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Military aircraft insignia

January 12, 2024

Military aircraft insignia are insignia applied to military aircraft to identify the nation or branch of military service to which the aircraft belong. Many insignia are in the form of a circular roundel or modified roundel; other shapes such as stars, crosses, squares, or triangles are also used. Insignia are often displayed on the sides of the fuselage, the upper and lower surfaces of the wings, as well as on the fin or rudder of an aircraft, although considerable variation can be found amongst different air arms and within specific air arms over time.

A Bristol F.2 with British markings standardized during the First World War

History edit

 
World War I French Nieuport 17 showing large wing roundels

France edit

The first use of national insignia on military aircraft was before the First World War by the French Aéronautique Militaire, which mandated the application of roundels in 1912.[1] The chosen design was the French national cockade, which consisted of a blue-white-red emblem, going outwards from center to rim, mirroring the colours of the French flag. In addition, aircraft rudders were painted the same colours in vertical stripes, with the blue vertical stripe of the tricolors forwardmost. Similar national cockades were designed and adopted for use as aircraft roundels by the air forces of other countries, including the U.S. Army Air Service.[1]

Germany edit

Of all the early operators of military aircraft, Germany was unusual in not using "round" roundels. After evaluating several possible markings, including a black, red and white checkerboard, a similarly coloured roundel, and black stripes, it chose a black "iron" cross on a square white field, as it was already in use on various flags and reflected Germany's heritage as the Holy Roman Empire. The Imperial German Army's mobilization led to orders in September 1914 to paint all-black Eisernes Kreuz (iron cross) insignia with wide-flared arms over a white field — usually square in shape — on the wings and tails of all aircraft flown by its air arm, then known as the Fliegertruppe des Deutschen Kaiserreiches. The fuselage was also usually marked with a cross on each side, but this was optional. The form and location of the initial cross was largely up to the painter, which led to considerable variation, and even to the white portion being omitted. An iron cross with explicit proportions superseded the first cross in July 1916. Initially, this second cross was also painted on a white field, but in October it was reduced to a 5 cm border completely surrounding the cross, even the ends of the flared arms. That same month, the Army's air arm was renamed Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte. In March 1918, a straight black cross with narrow white borders on all sides of the cross was ordered, but proportions were not set until April, resulting in many of those repainted in the field having non-standard proportions. This was then replaced in May by a narrower, straight-armed cross that extended the full chord of wings, with the white border restricted to the sides of the cross's bars. In June, it ceased to be used full chord, with the bars all being the same length. The white on any of these could be omitted when used on a white background, and sometimes on the rudder or on night bombers.

 
An Hispano Aviación HA-1112 marked as a Messerschmitt Bf 109 showing the standard German crosses worn during World War II

Much like the French roundel, variations of the cross would be used on countries allied with Germany, including the Austro-Hungary (combined with red-white-red stripes on the wings until 1916), Bulgaria, Croatia (stylized as a leaf), Hungary (reversed colors), Romania (a blue-rimmed yellow cross with the tricolor roundel in the middle; the shape was also the stylized monogram of the monarch), and Slovakia (blue cross with a red dot in the middle).

With the dissolution of the German Army's Luftstreitkräfte in May 1920, military insignia would disappear until the rise of the Nazi Party, which imposed new rules on aircraft in 1937, starting with the use of the German red/white/black flag on the tails' starboard side of all aircraft, with the port side showing a Nazi Party flag. When the Luftwaffe's re-establishment was made official, these markings were used by military aircraft, while the 1918 Balkenkreuz crosses were reintroduced. Two standardized proportions of the crosses were introduced by July 1939, with differing widths for the quartet of white "flanks" on each insignia. When camouflage was introduced prior to the invasion of Poland, the flags were dispensed with, replacing them with a black and white swastika on both sides of the tail. During the ensuing war, the crosses would be further simplified, leaving only the borders in a contrasting colour.

After the Second World War, West Germany reverted to using a variation of the 1916 iron cross, using the white "flanks" of the Balkenkreuz following the now-curved sides of each arm, while East Germany used a diamond marking based on their flag, with the coat of arms from the flag. The reunification of Germany in 1990 resulted in the West German iron cross replacing the East German insignia for German military aircraft.

