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Fuel injection

January 21, 2023

Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of an injector. This article focuses on fuel injection in reciprocating piston and Wankel rotary engines.

A cutaway model of a petrol direct-injected engine

All compression-ignition engines (e.g. diesel engines), and many spark-ignition engines (i.e. petrol (gasoline) engines, such as Otto or Wankel), use fuel injection of one kind or another. Mass-produced diesel engines for passenger cars (such as the Mercedes-Benz OM 138) became available in the late 1930s and early 1940s, being the first fuel-injected engines for passenger car use.[1] In passenger car petrol engines, fuel injection was introduced in the early 1950s and gradually gained prevalence until it had largely replaced carburettors by the early 1990s.[2] The primary difference between carburetion and fuel injection is that fuel injection atomizes the fuel through a small nozzle under high pressure, while a carburettor relies on suction created by intake air accelerated through a Venturi tube to draw fuel into the airstream.

The term "fuel injection" is vague and comprises various distinct systems with fundamentally different functional principles. Typically, the only thing all fuel injection systems have in common is a lack of carburetion. There are two main functional principles of mixture formation systems for internal combustion engines: internal mixture formation, and external mixture formation. A fuel injection system that uses external mixture formation is called a manifold injection system. There exist two types of manifold injection systems: multi-point injection (or port injection) and single-point injection (or throttle body injection). Internal mixture formation systems can be separated into direct and indirect injection systems. There exist several different varieties of both direct and indirect injection systems; the most common internal mixture formation fuel injection system is the common-rail injection system, a direct injection system. The term "electronic fuel injection" refers to any fuel injection system controlled by an engine control unit.

System functions

The fundamental functions of a fuel injection system are described in the following sections. In some systems, a single component performs multiple functions.

Pressurising fuel

Fuel injection operated by spraying pressurised fuel into the engine. Therefore a device to pressurize the fuel (such as a fuel pump) is needed.

Metering of fuel

The system must determine the appropriate amount of fuel to be supplied and control the fuel flow to supply this amount.

Several early mechanical injection systems used relatively sophisticated helix-controlled injection pump(s) that both metered fuel and created injection pressure. Since the 1980s, electronic systems have been used to control the metering of fuel. More recent systems use an electronic engine control unit which meters the fuel, controls the ignition timing and controls various other engine functions.

Injecting of fuel

The fuel injector is effectively a spray nozzle that performs the final stage in the delivery of fuel into the engine. The injector is located in the combustion chamber, inlet manifold or - less commonly - the throttle body.

Fuel injectors which also control the metering are called "injection valves", while injectors which perform all three functions are called unit injectors.

Direct injection systems

Direct injection means that the fuel is injected into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder.[3] The air and fuel are mixed only inside the combustion chamber. Therefore, only air is sucked into the engine during the intake stroke. The injection scheme is always intermittent (either sequential or cylinder-individual).

This can be done either with a blast of air[4] or hydraulically, with the latter method being more common in automotive engines. Typically, hydraulic direct injection systems spray fuel into the air inside the cylinder or combustion chamber. Direct injection can be achieved with a conventional helix-controlled injection pump, unit injectors, or a sophisticated common-rail injection system. The latter is the most common system in modern automotive engines.

Direct injection for petrol engines

Main article: Petrol direct injection

During the 20th century, most petrol engines used either a carburettor or indirect fuel injection. Use of direct injection in petrol engines has become increasingly common in the 21st century.

Common-rail injection systems

Main article: Common-rail injection

In a common rail system, fuel from the fuel tank is supplied to a common header (called the accumulator), and then sent through tubing to the injectors, which inject it into the combustion chamber. The accumulator has a high-pressure relief valve to maintain pressure and return the excess fuel to the fuel tank. The fuel is sprayed with the help of a nozzle that is opened and closed with a solenoid-operated needle valve.[5] Third-generation common rail diesels use piezoelectric injectors for increased precision, with fuel pressures up to 300 MPa or 44,000 lbf/in2.[6]

The types of common-rail systems include air-guided injection[7] and spray-guided injection.[7]

Unit injector systems

Main article: Unit injector

Used by diesel engines, these systems include:

  • Pumpe-Düse[8]
  • Pump-rail-nozzle system[8]

Helix-controlled pump systems

This injection method was previously used in many diesel engines. Types of systems include:

  • Lanova direct injection[9]
  • Afterchamber injection[10]
  • G-System (sphere combustion chamber)[11]
  • Gardner system (hemisphere combustion chamber)[11]
  • Saurer system (torus combustion chamber)[11]
  • Flat piston (combustion chamber between piston and head)

Air-blast injection systems

Main article: Air-blast injection

Other systems

The M-System, used in some diesel engines from the 1960s to the 1980s, sprayed the fuel onto the walls of the combustion chamber,[12] as opposed to most other direct-injection systems which spray the fuel into the middle of the chamber.

