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STOVL

A short take-off and vertical landing aircraft (STOVL aircraft) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is able to take off from a short runway (or take off vertically if it does not have a heavy payload) and land vertically (i.e. with no runway). The formal NATO definition (since 1991) is:

A Sea Harrier launches from the flight deck of HMS Illustrious in 2001

A Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing aircraft is a fixed-wing aircraft capable of clearing a 15 m (50 ft) obstacle within 450 m (1,500 ft) of commencing take-off run, and capable of landing vertically.[1]

On aircraft carriers, non-catapult-assisted fixed-wing short takeoffs are accomplished with the use of thrust vectoring, which may also be used in conjunction with a runway "ski-jump". There are 14 aircraft carriers that operate these STOVL aircraft: United States (9), United Kingdom (2), Italy (2), and Spain (1). Use of STOVL tends to allow aircraft to carry a larger payload compared to vertical take-off and landing (VTOL), while still only requiring a short runway. The most famous examples are the Hawker Siddeley Harrier and the BAe Sea Harrier. Although technically a V/STOL aircraft, they are operationally STOVL aircraft due to the extra weight carried at take-off for fuel and armaments. The same is true of the B variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, which demonstrated VTOL capability in test flights but is operationally a STOVL.

History edit

 
Comparison of lift and thrust for various aircraft

In 1951, the Lockheed XFV and the Convair XFY Pogo tailsitters were both designed around the Allison YT40 turboprop engine driving contra-rotating propellers.

The British Hawker P.1127 took off vertically in 1960, and demonstrated conventional take-off in 1961. It was developed into the Hawker Siddeley Harrier which flew in 1967.

In 1962, Lockheed built the XV-4 Hummingbird for the U.S. Army. It sought to "augment" available thrust by injecting the engine exhaust into an ejector pump in the fuselage. First flying vertically in 1963, it suffered a fatal crash in 1964. It was converted into the XV-4B Hummingbird for the U.S. Air Force as a testbed for separate, vertically mounted lift engines, similar to those used in the Yakovlev Yak-38 'Forger'. That plane flew and later crashed in 1969.[2] The Ryan XV-5 Vertifan, which was also built for the U.S. Army at the same time as the Hummingbird, experimented with gas-driven lift fans. That plane used fans in the nose and each wing, covered by doors which resembled half garbage can lids when raised. However, it crashed twice, and proved to generate a disappointing amount of lift, and was difficult to transition to horizontal flight.

Of dozens of VTOL and V/STOL designs tried from the 1950s to 1980s, only the subsonic Hawker Siddeley Harrier and Yak-38 Forger reached operational status, with the Forger being withdrawn after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Rockwell International built, and then abandoned, the Rockwell XFV-12 supersonic fighter which had an unusual wing which opened up like window blinds to create an ejector pump for vertical flight. It never generated enough lift to get off the ground despite developing 20,000 lbf of thrust. The French had a nominally Mach 2 Dassault Mirage IIIV fitted with no less than 8 lift engines that flew (and crashed), but did not have enough space for fuel or payload for combat missions. The German EWR VJ 101 used swiveling engines mounted on the wingtips with fuselage mounted lift engines, and the VJ 101C X1 reached supersonic flight (Mach 1.08) on 29 July 1964. The supersonic Hawker Siddeley P.1154, which competed with the Mirage IIIV for use in NATO, was cancelled even as the aircraft were being built.

NASA uses the abbreviation SSTOVL for Supersonic Short Take-Off / Vertical Landing,[3] and as of 2012, the Lockheed Martin X-35B/F-35B are the only aircraft to conform with this combination within one flight.[4][5]

The experimental Mach 1.7 Yakovlev Yak-141 did not find an operational customer, but similar rotating rear nozzle technology is used on the F-35B which entered service on 31 July 2015.[6]

Larger STOVL designs were considered, the Armstrong Whitworth AW.681 cargo aircraft was under development when cancelled in 1965. The Dornier Do 31 got as far as three experimental aircraft before cancellation in 1970.

Although mostly a VTOL design, the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey has increased payload when taking off from a short runway.[7]

References edit

  1. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2003.
  2. ^ Jim Winchester, X-Planes and Prototypes, Barnes and Noble Books
  3. ^ Barbara S. Esker (1990). Performance characteristics of a one-third-scale, vectorable ventral nozzle for SSTOVL aircraft. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA. ISBN 9780760770917. OCLC 24990569. OL 17630526M.
  4. ^ "X-planes". PBS: Nova transcript. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
  5. ^ Cavas, Christopher P. "F-35B STOVL fighter goes supersonic." 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Marine Corps Times, 15 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  6. ^ "U.S. Marine Corps Declares the F-35B Operational - F-35 Lightning II". F-35 Lightning II.
  7. ^ V-22 Osprey Pocket Guide 29 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Bell Boeing, 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2010.

