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Douglas Aircraft Company

January 31, 2023

The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American aerospace manufacturer based in Southern California. It was founded in 1921 by Donald Wills Douglas Sr. and later merged with McDonnell Aircraft in 1967 to form McDonnell Douglas; it then operated as a division of McDonnell Douglas. McDonnell Douglas later merged with Boeing in 1997.

Douglas Aircraft Company
IndustryAerospace
FoundedJuly 22, 1921; 101 years ago (1921-07-22)
FounderDonald Douglas
DefunctApril 28, 1967; 55 years ago (1967-04-28)
FateMerged with McDonnell Aircraft Corporation
SuccessorMcDonnell Douglas
HeadquartersSanta Monica, California, Long Beach, California, U.S.
Key people

History

1920s

The company was founded as the Douglas Company by Donald Wills Douglas Sr. on July 22, 1921 in Santa Monica, California, following dissolution of the Davis-Douglas Company.[1][2] An early claim to fame was the first circumnavigation of the world by air in Douglas airplanes in 1924. In 1923, the U.S. Army Air Service was interested in carrying out a mission to circumnavigate the Earth for the first time by aircraft, a program called "World Flight".[3] Donald Douglas proposed a modified Douglas DT to meet the Army's needs.[4] The two-place, open cockpit DT biplane torpedo bomber had previously been produced for the U.S. Navy.[5] The DTs were taken from the assembly lines at the company's manufacturing plants in Rock Island, Illinois, and Dayton, Ohio, to be modified.[6]

The modified aircraft known as the Douglas World Cruiser (DWC), also was the first major project for Jack Northrop who designed the fuel system for the series.[7] After the prototype was delivered in November 1923, upon the successful completion of tests on 19 November, the Army commissioned Douglas to build four production series aircraft.[8] Due to the demanding expedition ahead, spare parts, including 15 extra Liberty L-12 engines, 14 extra sets of pontoons, and enough replacement airframe parts for two more aircraft were chosen. These were sent to airports along the route. The last of these aircraft was delivered to the U.S. Army on 11 March 1924.[5]

The four aircraft left Seattle, Washington, on 6 April 1924, flying west, and two of these returned there on 28 September to great acclaim, while one plane had been lost under fog conditions, and another was forced down over the Atlantic and sank (the DWC prototype was then rechristened, and joined the other two in completing the North American leg of the flight). After the success of this flight, the Army Air Service ordered six similar aircraft as observation aircraft.[9][10] The success of the DWC established the Douglas Aircraft Company among the major aircraft companies of the world and led it to adopt the motto "First Around the World – First the World Around".[11]

Douglas initially used a logo that combined two letter Ds with two wings extended outwards, and two Ds placed back to back to form a heart as a reference to the Clan Douglas. After the success of the DWC, the company adopted a logo that showed three airplanes circling a globe. The logo eventually evolved into an aircraft, a missile, and a globe. This logo was later adopted by McDonnell Douglas in 1967, and became the basis of Boeing's current logo after their merger in 1997.[12][13]

Pre-war

Douglas Aircraft designed and built a wide variety of aircraft for the U.S. military, including the Navy, Army Air Forces, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard.

The company initially built torpedo bombers for the U.S. Navy, but it developed a number of different versions of these aircraft, including reconnaissance planes and airmail aircraft. Within five years, the company was building about 100 aircraft annually. Among the early employees at Douglas were Ed Heinemann, "Dutch" Kindelberger, Carl Cover, and Jack Northrop, who later founded the Northrop Corporation.[14]

The company retained its military market and expanded into amphibian airplanes in the late 1920s, also moving its facilities to Clover Field at Santa Monica, California. The Santa Monica complex was so large, the mail girls used roller skates to deliver the intracompany mail. By the end of World War II, Douglas had facilities at Santa Monica, El Segundo, Long Beach, and Torrance, California, Tulsa and Midwest City, Oklahoma, and Chicago, Illinois.[15] On November 30, 1928, the company was reorganized as the Douglas Aircraft Company.[2]

 
Female machine tool operator at the Douglas Aircraft plant, Long Beach, California in World War II. After losing thousands of male workers to military service, American manufacturers hired women for production positions, to the point where the typical aircraft plant's workforce was 40% female.[16]

In 1934, Douglas produced a commercial twin-engined transport plane, the Douglas DC-2, followed by the famous DC-3 in 1936. The wide range of aircraft produced by Douglas included airliners, light and medium bombers, fighter aircraft, transports, reconnaissance aircraft, and experimental aircraft.

