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Computer reservation system

October 24, 2023

Computer reservation systems, or central reservation systems (CRS), are computerized systems used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or other activities. Originally designed and operated by airlines, CRSs were later extended for use by travel agencies, and global distribution systems (GDSs) to book and sell tickets for multiple airlines. Most airlines have outsourced their CRSs to GDS companies,[1] which also enable consumer access through Internet gateways. Modern GDSs typically also allow users to book hotel rooms, rental cars, airline tickets as well as other activities and tours. They also provide access to railway reservations and bus reservations in some markets, although these are not always integrated with the main system. These are also used to relay computerized information for users in the hotel industry, making reservation and ensuring that the hotel is not overbooked.

Airline reservations systems may be integrated into a larger passenger service system, which also includes an airline inventory system and a departure control system. The current centralised reservation systems are vulnerable to network-wide system disruptions.[2][3][4][5]

History Edit

Origins Edit

 
Preserved mainframe computer unit of the MARS-1 at the JR East Railway Museum in Saitama, September 2015.

In 1946, American Airlines installed the first automated booking system, the experimental electromechanical Reservisor. A newer machine with temporary storage based on a magnetic drum, the Magnetronic Reservisor, soon followed. This system proved successful, and was soon being used by several airlines, as well as Sheraton Hotels and Goodyear for inventory control. It was seriously hampered by the need for local human operators to do the actual lookups; ticketing agents would have to call a booking office, whose operators would direct a small team operating the Reservisor and then read the results over the telephone. There was no way for agents to directly query the system.[citation needed]

The MARS-1 train ticket reservation system was designed and planned in the 1950s by the Japanese National Railways' R&D Institute, now the Railway Technical Research Institute, with the system eventually being produced by Hitachi in 1958.[6] It was the world's first seat reservation system for trains.[7] The MARS-1 was capable of reserving seat positions, and was controlled by a transistor computer with a central processing unit and a 400,000-bit magnetic drum memory unit to hold seating files. It used many registers, to indicate whether seats in a train were vacant or reserved to accelerate searches of and updates to seat patterns, for communications with terminals, printing reservation notices, and CRT displays.[6]

Remote access Edit

In 1953, Trans-Canada Airlines (TCA) started investigating a computer-based system with remote terminals, testing one design on the University of Toronto's Manchester Mark 1 machine that summer. Though successful, the researchers found that input and output was a major problem. Ferranti Canada became involved in the project and suggested a new system using punched cards and a transistorized computer in place of the unreliable tube-based Mark I. The resulting system, ReserVec, started operation in 1962, and took over all booking operations in January 1963. Terminals were placed in all of TCA's ticketing offices, allowing all queries and bookings to complete in about one second with no remote operators needed.

In 1953, American Airlines CEO C. R. Smith chanced to sit next to R. Blair Smith, a senior IBM sales representative, on a flight from Los Angeles to New York. C.R. invited Blair to visit their Reservisor system and look for ways that IBM could improve the system. Blair alerted Thomas Watson Jr. that American was interested in a major collaboration, and a series of low-level studies started. Their idea of an automated airline reservation system (ARS) resulted in a 1959 venture known as the Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment (SABRE), launched the following year.[8] By the time the network was completed in December 1964, it was the largest civil data processing system in the world.

Other airlines established their own systems. Pan Am launched its PANAMAC system in 1964. Delta Air Lines launched the Delta Automated Travel Account System (DATAS) in 1968. United Airlines and Trans World Airlines followed in 1971 with the Apollo Reservation System and Programmed Airline Reservation System (PARS), respectively. Soon, travel agents began pushing for a system that could automate their side of the process by accessing the various ARSes directly to make reservations. Fearful this would place too much power in the hands of agents, American Airlines executive Robert Crandall proposed creating an industry-wide computer reservation system to be a central clearing house for U.S. travel; other airlines demurred, citing fear of antitrust prosecution.

Travel agent access Edit

In 1976, United Airlines began offering its Apollo system to travel agents; while it would not allow the agents to book tickets on United's competitors, the marketing value of the convenient terminal proved indispensable. SABRE, PARS, and DATAS were soon released to travel agents as well. Following airline deregulation in 1978, an efficient CRS proved particularly important; by some counts, Texas Air executive Frank Lorenzo purchased money-losing Eastern Air Lines specifically to gain control of its SystemOne CRS.