United Kingdom and British Commonwealth nations edit

 
An RCAF Harvard 4 with their maple leaf insert onto the RAF roundel design
Main article: Royal Air Force roundels

The British Royal Flying Corps (RFC) abandoned their original painted Union Flags because, from a distance, they looked too much like the Eisernes Kreuz (Iron Cross) used on German aircraft. The Royal Naval Air Service used either a plain red ring (with the clear-doped linen covering forming the light coloured centre), or a red-rimmed white circle on their wings for a short period — almost exactly resembling those in simultaneous use by the neutral predecessors of today's Royal Danish Air Force — before both British air arms adopted a roundel resembling the French one, but with the colours reversed, (red-white-blue from centre to rim). The two separate air arms joined to form the Royal Air Force on April 1, 1918. The British roundel design, with variations in proportions and shades, has existed in one form or another to this very day.[1][2] The RCAF roundel was based on the RAF roundel used previously on Canadian military aircraft. From World War I onwards, a variant of the British red-white-blue roundel with the white omitted has been used on camouflaged aircraft, which between the wars meant night bombers. During the Second World War, the colours were toned down and the proportions adjusted to reduce the brightness of the roundel, with the white being reduced to a thin line, or eliminated. In the Asia-Pacific region, the red inner circle of roundels was painted white or light blue to avoid confusion with Hinomaru markings on Japanese aircraft (still used by the Japan Self-Defense Forces to this day), much as the United States roundel omitted the red for the same reason.

After the Second World War, the RAF roundel design was modified by Commonwealth air forces, with the central red disc replaced with a red maple leaf (Royal Canadian Air Force), red kangaroo (Royal Australian Air Force), red kiwi (Royal New Zealand Air Force), and an orange Springbok (South African Air Force); the South African version of the RAF roundel existed until 1958.

United States edit

Main article: United States military aircraft national insignia

Low-visibility insignia edit

 
A CV-22 Osprey with low-visibility USAF insignia on fuselage

In the later stages of the World War I, the British Royal Flying Corps started using roundels without conspicuous white circles on night-flying aircraft, such as the Handley Page O/400. As early as 1942-43, and again in recent decades, "low-visibility" insignia have increasingly been used on camouflaged aircraft. These have subdued, low-contrast colours (often shades of grey or black) and frequently take the form of stenciled outlines. Previously, low-visibility markings were used to increase ambiguity as to whose aircraft it was, and to avoid compromising the camouflage, all while still complying with international norms governing recognition markings.

The World War II German Luftwaffe often used such "low-visibility" versions of their national Balkenkreuz insignia from the mid-war period through to V-E Day, omitting the central black "core" cross and only using the "flanks" of the cross instead, in either black or white versions, which was often done (as an outline only) to the vertical fin or rudder's swastika as well.

Fin flashes edit

 
Low-visibility Royal Air Force fin flash above the aircraft serial on an Avro Vulcan fin


In addition to insignia displayed on military aircraft wings and fuselages, usually in the form of roundels, a fin flash may also be displayed on the fin or rudder.[3] A fin flash often takes the form of vertical, horizontal or slanted stripes in the same colours as the main insignia, and may be referred to as "rudder stripes" if they appear on the rudder instead of the fin, as with the French Armée de l'Air. Alternatively, a national flag or a roundel may be used.

Current insignias of national air forces edit

See also: List of air forces

Images shown in the following sections are as they appear on the left side of the aircraft (i.e. with the left side of the fin flash leading). In cases where there are no asymmetrical details, such as coats of arms or text that cannot be reversed, the image may be reversed for the right side (such as with the Royal Air Force fin flash) to keep the same side forward, much as with a flag. When a national flag is used, the left side of the aircraft often displays the back side of the flag as it is normally flown. Exceptions include the German Third Reich's ostensibly "civilian" aircraft in the 1930s, which used the old black-white-red German flag on the right side of the fin and rudder and the Nazi Party flag on the left side.

