2022 242 Japan faces North Korea 54 243 Japan has expressed interest in developing its own F X fighter program 244 Brian Burton notes that interoperable materiel is needed for allies and partners of the US and that the US could constructively influence Japan s impending 20 year development effort with lessons learned from UAVs and air defense for example 244 On 26 December 2019 at Putin s annual news conference with foreign media Hirofumi Sugizaki a Japanese journalist asked about the end of the INF Treaty and the cooperation of Russia and China on an anti missile system Putin characterized the anti missile system as defensive and the relation of US and Russia as a draw ヒキワケ hikiwake 245 246 247 220 142 181 Japan will compensate companies for not disclosing patents with military applications 248 In a Joint test Japan s Cooperative Engagement Capability allowed JS Maya to detect and track a ballistic missile JS Haguro shot it down 249 Applications of power projection edit The Texas National Security Review projects five scenarios for the global economy 250 Reglobalization as in the 1980s Deglobalization away from the trends of the 2000s 251 Globalization with Chinese characteristics 162 Regional blocs with partially closed trading 123 a 162 253 k 256 257 Shared strategic interests and common political values which Friedberg judges will be the choice of the Western bloc 250 and its direction for power projection f Hard power edit Main article Hard power Examples of hard power projection include Showing the flag the symbolic deployment of military forces to a region for the purposes of demonstrating political interest resolve or willingness to take more forceful military action Compulsion deterrence the use of the threat of military force against another state to either induce it into or dissuade it from pursuing a given policy In this form power projection acts as a diplomatic tool attempting to influence the decision making process of foreign actors 258 259 260 261 262 See Power projection Gray zone competition for context Punishment the punitive use of force against another state in response to their pursuit of a given policy a Armed intervention the movement of military forces into another nation s territory for the purposes of influencing the internal affairs of the target country short of outright conquest 122 263 264 265 125 Conquest the offensive use of military assets to forcibly occupy territory controlled or claimed by another state 124 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 In 2022 Michael Kofman projected that a Russian invasion of Ukraine would be eastward via Donbas northward from Crimea and up the Dnieper river to encircle Ukraine s capital Kyiv 273 274 with a political takeover of Ukraine a likely objective of Russian leadership 122 124 275 276 7 277 278 125 279 However in lieu of a political takeover 142 a decapitation strike is a possible tactic 280 281 282 121 283 Alexander Vindman has projected a path for Ukraine to retake Crimea 284 By 5 April 2023 Ukraine signalled that it might entertain talks with Russia if the Ukrainian counteroffensive reached the border of Crimea 285 286 Power projection capabilities editPower projection capabilitiesCountry Bloc Group Maritimeforce Helicopter aircraftcarriers active Overseasbases Troops deployedin operations abroad Nucleardeterrence nbsp Australia G20 MIKTA FVEY Commonwealth APEC ANZUS MNNA QUAD AUKUS Green water navy 2 0 1 2900 287 nbsp N nbsp Argentina G20 UNASUR UFC Mercosur MNNA Rio Green water navy 0 2 1050 288 nbsp N nbsp Bangladesh D 8 BIMSTEC SAARC IMCTC Commonwealth of Nations 0 1 6417 289 nbsp N nbsp Belgium EU NATO 0 0 710 288 Nuclear sharing nbsp Brazil G20 G4 BRICS UNASUR Mercosur MNNA Rio Green water navy 1 0 0 273 290 nbsp N nbsp Canada G20 G7 NATO APEC FVEY Commonwealth UFC Green water navy 0 0 3600 291 nbsp N nbsp China P5 G20 BRICS APEC SCO Blue water navy 2 2 1 11 775 288 292 nbsp Y nbsp Egypt African Union Arab League D 8 MNNA 2 0 0 3760 290 nbsp N nbsp France P5 G20 G7 EU NATO Quint Blue water navy 3 1 10 10 300 293 nbsp Y nbsp Germany G20 G7 G4 EU NATO Quint Green water navy 0 1 3597 294 Nuclear sharing nbsp India G20 BRICS G4 Commonwealth SAARC SCO QUAD Blue water navy 2 2 8 6430 290 nbsp Y nbsp Iran ECO OPEC GECF SCO Brics Green water navy 0 5 nbsp N nbsp Indonesia G20 ASEAN APEC UFC D 8 0 0 3064 290 nbsp N nbsp Italy G20 G7 UFC EU NATO Quint Blue water navy 1 2 2 6000 295 Nuclear sharing nbsp Japan G20 G7 G4 APEC MNNA QUAD Green water navy 2 2 1 278 288 nbsp N nbsp Mexico G20 MIKTA APEC UFC 0 0 nbsp N nbsp Netherlands EU NATO Green water navy 0 0 650 288 Nuclear sharing nbsp Nigeria African Union OPEC Commonwealth D 8 0 0 2190 288 nbsp N nbsp Pakistan D 8 UFC SCO MNNA SAARC IMCTC Commonwealth 0 1 5264 290 nbsp Y nbsp Poland EU NATO 0 0 3000 288 nbsp N nbsp Russia P5 G20 BRICS SCO EAEU APEC CSTO CIS Blue water navy 0 1 10 48 500 288 nbsp Y nbsp Saudi Arabia G20 Opec OIC Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf Arab League 0 0 nbsp N nbsp South Africa G20 BRICS African Union Commonwealth 0 0 1171 290 nbsp N nbsp South Korea G20 APEC MIKTA UFC MNNA Green water navy 2 0 0 1008 288 nbsp N nbsp Spain EU NATO UFC Green water navy 0 1 0 1500 288 nbsp N nbsp Turkey G20 D 8 MIKTA NATO UFC Green water navy 1 0 12 296 60 000 297 Nuclear sharing nbsp United Kingdom P5 G20 G7 FVEY NATO Quint FPDA Commonwealth AUKUS Blue water navy 0 2 15 15 000 nbsp Y nbsp United States P5 G20 G7 NATO APEC FVEY Quint ANZUS QUAD Rio AUKUS Blue water navy 11 11 38 130 000 nbsp YSee also editBlue water navy Green water navy Exercise RIMPAC Expeditionary maneuver warfare Expeditionary warfare Force concentration Force multiplication List of countries by military expenditures List of countries with overseas military bases Loss of Strength Gradient Military budget of the United States Military deployment Military globalization Military logistics Overmatch Over the beach capability Seabasing Sovereignty Unsinkable aircraft carrierNotes edit a b c d In the view of Larry Fink the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the COVID 19 pandemic and the disruption of their supply chains show that companies and governments in regional blocs will have to reevaluate their dependencies and reanalyze their manufacturing and assembly footprints 252 a b c When asked about countering tactical nuclear weapons which Russia might possibly use against Ukraine Mark Esper the US 27th secretary of defense suggested that US and NATO allies agree to put an air cap over Ukraine to counter any Russian aircraft capable of delivering a tactical nuclear bomb most likely a 1 10 kTon gravity bomb or via Iskander cruise missile and to warn Russia not to fly such an aircraft at Ukraine 35 min 1 30 The US Army s unclassified Multi Domain Operations MDO concept is the combined arms employment of capabilities from all domains that create and