Also in 1976 Videcom international with British Airways, British Caledonian and CCL launched Travicom, the world's first multi-access reservations system (wholly based on Videcom technology), forming a network providing distribution for initially two and subsequently 49 subscribing international airlines (including British Airways, British Caledonian, Trans World Airlines, Pan Am, Qantas, Singapore Airlines, Air France, Lufthansa, SAS, Air Canada, KLM, Alitalia, Cathay Pacific and Japan Airlines) to thousands of travel agents in the UK. It allowed agents and airlines to communicate via a common distribution language and network, handling 97% of UK airline business trade bookings by 1987. The system went on to be replicated by Videcom in other areas of the world including the Middle East (DMARS), New Zealand, Kuwait (KMARS), Ireland, Caribbean, United States and Hong Kong. Travicom was a trading name for Travel Automation Services Ltd. When British Airways (who by then owned 100% of Travel Automation Services Ltd) chose to participate in the development of the Galileo system Travicom changed its trading name to Galileo UK and a migration process was put in place to move agencies from Travicom to Galileo.

European airlines also began to invest in the field in the 1980s initially by deploying their own reservation systems in their homeland, propelled by growth in demand for travel as well as technological advances which allowed GDSes to offer ever-increasing services and searching power. In 1987, a consortium led by Air France and West Germany's Lufthansa developed Amadeus, modeled on SystemOne. Amadeus Global Travel Distribution was launched in 1992. In 1990, Delta, Northwest Airlines, and Trans World Airlines formed Worldspan, and in 1993, another consortium (including British Airways, KLM, and United Airlines, among others) formed the competing company Galileo GDS based on Apollo. Numerous smaller companies such as KIU have also formed, aimed at niche markets not catered for by the four largest networks, including the low-cost carrier segment, and small and medium size domestic and regional airlines.

Trends Edit

For many years, global distribution systems (GDSs) have had a dominant position in the travel industry. To bypass the GDSs, and avoid high GDS fees, airlines have started to sell flights directly through their websites.[9] Another way to bypass the GDSs is direct connection to travel agencies, such as that of American Airlines.[10]

Major airline CRS systems Edit

Name Created by Airlines using Also used by
AirCore
  • GDS and other PSS systems, Low Cost Airlines, Full Services Carriers, Hybrid Airlines
  • Several large corporations
Abacus (purchased by Sabre in 2015)
  • Online travel agencies
  • Over 450 individual airlines
  • Over 25 countries in Asia Pacific
  • Over 80,000 hotels

ACCELaero

Amadeus (1987)
  • 144 Airline Passenger Service System customers through 60,000 airline sales offices worldwide
  • 90,000 travel agencies worldwide, both offline and online, in 195 countries. Online agencies include:
  • 440 bookable airlines (including over 60 Low Cost Carriers)
  • Over 100,000 unique hotel properties
  • 30 Car rental companies representing over 36,000 car rental locations
  • 21 Cruise Lines
  • 203 Tour Operators
  • 103 Rail Operators
  • 23 Travel Insurance Companies
ameliaRES
  • InteliSys Aviation Systems
Avantik PSS
  • Bravo Passenger Solutions
Axess
Deltamatic (PSS)
Crane
  • Hitit
Internet Booking Engine
  • Over 3 individual airlines
KIU
  • Over 20 individual airlines
  • Over 10 countries in Latin America, North America, Africa and Europe
  • Travel agencies and wholesale tour operators worldwide
MARS
Mercator
Navitaire
PARS/SHARES by EDS
Patheo
Radixx
Sabre (1960)
  • Online Travel Agencies:
  • Schedules for 400 airlines
  • 380 airline industry customers, including 44 airlines representing all major alliances
  • 88,000 hotels
  • 50 rail carriers
  • 180 tour operators
  • 13 cruise lines
  • 24 car rental brands serving 30,000 locations
  • 9 limousine vendors providing access to more than 33,500 ground service providers
  • 55,000 travel agencies in over 100 countries
Sell-More-Seats
SkyVantage Airline Software
Travel Technology Interactive
  • Travel agencies and wholesale tour operators worldwide
TravelSky
  • Online travel agencies including
Travelport GDS Includes Apollo (1971), Galileo (1987) and Worldspan (1990)