The company is most famous for the "DC" (Douglas Commercial) series of commercial aircraft, including what is often regarded as the most significant transport aircraft ever made: the Douglas DC-3, which was also produced as a military transport known as the C-47 Skytrain or "Dakota" in British service. Many Douglas aircraft have long service lives.

World War II

 
Women at work on bomber, Douglas Aircraft Company, Long Beach, California in October 1942

During World War II, Douglas joined the BVD (Boeing-Vega-Douglas) consortium to produce the B-17 Flying Fortress. After the war, Douglas built another Boeing design under license, the B-47 Stratojet turbojet-powered bomber, using a government-owned factory in Marietta, Georgia.[15]

 
Stockroom at the Long Beach plant, c. 1942

World War II was a major boost for Douglas. Douglas ranked fifth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts.[17] The company produced almost 30,000 aircraft from 1942 to 1945, and its workforce swelled to 160,000. The company produced a number of aircraft including the C-47 Skytrain, the DB-7 (known as the A-20, Havoc or Boston), the SBD Dauntless dive bomber, and the A-26 Invader.[18][19][20]

Post-war

 
A retired US Air Force C-47A Skytrain, the military version of the DC-3, on display in England in 2010. This aircraft flew from a base in Devon, England, during the Invasion of Normandy.

Douglas Aircraft suffered cutbacks at the end of the war, with an end to government aircraft orders and a surplus of aircraft. It was necessary to cut heavily into its workforce, letting go of nearly 100,000 workers.

The United States Army Air Forces established 'Project RAND' (Research ANd Development)[21] with the objective of looking into long-range planning of future weapons.[22] In March 1946, Douglas Aircraft Company was granted the contract to research on intercontinental warfare.[22] Project RAND later become the RAND Corporation.

Douglas continued to develop new aircraft, including the successful four-engined Douglas DC-6 (1946) and its last propeller-driven commercial aircraft, the Douglas DC-7 (1953). The company had moved into jet propulsion, producing its first for the U.S. Navy — the straight-winged F3D Skyknight in 1948 and then the more "jet age" style F4D Skyray in 1951. Douglas also made commercial jets, producing the Douglas DC-8 in 1958 to compete with the new Boeing 707.

Douglas was a pioneer in related fields, such as ejection seats, air-to-air missiles, surface-to-air missiles, and air-to-surface missiles, launch rockets, bombs, and bomb racks.

The company was ready to enter the new missile business during the 1950s. Douglas moved from producing air-to-air rockets and missiles to entire missile systems under the 1956 Nike missile program and became the main contractor for the Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile program and the Thor ballistic missile program. Douglas also earned contracts from NASA, most notably for designing the S-IVB stage of the Saturn IB and Saturn V rockets.

Mergers

In 1967, the company was struggling to expand production to meet demand for DC-8 and DC-9 airliners and the A-4 Skyhawk military attack aircraft. The company was also struggling with quality and cash flow problems and DC-10 development costs, as well as shortages due to the Vietnam War. Under the circumstances, Douglas was very receptive to an offer from McDonnell Aircraft Corporation. On April 28, 1967, after almost four years of merger talks, the two companies merged as McDonnell Douglas Corporation.

The two companies seemed to be a good match for each other. McDonnell was a major defense contractor, but had almost no civilian business. Douglas' commercial contracts would allow McDonnell to withstand any downturns in procurement.[23] Conversely, McDonnell had enough revenue to help solve Douglas' financial problems; soon after the merger was announced, McDonnell bought 1.5 million shares of Douglas stock to help Douglas meet "immediate financial requirements".[24]

The merged company was based at McDonnell's facility in St. Louis, Missouri. It adopted a modified version of Douglas' logo. Donald Wills Douglas Sr. became honorary chairman of the merged company, a post he would hold until his death in 1981. Douglas Aircraft Company continued as a wholly owned subsidiary of McDonnell Douglas, with Douglas' son, Donald Wills Douglas Jr., as president.[23] Later, former McDonnell president David S. Lewis became chairman of Douglas Aircraft. His successful turnaround of the division allowed him to become president of McDonnell Douglas in 1969. Meanwhile, Douglas' space and missiles division became part of a new subsidiary called McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company.