exploit relative advantages to defeat enemy forces achieve objectives and consolidate gains during competition crisis and armed conflict 56 a b All types of Russian precision munitions are seeing high failure rates 62 Connectivity to GLONASS is a factor in the lack of Russian PGM availability 63 64 and the use of 3G 4G cell towers for Russian encrypted communications Era 65 at the beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 66 On February 24 2022 between 5 and 9 AM just as Russian forces were starting their missile attacks hackers targeted satellite modems that communicate with Viasat s KA SAT 67 min 15 01 This weakness was unearthed during the use of open communication Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate 68 when FSB was discussing the deaths of their generals Vitaly Gerasimov killed 7 Mar 2022 69 Andrei Sukhovetsky killed 28 Feb 2022 70 63 71 72 a b c d e In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine which began 24 February 2022 earlier assumptions of the truth of public statements about the situation up to that time were reassessed The speed of the logistical response of the partners in the NATO alliance when funnelling aid like Bayraktar TB2s to Ukraine is instructive By 7 April 2022 the U S and allies have provided Ukraine 60 000 anti tank weapons and 25 000 anti aircraft weapons Gen Mark Milley 221 220 By 31 October 2022 the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine had slowed due to the rainy season 222 142 181 minute 8 10 a b In 2022 Russia s actions against Ukraine alerted the West that is Europe and its NATO partners to the threat to Europe s food and energy supply 121 122 After the 2008 war in Georgia and the 2014 takeover of Crimea and Donbas in Ukraine 12 2 42 a political takeover of Ukraine is a likely objective of Russian leadership 122 123 124 Russia s invasion was countered by 100 billion in logistical aid to Ukraine Feb Dec 2022 however the aid is becoming constrained by the capacity of the US s industrial base to surge production 133 The invasion is causing materiel shortages in Russia 134 The surge in aid to Ukraine is causing NATO to acquire more interoperable materiel from a global industrial base for more integrated deterrence across the NATO alliance against its adversaries 135 136 During the DoD secretary s review of the 7th monthly meeting of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group Gen Mark Milley was pressed for an assessment of the CCP s readiness for war Gen Milley reminded the press that the PLA had not fought a war since 1979 that China s GDP was being harvested for materiel and that the US military would remain atop the world s armies as long as the US GDP remained strong 181 38 30 On 7 December 2022 Gen Mark A Milley the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Royal Navy Adm Sir Tony Radakin the United Kingdom s chief of defense staff said the Russian leader has continued to make calamitous mistakes in Russia s war on Ukraine when asked might the invasion of Ukraine embolden China to invade Taiwan Radakin rejected the premise and Milley reiterated The US is the number one military in the world and it s the most capable that combined arms maneuver We re one of the few militaries remaining in the world that can bring it all together in time and space and in all the domains of space cyber land sea and air and undersea We are very skilled and talented at doing all that And and no adversary should underestimate our capabilities 182 Andrew Eversden 17 Dec 2021 Here s the Army s 24 programs in soldiers hands by 2023 Precision Strike Missile PrSM Extended Range Cannon Artillery ERCA Long Range Hypersonic Weapon LRHW Mid range capability MRC missile Armored Multi Purpose Vehicle AMPV Robotic Combat Vehicle RCV Mobile Protective Firepower MPF Future Unmanned Aircraft Systems Future Tactical Unmanned Aircraft System FUAS FTUAS 223 Integrated Tactical Network ITN unified with echelons above brigade and the multi domain task forces Common Operating Environment Command Post Computing Environment 224 Mounted Computed Environment CPCE MCE See Common operational picture Command Post Integrated Infrastructure CPI2 Mounted Assured Positioning Navigation and Timing System MAPS 225 226 Dismounted Assured Positioning Navigation and Timing System DAPS 225 Maneuver Short Range Air Defense M SHORAD using high energy lasers Indirect Fires Protection Capability Iron Dome Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor LTAMDS 227 Patriot radar replacement Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense IBCS Directed Energy Maneuver Short Range Air Defense DE M SHORAD 228 High energy lasers Next Generation Squad Weapon NGSW Integrated Visual Augmentation System IVAS Enhanced Night Vision Goggle Binocular ENVG B Reconfigurable Virtual Collective Trainer RVCT Synthetic training environment IVAS Squad Immersive Virtual Trainer SiVT Synthetic training environment One World Terrain Training Management Tools Training Simulation Software OWT TMT TSS Synthetic training environment 229 230 231 232 In Future Vertical Lift FARA and FLRAA are projected to be prototyped by 2028 with fielding by 2030 233 234 The OMFV prototype is projected for 2025 235 Peter Zeihan s 16 Mar 2022 prediction over the next few decades End of globalization breakdown into regional blocs 254 255 References edit US Department of Defense 2013 The Dictionary of Military Terms New York Skyhorse Publishing ISBN 9781628730197 Bartosz Glowacki 4 Feb 2022 What weapons will Poland send to Ukraine and is an alliance next Reuters February 1 2022 Factbox How Ukraine s armed forces shape up against Russia s a b Pravda Pravda 17 Mar 2022 Zelenskyy explained the essence of the new military alliance U24 from Zelenskyy s night address verbatim I addressed the United States and all responsible states with a proposition to create a new U24 union a new union that will ensure that each aggressor receives a coordinated world response quickly effectively and immediately not in weeks months years but for the first 24 hours after the attack We can no longer trust existing institutions We cannot expect bureaucrats in international organisations to change fast enough so we must look for new guarantees create new tools and to build alliances with those who have the courage to do what justice demands Salamah Magnuson Morgan Keay Kimberly Metcalf Spring 2022 Countering Hybrid Warfare Mapping Social Contracts to Reinforce Societal Resiliency in Estonia and Beyond Michael J Mazarr 15 Apr 2020 Toward a New Theory of Power Projection a b Paul Kirby 23 Feb 2022 Why is Russia ordering troops into Ukraine and what does Putin want Katie Lange 8 Oct 2018 National Defense Strategy Alliances and Partnerships Ian Ward 23 Feb 2022 Joe Biden s Secret Constitutional Weapon Andrew Desiderio Tara Palmeri and Meridith McGraw 23 Feb 2022 Republicans descend into foreign