For some countries, a low-visibility variant is also used to avoid compromising aircraft camouflage, and in some cases, to avoid producing a hot spot visible to infrared sensors, such as those used on air-to-air missiles.

Government insignia edit

Former insignia of national air forces edit

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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Military aircraft insignia news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Military aircraft insignia are insignia applied to military aircraft to identify the nation or branch of military service to which the aircraft belong Many insignia are in the form of a circular roundel or modified roundel other shapes such as stars crosses squares or triangles are also used Insignia are often displayed on the sides of the fuselage the upper and lower surfaces of the wings as well as on the fin or rudder of an aircraft although considerable variation can be found amongst different air arms and within specific air arms over time A Bristol F 2 with British markings standardized during the First World War Contents 1 History 1 1 France 1 2 Germany 1 3 United Kingdom and British Commonwealth nations 1 4 United States 1 5 Low visibility insignia 2 Fin flashes 3 Current insignias of national air forces 4 Government insignia 5 Former insignia of national air forces 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory edit nbsp World War I French Nieuport 17 showing large wing roundelsFrance edit The first use of national insignia on military aircraft was before the First World War by the French Aeronautique Militaire which mandated the application of roundels in 1912 1 The chosen design was the French national cockade which consisted of a blue white red emblem going outwards from center to rim mirroring the colours of the French flag In addition aircraft rudders were painted the same colours in vertical stripes with the blue vertical stripe of the tricolors forwardmost Similar national cockades were designed and adopted for use as aircraft roundels by the air forces of other countries including the U S Army Air Service 1 Germany edit Of all the early operators of military aircraft Germany was unusual in not using round roundels After evaluating several possible markings including a black red and white checkerboard a similarly coloured roundel and black stripes it chose a black iron cross on a square white field as it was already in use on various flags and reflected Germany s heritage as the Holy Roman Empire The Imperial German Army s mobilization led to orders in September 1914 to paint all black Eisernes Kreuz iron cross insignia with wide flared arms over a white field usually square in shape on the wings and tails of all aircraft flown by its air arm then known as the Fliegertruppe des Deutschen Kaiserreiches The fuselage was also usually marked with a cross on each side but this was optional The form and location of the initial cross was largely up to the painter which led to considerable variation and even to the white portion being omitted An iron cross with explicit proportions superseded the first cross in July 1916 Initially this second cross was also painted on a white field but in October it was reduced to a 5 cm border completely surrounding the cross even the ends of the flared arms That same month the Army s air arm was renamed Deutsche Luftstreitkrafte In March 1918 a straight black cross with narrow white borders on all sides of the cross was ordered but proportions were not set until April resulting in many of those repainted in the field having non standard proportions This was then replaced in May by a narrower straight armed cross that extended the full chord of wings with the white border restricted to the sides of the cross s bars In June it ceased to be used full chord with the bars all being the same length The white on any of these could be omitted when used on a white background and sometimes on the rudder or on night bombers nbsp An Hispano Aviacion