McDonnell Douglas later merged with its rival Boeing in 1997.[25] Boeing merged Douglas Aircraft into the Boeing Commercial Airplanes division, and retired the Douglas Aircraft name after 76 years. The last Long Beach-built commercial aircraft, the Boeing 717 (third generation version of the Douglas DC-9), ceased production in May 2006. By 2011, the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III was the last aircraft being assembled at the Long Beach facility; the final C-17 was assembled in late 2015.[26] However, the Douglas' former logo is preserved on the facility though no longer used by Boeing.[27][28]

Products

Aircraft

 
Passengers disembarking from a SAS DC-6

Missiles and spacecraft

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Parker 2013, pp. 5, 7–10, 13–14.
  2. ^ a b "Historical Note: Douglas Aircraft Company", Museum of Flight, retrieved 24 June 2022
  3. ^ Haber 1995, p. 73.
  4. ^ Sobel 1974, p. 309.
  5. ^ a b Rumerman, Judy. "The Douglas World Cruiser - Around the World in 175 Days." U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003.
  6. ^ Wendell 1999/2000, p. 356.
  7. ^ Boyne 1982, p. 80.
  8. ^ "Douglas World Cruiser Transport." 2012-06-25 at the Wayback Machine Boeing. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
  9. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 75.
  10. ^ Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p. 548.
  11. ^ Haber 1995, pp. 72–73.
  12. ^ , McDonnell Douglas, archived from the original on 5 June 1997, retrieved 29 November 2020
  13. ^ "From Bow-Wing to Boeing". Boeing. Archived from the original on 2021-11-14. Retrieved 31 January 2021 – via YouTube.
  14. ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 13-48, 77, 93, 107, Cypress, CA, 2013.
  15. ^ a b Parker 2013, pp. 13, 25, 35.
  16. ^ Parker 2013, pp. 2, 8.
  17. ^ Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.619
  18. ^ Herman 2012, pp. 3–13, 335–337.
  19. ^ Parker 2013, pp. 7–8, 13, 25, 35.
  20. ^ Borth 1945, pp. 13–33.
  21. ^ RAND History and Mission. Accessed 13 April 2009.
  22. ^ a b Johnson, Stephen B. (2002). The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945-1965. Diane Publishing Co. p. 32.
  23. ^ a b Wright, Robert (January 26, 1967). "McDonnell and Douglas take a giant step". The New York Times. from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  24. ^ "Douglas, McDonnell aircraft firms announce merger plans". The Bulletin (Bend). Bend, Oregon. UPI. January 13, 1967. p. 6.
  25. ^ Boeing Chronology, 1997–2001 January 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Boeing
  26. ^ Boeing. "Last C-17 Built in Long Beach". Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  27. ^ "Long Beach's 'Fly DC Jets' sign, symbol of a bygone era, may become historic landmark". Press Telegram. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  28. ^ "Mercedes-Benz marks the start of construction on Long Beach facility". Press Telegram. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2021.

Bibliography

  • Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1945.
  • Boyne, Walter J. The Aircraft Treasures Of Silver Hill: The Behind-The-Scenes Workshop Of The National Air And Space Museum. New York: Rawson Associates, 1982. ISBN 0-89256-216-1.
  • Cunningham, Frank. Sky Master: The Story of Donald Douglas and the Douglas Aircraft Company. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Dorrance and Company, 1943. OCLC 14152627
  • Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada: Prospero Books, 1997. ISBN 1-85605-375-X.
  • Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920: Volume I. London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-87021-428-4.
  • Haber, Barbara Angle. The National Air and Space Museum. London: Bison Group, 1995. ISBN 1-85841-088-6.
  • Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II. New York: Random House, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
  • Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II. Cypress, California: Dana T. Parker Books, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.
  • Sobel, Robert. "Donald Douglas: The Fortunes of War". The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition. New York: Weybright & Talley, 1974. ISBN 0-679-40064-8.
  • Swanborough, F. Gordon. and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963. OCLC 722531
  • Wasserzieher, Bill. Douglas: The Santa Monica Years. Santa Monica, California: The Douglas White Oaks Ranch Trust., 2009. ISBN 978-0-615-34285-6.
  • Wendell, David V. "Getting Its Wings: Chicago as the Cradle of Aviation in America." Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Volume 92, No. 4, Winter 1999/2000, pp. 339–372.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Douglas Aircraft Company.
  • Complete production list starting with the Cloudster
  • Douglas Aircraft Company Photographs at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School