Indirect injection systems

Manifold injection

Main article: Manifold injection

Manifold injection systems are common in petrol-fuelled engines such as the Otto engine and the Wankel engine. In a manifold injection system, air and fuel are mixed outside the combustion chamber so that a mixture of air and fuel is sucked into the engine. The main types of manifold injections systems are multi-point injection and single-point injection.

These systems use either a continuous injection or an intermittent injection design.[13] In a continuous injection system, fuel flows at all times from the fuel injectors, but at a variable flow rate. The most common automotive continuous injection system is the Bosch K-Jetronic system, introduced in 1974 and used until the mid-1990s by various car manufacturers. Intermittent injection systems can be sequential, in which injection is timed to coincide with each cylinder's intake stroke; batched, in which fuel is injected to the cylinders in groups, without precise synchronization to any particular cylinder's intake stroke; simultaneous, in which fuel is injected at the same time to all the cylinders; or cylinder-individual, in which the engine control unit can adjust the injection for each cylinder individually.[13]

Multi-point injection

 
Schematic of a mechanical port injection system

Multi-point injection (also called 'port injection') injects fuel into the intake ports just upstream of each cylinder's intake valve, rather than at a central point within an intake manifold.[14] Typically, multi-point injected systems use multiple fuel injectors,[15] but some systems, such as GM's central port injection system, use tubes with poppet valves fed by a central injector instead of multiple injectors.[16]

Single-point injection

Single-point injection (also called 'throttle-body injection')[17] uses one injector in a throttle body mounted similarly to a carburettor on an intake manifold. As in a carburetted induction system, the fuel is mixed with the air before entering the intake manifold.[15] Single-point injection was a relatively low-cost way for automakers to reduce exhaust emissions to comply with tightening regulations while providing better "driveability" (easy starting, smooth running, no engine stuttering) than could be obtained with a carburettor. Many of the carburettor's supporting components—such as the air filter, intake manifold, and fuel line routing—could be used with few or no changes. This postponed the redesign and tooling costs of these components. Single-point injection was used extensively on American-made passenger cars and light trucks during 1980–1995, and in some European cars in the early and mid-1990s.

Diesel engines

In indirect-injected engines used by diesel engines (as well as Akroyd engines), there are two combustion chambers: the main combustion chamber, and a pre-chamber (also called an ante-chamber)[18] that is connected to the main one. The fuel is injected only into the pre-chamber (where it begins to combust), and not directly into the main combustion chamber. Therefore, this principle is called indirect injection. There exist several slightly different indirect injection systems that have similar characteristics.[19]

Types of indirect injection used by diesel engines include:

Hot-bulb injection

Main article: Hot-bulb engine

History

1870s – 1930s: early systems

 
Air-blast injection system for an 1898 diesel engine
 
Mechanical port injection system on a 1906 Antoinette 8V engine

In 1872, George Bailey Brayton obtained a patent on an internal combustion engine that used a pneumatic fuel injection system, also invented by Brayton: air-blast injection.[21]: 413  In 1894, Rudolf Diesel copied Brayton's air-blast injection system for the diesel engine, but also improved it.[22]: 414  He increased the air blast pressure from 4–5 kp/cm2 (390–490 kPa) to 65 kp/cm2 (6,400 kPa).[23]: 415  In the meantime, the first manifold injection system was designed by Johannes Spiel in 1884, while working at Hallesche Maschinenfabrik in Germany.[24]

In 1891, the British Herbert-Akroyd oil engine became the first engine to use a pressurised fuel injection system.[25][26] This design, called a hot-bulb engine used a 'jerk pump' to dispense fuel oil at high pressure to an injector. Another development in early diesel engines was the pre-combustion chamber, which was invented in 1919 by Prosper l'Orange[27] to avoid the drawbacks of air-blast injection systems. The pre-combustion chamber made it feasible to produce engines in size suitable for automobiles and MAN Truck & Bus presented the first direct-injected diesel engine for trucks in 1924.[20] Higher pressure diesel injection pumps were introduced by Bosch in 1927.

In 1898, German company Deutz AG started producing four-stroke petrol stationary engines with manifold injection.[citation needed] The 1906 Antoinette 8V aircraft engine (the world's first V8 engine) was another early four-stroke engine that used manifold injection. The first petrol engine with direct-injection was a two-stroke aircraft engine designed by Otto Mader in 1916.[28] Another early spark-ignition engine to use direct-injection was the 1925 Hesselman engine, designed by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman.[29][30] This engine could run on a variety of fuels (such as oil, kerosene, petrol or diesel oil)[31] and used a stratified charge principle whereby fuel is injected towards the end of the compression stroke, then ignited with a spark plug.