policy factionalism over Russia Ukraine standoff Matthew Brown February 1 2022 Putin says US NATO have ignored Russia s security demands on Ukraine What we know a b c Russia Insight February 1 2022 BREAKING Putin USA Is Using Ukraine As Tool To Contain Russia 8 01 Video clip English closed captions a b Shashank Joshi 29 Jan 2022 The technology of seeing and shooting your enemies Lyall Nicholas Brizhinev Dmitry Bradbury Roger 2020 Rome as a Hegemon A Portrayal and Database of its Power Projection over Seven Hundred Years Cliodynamics 11 2 doi 10 21237 C7clio11248308 S2CID 234267958 Wang Yuan kang 2015 The Myth of Chinese Exceptionalism A Historical Perspective on China s Rise Responding To China s Rise US and EU Strategies Springer pp 59 62 ISBN 978 3 319 10033 3 Ostrovsky Max 2018 Military Globalization Strategy Geography Weaponry New York Edwin Mellen Press p 2 3 https archive org details military globalization page n9 mode 2up view theater No 19930 The London Gazette 15 December 1840 pp 2990 2991 Moorehead Alan 1972 The Blue Nile New York Harper and Row p 266 ISBN 9780060956400 Rubenson Survival p 268 Ferguson Niall 2008 Empire The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power Basic Books ISBN 9780465013104 United States Department of Defense J1 02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms 1 Archived 2011 05 22 at the Wayback Machine Jeremy Herb Jennifer Hansler and Ellie Kaufman CNN 28 January 2022 Top US general warns of horrific outcome if Russian forces unleashed on Ukraine Secretary of Defense Austin puts 8 500 US troops on alert for EUCOM engagement Ladwig III Walter C November December 2010 India and Military Power Projection Will the Land of Gandhi Become a Conventional Great Power Asian Survey 50 6 1162 1183 doi 10 1525 as 2010 50 6 1162 Zachary B Wolf Curt Merrill and Ji Min Lee CNN 16 Mar 2022 Zelensky s address to Congress annotated Volodymyr Zelenskyy 16 Mar 2022 Address by President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the US Congress E John Teichert 24 Mar 2022 The Hard Power of Security Cooperation Jim Garamone DOD News 22 Nov 2022 Austin Nations Support Rules Based Order ASEAN conference James Graham Military Power vs Economic Power in History Compares nations James Graham Military Power vs Economic Power in History Part 2 I t is economic power that allows military power to be built up in the first place a b 7 Apr 2022 Russia facing most difficult situation in three decades PM says after 6 weeks of economic sanctions Mikhail Mishustin the current situation could be called the most difficult in three decades for Russia BILL GREENWALT and EMILY COLETTA 23 Mar 2023 1T in new defense spending pledged by key US partners in 1 year Analysis In the last year 37 nations have combined to announce defense spending increases of over 1 trillion to be spent during the next five years according to a new American Enterprise Institute analysis Jen Judson 28 Mar 2023 US Army eyes six fold production boost of 155mm shells used in Ukraine Army is spending 1 45 billion on capacity in 2023 to increase production from 14 000 per month to 24 000 per month in 2023 to 85 000 155mm howitzer shells per month by 2028 NBC News 4 Jan 2022 Russia China Britain U S and France say no one can win nuclear war Reuters 25 Apr 2022 Russia s Lavrov Do not underestimate threat of nuclear war CNN New Day 5 Oct 2022 Ex US defense secretary says if Putin resorts to nukes he s likely to use this weapon 1 10 kTon gravity bomb or Iskander cruise missile Dan Zak 25 March 2022 Meet the nuke the U S keeps in Europe just waiting to not be used Robbin Laird 11 Apr 2022 Time to relearn nuclear escalation management for the 21st century Reuters 30 Apr 2022 Russia says risks of nuclear war must be kept to minimum TASS Gen USA Ret Barry R McCaffrey 26 Apr 2022 Putin s threat of nuclear weapons is horrendously unsettling Hyung Jin Kim and Kim Tong Hyung Associated Press 28 Oct 2022 North Korea fires missiles toward sea as US warns over nukes The Pentagon s National Defense Strategy report issued on Thursday stated that any nuclear attack by North Korea against the United States or its allies and partners will result in the end of the DPRK Kim regime PBS NewsHour 28 Oct 2022 WATCH LIVE Defense Secretary Austin holds news briefing to announce 2022 National Defense Strategy Unclassified Integrated deterrence Strategy Across all domains Jaspreet Gill 14 Nov 2022 How Project Convergence is informing British Australian military modernization Project Convergence 2022 Army start biggest military robot exercise in British history Defence Secretary announces Ministry of Defence 12 November 2018 Jee Charlotte 13 November 2018 The British Army is carrying out a massive test of military robots and drones MIT Technology Review Defence review British army to be cut to 72 500 troops by 2025 BBC News 22 March 2021 White Andrew 15 September 2021 Three Objectives For The UK Military s Future Breaking Defense Vivienne Machi 13 Jul 2021 Germany establishes new military space command Rameesh Cheema 17 Dec 2022 15 Most Advanced Countries in Military Technology Israel Hellenic Republic Brazil Taiwan Saudi Arabia India Italy Republic of Turkiye Japan France Rameesh Cheema 17 Dec 2022 5 Most Advanced Countries in Military Technology UK RoK So Korea PRC China Russia US Vivienne Machi 13 Feb 2023 Eyes on Ukraine NATO preps new ammo guidelines to boost production Orders placed today will only be delivered two and a half years later Jens Stoltenberg Andrew White 15 Feb 2023 NATO must collaborate be smarter about rebuilding munition stockpiles Official Ukraine is expending more than 5 000 artillery rounds daily Defender Europe 20 videos images and stories Lt Col Travis Dettmer 9 February 2020 U S Army Futures and Concepts Center teaches Multi Domain Operations to NATO Allied Land Command Sydney J Freedberg Jr January 13 2020 Infinite Games amp War By Other Means Ryan McCarthy We must be engaged in constant competition versus an episodic engagement strategy Secretary Ryan McCarthy a b c d e Greg Norman 22 Feb 2020 The 5 most powerful armies in the world The Hon David Norquist Deputy Secretary of Defense DoD 10 Sep 2020 Closing Keynote Day 2 Defense News Conference 2020 Sept 9 10 22 00 minutes Jen Judson 23 Mar 2022 Multidomain operations concept will become doctrine this summer Zamone Perez 18 Oct 2022 US military in decline threats from China formidable report says Heritage Foundation report for the case of 2 major wars as opposed to 1 5 wars rated as Favorable C Todd Lopez DOD News 18 Oct 2022 U S Can Support Ukraine While Meeting Its Own Security Commitments 4 November 2018 Russia Jammed GPS During Major NATO Military Exercise With US Troops Sydney J Freedberg Jr 6 June 2019 Army Fields Anti Jam GPS In Germany This Fall Russia has figured out how to jam U S drones in Syria officials say Tara Copp 25 Mar 2022 Russian