January 31, 2023
douglas, aircraft, company, american, aerospace, manufacturer, based, southern, california, founded, 1921, donald, wills, douglas, later, merged, with, mcdonnell, aircraft, 1967, form, mcdonnell, douglas, then, operated, division, mcdonnell, douglas, mcdonnell. The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American aerospace manufacturer based in Southern California It was founded in 1921 by Donald Wills Douglas Sr and later merged with McDonnell Aircraft in 1967 to form McDonnell Douglas it then operated as a division of McDonnell Douglas McDonnell Douglas later merged with Boeing in 1997 Douglas Aircraft CompanyIndustryAerospaceFoundedJuly 22 1921 101 years ago 1921 07 22 FounderDonald DouglasDefunctApril 28 1967 55 years ago 1967 04 28 FateMerged with McDonnell Aircraft CorporationSuccessorMcDonnell DouglasHeadquartersSanta Monica California Long Beach California U S Key peopleBill BridgemanLaVerne Ward BrowneCarl CoverEd HeinemannTed R Smith Contents 1 History 1 1 1920s 1 2 Pre war 1 3 World War II 1 4 Post war 1 5 Mergers 2 Products 2 1 Aircraft 2 2 Missiles and spacecraft 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Notes 4 2 Bibliography 5 External linksHistory Edit1920s Edit The company was founded as the Douglas Company by Donald Wills Douglas Sr on July 22 1921 in Santa Monica California following dissolution of the Davis Douglas Company 1 2 An early claim to fame was the first circumnavigation of the world by air in Douglas airplanes in 1924 In 1923 the U S Army Air Service was interested in carrying out a mission to circumnavigate the Earth for the first time by aircraft a program called World Flight 3 Donald Douglas proposed a modified Douglas DT to meet the Army s needs 4 The two place open cockpit DT biplane torpedo bomber had previously been produced for the U S Navy 5 The DTs were taken from the assembly lines at the company s manufacturing plants in Rock Island Illinois and Dayton Ohio to be modified 6 The modified aircraft known as the Douglas World Cruiser DWC also was the first major project for Jack Northrop who designed the fuel system for the series 7 After the prototype was delivered in November 1923 upon the successful completion of tests on 19 November the Army commissioned Douglas to build four production series aircraft 8 Due to the demanding expedition ahead spare parts including 15 extra Liberty L 12 engines 14 extra sets of pontoons and enough replacement airframe parts for two more aircraft were chosen These were sent to airports along the route The last of these aircraft was delivered to the U S Army on 11 March 1924 5 The four aircraft left Seattle Washington on 6 April 1924 flying west and two of these returned there on 28 September to great acclaim while one plane had been lost under fog conditions and another was forced down over the Atlantic and sank the DWC prototype was then rechristened and joined the other two in completing the North American leg of the flight After the success of this flight the Army Air Service ordered six similar aircraft as observation aircraft 9 10 The success of the DWC established the Douglas Aircraft Company among the major aircraft companies of the world and led it to adopt the motto First Around the World First the World Around 11 Douglas initially used a logo that combined two letter Ds with two wings extended outwards and two Ds placed back to back to form a heart as a reference to the Clan Douglas After the success of the DWC the company adopted a logo that showed three airplanes circling a globe The logo eventually evolved into an aircraft a missile and a globe This logo was later adopted by McDonnell Douglas in 1967 and became the basis of Boeing s current logo after their merger in 1997 12 13 Pre war Edit Douglas Aircraft designed and built a wide variety of aircraft for the U S military including the Navy Army Air Forces Marine Corps Air Force and Coast Guard The company initially built torpedo bombers for the U S Navy but it developed a number of different versions of these aircraft including reconnaissance planes and airmail aircraft Within five years the company was building about 100 aircraft annually Among the early employees at Douglas were Ed Heinemann Dutch Kindelberger Carl Cover and Jack