HA 1112 marked as a Messerschmitt Bf 109 showing the standard German crosses worn during World War IIMuch like the French roundel variations of the cross would be used on countries allied with Germany including the Austro Hungary combined with red white red stripes on the wings until 1916 Bulgaria Croatia stylized as a leaf Hungary reversed colors Romania a blue rimmed yellow cross with the tricolor roundel in the middle the shape was also the stylized monogram of the monarch and Slovakia blue cross with a red dot in the middle With the dissolution of the German Army s Luftstreitkrafte in May 1920 military insignia would disappear until the rise of the Nazi Party which imposed new rules on aircraft in 1937 starting with the use of the German red white black flag on the tails starboard side of all aircraft with the port side showing a Nazi Party flag When the Luftwaffe s re establishment was made official these markings were used by military aircraft while the 1918 Balkenkreuz crosses were reintroduced Two standardized proportions of the crosses were introduced by July 1939 with differing widths for the quartet of white flanks on each insignia When camouflage was introduced prior to the invasion of Poland the flags were dispensed with replacing them with a black and white swastika on both sides of the tail During the ensuing war the crosses would be further simplified leaving only the borders in a contrasting colour After the Second World War West Germany reverted to using a variation of the 1916 iron cross using the white flanks of the Balkenkreuz following the now curved sides of each arm while East Germany used a diamond marking based on their flag with the coat of arms from the flag The reunification of Germany in 1990 resulted in the West German iron cross replacing the East German insignia for German military aircraft United Kingdom and British Commonwealth nations edit nbsp An RCAF Harvard 4 with their maple leaf insert onto the RAF roundel designMain article Royal Air Force roundels The British Royal Flying Corps RFC abandoned their original painted Union Flags because from a distance they looked too much like the Eisernes Kreuz Iron Cross used on German aircraft The Royal Naval Air Service used either a plain red ring with the clear doped linen covering forming the light coloured centre or a red rimmed white circle on their wings for a short period almost exactly resembling those in simultaneous use by the neutral predecessors of today s Royal Danish Air Force before both British air arms adopted a roundel resembling the French one but with the colours reversed red white blue from centre to rim The two separate air arms joined to form the Royal Air Force on April 1 1918 The British roundel design with variations in proportions and shades has existed in one form or another to this very day 1 2 The RCAF roundel was based on the RAF roundel used previously on Canadian military aircraft From World War I onwards a variant of the British red white blue roundel with the white omitted has been used on camouflaged aircraft which between the wars meant night bombers During the Second World War the colours were toned down and the proportions adjusted to reduce the brightness of the roundel with the white being reduced to a thin line or eliminated In the Asia Pacific region the red inner circle of roundels was painted white or light blue to avoid confusion with Hinomaru markings on Japanese aircraft still used by the Japan Self Defense Forces to this day much as the United States roundel omitted the red for the same reason After the Second World War the RAF roundel design was modified by Commonwealth air forces with the central red disc replaced with a red maple leaf Royal Canadian Air Force red kangaroo Royal Australian Air Force red kiwi Royal New Zealand Air Force and an orange Springbok South African Air Force the South African version of the RAF roundel existed until 1958 United States edit Main article United States military aircraft national insignia Low