Forces Halt Kyiv Advance as Kremlin Says Donbass Was Only Goal All Along Pentagon official rebuts Moscow s claims about war aims casualties adds that Russian precision munitions are failing at high rates 20 to 60 a b Jamie Ross who cites Christo Grozev of Bellingcat Tue March 8 2022 5 32 AM 7 March 2022 Russian Officer Complains About Dead General and Comms Meltdown in Intercepted Call FSB Federal Security Service successor agency to the KGB officers discuss Gerasimov s death amid the destruction of 3G 4G cell towers in Ukraine and the loss of Russian encrypted communications Era which compromised the FSB officer s sim card enabled phone call Tobias Naegele 27 Nov 2022 Q amp A The New Chief of Space Operations on Empowering the Force one B 2 hits 80 independent targets because of GPS Gen B Chance Saltzman Space Force Rob Waugh 8 Mar 2022 Idiots Russian military phone calls hacked after own soldiers destroy 3G towers 3G 4G Towers Needed For Russian encrypted communications Era Caroline Vakil 25 Mar 2022 US officials say Russia behind hack of Ukrainian satellite communications at invasion start report Apparently GRU instigated compromise of tens of thousands of satellite modems provided by Viasat s KA SAT service at the beginning of the invasion Not What You Think 25 Mar 2022 Are Tanks Obsolete The Future of Warfare Mehul Srivastava Madhumita Murgia and Hannah Murphy Financial Times 3 9 2022 8 33 AM The secret US mission to bolster Ukraine s cyber defences ahead of Russia s invasion European official instead of communicating solely through encrypted military grade phones Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate at times simply by using their Russian cell phones The Ukrainians love it there is so much data in simply watching these phones whether or not they are using encrypted apps he said The Ukrainians then block Russian phones from their local networks at key moments further jamming their communications Then you suddenly see Russian soldiers grabbing cell phones off Ukrainians on the street raiding repair shops for sims he said This is not sophisticated stuff It s quite puzzling Rob Picheta and Jack Guy CNN 8 Mar 2022 Ukraine claims Russian general has been killed in Kharkiv Doug Cunningham 3 Mar 2022 Ukraine forces say Chechen commander Magomed Tushayev killed near Kyiv MSNBC Morning Joe 28 Mar 2022 Astounding Number Of Casualties Why The Invasion Is Proving Deadly For Russia Elizabeth Howell Space com 14 Apr 2022 Russia Is Jamming GPS Satellite Signals In Ukraine US Space Force Says When four satellites are available GPS receivers can use their signals to calculate the user s position often to within just a few feet Navstar being jammed a b Sydney Freedberg Jr 3 September 2014 US Has Lost Dominance In Electromagnetic Spectrum Shaffer Stephen Clark 25 November 2019 Russia launches space surveillance satellite Kosmos 2542 in a polar orbit To monitor the condition of other Russian satellites in orbit Joseph Trevithick 30 January 2020 A Russian Inspector Spacecraft Now Appears To Be Shadowing An American Spy Satellite USA 245 is a KH 11 series satellite Cosmos 2542 is now tailing the USA 245 s movements with a precision of 150 to 300 kilometers See Hall thruster Andrew E Kramer 2 March 2019 Russian General Pitches Information Operations as a Form of War Paul McCleary 30 May 2019 Dunford Leaders Mull First NATO Strategy In Decades Neil Hauer 26 February 2020 Russia may have met its match in Libya Is unable to tip the balance as it has in Syria So Russia is escalating its involvement Andrew Goodman 26 Apr 2022 Putin the Planner Worked alongside Putin when he was Deputy Mayor of St Petersberg Whatever happens on the ground now there is good reason to think that Putin will continue to pursue a solution on his terms as long as he remains in power Clare Sebastian and Chris Liakos CNN 20 Apr 2022 Russian billionaire Oleg Tinkov blasts Putin s insane war in Ukraine a b Sydney J Freedberg Jr 21 April 2020 COVID 19 Army Futures Command Takes Wargames Online Aaron Bateman 22 May 2020 As Russia stalks US satellites a space arms race may be heating up Theresa Hitchens 15 November 2021 Russian suspected ground launched ASAT test scatters dangerous debris through LEO 16 November 2021 Surprise Russian ASAT test shows need to scale space tracking LeoLabs says Specialist website Russian Space Web 25 Nov 2021 Russia launches classified military satellite Vladimir Isachenkov The Associated Press 9 Aug 2020 Russia warns it will see any incoming missile as nuclear Mark B Schneider 19 Sep 2020 Will Russia Further Lower Its Nuclear Weapons Use Threshold Eric Geller https www politico com news 2020 12 14 massively disruptive cyber crisis engulfs multiple agencies 445376 14 Dec 2020 Massively disruptive cyber crisis engulfs multiple agencies Ellen Nakashima amp Craig Timberg 14 Dec 2020 Russian government hackers are behind a broad espionage campaign that has compromised U S agencies including Treasury and Commerce Identified as SVR APT29 Cozy Bear according to FireEye Breached using the update server of SolarWinds its Orion Platform versions released in Mar amp Jun 2020 Catalin Cimpanu 14 Dec 2020 SolarWinds Says 18 000 Customers Were Impacted by Recent Hack Dan Goodin 14 Dec 2020 18 000 organizations downloaded backdoor planted by Cozy Bear hackers Lorne Cook 30 May 2021 As Russia tensions simmer NATO conducts massive war games Thomas Newdick 11 Nov 2021 Norwegian Undersea Surveillance Network Had Its Cables Mysteriously Cut Jacob Gronholt Pedersen and Gwladys Fouche Reuters 16 Nov 2022 NATO allies wake up to Russian supremacy in the Arctic John Christianson 5 Dec 2022 FIGHTING AND WINNING IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM EMS Vladimir Isachenkov The Associated Press 26 Dec 2021 Putin to mull options if West refuses guarantees on Ukraine Heather Mongilio 2 Feb 2022 U S Offered Russians Aegis Ashore Inspections to Ease Ukraine Tensions More American Troops Headed to Europe Matthew Chance 12 Apr 2021 Ukraine s President heads to the trenches as Russia masses its troops Troops and armor are massing by rail within Russia s border ZEYNEP BILGINSOY 10 Apr 2021 The leaders of Ukraine Turkey stress territorial integrity Donbass and Crimea are disputed The Associated Press 12 Apr 2021 Blinken heads to Brussels for talks on Afghanistan Ukraine SecDef Lloyd Austin will attend Lara Seligman and Natasha Bertand 04 12 2021 Can Ukraine deploy U S made weapons against the Russians FGM 148 Javelin anti tank missiles barely overmatch Uran 9s Lara Seligman 03 31 2021 Pentagon watching as Russia steps up aggression in Eastern Europe A ceasefire between the Ukraine Army and Donetsk separatists ended Jun 2020 EUCOM s V Corps has been on pre planned maneuvers but in a NATO partner s territory as of April 2021 Vivian Salama in Kyiv and William Mauldin in Washington 18 Jan 2022 U S Aims Sanctions at