The Cummins Model H diesel truck engine was introduced in America in 1933.[32] In 1936, the Mercedes-Benz OM 138 diesel engine (using a precombustion chamber) became one of the first fuel-injected engines used in a mass-production passenger car.[33]

1940s – 1950s: WWII aircraft and early direct-injection petrol engines

During World War II, several petrol engines for aircraft used direct-injection systems, such as the European Junkers Jumo 210, Daimler-Benz DB 601, BMW 801, and the Shvetsov ASh-82FN (M-82FN). The German direct-injection systems were based on diesel injection systems used by Bosch, Deckel, Junkers and l'Orange.[34] By around 1943, the Rolls-Royce Merlin and Wright R-3350 had switched from traditional carburettors to fuel-injection (called "pressure carburettors" at the time), however these engines used throttle body manifold injection, rather than the direct-injection systems of the German engines. From 1940, the Mitsubishi Kinsei 60 series engine used a direct-injection system, along with the related Mitsubishi Kasei engine from 1941. In 1943, a low-pressure fuel injection system was added to the Nakajima Homare Model 23 radial engine.[35]

The first mass-produced petrol direct-injection system was developed by Bosch and initially used in small automotive two-stroke petrol engines. Introduced in the 1950 Goliath GP700 small saloon, it was also added to the Gutbrod Superior engine in 1952. This mechanically-controlled system was essentially a specially lubricated high-pressure diesel direct-injection pump of the type that is governed by the vacuum behind an intake throttle valve.[36] A Bosch mechanical direct-injection system was also used in the straight-eight used in the 1954 Mercedes-Benz W196 Formula One racing car. The first four-stroke direct-injection petrol engine for a passenger car was released the following year, in the Mercedes-Benz 300SL sports car.[37] However the engine suffered lubrication problems due to petrol diluting the engine oil,[38][39] and subsequent Mercedes-Benz engines switched to a manifold injection design. Likewise, most petrol injection systems prior to the 2000s used the less-expensive manifold injection design.

1950s – 1970s: manifold injection for petrol engines

 
1950s Rochester Ramjet mechanical port injection system (on a Chevrolet 283 engine)
 
1970s Kugelfischer mechanical port injection system (on a BMW M88 engine)
 
Components of a 1970s K-Jetronic electronic port injection system

Throughout the 1950s, several manufacturers introduced their manifold injection systems for petrol engines. Lucas Industries had begun developing a fuel injection system in 1941 and by 1956 it was used in the Jaguar racing cars.[40] At the 1957 24 Hours of Le Mans, the 1st to 4th placed cars were Jaguar D-Type entries using a Lucas fuel injection system.[41] Also in 1957, General Motors introduced the Rochester Ramjet option, consisting of a fuel injection system for the V8 engine in the Chevrolet Corvette. During the 1960s, fuel injection systems were also produced by Hilborn,[42] SPICA[citation needed] and Kugelfischer.

Up until this time, the fuel injection systems had used a mechanical control system. In 1957, the American Bendix Electrojector system was introduced, which used analogue electronics for the control system. The Electrojector was intended to be available for the Rambler Rebel mid-size car, however reliability problems meant that the fuel injection option was not offered.[43][44][45][46][47] In 1958, the Chrysler 300D, DeSoto Adventurer, Dodge D-500 and Plymouth Fury offered the Electrojector system, becoming the first cars known to use an electronic fuel injection (EFI) system.[48]

The Electrojector patents were subsequently sold to Bosch, who developed the Electrojector into the Bosch D-Jetronic.[49] The D-Jetronic was produced from 1967-1976 and first used on the VW 1600TL/E. The system was a speed/density system, using engine speed and intake manifold air density to calculate the amount of fuel to be injected. In 1974, Bosch introduced the K-Jetronic system, which used a continuous flow of fuel from the injectors (rather than the pulsed flow of the D-Jetronic system). K-Jetronic was a mechanical injection system, using a plunger actuated by the intake manifold pressure which then controlled the fuel flow to the injectors.[50]

Also in 1974, Bosch introduced the L-Jetronic system, a pulsed flow system which used an air flow meter to calculate the amount of fuel required. L-Jetronic was widely adopted on European cars during the 1970s and 1980s. As a system that uses electronically-controlled fuel injectors which open and close to control the amount of fuel entering the engine, the L-Jetronic system uses the same basic principles as modern electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems.

1980s – present: digital electronics and common-rail injection

Prior to 1979, the electronics in fuel injection systems used analogue electronics for the control system. The Bosch Motronic multi-point fuel injection system (also amongst the first systems where the ignition system is controlled by the same device as the fuel injection system) was the first mass-produced system to use digital electronics. The Ford EEC-III single-point fuel injection system, introduced in 1980, was another early digital fuel injection system.[51][52] These and other electronic manifold injection systems (using either port injection or throttle-body injection) became more widespread through the 1980s, and by the early 1990s they had replaced carburettors in most new petrol-engined cars sold in developed countries.