Timeline Edit

  • Sabre Holdings was purchased by private investors Silver Lake Partners and Texas Pacific Group on March 30, 2007, for about US$5 billion. Full-year 2008 Sabre Holdings revenues were about US$3 billion.
  • In December 2006, Travelport, which owns Galileo, agreed to buy and merge with the Worldspan GDS. The combined company would then control a 46.3% market share using 2002 airline booking data.
  • Worldspan's market share is 16.9% globally and 31% in the U.S. according to 2006 MIDT airline transaction data.
  • In March 2007, KLM switched from its own reservations system (CORDA) to Amadeus as a result of the merger with Air France.
  • In February 2010, JetBlue converted its reservation system over to the SabreSonic Customer Sales and Service platform.
  • In September 2018 Turkish Airways migrated from Sabre to Hitit.[citation needed]

Other systems Edit

  • Polyot-Sirena

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ "The ineluctable middlemen". The Economist. 25 August 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  2. ^ Stewart, Jack. "How a Computer Outage Can Take Down a Whole Airline". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
  3. ^ Pallini, Thomas (2021-05-21). "American Airlines and others carriers were left helpless after a system outage crippled operations, causing delays". Business Insider. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
  4. ^ Levin, Tim (2021-06-15). "A computer-system outage grounded Southwest Airlines flights, causing delays for the second day in a row". Business Insider. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
  5. ^ Ibrahim, Tony (2021-05-21). "Travellers still facing delays after Virgin and Rex airlines hit by global IT outage". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
  6. ^ a b 【Hitachi and Japanese National Railways】 MARS-1, Information Processing Society of Japan
  7. ^ Early Computers: Brief History, Information Processing Society of Japan
  8. ^ R. Blair Smith, OH 34. Oral history interview by Robina Mapstone, May 1980. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/display.phtml?id=9 2002-08-16 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Strauss, Michael (2010), Value Creation in Travel Distribution
  10. ^ . Directconnect.aa.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "InteliSys amelia RES". Ch-aviation. Retrieved 4 November 2020.

Further reading Edit

  • Winston, Clifford, "The Evolution of the Airline Industry", Brookings Institution Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8157-5843-X. Cf. p. 61-62, Computer Reservation Systems.
  • Wardell, David J, "Airline Reservation Systems", 1991. Research paper.
  • Pilling, Mark, "Airline reservations systems: can IT deliver?", 2008. News Article.

External links Edit

  • Consumer Web Watch: Computer Reservations System (CRSs) and Travel Technology
  • Hospitality.net: Galileo International Tells USDOT: Modified Computer Reservation System (CRS) Rules Necessary to Protect Consumers and Competition, 18 March 2003
  • Das, Samipatra. "Global Distribution Systems in Present Times," Hospitality.net, 30 September 2003
  • Hasbrouck, Edward. The Practical Nomad: "What's in a Passenger Name Record (PNR)?"
  • European Union: Code of conduct for use of computerized reservation systems (CRS's)