visibility insignia edit nbsp A CV 22 Osprey with low visibility USAF insignia on fuselageIn the later stages of the World War I the British Royal Flying Corps started using roundels without conspicuous white circles on night flying aircraft such as the Handley Page O 400 As early as 1942 43 and again in recent decades low visibility insignia have increasingly been used on camouflaged aircraft These have subdued low contrast colours often shades of grey or black and frequently take the form of stenciled outlines Previously low visibility markings were used to increase ambiguity as to whose aircraft it was and to avoid compromising the camouflage all while still complying with international norms governing recognition markings The World War II German Luftwaffe often used such low visibility versions of their national Balkenkreuz insignia from the mid war period through to V E Day omitting the central black core cross and only using the flanks of the cross instead in either black or white versions which was often done as an outline only to the vertical fin or rudder s swastika as well Fin flashes edit nbsp Low visibility Royal Air Force fin flash above the aircraft serial on an Avro Vulcan finThis article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed August 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message In addition to insignia displayed on military aircraft wings and fuselages usually in the form of roundels a fin flash may also be displayed on the fin or rudder 3 A fin flash often takes the form of vertical horizontal or slanted stripes in the same colours as the main insignia and may be referred to as rudder stripes if they appear on the rudder instead of the fin as with the French Armee de l Air Alternatively a national flag or a roundel may be used Current insignias of national air forces editSee also List of air forcesImages shown in the following sections are as they appear on the left side of the aircraft i e with the left side of the fin flash leading In cases where there are no asymmetrical details such as coats of arms or text that cannot be reversed the image may be reversed for the right side such as with the Royal Air Force fin flash to keep the same side forward much as with a flag When a national flag is used the left side of the aircraft often displays the back side of the flag as it is normally flown Exceptions include the German Third Reich s ostensibly civilian aircraft in the 1930s which used the old black white red German flag on the right side of the fin and rudder and the Nazi Party flag on the left side For some countries a low visibility variant is also used to avoid compromising aircraft camouflage and in some cases to avoid producing a hot spot visible to infrared sensors such as those used on air to air missiles nbsp Albania nbsp Algeria nbsp Angola nbsp Argentina nbsp Argentina low visibility nbsp Argentine Naval Aviation nbsp Argentine Naval Aviation low visibility nbsp Armenia nbsp Australia nbsp Australia low visibility nbsp Australia Army Aviation nbsp Austria nbsp Azerbaijan nbsp Bahamas nbsp Bahrain nbsp Bangladesh nbsp Bangladesh Naval Aviation nbsp Belarus nbsp Belgium nbsp Benin nbsp Bolivia nbsp Botswana nbsp Brazil nbsp Brazil low visibility nbsp Brazil Naval Aviation nbsp Brazil Army Aviation nbsp Brunei nbsp Bulgaria nbsp Burkina Faso nbsp Cambodia nbsp Cameroon nbsp Canada nbsp Canada low visibility nbsp Central African Republic nbsp Chad nbsp Chile nbsp Chile low visibility nbsp Chile Naval Aviation nbsp People s Republic of China nbsp People s Republic of China low visibility nbsp Republic of China Taiwan nbsp Republic of China Taiwan low visibility nbsp Colombia nbsp Colombia Low Visibility nbsp Colombia Naval Aviation nbsp Colombia Naval Aviation low visibility nbsp Republic of Congo nbsp Democratic Republic of the Congo nbsp Cote d Ivoire nbsp Croatia nbsp Croatia low visibility nbsp Cuba nbsp Cuba Naval Aviation nbsp Cyprus nbsp Czech Republic nbsp Czech Republic low visibility nbsp Denmark nbsp