The aforementioned injection systems for petrol passenger car engines - except for the 1954-1959 Mercedes-Benz 300 SL - all used manifold injection (i.e. the injectors located at the intake ports or throttle body, instead of inside the combustion chamber). This began to change when the first mass-produced petrol direct injection system for passenger cars was a common rail system introduced in the 1997 Mitsubishi 6G74 V6 engine.[53] [54] The first common-rail system for a passenger car diesel engine was the Fiat Multijet straight-four engine,[55] introduced in the 1999 Alfa Romeo 156 1.9 JTD model. Since the 2010s, many petrol engines have switched to direct-injection (sometimes in combination with separate manifold injectors for each cylinder). Similarly, many modern diesel engines use a common-rail design.

Stratified charge injection was used in several petrol engines in the early 2000s, such as the Volkswagen 1.4 FSI engine introduced in 2000. However, the stratified charge systems were largely no longer in use by the late 2010s, due to increased exhaust emissions of NOx gasses and particulates, along with the increased cost and complexity of the systems.

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See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fuel injection.

January 21, 2023
fuel, injection, introduction, fuel, internal, combustion, engine, most, commonly, automotive, engines, means, injector, this, article, focuses, fuel, injection, reciprocating, piston, wankel, rotary, engines, cutaway, model, petrol, direct, injected, engine, . Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine most commonly automotive engines by the means of an injector This article focuses on fuel injection in reciprocating piston and Wankel rotary engines A cutaway model of a petrol direct injected engine All compression ignition engines e g diesel engines and many spark ignition engines i e petrol gasoline engines such as Otto or Wankel use fuel injection of one kind or another Mass produced diesel engines for passenger cars such as the Mercedes Benz OM 138 became available in the late 1930s and early 1940s being the first fuel injected engines for passenger car use 1 In passenger car petrol engines fuel injection was introduced in the early 1950s and gradually gained prevalence until it had largely replaced carburettors by the early 1990s 2 The primary difference between carburetion and fuel injection is that fuel injection atomizes the fuel through a small nozzle under high pressure while a carburettor relies on suction created by intake air accelerated through a Venturi tube to draw fuel into the airstream The term fuel injection is vague and comprises various distinct systems with fundamentally different functional principles Typically the only thing all fuel injection systems have in common is a lack of carburetion There are two main functional principles of mixture formation systems for internal combustion engines internal mixture formation and external mixture formation A fuel injection system that uses external mixture formation is called a manifold injection system There exist two types of manifold injection systems multi point injection or port injection and single point injection or throttle body injection Internal mixture formation systems can be separated into direct and indirect injection systems There exist several different varieties of both direct and indirect injection systems the most common internal mixture formation fuel injection system is the common rail injection system a direct injection system The term electronic fuel injection refers to any fuel injection system controlled by an engine control unit Contents 1 System functions 1 1 Pressurising fuel 1 2 Metering of fuel 1 3 Injecting of fuel 2 Direct injection systems 2 1 Direct injection for petrol engines 2 2 Common rail injection systems 2 3 Unit injector systems 2 4 Helix controlled pump systems 2 5 Air blast injection systems 2 6 Other systems 3 Indirect injection systems 3 1 Manifold injection 3 1 1 Multi point injection 3 1 2 Single point injection 3 2 Diesel engines 3 3 Hot bulb injection 4 History 4 1 1870s 1930s early systems 4 2 1940s 1950s WWII aircraft and early direct injection petrol engines 4 3 1950s 1970s manifold injection for petrol engines 4 4 1980s present digital electronics and common rail injection 5 References 6 See alsoSystem functionsThe fundamental functions of a fuel injection system are described in the following sections In some systems a single component performs multiple functions Pressurising fuel Fuel injection operated by spraying pressurised fuel into the engine Therefore a device to pressurize the fuel such as a fuel pump is needed Metering of fuel The system must determine the appropriate amount of fuel to be supplied and control the fuel flow to supply this amount Several early mechanical injection systems used relatively sophisticated helix controlled injection pump s that both metered fuel and created injection pressure Since the 1980s electronic systems have been used to control the metering of fuel More recent systems use an electronic engine control unit which meters the fuel controls the ignition timing and controls various other engine functions Injecting of fuel The fuel injector is effectively a spray nozzle that performs the final stage in the delivery of fuel into the engine The injector is located in the combustion chamber inlet manifold or less commonly the throttle body Fuel injectors which also control the metering are called injection valves while injectors which perform all three