October 24, 2023
computer, reservation, system, central, reservation, systems, computerized, systems, used, store, retrieve, information, conduct, transactions, related, travel, hotels, rental, other, activities, originally, designed, operated, airlines, crss, were, later, ext. Computer reservation systems or central reservation systems CRS are computerized systems used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel hotels car rental or other activities Originally designed and operated by airlines CRSs were later extended for use by travel agencies and global distribution systems GDSs to book and sell tickets for multiple airlines Most airlines have outsourced their CRSs to GDS companies 1 which also enable consumer access through Internet gateways Modern GDSs typically also allow users to book hotel rooms rental cars airline tickets as well as other activities and tours They also provide access to railway reservations and bus reservations in some markets although these are not always integrated with the main system These are also used to relay computerized information for users in the hotel industry making reservation and ensuring that the hotel is not overbooked Airline reservations systems may be integrated into a larger passenger service system which also includes an airline inventory system and a departure control system The current centralised reservation systems are vulnerable to network wide system disruptions 2 3 4 5 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Remote access 1 3 Travel agent access 2 Trends 3 Major airline CRS systems 3 1 Timeline 4 Other systems 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory EditOrigins Edit nbsp Preserved mainframe computer unit of the MARS 1 at the JR East Railway Museum in Saitama September 2015 In 1946 American Airlines installed the first automated booking system the experimental electromechanical Reservisor A newer machine with temporary storage based on a magnetic drum the Magnetronic Reservisor soon followed This system proved successful and was soon being used by several airlines as well as Sheraton Hotels and Goodyear for inventory control It was seriously hampered by the need for local human operators to do the actual lookups ticketing agents would have to call a booking office whose operators would direct a small team operating the Reservisor and then read the results over the telephone There was no way for agents to directly query the system citation needed The MARS 1 train ticket reservation system was designed and planned in the 1950s by the Japanese National Railways R amp D Institute now the Railway Technical Research Institute with the system eventually being produced by Hitachi in 1958 6 It was the world s first seat reservation system for trains 7 The MARS 1 was capable of reserving seat positions and was controlled by a transistor computer with a central processing unit and a 400 000 bit magnetic drum memory unit to hold seating files It used many registers to indicate whether seats in a train were vacant or reserved to accelerate searches of and updates to seat patterns for communications with terminals printing reservation notices and CRT displays 6 Remote access Edit In 1953 Trans Canada Airlines TCA started investigating a computer based system with remote terminals testing one design on the University of Toronto s Manchester Mark 1 machine that summer Though successful the researchers found that input and output was a major problem Ferranti Canada became involved in the project and suggested a new system using punched cards and a transistorized computer in place of the unreliable tube based Mark I The resulting system ReserVec started operation in 1962 and took over all booking operations in January 1963 Terminals were placed in all of TCA s ticketing offices allowing all queries and bookings to complete in about one second with no remote operators needed In 1953 American Airlines CEO C R Smith chanced to sit next to R Blair Smith a senior IBM sales representative on a flight from Los Angeles to New York C R invited Blair to visit their Reservisor system and look for ways that IBM could improve the system Blair alerted Thomas Watson Jr that American was interested in a major collaboration and a series of low level studies started Their idea of an automated airline reservation system ARS resulted in a 1959 venture known as the Semi Automatic Business Research Environment SABRE launched the following year 8 By the time the network was completed in December 1964 it was the largest civil data processing system in the world Other airlines established their own systems Pan Am launched its PANAMAC system in 1964 Delta Air Lines launched the Delta Automated Travel Account System DATAS in 1968 United Airlines and Trans World Airlines followed in 1971 with the Apollo Reservation System and Programmed Airline Reservation System PARS respectively Soon travel agents began pushing for a system that could automate their side of the process