Djibouti nbsp Dominican Republic nbsp Dominican Republic low visibility nbsp Ecuador nbsp Ecuador Naval Aviation nbsp Egypt nbsp Equatorial Guinea nbsp El Salvador nbsp Eritrea nbsp Estonia nbsp Ethiopia nbsp Finland nbsp France nbsp France Naval Aviation nbsp France Naval Aviation low visibility nbsp Gabon nbsp Georgia nbsp Germany nbsp Ghana nbsp Greece nbsp Greece low visibility nbsp Guatemala nbsp Guatemala low visibility nbsp Guinea nbsp Honduras nbsp Hungary nbsp Hungary low visibility nbsp Iceland nbsp India nbsp Indonesia nbsp Indonesia low visibility nbsp Indonesia Army Aviation nbsp Indonesia Army Aviation low visibility nbsp Indonesia Naval Aviation nbsp Indonesia Naval Aviation low visibility nbsp Iran nbsp Iraq nbsp Ireland nbsp Israel nbsp Italy 4 nbsp Italy low visibility nbsp Jamaica nbsp Japan nbsp Jordan nbsp Kazakhstan nbsp Kenya nbsp Kuwait nbsp Kyrgyzstan nbsp Laos nbsp Latvia nbsp Lebanon nbsp Lebanon low visibility nbsp Lesotho nbsp Libya nbsp Lithuania nbsp Luxembourg nbsp Madagascar nbsp Malawi nbsp Malaysia nbsp Malaysia Naval Aviation nbsp Maldives nbsp Mali nbsp Malta nbsp Mauritania nbsp Mauritius nbsp Mexico nbsp Mexico low visibility nbsp Mexican Naval Aviation nbsp Moldova nbsp Mongolia nbsp Montenegro nbsp Morocco nbsp Morocco Naval Aviation nbsp Mozambique nbsp Myanmar nbsp Nepal nbsp Netherlands nbsp Netherlands low visibility nbsp Netherlands low visibility alternate nbsp New Zealand nbsp New Zealand low visibility nbsp Niger nbsp Nigeria nbsp Nigeria Naval Aviation nbsp North Korea nbsp North Macedonia nbsp Norway nbsp Norway low visibility nbsp Oman nbsp Pakistan nbsp Pakistan low visibility nbsp Pakistan Naval Air Arm nbsp Panama nbsp Panama low visibility nbsp Papua New Guinea nbsp Paraguay nbsp Peru nbsp Peru low visibility nbsp Peru Naval Aviation nbsp Peru Naval Aviation low visibility nbsp Philippines nbsp Philippines low visibility nbsp Poland nbsp Portugal nbsp Portugal low visibility nbsp Qatar nbsp Romania nbsp Russia nbsp Saudi Arabia nbsp Saudi Arabia low visibility nbsp Senegal nbsp Serbia nbsp Serbia low visibility nbsp Seychelles nbsp Sierra Leone nbsp Slovakia nbsp Slovakia low visibility nbsp Slovenia nbsp South Africa nbsp South Africa low visibility nbsp South Korea nbsp South Korea low visibility nbsp South Korea Naval Aviation nbsp Spain nbsp Sri Lanka nbsp Sudan nbsp Suriname nbsp Sweden nbsp Sweden low visibility nbsp Switzerland nbsp Syria nbsp Tajikistan nbsp Thailand nbsp Togo nbsp Transnistria nbsp Trinidad and Tobago nbsp Tunisia nbsp Turkey nbsp Turkmenistan nbsp Uganda nbsp Uganda Alternate nbsp Ukraine nbsp Ukraine Naval Aviation nbsp United Arab Emirates nbsp United Arab Emirates low visibility nbsp United Kingdom nbsp United Kingdom low visibility nbsp United Kingdom low visibility light nbsp United States nbsp United States low visibility nbsp United States low visibility Alternate nbsp Uruguay nbsp Uruguay Naval Aviation nbsp Uzbekistan nbsp Venezuela nbsp Venezuela Naval Aviation nbsp Vietnam nbsp Yemen nbsp Zambia nbsp ZimbabweGovernment insignia edit nbsp International Symbol of Civil Defence nbsp United States Air Force Civil Air Patrol nbsp Hong Kong Government Flying Service nbsp NATO nbsp Poland Border Guard nbsp United Nations nbsp US Coast GuardFormer insignia of national air forces edit nbsp Abkhazia nbsp Emirate of Abu Dhabi 1968 1976 nbsp Afghanistan 1924 1928 nbsp Kingdom of Afghanistan 1929 1965 nbsp Afghanistan 1965 1978 nbsp Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1979 1983 nbsp Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1983 1992 nbsp Islamic State of Afghanistan 1992 2002 nbsp Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 2010 2021 nbsp People s Socialist Republic of Albania 1960 1992 nbsp Algeria 1962 1964 nbsp Angola 1975 1980 nbsp Angola 1980 2011 nbsp Argentina Naval Aviation nbsp Australia 1942 1946 nbsp Austro Hungarian Empire 1914 1916 nbsp Austro Hungarian Empire 1918 nbsp People s Republic of Benin 1975 1990 nbsp Republic of Biafra 1967 