functions are called unit injectors Direct injection systemsDirect injection means that the fuel is injected into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder 3 The air and fuel are mixed only inside the combustion chamber Therefore only air is sucked into the engine during the intake stroke The injection scheme is always intermittent either sequential or cylinder individual This can be done either with a blast of air 4 or hydraulically with the latter method being more common in automotive engines Typically hydraulic direct injection systems spray fuel into the air inside the cylinder or combustion chamber Direct injection can be achieved with a conventional helix controlled injection pump unit injectors or a sophisticated common rail injection system The latter is the most common system in modern automotive engines Direct injection for petrol engines Main article Petrol direct injection During the 20th century most petrol engines used either a carburettor or indirect fuel injection Use of direct injection in petrol engines has become increasingly common in the 21st century Common rail injection systems Main article Common rail injection In a common rail system fuel from the fuel tank is supplied to a common header called the accumulator and then sent through tubing to the injectors which inject it into the combustion chamber The accumulator has a high pressure relief valve to maintain pressure and return the excess fuel to the fuel tank The fuel is sprayed with the help of a nozzle that is opened and closed with a solenoid operated needle valve 5 Third generation common rail diesels use piezoelectric injectors for increased precision with fuel pressures up to 300 MPa or 44 000 lbf in2 6 The types of common rail systems include air guided injection 7 and spray guided injection 7 Unit injector systems Main article Unit injector Used by diesel engines these systems include Pumpe Duse 8 Pump rail nozzle system 8 Helix controlled pump systems This injection method was previously used in many diesel engines Types of systems include Lanova direct injection 9 Afterchamber injection 10 G System sphere combustion chamber 11 Gardner system hemisphere combustion chamber 11 Saurer system torus combustion chamber 11 Flat piston combustion chamber between piston and head Air blast injection systems Main article Air blast injection Other systems The M System used in some diesel engines from the 1960s to the 1980s sprayed the fuel onto the walls of the combustion chamber 12 as opposed to most other direct injection systems which spray the fuel into the middle of the chamber Indirect injection systemsManifold injection Main article Manifold injection Manifold injection systems are common in petrol fuelled engines such as the Otto engine and the Wankel engine In a manifold injection system air and fuel are mixed outside the combustion chamber so that a mixture of air and fuel is sucked into the engine The main types of manifold injections systems are multi point injection and single point injection These systems use either a continuous injection or an intermittent injection design 13 In a continuous injection system fuel flows at all times from the fuel injectors but at a variable flow rate The most common automotive continuous injection system is the Bosch K Jetronic system introduced in 1974 and used until the mid 1990s by various car manufacturers Intermittent injection systems can be sequential in which injection is timed to coincide with each cylinder s intake stroke batched in which fuel is injected to the cylinders in groups without precise synchronization to any particular cylinder s intake stroke simultaneous in which fuel is injected at the same time to all the cylinders or cylinder individual in which the engine control unit can adjust the injection for each cylinder individually 13 Multi point injection Schematic of a mechanical port injection system Multi point injection also called port injection injects fuel into the intake ports just upstream of each cylinder s intake valve rather than at a central point within an intake manifold 14 Typically multi point injected systems use multiple fuel injectors 15 but some systems such as GM s central port injection system use tubes with poppet valves fed by a central injector instead of multiple injectors 16 Single point injection Single point injection also called throttle body injection 17 uses one injector in a throttle body mounted similarly to a carburettor on an intake manifold As in a carburetted induction system the fuel is mixed with the air before entering the intake manifold 15 Single point injection was a relatively low cost way for automakers to reduce exhaust emissions to comply with tightening regulations while providing better driveability easy starting smooth running no engine stuttering than could be obtained with a carburettor Many of the carburettor s supporting components such as the air filter intake manifold and fuel line routing could be used with few or no changes This postponed the redesign and tooling costs of these components Single point injection was used extensively on American made passenger cars and light trucks during 1980 1995 and in some European cars in the early and mid 1990s Diesel engines In indirect injected engines used by diesel engines as well as Akroyd engines there are two combustion chambers the main combustion chamber and a pre chamber also called an ante chamber 18 that is connected to the main one The fuel is injected only into the pre chamber where it begins to combust and not directly into the main combustion chamber