Pro Russian Agents as Blinken Plans Ukraine Russia Meetings Robert Burns 19 Jan 2022 Explainer What are US military options to help Ukraine a b Paul McLeary 7 May 2021 Jamming Strikes OSCE Drones Tracking Russian Forces Olivia Gazis 22 Apr 2021 After Putin s warning to West Russia begins large scale military exercises in and around Ukraine Nils Adler Laura King Los Angeles Times 21 Jan 2022 In eastern Ukraine trench warfare grinds on against backdrop of invasion fears Greg Ganske 22 Jan 2022 Opinion Why would war in Ukraine matter to the United States Kramer Andrew E Troianovski Anton Jakes Lara 2021 04 22 Russia Orders Partial Pullback From Ukraine Border Region The New York Times Moscow and Kyiv ISSN 0362 4331 Jim Garamone DOD News 14 Jan 2022 Russia Trying to Develop Pretext for Ukraine Invasion DOD Official Says Michael Schwirtz New York Times 6 Dec 2021 On Ukrainian Front Grinding War and Weary Anticipation of Invasion Map of Approximate line separating Ukrainian and Russian backed forces New York Times Ukraine map 7 Jan 2022 How Russia s Military is Positioned To Threaten Ukraine a b Jeff Schogol Paul Szoldra 21 Feb 2022 Moscow orders Russian troops into Ukraine Reuters 22 February 2022 Putin gets green light to deploy troops to eastern Ukraine Charles Riley 22 February 2022 The sanctions that could really hurt Russia Charles Riley 22 February 2022 Russia is already paying a hefty financial price for its aggression Ryan Pickrell 25 Jan 2022 Russian forces are massing on Ukraine s border Here s what Russia watchers think could be Putin s next big move Figures 2a 2c CSIS scenarios a b Andrei Illarionov 30 April 2021 Putin was not ready to launch a war in the Spring a b Rick Rouan Courtney Subramanian Joey Garrison and David Jackson USA Today 22 February 2022 Biden levels sanctions on Russia for beginning an invasion of Ukraine live updates natasha Bertrand 23 Jan 2022 US putting together global strategy to increase gas production if Russia invades Ukraine officials say Charles Riley 26 Jan 2022 What is SWIFT and why it might be the weapon Russia fears most Deutsche Welle 27 Feb 2022 Germany commits 100 billion to defense spending Scholz Germany has now agreed to a one time 113 billion increase in its defense budget Christian Datoc 15 July 2021 US lifted Nord Stream 2 sanctions to gain German cooperation in safeguarding Ukraine Biden says Alexander Ratz and Pavel Polityuk 17 Jan 2022 Germany says Russia will pay price if it moves on Ukraine Binkov 26 Jan 2022 What might happen if Russia does attack Ukraine Ukraine is outgunned Russia would likely stop when resistance stiffens in Spring 2022 Europe would be divided over heating supplies for impending winter Ties between Russia and China would strengthen as Europe sanctions its trade with Russia due to war a b Rob Picheta 29 Jan 2022 How a Russian invasion of Ukraine would reverberate around the world a b c d Leaders 29 Jan 2022 A war in Ukraine could have global consequences The likelihood of China invading Taiwan would surely rise a b Michael Kofman Apr 2019 Drivers of Russian Grand Strategy a b c CaspianReport 29 Jan 2022 What a Russian assault on Ukraine would look like video clip 14 41 a b c Jessie Yeung Adam Renton Rob Picheta Ed Upright Aditi Sangal Adrienne Vogt and Melissa Macaya CNN 23 Feb 2022 The latest on the Ukraine Russia crisis Situation Roman Olearchyk and Henry Foy Financial Times 14 Jan 2022 Ukraine says government websites hit by massive cyber attack Howard Altman 19 Jan 2022 Russian attack could happen any minute Ukraine official says Frida Ghitis 13 Jan 2022 Putin s big miscalculation a b Richard Galant 23 Jan 2022 Putin confronts the mud of Ukraine a b c US Army Lieutenant Colonel Alex Vershinen 23 Nov 2021 Feeding the Bear A Closer Look at Russian Army Logistics and the Fait Accompli Matthew Chance Kylie Atwood Emmet Lyons and Ami Kaufman CNN 19 Jan 2021 Ukraine warns Russia has almost completed build up of forces near border 10 Apr 2021 Russia Sets Up Army Field Hospital Near Ukraine Moves Iskander Missiles and Amphibious Landing Craft From Caspian Sea to Ukraine Coast Eric Schmitt Julian E Barnes and Helene Cooper 7 Apr 2022 Russia Is Recruiting Mercenaries and Syrians to Ukraine Western Officials Say Joe Gould 21 Nov 2022 Weapons shortages spark tough choices for Ukraine s allies Stephen Fidler and Ann M Simmons 22 Nov 2022 Russia s Munitions Shortages Raise Questions Over How Long It Can Continue Ukraine War Rachel Nostrant 22 Nov 2022 The scramble to rearm Ukraine is transforming NATO in a way that would ve been hard without Putin s help Patrick Tucker Why Defense Budgets Will Stay High After the Ukraine War The war is exposing how European nations were underinvesting in defense and the critical role that renewable energy will play in transatlantic security 23 Jan 2022 Ukraine receives second batch of U S weapons in Russian stand off Julie Coleman 1 Feb 2022 Putin should be afraid of us Regular Ukrainian civilians are training to fight off a Russian invasion Training in Kharkiv and Kyiv Helene Cooper 14 Jan 2022 U S Considers Backing an Insurgency if Russia Invades Ukraine Michael Kofman and Rob Lee 2 Jun 2022 Not Built For Purpose The Russian Military s Ill Fated Force Decision Platoons on paper were half sized in reality leading to no dismounted infantry in motorized units Sebastien Roblin 21 Jan 2022 The Georgia Model Russia s Plan For Invading Ukraine a b c d Allegra Goodwin CNN in London 14 Nov 2022 Russia becoming a pariah state British PM Sunak says as he attends G20 summit UK Prime Minister Sunak said it was telling that Putin would not attend G20 in Indonesia in light of the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine Mark Galleoti 11 Nov 2022 Opinion Putin can cling on to power but his legend is dead Multiple security forces balance each other in Moscow for example the military garrison a special division of the National Guard and the Kremlin Regiment all report to different chains of command The Federal Security Service watches all three and the Federal Protection Service in turn watch them Simone McCarthy CNN 18 Nov 2022 World leaders met all week to address global issues Putin appears to no longer have a seat at the table Putin is increasingly isolated Sergey Radchenko 22 February 2022 Moscow Musings on Brinksmanship From Stalin to Putin Anton Troianovski 10 Sep 2021 Russia and Belarus inch closer to a full blown merger Michael Kofman 8 Sep 2021 Zapad 2021 What to Expect From Russia s Strategic Military Exercise James Stavridis 11 Apr 2022 What the U S Military Needs to Learn from the Ukraine War Alexander Bratersky 3 Sep 2021 Private companies at Army 2021 forum strive for survival as Russian military orders shrink a b c Combat Approved 13 Feb 2021 Episode 44 The Uran 9 Russia s First Combat Robot a b Isabella Beltran 10 Apr 2021 Uran 9 Russian Robotic Tanks Slated to be Deployed Soon