1970 nbsp Bophuthatswana 1987 1994 nbsp Brazilian Air Force 1943 1945 nbsp Kingdom of Bulgaria 1915 1918 nbsp Kingdom of Bulgaria 1938 1941 nbsp Kingdom of Bulgaria 1941 1944 nbsp Kingdom of Bulgaria 1944 1946 nbsp People s Republic of Bulgaria 1946 1992 nbsp Canada 1945 1946 nbsp Canada 1946 1965 nbsp Canada 1967 Centennial nbsp Republic of China 1916 1920 nbsp Republic of China 1920 1928 nbsp Wang Jingwei regime 1940 1945 nbsp Republic of China Taiwan 1928 1991 nbsp Communist China Air Force 1946 1949 nbsp Communist China Air Force 1946 1949 nbsp Communist China Air Force 1946 1949 nbsp Colombia 1927 1953 nbsp People s Republic of Congo nbsp Democratic Republic of the Congo nbsp Costa Rica 1964 1994 nbsp Independent State of Croatia 1941 nbsp Independent State of Croatia 1941 1945 nbsp Croatia 1991 1994 nbsp Cuba 1955 1959 nbsp Cuba 1959 1962 nbsp Czechoslovakia 1918 1920 nbsp Czechoslovakia nbsp Kingdom of Egypt 1939 1945 nbsp Kingdom of Egypt 1945 1958 nbsp Egypt 1958 1972 nbsp Ethiopian Empire nbsp Finland 1918 1945 nbsp Free France type 1 nbsp Free France type 2 nbsp German Empire 1915 nbsp Germany 1917 1945 nbsp East Germany nbsp Guinea Bissau nbsp Haiti 1964 1986 nbsp Haiti 1986 1994 nbsp Hungarian Soviet Republic 1919 nbsp Kingdom of Hungary 1938 1941 nbsp Kingdom of Hungary 1942 1945 nbsp People s Republic of Hungary 1951 1990 nbsp Hungary 1990 1991 nbsp British India 1943 1945 nbsp India 1947 1950 nbsp Indonesia 1946 1949 nbsp Iraq 1931 2003 nbsp Ireland 1939 1954 nbsp Fascist Italy nbsp Italian Social Republic nbsp Katanga nbsp Khmer Republic 1970 1975 nbsp Kingdom of Laos 1955 1975 nbsp Latvia 1918 1940 nbsp Latvia National Guard 1993 2000 nbsp Kingdom of Libya 1962 1969 nbsp Libyan Arab Republic 1969 1977 nbsp Great Socialist People s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1977 2011 nbsp Free Libyan Air Force 2011 2014 nbsp Lithuania 1919 1920 nbsp Lithuania 1920 1921 nbsp Malagasy Republic nbsp Malaysia 1963 1982 nbsp Malta 1980 1988 nbsp Manchukuo Air Force nbsp Manchukuo Air Transport nbsp Mongolian People s Republic nbsp Montenegro 2006 2018 nbsp Mozambique 1975 2011 nbsp Muscat and Oman 1970 1985 nbsp Netherlands 1914 1921 nbsp Netherlands 1939 1940 nbsp New Zealand 1943 1946 nbsp Nicaragua nbsp Nicaragua 1962 1979 Wing nbsp Nicaragua 1962 1979 Fuselage nbsp North Vietnam 1955 1965 nbsp North Yemen 1957 1962 nbsp North Yemen 1962 1990 nbsp Norway 1914 1940 nbsp Ottoman Empire nbsp People s Republic of Kampuchea 1979 1989 nbsp Philippines 1936 1942 1945 1947 nbsp Poland 1921 1993 nbsp Portugal 1914 1918 nbsp Southern Rhodesia 1939 1954 nbsp Rhodesia Federation of Rhodesia amp Nyasaland 1954 1963 nbsp Southern Rhodesia 1963 1970 nbsp Rhodesia 1970 1980 nbsp Kingdom of Romania 1941 1944 nbsp Socialist Republic of Romania 1947 1985 nbsp Russian Empire 1912 1917 nbsp Russia 1991 2010 nbsp Seychelles 1978 nbsp Singapore 1968 1973 nbsp Singapore 1973 1990 nbsp Slovak Republic 1940 1945 nbsp Slovak Resistance 1944 nbsp Slovenia 1991 1996 nbsp Union of South Africa 1927 1947 nbsp Union of South Africa 1947 1957 nbsp South Africa 1957 1994 nbsp South Africa 1994 2003 nbsp Federation of South Arabia nbsp South Korea 1949 2005 nbsp South Vietnam 1951 1956 nbsp South Vietnam 1956 1975 nbsp South Yemen 1968 1990 nbsp Sovereign Military Order of Malta nbsp Somalia nbsp Second Spanish Republic 1936 1939 nbsp Spanish State 1936 1939 nbsp Spanish State Wing nbsp Spanish State Fuselage nbsp Sri Lanka 1951 2010 nbsp Republika Srpska Variant 1 nbsp Republika Srpska Variant 2 nbsp State of Cambodia 1989 1993 nbsp Sudan 1956 1970 nbsp Sweden 1927 1937 nbsp Switzerland 1914 1947 nbsp Syria 1948 1958 nbsp Syria 1963 1972 nbsp Tanzania 1965 2010 nbsp Tanzania 2010 2019 nbsp Thailand 1941 1945 nbsp Turkey 1918 1972 nbsp USSR 1922 1943 nbsp USSR 1943 1991 nbsp Uganda nbsp United Arab Emirates nbsp United Kingdom 1937 1942 nbsp United Kingdom 1942 1947 img, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, 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