stovl, confused, with, stol, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, this, article, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books,. Not to be confused with V STOL This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this article Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources STOVL news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message A short take off and vertical landing aircraft STOVL aircraft is a fixed wing aircraft that is able to take off from a short runway or take off vertically if it does not have a heavy payload and land vertically i e with no runway The formal NATO definition since 1991 is A Sea Harrier launches from the flight deck of HMS Illustrious in 2001 A Short Take Off and Vertical Landing aircraft is a fixed wing aircraft capable of clearing a 15 m 50 ft obstacle within 450 m 1 500 ft of commencing take off run and capable of landing vertically 1 On aircraft carriers non catapult assisted fixed wing short takeoffs are accomplished with the use of thrust vectoring which may also be used in conjunction with a runway ski jump There are 14 aircraft carriers that operate these STOVL aircraft United States 9 United Kingdom 2 Italy 2 and Spain 1 Use of STOVL tends to allow aircraft to carry a larger payload compared to vertical take off and landing VTOL while still only requiring a short runway The most famous examples are the Hawker Siddeley Harrier and the BAe Sea Harrier Although technically a V STOL aircraft they are operationally STOVL aircraft due to the extra weight carried at take off for fuel and armaments The same is true of the B variant of the Lockheed Martin F 35 Lightning II which demonstrated VTOL capability in test flights but is operationally a STOVL History edit nbsp Comparison of lift and thrust for various aircraftIn 1951 the Lockheed XFV and the Convair XFY Pogo tailsitters were both designed around the Allison YT40 turboprop engine driving contra rotating propellers The British Hawker P 1127 took off vertically in 1960 and demonstrated conventional take off in 1961 It was developed into the Hawker Siddeley Harrier which flew in 1967 In 1962 Lockheed built the XV 4 Hummingbird for the U S Army It sought to augment available thrust by injecting the engine exhaust into an ejector pump in the fuselage First flying vertically in 1963 it suffered a fatal crash in 1964 It was converted into the XV 4B Hummingbird for the U S Air Force as a testbed for separate vertically mounted lift engines similar to those used in the Yakovlev Yak 38 Forger That plane flew and later crashed in 1969 2 The Ryan XV 5 Vertifan which was also built for the U S Army at the same time as the Hummingbird experimented with gas driven lift fans That plane used fans in the nose and each wing covered by doors which resembled half garbage can lids when raised However it crashed twice and proved to generate a disappointing amount of lift and was difficult to transition to horizontal flight Of dozens of VTOL and V STOL designs tried from the 1950s to 1980s only the subsonic Hawker Siddeley Harrier and Yak 38 Forger reached operational status with the Forger being withdrawn after the fall of the Soviet Union Rockwell International built and then abandoned the Rockwell XFV 12 supersonic fighter which had an unusual wing which opened up like window blinds to create an ejector pump for vertical flight It never generated enough lift to get off the ground despite developing 20 000 lbf of thrust The French had a nominally Mach 2 Dassault Mirage IIIV fitted with no less than 8 lift engines that flew and crashed but did not have enough space for fuel or payload for combat missions The German EWR VJ 101 used swiveling engines mounted on the wingtips with fuselage mounted lift engines and the VJ 101C X1 reached supersonic flight Mach 1 08 on 29 July 1964 The supersonic Hawker Siddeley P 1154 which competed with the Mirage IIIV for use in NATO was cancelled even as the aircraft were being built NASA uses the abbreviation SSTOVL for Supersonic Short Take Off Vertical Landing 3 and as of 2012 the Lockheed Martin X 35B F 35B are the only aircraft to conform with this combination within one flight 4 5 The experimental Mach 1 7 Yakovlev Yak 141 did not find an operational customer but similar rotating rear nozzle technology is used on the F 35B which entered service on 31 July 2015 6 Larger STOVL designs were considered the Armstrong Whitworth AW 681 cargo aircraft was under development when cancelled in 1965 The Dornier Do 31 got as far as three experimental aircraft before cancellation in 1970 Although mostly a VTOL design the Bell Boeing V 22 Osprey has increased payload when taking off from a short runway 7 References edit NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions PDF Archived from the original PDF on 24 June 2003 Jim Winchester X Planes and Prototypes Barnes and Noble Books Barbara S Esker 1990 Performance characteristics of a one third scale vectorable ventral nozzle for SSTOVL aircraft Washington D C NASA ISBN 9780760770917 OCLC 24990569 OL 17630526M X planes PBS Nova transcript Retrieved 9 January 2010 Cavas Christopher P F 35B STOVL fighter goes supersonic Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Marine Corps Times 15 June 2010 Retrieved 15 June 2010 U S Marine Corps Declares the F 35B Operational F 35 Lightning II F 35 Lightning II V 22 Osprey Pocket Guide Archived 29 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bell Boeing 2007 Retrieved 17 April 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title STOVL amp oldid 1198783444, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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