Therefore this principle is called indirect injection There exist several slightly different indirect injection systems that have similar characteristics 19 Types of indirect injection used by diesel engines include Precombustion chamber injection 19 Air cell chamber injection 20 Hot bulb injection Main article Hot bulb engineHistory1870s 1930s early systems Air blast injection system for an 1898 diesel engine Mechanical port injection system on a 1906 Antoinette 8V engine In 1872 George Bailey Brayton obtained a patent on an internal combustion engine that used a pneumatic fuel injection system also invented by Brayton air blast injection 21 413 In 1894 Rudolf Diesel copied Brayton s air blast injection system for the diesel engine but also improved it 22 414 He increased the air blast pressure from 4 5 kp cm2 390 490 kPa to 65 kp cm2 6 400 kPa 23 415 In the meantime the first manifold injection system was designed by Johannes Spiel in 1884 while working at Hallesche Maschinenfabrik in Germany 24 In 1891 the British Herbert Akroyd oil engine became the first engine to use a pressurised fuel injection system 25 26 This design called a hot bulb engine used a jerk pump to dispense fuel oil at high pressure to an injector Another development in early diesel engines was the pre combustion chamber which was invented in 1919 by Prosper l Orange 27 to avoid the drawbacks of air blast injection systems The pre combustion chamber made it feasible to produce engines in size suitable for automobiles and MAN Truck amp Bus presented the first direct injected diesel engine for trucks in 1924 20 Higher pressure diesel injection pumps were introduced by Bosch in 1927 In 1898 German company Deutz AG started producing four stroke petrol stationary engines with manifold injection citation needed The 1906 Antoinette 8V aircraft engine the world s first V8 engine was another early four stroke engine that used manifold injection The first petrol engine with direct injection was a two stroke aircraft engine designed by Otto Mader in 1916 28 Another early spark ignition engine to use direct injection was the 1925 Hesselman engine designed by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman 29 30 This engine could run on a variety of fuels such as oil kerosene petrol or diesel oil 31 and used a stratified charge principle whereby fuel is injected towards the end of the compression stroke then ignited with a spark plug The Cummins Model H diesel truck engine was introduced in America in 1933 32 In 1936 the Mercedes Benz OM 138 diesel engine using a precombustion chamber became one of the first fuel injected engines used in a mass production passenger car 33 1940s 1950s WWII aircraft and early direct injection petrol engines During World War II several petrol engines for aircraft used direct injection systems such as the European Junkers Jumo 210 Daimler Benz DB 601 BMW 801 and the Shvetsov ASh 82FN M 82FN The German direct injection systems were based on diesel injection systems used by Bosch Deckel Junkers and l Orange 34 By around 1943 the Rolls Royce Merlin and Wright R 3350 had switched from traditional carburettors to fuel injection called pressure carburettors at the time however these engines used throttle body manifold injection rather than the direct injection systems of the German engines From 1940 the Mitsubishi Kinsei 60 series engine used a direct injection system along with the related Mitsubishi Kasei engine from 1941 In 1943 a low pressure fuel injection system was added to the Nakajima Homare Model 23 radial engine 35 The first mass produced petrol direct injection system was developed by Bosch and initially used in small automotive two stroke petrol engines Introduced in the 1950 Goliath GP700 small saloon it was also added to the Gutbrod Superior engine in 1952 This mechanically controlled system was essentially a specially lubricated high pressure diesel direct injection pump of the type that is governed by the vacuum behind an intake throttle valve 36 A Bosch mechanical direct injection system was also used in the straight eight used in the 1954 Mercedes Benz W196 Formula One racing car The first four stroke direct injection petrol engine for a passenger car was released the following year in the Mercedes Benz 300SL sports car 37 However the engine suffered lubrication problems due to petrol diluting the engine oil 38 39 and subsequent Mercedes Benz engines switched to a manifold injection design Likewise most petrol injection systems prior to the 2000s used the less expensive manifold injection design 1950s 1970s manifold injection for petrol engines 1950s Rochester Ramjet mechanical port injection system on a Chevrolet 283 engine 1970s Kugelfischer mechanical port injection system on a BMW M88 engine Components of a 1970s K Jetronic electronic port injection system Throughout the 1950s several manufacturers introduced their manifold injection systems for petrol engines Lucas Industries had begun developing a fuel injection system in 1941 and by 1956 it was used in the Jaguar racing cars 40 At the 1957 24 Hours of Le Mans the 1st to 4th placed cars were Jaguar D Type entries using a Lucas fuel injection system 41 Also in 1957 General Motors introduced the Rochester Ramjet option consisting of a fuel injection system for the V8 engine in the Chevrolet Corvette During the 1960s fuel injection systems were also produced by Hilborn 42 SPICA citation needed and Kugelfischer Up until this time the fuel injection systems had used a mechanical control system In 1957 the American Bendix Electrojector system was introduced