Northrop who later founded the Northrop Corporation 14 The company retained its military market and expanded into amphibian airplanes in the late 1920s also moving its facilities to Clover Field at Santa Monica California The Santa Monica complex was so large the mail girls used roller skates to deliver the intracompany mail By the end of World War II Douglas had facilities at Santa Monica El Segundo Long Beach and Torrance California Tulsa and Midwest City Oklahoma and Chicago Illinois 15 On November 30 1928 the company was reorganized as the Douglas Aircraft Company 2 Female machine tool operator at the Douglas Aircraft plant Long Beach California in World War II After losing thousands of male workers to military service American manufacturers hired women for production positions to the point where the typical aircraft plant s workforce was 40 female 16 In 1934 Douglas produced a commercial twin engined transport plane the Douglas DC 2 followed by the famous DC 3 in 1936 The wide range of aircraft produced by Douglas included airliners light and medium bombers fighter aircraft transports reconnaissance aircraft and experimental aircraft The company is most famous for the DC Douglas Commercial series of commercial aircraft including what is often regarded as the most significant transport aircraft ever made the Douglas DC 3 which was also produced as a military transport known as the C 47 Skytrain or Dakota in British service Many Douglas aircraft have long service lives World War II Edit Women at work on bomber Douglas Aircraft Company Long Beach California in October 1942 During World War II Douglas joined the BVD Boeing Vega Douglas consortium to produce the B 17 Flying Fortress After the war Douglas built another Boeing design under license the B 47 Stratojet turbojet powered bomber using a government owned factory in Marietta Georgia 15 Stockroom at the Long Beach plant c 1942 World War II was a major boost for Douglas Douglas ranked fifth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts 17 The company produced almost 30 000 aircraft from 1942 to 1945 and its workforce swelled to 160 000 The company produced a number of aircraft including the C 47 Skytrain the DB 7 known as the A 20 Havoc or Boston the SBD Dauntless dive bomber and the A 26 Invader 18 19 20 Post war Edit A retired US Air Force C 47A Skytrain the military version of the DC 3 on display in England in 2010 This aircraft flew from a base in Devon England during the Invasion of Normandy Douglas Aircraft suffered cutbacks at the end of the war with an end to government aircraft orders and a surplus of aircraft It was necessary to cut heavily into its workforce letting go of nearly 100 000 workers The United States Army Air Forces established Project RAND Research ANd Development 21 with the objective of looking into long range planning of future weapons 22 In March 1946 Douglas Aircraft Company was granted the contract to research on intercontinental warfare 22 Project RAND later become the RAND Corporation Douglas continued to develop new aircraft including the successful four engined Douglas DC 6 1946 and its last propeller driven commercial aircraft the Douglas DC 7 1953 The company had moved into jet propulsion producing its first for the U S Navy the straight winged F3D Skyknight in 1948 and then the more jet age style F4D Skyray in 1951 Douglas also made commercial jets producing the Douglas DC 8 in 1958 to compete with the new Boeing 707 Douglas was a pioneer in related fields such as ejection seats air to air missiles surface to air missiles and air to surface missiles launch rockets bombs and bomb racks The company was ready to enter the new missile business during the 1950s Douglas moved from producing air to air rockets and missiles to entire missile systems under the 1956 Nike missile program and became the main contractor for the Skybolt air launched ballistic missile program and the Thor ballistic missile program Douglas also earned contracts from NASA most notably for designing the S IVB stage of the Saturn IB and Saturn V rockets Mergers Edit In 1967 the company was struggling to expand production to meet demand for DC 8 and DC 9 airliners and the A 4 Skyhawk military attack aircraft The company was also struggling with quality