by accessing the various ARSes directly to make reservations Fearful this would place too much power in the hands of agents American Airlines executive Robert Crandall proposed creating an industry wide computer reservation system to be a central clearing house for U S travel other airlines demurred citing fear of antitrust prosecution Travel agent access Edit In 1976 United Airlines began offering its Apollo system to travel agents while it would not allow the agents to book tickets on United s competitors the marketing value of the convenient terminal proved indispensable SABRE PARS and DATAS were soon released to travel agents as well Following airline deregulation in 1978 an efficient CRS proved particularly important by some counts Texas Air executive Frank Lorenzo purchased money losing Eastern Air Lines specifically to gain control of its SystemOne CRS Also in 1976 Videcom international with British Airways British Caledonian and CCL launched Travicom the world s first multi access reservations system wholly based on Videcom technology forming a network providing distribution for initially two and subsequently 49 subscribing international airlines including British Airways British Caledonian Trans World Airlines Pan Am Qantas Singapore Airlines Air France Lufthansa SAS Air Canada KLM Alitalia Cathay Pacific and Japan Airlines to thousands of travel agents in the UK It allowed agents and airlines to communicate via a common distribution language and network handling 97 of UK airline business trade bookings by 1987 The system went on to be replicated by Videcom in other areas of the world including the Middle East DMARS New Zealand Kuwait KMARS Ireland Caribbean United States and Hong Kong Travicom was a trading name for Travel Automation Services Ltd When British Airways who by then owned 100 of Travel Automation Services Ltd chose to participate in the development of the Galileo system Travicom changed its trading name to Galileo UK and a migration process was put in place to move agencies from Travicom to Galileo European airlines also began to invest in the field in the 1980s initially by deploying their own reservation systems in their homeland propelled by growth in demand for travel as well as technological advances which allowed GDSes to offer ever increasing services and searching power In 1987 a consortium led by Air France and West Germany s Lufthansa developed Amadeus modeled on SystemOne Amadeus Global Travel Distribution was launched in 1992 In 1990 Delta Northwest Airlines and Trans World Airlines formed Worldspan and in 1993 another consortium including British Airways KLM and United Airlines among others formed the competing company Galileo GDS based on Apollo Numerous smaller companies such as KIU have also formed aimed at niche markets not catered for by the four largest networks including the low cost carrier segment and small and medium size domestic and regional airlines Trends EditFor many years global distribution systems GDSs have had a dominant position in the travel industry To bypass the GDSs and avoid high GDS fees airlines have started to sell flights directly through their websites 9 Another way to bypass the GDSs is direct connection to travel agencies such as that of American Airlines 10 Major airline CRS systems EditName Created by Airlines using Also used byAirCore Unisys GDS and other PSS systems Low Cost Airlines Full Services Carriers Hybrid Airlines Several large corporationsAbacus purchased by Sabre in 2015 All Nippon Airways Cathay Pacific China Airlines EVA Airways Garuda Indonesia Malaysia Airlines Philippine Airlines Royal Brunei Airlines SABRE Singapore Airlines Online travel agencies Over 450 individual airlines Over 25 countries in Asia Pacific Over 80 000 hotelsACCELaero ISA Information Systems Associates FZE Air Arabia Kam Air Mahan Air Zest Air Over 14 airlines including low cost carriers and full service carriersAmadeus 1987 Air France Iberia Airlines Lufthansa Scandinavian Airlines System All Nippon Airways Aegean Airlines Air India Air Canada Air Algerie Air Astana Air Caraibes Air Corsica Air Cote d Ivoire Air Dolomiti Air France Air Greenland Air Mauritius Air Serbia Air Tahiti Nui Air Vanuatu airBaltic Aircalin Asiana Airlines Austrian Airlines Avianca Bangkok Airways Binter Canarias British Airways Brussels Airlines Bulgaria Air Camair Co CapeAir Cathay Pacific China Airlines Cimber Sterling Corsair Croatia Airlines Czech Airlines EgyptAir El Al Etihad Airways EVA Airways Fiji Airways Finnair Flybe Garuda Indonesia Hunnu Air Iberia Icelandair Japan Airlines KLM Kenya Airways Korean Air Kuwait Airways LACSA Libyan Airlines LOT Lufthansa Malaysia Airlines MIAT Mongolian Airlines Middle East Airlines OpenSkies Philippine Airlines Qantas Qatar Airways Rossiya Royal Air Maroc Royal Brunei Airlines Royal Jordanian Ukrainian International Airlines S7 Airlines Safi Airways SATA Air Acores SATA International Saudia Scandinavian Airlines Seaport Airlines Singapore Airlines