which used analogue electronics for the control system The Electrojector was intended to be available for the Rambler Rebel mid size car however reliability problems meant that the fuel injection option was not offered 43 44 45 46 47 In 1958 the Chrysler 300D DeSoto Adventurer Dodge D 500 and Plymouth Fury offered the Electrojector system becoming the first cars known to use an electronic fuel injection EFI system 48 The Electrojector patents were subsequently sold to Bosch who developed the Electrojector into the Bosch D Jetronic 49 The D Jetronic was produced from 1967 1976 and first used on the VW 1600TL E The system was a speed density system using engine speed and intake manifold air density to calculate the amount of fuel to be injected In 1974 Bosch introduced the K Jetronic system which used a continuous flow of fuel from the injectors rather than the pulsed flow of the D Jetronic system K Jetronic was a mechanical injection system using a plunger actuated by the intake manifold pressure which then controlled the fuel flow to the injectors 50 Also in 1974 Bosch introduced the L Jetronic system a pulsed flow system which used an air flow meter to calculate the amount of fuel required L Jetronic was widely adopted on European cars during the 1970s and 1980s As a system that uses electronically controlled fuel injectors which open and close to control the amount of fuel entering the engine the L Jetronic system uses the same basic principles as modern electronic fuel injection EFI systems 1980s present digital electronics and common rail injection Prior to 1979 the electronics in fuel injection systems used analogue electronics for the control system The Bosch Motronic multi point fuel injection system also amongst the first systems where the ignition system is controlled by the same device as the fuel injection system was the first mass produced system to use digital electronics The Ford EEC III single point fuel injection system introduced in 1980 was another early digital fuel injection system 51 52 These and other electronic manifold injection systems using either port injection or throttle body injection became more widespread through the 1980s and by the early 1990s they had replaced carburettors in most new petrol engined cars sold in developed countries The aforementioned injection systems for petrol passenger car engines except for the 1954 1959 Mercedes Benz 300 SL all used manifold injection i e the injectors located at the intake ports or throttle body instead of inside the combustion chamber This began to change when the first mass produced petrol direct injection system for passenger cars was a common rail system introduced in the 1997 Mitsubishi 6G74 V6 engine 53 54 The first common rail system for a passenger car diesel engine was the Fiat Multijet straight four engine 55 introduced in the 1999 Alfa Romeo 156 1 9 JTD model Since the 2010s many petrol engines have switched to direct injection sometimes in combination with separate manifold injectors for each cylinder Similarly many modern diesel engines use a common rail design Stratified charge injection was used in several petrol engines in the early 2000s such as the Volkswagen 1 4 FSI engine introduced in 2000 However the stratified charge systems were largely no longer in use by the late 2010s due to increased exhaust emissions of NOx gasses and particulates along with the increased cost and complexity of the systems References Kremser H 1942 Der Aufbau schnellaufender Verbrennungskraftmaschinen fur Kraftfahrzeuge und Triebwagen in German Vol 11 Vienna Springer p 125 ISBN 9783709150160 Welshans Terry August 2013 A Brief History of Aircraft Carburetors and Fuel Systems enginehistory org US Aircraft Engine Historical Society Retrieved 28 June 2016 IC Engines Global Fuel Economy Initiative Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 Retrieved 1 May 2014 Rudiger Teichmann Gunter P Merker publisher Helmut Tschoke Klaus Mollenhauer Rudolf Maier ed Handbuch Dieselmotoren 8th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2018 ISBN 978 3 658 07696 2 p 289 Helmut Tschoke Klaus Mollenhauer Rudolf Maier ed Handbuch Dieselmotoren 8th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2018 ISBN 978 3 658 07696 2 p 1000 a b Richard van Basshuysen ed Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung Ottokraftstoffe Erdgas Methan Wasserstoff 4th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2017 ISBN 978 3 658 12215 7 p 62 a b Helmut Tschoke Klaus Mollenhauer Rudolf Maier ed Handbuch Dieselmotoren 8th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2018 ISBN 978 3 658 07696 2 p 295 Helmut Hutten Motoren Technik Praxis Geschichte Motorbuchverlag Stuttgart 1982 ISBN 3 87943 326 7 von Fersen Olaf ed 1987 Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik Nutzfahrzeuge in German Berlin Heidelberg Springer p 131 ISBN 9783662011201 a b c Hellmut Droscha ed Leistung und Weg Zur Geschichte des MAN Nutzfahrzeugbaus Springer Berlin Heidelberg 1991 ISBN 978 3 642 93490 2 p 429 Hellmut Droscha ed Leistung und Weg Zur Geschichte des MAN Nutzfahrzeugbaus Springer Berlin Heidelberg 1991 ISBN 978 3 642 93490 2 p 433 a b Konrad Reif ed Ottomotor Management 4th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2014 ISBN 978 3 8348 1416 6 p 107 Multi Point Fuel Injection or MPFI System Working advantages 25 November 2019 Retrieved 26 December 2022 a b Kurt Lohner Herbert Muller auth Gemischbildung und Verbrennung im Ottomotor in Hans List ed Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine Band 6 Springer Wien 1967 ISBN 978 