Despite Flaws During Syrian Tests The Sciencetimes Mixed font I in science appears deliberate a b Sebastien Roblin 21 October 2019 This Is the Robot Tank Russia Used in Syria Axx 14 Sep 2021 Russia one step ahead Why Russia s strike robots is scary enough Zvezda TV channel Voiny budushego Kakimi vozmozhnostyami obladayut postupivshie na vooruzhenie VS RF boevye roboty Uran 9 Uran 9 Control system a b Army Technology com 2016 Uran 9 Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle James Crump 24 Aug 2021 Russia Orders Hypersonic Missiles As Putin Vows to Put Weapons on Combat Alert Alexander Marrow and Mark Trevelyan Reuters 13 Dec 2021 Russia says it may be forced to deploy mid range nuclear missiles in Europe Roger McDermott 7 Feb 2022 The Role of Hypersonic Weapons in Russian Military Strategy Giperzvukovogo Oruzhiya GZO or Giperzvukovyye letatel nyye apparaty GZLA Kinzhal Tsirkon Kalibr Poseidon Avangard Burevestnik Sarmat a b The Moscow Times 1 September 2022 Russia Stages Scaled down War Games With China India Paul McLeary 19 October 2022 NATO is rushing equipment to Ukraine as troops hunker down for the winter The war begins a new phase as Russia launches missiles and temperatures fall Brian Bender and Laura Seligman 4 Dec 2022 We haven t got this figured out just yet Pentagon industry struggle to arm Ukraine The Russia problem takes center stage at this year s Reagan National Defense Forum Ukrayinska Pravda 15 Mar 2023 Russian army to be replenished with 400 000 new contract service personnel starting 1 Apr 2023 David Axe 20 Aug 2023 Add A New Radar To An Old Air Defense Missile And You d Get The Ukrainian 5V28 Kyiv s Most Potent Deep Strike Weapon Moscow shows no black brown clouds of AK27F TG02 propellant in its skies to back its claims of an intercept a b c Evelyn Chang 22 Mar 2023 China and Russia affirm economic cooperation for the next several years Presidents Xi Jinping V V Putin respectively Sydney J Freedberg Jr 7 March 2019 US Gets Its Ass Handed To It In Wargames Here s A 24 Billion Fix Army prepositioned stocks APS vulnerability Defense News July 2019 Top 100 for 2019 Theresa Hitchens 31 July 2019 Competition With China IS The New Deterrence US Military Leaders Say Vice Adm David Kriete of US Strategic Command aj com 1 Oct 2019 China Confirms New Hypersonic Nuclear Missile On 70th Anniversary DF 17 Kristin Huang 23 Aug 2019 China s hypersonic DF 17 missile threatens regional stability analyst warns 1 Oct 2019 China unveils Dongfeng 17 conventional missiles in military parade See minute 0 05 to 0 49 for 16 Hypersonic Glide Vehicles white tipped contrast atop their DF 17 fuselages mounted on booster rockets Kathrin Hille in Taipei and Qianer Liu in Beijing 1 Oct 2019 China displays military advances in show of strength to rivals Lists missile armaments FT video FT estimates 1 3rd of China s missile arsenal is on display in 1 Oct parade BILL POWELL 10 3 19 China s Hypersonic Missile AKA Carrier Killers Are a Holy S t Moment for US Military Bill Gertz 24 December 2019 China s test of sub launched missile a threat to peace retired captain warns JL 3 is an SLBM Ashley Roque 22 Feb 2023 As US worries over Beijing s influence in Middle East Chinese defense firms flock to IDEX 2023 International Defense Exhibition in Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Robert Burns 27 Aug 2020 Esper visit to tiny Palau highlights US China competition uscc gov Nov 2019 Chapter 4 China s Global Ambitions David Kirton 30 Sep 2021 China s high end military technology touted at biggest air show Airshow China in Zhuhai Dean Cheng 23 Nov 2020 Chinese Party Sets Bold Military Goal Mechanized amp Informationized By 2027 Dean Cheng 19 May 2021 How China s Thinking About The Next War Proposed doctrine brigade based joint MDO Kris Osborn 4 Feb 2022 China is Trying to Steal and Copy U S Military Multi Domain Warfare Tactics accompanied by an effort to replicate emerging U S strategies and warfare maneuvers including JADC2 Deutsche Welle 21 May 2021 China releases population census with enormous implications for the country s future Tanner Brown 17 Jan 2022 China s Population Crisis Is Complicated What It Means for the Country s Economy Evelyn Cheng 17 Jan 2023 China s Population Drops For the First Time In Decades in 2022 Task amp Purpose 22 Mar 2023 4 Reasons China s Outta Time to Invade Taiwan 1 Demographics 2 TSMC 3 Russia is now the largest oil supplier to China 4 Ukraine as cautionary example 60 Minutes 19 Mar 2023 Is the Navy ready How the U S is preparing amid a naval buildup in China USS Nimitz Michael C Horowitz 19 Nov 2021 War by Timeframe Responding to China s Pacing Challenge a b c d CNN 16 November 2022 Pentagon gives update after missile hits Poland 4 hour Ukraine Defense Contact Group meeting with 50 nations 47 21 Jim Garamone DOD News 7 Dec 2022 U S U K Military Chiefs Discuss Ukraine China Paul McLeary and Alexander Ward 20 Nov 2021 U S not as advanced as China and Russia on hypersonic tech Space Force general warns TAYLOR A LEE and PETER W SINGER 7 Feb 2023 The PLA s People Problem China s military has long struggled to field quality personnel Humeyra Pamuk 19 Jun 2023 Xi Blinken agree to stabilise U S China relations in rare Beijing talks Fareed Zakaria GPS 14 Sep 2023 On GPS Gen Mark Milley on estimating China s military power Roopinder Tara 22 Sep 2022 Almost Half of Industrial Robots Are in China Ryan Browne 16 Nov 2022 Chinese takeover of the UK s biggest chip plant blocked on national security grounds as reported in 20 Nov 2022 Chinese Takeover of UK s Largest Chip Plant Blocked on National Security Grounds Reuters World News 27 June 2017 China passes tough new intelligence law National Intelligence Law Defense updates 30 Apr 2020 3 Reasons Chinese Liaoning Will Not Last an Hour Against USS Ronald Reagan Protecting Japan Smerconish 6 Feb 2023 Chang Not shooting down balloon could embolden China By not shooting down the balloon we convince the Chinese we re incapable says Gordon Chang author of The Great US China Tech War It could push them to do things which can t be undone Sutirtho Patranobis 31 Jul 2020 China says its Beidou system now fully operational to challenge US s GPS P W Singer and Taylor A Lee 31 March 2020 China s version of GPS is almost complete Here s what that means Elizabeth Howell 16 June 2020 China postpones launch of Beidou global navigation satellite Huizhong Wu and Jon Gambrell The Associated Press 30 July 2021 US military warns China is building more nuclear missile silos James Anderson 31 July 2020 China s troubling nuclear buildup The New York Times Op Ed p A25 James Anderson is Acting undersecretary of defense for policy Dean Cheng 28 Oct 2022 China calls for new strategic guidance at 20th Party Congress in a call for strategic deterrence standoff by 2027 Colin Clark 18 Jun 2021 Chinese Nuke Modernization Prompts Shift In DoD Strategy cites