and cash flow problems and DC 10 development costs as well as shortages due to the Vietnam War Under the circumstances Douglas was very receptive to an offer from McDonnell Aircraft Corporation On April 28 1967 after almost four years of merger talks the two companies merged as McDonnell Douglas Corporation The two companies seemed to be a good match for each other McDonnell was a major defense contractor but had almost no civilian business Douglas commercial contracts would allow McDonnell to withstand any downturns in procurement 23 Conversely McDonnell had enough revenue to help solve Douglas financial problems soon after the merger was announced McDonnell bought 1 5 million shares of Douglas stock to help Douglas meet immediate financial requirements 24 The merged company was based at McDonnell s facility in St Louis Missouri It adopted a modified version of Douglas logo Donald Wills Douglas Sr became honorary chairman of the merged company a post he would hold until his death in 1981 Douglas Aircraft Company continued as a wholly owned subsidiary of McDonnell Douglas with Douglas son Donald Wills Douglas Jr as president 23 Later former McDonnell president David S Lewis became chairman of Douglas Aircraft His successful turnaround of the division allowed him to become president of McDonnell Douglas in 1969 Meanwhile Douglas space and missiles division became part of a new subsidiary called McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company McDonnell Douglas later merged with its rival Boeing in 1997 25 Boeing merged Douglas Aircraft into the Boeing Commercial Airplanes division and retired the Douglas Aircraft name after 76 years The last Long Beach built commercial aircraft the Boeing 717 third generation version of the Douglas DC 9 ceased production in May 2006 By 2011 the Boeing C 17 Globemaster III was the last aircraft being assembled at the Long Beach facility the final C 17 was assembled in late 2015 26 However the Douglas former logo is preserved on the facility though no longer used by Boeing 27 28 Products EditAircraft Edit Douglas DC 3 Douglas DC 6 Passengers disembarking from a SAS DC 6 Douglas 1211 J Douglas 2229 Douglas A 1 Skyraider 1945 Douglas XA 2 c 1926 Douglas A 3 Skywarrior 1952 Douglas A 4 Skyhawk 1954 Douglas A 20 Havoc 1938 Douglas A 26 Invader 1942 Douglas A 33 1941 Douglas A2D Skyshark 1950 Douglas Y1B 7 B 7 O 35 1931 Douglas B 18 Bolo 1935 Douglas XB 19 1941 Douglas XB 22 1930s Douglas B 23 Dragon 1939 Douglas XB 31 Douglas XB 42 Mixmaster XA 42 Mixmaster 1944 Douglas XB 43 Jetmaster 1946 Douglas B 66 Destroyer 1954 Douglas BTD Destroyer Douglas C 1 1925 Douglas C 47 Skytrain Douglas AC 47 Spooky Douglas XCG 17 Douglas C 54 Skymaster 1942 Douglas C 74 Globemaster 1945 Douglas C 124 Globemaster II 1949 Douglas C 132 1957 canceled Douglas C 133 Cargomaster 1956 Douglas Cloudster 1921 Douglas Cloudster II 1947 Douglas D 558 1 Skystreak 1947 Douglas D 558 2 Skyrocket 1948 Douglas D 906 Douglas DA 1 Ambassador 1928 Douglas DC 1 1933 Douglas DC 2 1934 Douglas DC 3 1935 List of Douglas DC 3 family variants Douglas DC 4E 1938 Douglas DC 4 1939 new design unrelated to DC 4E List of Douglas DC 4 variants Douglas DC 5 1939 Douglas DC 6 1946 Douglas DC 7 1953 Douglas DC 8 piston airliner Douglas DC 8 1958 Douglas DC 9 1965 Douglas DC 10 1970 Douglas DF 1930s Douglas DT 1921 Douglas Dolphin 1930 Douglas XFD 1933 Douglas F3D Skyknight 1948 Douglas F4D Skyray 1951 Douglas F5D Skylancer 1956 Douglas F6D Missileer 1959 canceled Douglas M 1 1925 Douglas O 2 1924 Douglas O 31 1930 Douglas O 38 1931 Douglas O 43 1934 Douglas O 46 1936 Douglas O2D 1934 Douglas YOA 5 1935 Douglas XP 48 Douglas XP3D 1935 Douglas SBD Dauntless 1938 Douglas XT 30 Douglas T2D 1927 Douglas XT3D 1931 Douglas TBD Devastator 1935 Douglas XTB2D Skypirate 1945 Douglas World Cruiser DWC 1923 Douglas X 3 Stiletto 1952 Missiles and spacecraft Edit Roc I AAM N 2 Sparrow I 1948 MIM 4 Nike Ajax 1959 MGM 5 Corporal WAC Corporal MIM 14 Nike Hercules Thor rocket family PGM 17 Thor Thor Able Thor Ablestar Thor Agena Thorad Agena Thor DSV 2 Thor DSV 2U Thor Burner Thor Delta LIM 49 Spartan LIM 49 Nike Zeus GAM 87 Skybolt MGR 1 Honest John AIR 2 Genie 1956 MGR 3 Little John Delta Douglas SASSTO Saturn S IV stage Saturn S IVB