3 7091 8180 5 p 64 1997 Chevrolet Truck Service Manual page 6A 24 drawing item 3 Central Sequential Muliport injector How Fuel Injection Systems Work HowStuffWorks 4 January 2001 Retrieved 26 December 2022 Hawks Ellison 1939 How it works and how it s done London Odhams Press p 75 a b Olaf von Fersen ed Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik Personenwagen VDI Verlag Dusseldorf 1986 ISBN 978 3 642 95773 4 p 273 a b von Fersen ed p 130 Sass Sass Sass Richard van Basshuysen ed Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung Ottokraftstoffe Erdgas Methan Wasserstoff 4th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2017 ISBN 978 3 658 12215 7 p 6 Ransome Wallis Patrick 2001 Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Railway Locomotives Courier Dover Publications p 27 ISBN 0 486 41247 4 Hall Carl W 2008 A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering From Earliest Records to 2000 1st ed Purdue University Press via Credo Reference Mau Gunter 1984 Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks und Schiffsbetrieb in German Vieweg Teubner Verlag p 11 ISBN 978 3 322 90621 2 Richard van Basshuysen ed Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung Ottokraftstoffe Erdgas Methan Wasserstoff 4th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2017 ISBN 978 3 658 12215 7 p 7 Lindh Bjorn Eric 1992 Scania fordonshistoria 1891 1991 in Swedish Streiffert ISBN 978 91 7886 074 6 Olsson Christer 1990 Volvo Lastbilarna igar och idag in Swedish Forlagshuset Norden ISBN 978 91 86442 76 7 Richard van Basshuysen ed Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung Ottokraftstoffe Erdgas Methan Wasserstoff 4th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2017 ISBN 978 3 658 12215 7 pp 17 18 1933 Kenworth Cummins Diesel The First American Production Diesel Truck And With The First Vertical Exhaust Stack Curbside Classic 7 December 2021 Retrieved 24 December 2022 Olaf von Fersen ed Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik Personenwagen VDI Verlag Dusseldorf 1986 ISBN 978 3 642 95773 4 p 274 Richard van Basshuysen ed Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung Ottokraftstoffe Erdgas Methan Wasserstoff 4th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2017 ISBN 978 3 658 12215 7 p 10 Nakagawa Ryoichi Mizutani Sotaro 1988 Engine Fuels and Lubrication Systems at Nakajima Aircraft Co from 1936 1945 Mobilus SAE Technical Paper Series US Society of Automobile Engineers 1 doi 10 4271 881610 eISSN 2688 3627 ISSN 0148 7191 Richard van Basshuysen ed Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung Ottokraftstoffe Erdgas Methan Wasserstoff 4th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2017 ISBN 978 3 658 12215 7 p 19 Richard van Basshuysen ed Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung Ottokraftstoffe Erdgas Methan Wasserstoff 4th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2017 ISBN 978 3 658 12215 7 p 20 Mercedes Benz 300 SL www jalopnik com 10 October 2007 Retrieved 26 December 2022 Driving the Awesome Mercedes 300 SL Gullwing slide 8 22 Wired Retrieved 26 December 2022 A short history of Lucas injection lucasinjection com Retrieved 1 May 2015 Lucas Le Mans 1957 www lucasinjection com Retrieved 25 December 2022 Walton Harry March 1957 How Good is Fuel Injection Popular Science 170 3 88 93 Retrieved 1 May 2015 Ingraham Joseph C 24 March 1957 Automobiles Races Everybody Manages to Win Something at the Daytona Beach Contests The New York Times p 153 Retrieved 1 May 2015 1957 cars Consumer Reports 22 154 1957 Aird Forbes 2001 Bosch fuel injection systems HP Trade p 29 ISBN 978 1 55788 365 0 Kendall Leslie American Musclecars Power to the People Petersen Automotive Museum Archived from the original on 27 October 2011 Retrieved 13 March 2022 Auto Editors of Consumer Guide 22 August 2007 Rambler Measures Up Archived from the original on 29 August 2020 Retrieved 13 March 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link 1958 DeSoto Electrojector First electronic fuel injection allpar com Retrieved 8 November 2018 D Jetronic History and Fundamentals www rennlist com Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 Retrieved 26 December 2022 Olaf von Fersen ed Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik Personenwagen VDI Verlag Dusseldorf 1986 ISBN 978 3 642 95773 4 p 256 A Timeline Overview of Motorola History 1928 2009 PDF Motorola Archived from the original PDF on 20 June 2011 Retrieved 20 January 2014 Olaf von Fersen ed Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik Personenwagen VDI Verlag Dusseldorf 1986 ISBN 978 3 642 95773 4 p 262 Richard van Basshuysen ed Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung Ottokraftstoffe Erdgas Methan Wasserstoff 4th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2017 ISBN 978 3 658 12215 7 p 138 Mitsubishi Motors Adds World First V6 3 5 liter GDI Engine to Ultra efficiency GDI Series mitsubishi motors com Archived from the original on 26 October 2009 Gunter P Merker Rudiger Teichmann ed Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren Funktionsweise Simulation Messtechnik 7th edition Springer Wiesbaden 2014 ISBN 978 3 658 03194 7 p 179See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fuel injection Carburettor Common rail Diesel engine Fuel injection Petrol direct injection Indirect injection Unit injector for diesel engines Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fuel injection amp oldid 1130600005, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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