SIPRI as authority DANIEL SHATS and PETER W SINGER 5 Oct 2022 The Balance of Power Is Shifting Among Nuclear Energy Titans RosAtom vs CNNC CGN Sun Yu and Demetri Sevastopulo Financial Times 16 Feb 2021 China targets rare earth export curbs to hobble US defense industry Gabriel Crossley and Min Zhang 28 Feb 2021 China says domestic competition hurting rare earth prices a b Small Wars journal 14 Aug 2021 Letter to the Editor Critical Afghanistan Assessment Now the rare earth minerals in Afghanistan will fall into the hands of the CCP Daniel L Davis 6 Aug 2021 Defense Priorities fellow Daniel Davis BBC to discuss Afghanistan withdrawal Fergus Ryan 26 Aug 2021 China Takes on Its Tech Leaders Bloomberg 30 Aug 2021 China To Cleanse Online Content That Bad Mouths Its Economy Ben Watson 6 Aug 2021 China is hacking Russia who cites Sam Bendet s tweet China Observer 8 Jul 2023 Xi Jinping Spends 1 Trillion Every Year Turning All Chinese People Into Prisoners 1 Trillion Yuan is spent per year for internet surveillance more than on defense Data monitoring is enforced by 25 000 police on the people of Beijing indexed on their phone number For example the software listens for key phrases such as street store economy which might insinuate any sayings against the thoughts of paramount leader Xi Jinping and calls in the people who quote the sayings on the phone to the police station for questioning such as excellent style capable of winning battles The police interview is termed invitedForTea Brandi Vincent 9 Feb 2022 New Operating System Aims to Speed AI to the Battlefield China has goal of 2030 for Parity with US on AI Lt Gen Michael Groen for DoD s Artificial Intelligence and Data Accelerator AIDA Mallory Shelbourne 19 Oct 2022 China s Accelerated Timeline to Take Taiwan Pushing Navy in the Pacific Says CNO Gilday Lee Hsi min and Eric Lee 3 Nov 2020 Taiwan s Overall Defense Concept Explained The concept s developer explains the asymmetric approach to Taiwan s defense a b Colin Clark 4 Oct 2021 149 Chinese Fighters Bombers Sweep Across Taiwan ADIZ In 4 Days a b Harry Halem and Eyck Freymann 7 Apr 2022 Ukraine Shows Why Taiwan Needs More Air Defense options transferring air defense systems to Taiwan funding Taiwan s domestic air defense programs and deploying American made integrated air defense technology Sydney J Freedberg Jr 8 Apr 2022 Three reasons why defense is beating offense in Ukraine and why it matters for Taiwan 1 precision guided firepower 2 sprawling urbanization 3 mass mobilization Covert Cabal 10 Oct 2021 Can Taiwan Stop a Chinese Invasion Military Aviation History 4 Feb 2018 Air Superiority 2030 How America Wants To Retain Dominance Encapsulates the factors for 2030 Mike Yeo 20 Oct 2021 China shows off drones recycled from Soviet era fighter jets J 6 Mig 19 Drones Oren Liebermann CNN 24 Feb 2023 US plans to expand training of Taiwanese forces Heather Penney May 2023 Scale Scope Speed amp Survivability Winning the Kill Chain Competition Mitchell Institutem Policy Paper 40 seeks to counter China s Warfighting Strategy of System Destruction of sensor networks datalinks C2 architectures and other nodes Tara Copp 3 Nov 2021 China Likely to Have At Least 1 000 Nukes by 2030 Pentagon Estimates CJCS views Taiwan invasion unlikely over next two years Office of Secretary of Defense 3 Nov 2021 Military and Security Developments Involving the People s Republic of China Annual report to Congress THOMAS CORBETT and PETER W SINGER 3 Apr 2023 China Is Eating Russia s Lunch in the Defense Market a b c Mike Rogers 4 Mar 2022 China is watching Ukraine closely the US should watch China Joe Gould 7 April 2022 Putin s probably given up on Kyiv as Ukraine war enters new phase C Todd Lopez DOD News 6 April 2022 DOD More Javelins Approved for Ukraine Switchblades On their Way Ben Watson 28 Oct 2022 Today s D Brief Difficult years ahead for Europe Rain slows Ukraine fight Pentagon s strategy trio US Army s new training center And a bit more Ashley Roque 22 Aug 2022 US Army picks AeroVironment s Jump 20 for FTUAS Increment 1 Jaspreet Gill 14 Jan 2022 Army well on its way to first OCONUS cloud in Indo Pacific a b Alternative PNT amp Area Protection DAPS Andrew Eversden Feb 2 2022 at 12 09 PM ET update Here s the Army s 24 programs in soldiers hands by 2023 Updated by AFC MDAA 24 Jul 2020 Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor LTAMDS Jen Judson 13 Jan 2022 Army readies to deliver first set of Strykers with 50 kilowatt laser weapons Grinston McConville and McCarthy 2019 2019 Army Modernization Strategy Investing in the future 7 Figure 3 Current Cross Functional Teams and Signature Efforts Chief of staff Most signature systems to be fielded by 2023 people still No 1 www army mil Retrieved 2021 12 15 Sydney J Freedberg Jr 20 May 2020 Army Braces For Post COVID Cuts Gen Murray 34 Signature Programs 31 in Futures Command 3 in RCCTO MG Cedric T Wins 5 Dec 2018 RDECOM S ROAD MAP TO MODERNIZING THE ARMY NEXT GENERATION COMBAT VEHICLE MODULAR ACTIVE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Second in a series Jen Judson 4 April 2019 US Army plans to field a future long range assault helicopter by 2030 FLRAA RFI posted on the Federal Business Opportunities 4 April Contract award fourth quarter of FY21 preliminary design review PDR second quarter of FY23 first flight in the third quarter of FY24 critical design review CDR in the fourth quarter of FY24 fielding to first unit in second quarter of FY30 Steve Trimble 24 July 2020 U S Army Upgrades Vision For Future Vertical Lift Programs Sydney J Freedberg Jr 10 April 2020 Army Revamps OMFV Bradley Replacement For Russian Front OMFV digital designs by 2023 prototypes by 2025 operational by 2028 OMFV OPTIONALLY MANNED FIGHTING VEHICLE OMFV INDUSTRY DAY amp PROGRAM QUESTIONS 9 April 2020 Archived 17 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine 14 pages Sydney J Freedberg Jr 11 Mar 2021 A War With China Would Spread To Land Says Army Tanker Brian Yang 2 December 2022 China Set To Green Light First mRNA Vaccine Rebecca Cohen Morgan McFall Johnsen and Paola Rosa Aquino 29 Nov 2022 China s refusal to use Western COVID 19 vaccines is making its protest problems even worse Bloomberg 4 Dec 2022 China s Covid Pivot Accelerates as Cities Ease Testing Rules Deutsche Welle DW News 16 Aug 2021 Taliban back in power What does it mean for the Indo Pacific region The Print Team 14 Nov 2020 How drones helped Azerbaijan defeat Armenia and the implications for future modern warfare Indian Express 28 Aug 2010 China deploys 11 000 troops in Gilgit area in Occupied Kashmir Press Trust of India 9 Sep 2022 India Japan to enhance defence ties to bolster their strategic partnership Daishi Abe and Rieko Miki 14 Aug 2020 Japan wants de facto Six Eyes intelligence status defense chief Masay Kato 13 Aug 2020 Japan s deeper ties with Five Eyes hinge on how it keeps secrets a