stage Manned Orbiting Laboratory space stationSee also Edit Los Angeles portal Companies portal Aviation portalCalifornia during World War IIReferences EditNotes Edit Parker 2013 pp 5 7 10 13 14 a b Historical Note Douglas Aircraft Company Museum of Flight retrieved 24 June 2022 Haber 1995 p 73 Sobel 1974 p 309 a b Rumerman Judy The Douglas World Cruiser Around the World in 175 Days U S Centennial of Flight Commission 2003 Wendell 1999 2000 p 356 Boyne 1982 p 80 Douglas World Cruiser Transport Archived 2012 06 25 at the Wayback Machine Boeing Retrieved 7 July 2012 Francillon 1979 p 75 Swanborough and Bowers 1963 p 548 Haber 1995 pp 72 73 McDonnell Douglas Logo History McDonnell Douglas archived from the original on 5 June 1997 retrieved 29 November 2020 From Bow Wing to Boeing Boeing Archived from the original on 2021 11 14 Retrieved 31 January 2021 via YouTube Parker Dana T Building Victory Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II pp 13 48 77 93 107 Cypress CA 2013 a b Parker 2013 pp 13 25 35 Parker 2013 pp 2 8 Peck Merton J amp Scherer Frederic M The Weapons Acquisition Process An Economic Analysis 1962 Harvard Business School p 619 Herman 2012 pp 3 13 335 337 Parker 2013 pp 7 8 13 25 35 Borth 1945 pp 13 33 RAND History and Mission Accessed 13 April 2009 a b Johnson Stephen B 2002 The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945 1965 Diane Publishing Co p 32 a b Wright Robert January 26 1967 McDonnell and Douglas take a giant step The New York Times Archived from the original on June 5 2011 Retrieved February 15 2021 Douglas McDonnell aircraft firms announce merger plans The Bulletin Bend Bend Oregon UPI January 13 1967 p 6 Boeing Chronology 1997 2001 Archived January 2 2013 at the Wayback Machine Boeing Boeing Last C 17 Built in Long Beach Retrieved 29 December 2015 Long Beach s Fly DC Jets sign symbol of a bygone era may become historic landmark Press Telegram 7 August 2016 Retrieved 20 March 2021 Mercedes Benz marks the start of construction on Long Beach facility Press Telegram 4 June 2014 Retrieved 20 March 2021 Bibliography Edit Borth Christy Masters of Mass Production Indianapolis Indiana Bobbs Merrill Co 1945 Boyne Walter J The Aircraft Treasures Of Silver Hill The Behind The Scenes Workshop Of The National Air And Space Museum New York Rawson Associates 1982 ISBN 0 89256 216 1 Cunningham Frank Sky Master The Story of Donald Douglas and the Douglas Aircraft Company Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Dorrance and Company 1943 OCLC 14152627 Donald David ed Encyclopedia of World Aircraft Etobicoke Ontario Canada Prospero Books 1997 ISBN 1 85605 375 X Francillon Rene J McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920 Volume I London Putnam 1979 ISBN 0 87021 428 4 Haber Barbara Angle The National Air and Space Museum London Bison Group 1995 ISBN 1 85841 088 6 Herman Arthur Freedom s Forge How American Business Produced Victory in World War II New York Random House 2012 ISBN 978 1 4000 6964 4 Parker Dana T Building Victory Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II Cypress California Dana T Parker Books 2013 ISBN 978 0 9897906 0 4 Sobel Robert Donald Douglas The Fortunes of War The Entrepreneurs Explorations Within the American Business Tradition New York Weybright amp Talley 1974 ISBN 0 679 40064 8 Swanborough F Gordon and Peter M Bowers United States Military Aircraft since 1909 London Putnam 1963 OCLC 722531 Wasserzieher Bill Douglas The Santa Monica Years Santa Monica California The Douglas White Oaks Ranch Trust 2009 ISBN 978 0 615 34285 6 Wendell David V Getting Its Wings Chicago as the Cradle of Aviation in America Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society Volume 92 No 4 Winter 1999 2000 pp 339 372 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Douglas Aircraft Company Douglas Aircraft history 1939 45 Douglas Aircraft history 1946 56 Douglas Aircraft history 1957 67 Complete production list starting with the Cloudster Douglas Aircraft Company Photographs at Baker Library Historical Collections Harvard Business School Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Douglas Aircraft Company amp oldid 1116178475, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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