b Brian Burton 28 Jun 2021 As Allies Design Fighter Aircraft The United States Faces a Decision Russia Insight 26 December 2019 Putin Stunned By Words Of Japanese Journalist What Are You Talking About Video clip 6 51 Colin Clark 15 Jul 2021 Sense Of Crisis On China Taiwan Japan Defense White Paper Japan draws closer to Taiwan Zack Cooper and Eric Sayers 12 Jan 2023 JAPAN S SHIFT TO WAR FOOTING 2 2 Meeting of defense state us japan bilateral agreements Reuters 25 Dec 2021 Japan to pay companies to keep sensitive patents secret Nikkei Mike Yeo 22 Nov 2022 Japanese destroyers intercept ballistic missiles in tests with US Navy a b Aaron L Friedberg Winter 2021 2022 The Growing Rivalry Between America and China and the Future of Globalization The Changing Order 9 Feb 2022 Peter Zeihan How Deglobalization Works Full Webinar video 58 24 Anna Cooban 24 March 2022 BlackRock says Russia s war in Ukraine is the end of globalization Akhil Ramesh Are we witnessing the beginning of de dollarization JackCarrUSA video 1 01 50 Peter Zeihan June 2022 The End of the World Is Just the Beginning hardcover China Observer 12 Aug 2023 No Orders From US amp EU No Money to Pay Salaries China Faced Its Worst Manufacturing Year in 2023 Zeihan on Geopolitics 10 Aug 2023 The Chinese Slide Into Deflation The Final Straw Caspian Report 14 Jun 2022 How Russia could collapse again Local republics could blockade other republics of the Federation to preserve local stability which appears to be the choice of the people Clare Sebastian CNN 28 Aug 2022 Slower burn Russia dodges economic collapse but the decline has started Russia now selling oil to Asia six months after sanctions by West 26 Jan 2022 Will There Be a War Over Ukraine 13 Putin Watchers Weigh In David M Herszenhorn and Paul McLeary 8 Apr 2022 Ukraine s iron general is a hero but he s no star ala SoF Sebastian Sprenger 17 Feb 2022 Ukraine UK Poland announce security pact amid heightened tensions Jaroslaw Adamowski 9 Jul 2021 Poland could purchase M1 Abrams tanks from US 250 M1A2 SEPv3s dozen tracked vehicles purchase confirmed 14 July 2021 John Vandiver 18 Feb 2022 US will sell Poland tanks to bolster NATO defense Paul McLeary 18 Feb 2022 What Mr Putin did not want U S approves 6B tank deal with Poland State Department approval so the tanks are not yet available for shipment from Vendor Douglas London Foreign Affairs 11 Apr 2022 A Shadow War Against Putin Anna Nemtsova 28 Jan 2022 Putin Lost Us A City of Russian Speaking Ukrainians Is Vowing To Fight Moscow s Aggression Ivana Kottasova Tamara Qiblawi and Helen Regan 22 Feb 2022 Putin orders troops into pro Russian regions of eastern Ukraine Sergey Radchenko 22 Feb 2022 MOSCOW MUSINGS ON BRINKSMANSHIP FROM STALIN TO PUTIN Sam LaGrone 8 Feb 2022 UPDATED Russian Navy Amphibious Group Enters Black Sea as Warships Mass in the Mediterranean Liudas Dapkus and Dasha Litvinova 19 Feb 2022 Russia uncoiling and poised to strike says US defense secretary Jack Watling and Nick Reynolds 22 Apr 2022 Operation Z The Death Throes of an Imperial Delusion 26 pages Reuben Johnson 19 May 2022 Russian attempts to restock its military may be doomed to failure Kyle Mizokami 27 Jan 2022 Russia Won t Start a War With Ukraine Out of the Blue Look For These 8 Warning Signs Fuel and Ammunition Stockpiles Cyberwarfare GPS Jamming Spoofing Attack submarine sorties Electronic warfare Social media blackout Little green men Events Drone reconnaissance Jeremy Herb Katie Bo Lillis Barbara Starr and Sean Lyngaas CNN 10 February 2022 What the US is watching that could signal Russia is launching an invasion of Ukraine Phil Stewart and Humeyra Pamuk Reuters 5 Feb 2022 Russian forces at 70 of level needed for full Ukraine invasion U S officials Michael Kofman 24 Jan 2022 Putin s Wager in Russia s Standoff With the West Karen DeYoung Dan Lamothe John Hudson and Shane Harris The Washington Post 5 Feb 2022 Russia could invade Ukraine within days causing up to 50 000 civilian deaths U S intelligence assessments find The New York Times 24 Feb 2022 Maps Tracking the Russian Invasion of Ukraine Daniel Treisman 22 Feb 2022 Putin isn t likely to stop here Reuters 23 Feb 2022 Ukraine starts drafting reservists aged 18 60 after president s order Jake Harrington and Riley McCabe 1 Feb 2022 Keeping Pace in the Gray ZOne Three Recommendations for the U S Intelligence Community Michael Kofman 23 Feb 2022 Michael Kofman an expert on Russia s armed forces explains why the Kremlin will seek regime change in Ukraine Valerie Insinna 24 Feb 2022 Russia aiming to decapitate Ukrainian government US official Valerie Insinna 11 March 2022 at 12 35 PM Top American generals on three key lessons learned from Ukraine Marine Corps Commandant Gen David Berger Army Chief of Staff Gen James McConville and Air Combat Command head Gen Mark Kelly 1 Humble Legacy Technology Can Still Play a Role Against a Sophisticated Adversary 2 The Human Element Still Matters and 3 Logistics Are Not Optional Sky News 28 Apr 2022 Can Russia be pushed out of Ukraine entirely Retired Air Vice Marshal Sean Bell 2 25 4 08 use 155mm howitzers coupled with counterfire radar i e TPQ 53 against Russian artillery Frontline Mar 15 2022 Putin s Road to War full documentary 53 18 Francis P Sempa 7 Feb 2023 Alexander Vindman and the Road to World War III Christopher Miller in Kyiv and Felicia Schwartz in Washington 5 Apr 2023 Ukraine ready to talk to Russia on Crimea if counteroffensive succeeds Barry Rosenberg 20 July 2023 3 to 5 years from now is the danger time when the US could face both China and Russia Justin Bronk RUSI UK US Europe power projection Home Global Operations Department of Defence www defence gov au a b c d e f g h i j Providing for Peacekeeping Country Profiles Bangladesh United Nations Peacekeeping Retrieved 2 August 2020 a b c d e f https peacekeeping un org sites default files 2 country ranking 9 pdf bare URL PDF Recurring Operations Canada North America National Defence Canadian Armed Forces Archived from the original on 2014 07 28 Retrieved 2014 07 27 China deploys 11 000 troops in Gilgit area in Occupied Kashmir Indian Express archive indianexpress com French military forces deployed in operations abroad Gouvernement fr Soldiers of the Bundeswehr abroad 2023 Statistic Statista COI visita del sottosegretario Tofalo Circa 6 000 i militari impegnati all estero e 7 200 in Italia 2018 08 10 Turkiye nin hangi ulkelerde askeri ussu var euronews in Turkish 2020 01 17 Retrieved 2021 07 03 Her yedi askerden biri sinirlarin otesinde TSK nin yurtdisindaki gucu 50 bini asti External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military power projection US Army Field Manual 100 10 Chapter 1 Power Projection US Army Field Manual 100 7 Chapter 6 Force Projection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Power projection amp oldid 1207643258, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.