South African Airways Southwest Airlines SriLankan Airlines Starlux Airlines Swiss International Air Lines TACA Airlines TAM Airlines TAM Mercosur TAP Portugal Thai Airways Thai Smile Thai Vietjet Air soon Toumai Air Tchad Trans Air Congo Tunisair Twin Jet VietJet Air soon Uni Air Ural Airlines Wideroe 144 Airline Passenger Service System customers through 60 000 airline sales offices worldwide 90 000 travel agencies worldwide both offline and online in 195 countries Online agencies include Yatra com MakeMyTrip Expedia ebookers CheapTickets Opodo Jetabroad 440 bookable airlines including over 60 Low Cost Carriers Over 100 000 unique hotel properties 30 Car rental companies representing over 36 000 car rental locations 21 Cruise Lines 203 Tour Operators 103 Rail Operators 23 Travel Insurance CompaniesameliaRES InteliSys Aviation Systems Over 40 low cost carriers and regional airlines VietJet Air 11 Thai VietJet Air 11 Air Borealis 11 Air Liaison 11 Air Saint Pierre 11 Air Timor 11 Bearskin Airlines 11 Calm Air 11 Central Mountain Air 11 Cronos Airlines 11 DAC Aviation International 11 Flair Airlines 11 Int Air Iles 11 Lao Skyway 11 Pacific Coastal Airlines 11 PAL Airlines 11 Pascan Aviation 11 Perimeter Aviation 11 SKS Airways 11 SkyTrans Airlines 11 Surinam Airways 11 Tailwind Aviation 11 VI Air Link 11 Thai Platinum International Airlines 11 Vieques Air Link 11 Wasaya Airways LP 11 Wildcat Touring 11 Wilderness Seaplanes 11 Avantik PSS Bravo Passenger Solutions Aurginy Bassaka Air Cobham Edelweiss Air La Compagnie Peach People s Sky Express Susi Air Tara Air Tassili Airlines Yeti Airlines Online Travel AgenciesAxess Japan AirlinesDeltamatic PSS Delta Air Lines Delta Air Lines Virgin AtlanticCrane Hitit Aero Contractors Air Manas Air Mediterranean Air Namibia Air Tuerk APG Airlines Arik Air Bahamas Air Chalair Euro Airlines Kamair Nesma Airlines Passion Air Pakistan International Airlines Pegasus Airlines Precision Air Turkmenistan Airlines Nouvel Air Air Tanzania K2 Airlines FlyArystan Uganda Airlines OneSky Blue Stream Libyan Wings Sky Mali Win Air Animawings Air Seychelles Contour Airlines Yemenia Airways Nella Linhas Aeros Mai Air Air KBZ Daallo Cabo Verde Royal Brunei AirlinesInternet Booking Engine Mercator Qatar Airways Sri Lankan Airlines SAS Braathens Over 3 individual airlinesKIU Air Cuenca EasyFly Guinea Lineas Aereas LASER Airlines LC Busre Linea Aerea Amaszonas MAYAir SAEREO Sol America Star Peru Tiara Air Transportes Aereos Cielos Andinos ValueJet Venezolana Over 20 individual airlines Over 10 countries in Latin America North America Africa and Europe Travel agencies and wholesale tour operators worldwideMARS Railway Technical Research Institute Hitachi Japan Railways Group Japanese travel agenciesMercator Emirates Air Malawi Air Tanzania Air Transat Air Zimbabwe CTK CiTylinK Danube Wings Emirates flydubai InterSky Merpati Nusantara Airlines People s Sky Work Airlines Surinam Airways Syrian Air Yemenia Zest AirwaysNavitaire AirAsia AirAsia X Amerijet International Andes Azul Blue Air Cebu Pacific Citilink Eastar Jet Firefly Frontier Airlines Eurowings Flynas Go First Gol Transportes Aereos Hong Kong Express Airways IndiGo Interjet Jambojet Jazeera Airways Jetstar Jetstar Asia Airways Jetstar Pacific Airlines KC International Lion Air Pobeda Porter Airlines Ryanair Scoot Spirit Airlines SpiceJet Sun Country Swoop Tiger Airways Transavia com TUIfly TUI Thai AirAsia Volaris Wizz AirPARS SHARES by EDS Air Nigeria Braniff International Airways COPA Airlines Hawaii Island Air United AirlinesPatheo Finnair KLM Lufthansa Online travel agencies including Airgorrila American Express Anyfares FlightsRadixx Aerocon Africa World Airlines Air India Express Air Rarotonga Air Turks amp Caicos Eznis Federal Air Fly Dubai Freedom Air Guam Great Lakes Aviation Gryphon JetUs Lydd Air Mokulele Nature Air Nok Air Polynesian Primera Air Rotana Jet Syphax Airlines Transat Tours WingoSabre 1960 American Airlines Aeroflot Aerolineas Argentinas Aeromexico Air Malta Air New Zealand Air Serbia Alaska Airlines American Airlines Avior Airlines Bahamasair Bearskin Airlines Canadian North Central Mountain Air COPA Airlines Cyprus Airways Ethiopian Airlines First Air Gulf Air Hawaiian Airlines JetBlue LATAM Airlines LATAM Ecuador LATAM Peru Oman Air Pakistan International Airlines RavnAir Group SBA Airlines TRIP Linhas Aereas Vietnam Airlines Virgin Australia WestJet Online Travel Agencies Travelocity Lastminute com Travel Guru Priceline Schedules for 400 airlines 380 airline industry customers including 44 airlines representing all major alliances 88 000 hotels 50 rail carriers 180 tour operators 13 cruise lines 24 car rental brands serving 30 000 locations 9 limousine vendors providing access to more than 33 500 ground service providers 55 000 travel agencies in over 100 countriesSell More Seats WorldTicket More than 55 scheduled carriers charter carriers and low cost carriers in Europe Africa Asia Middle East and Central AmericaSkyVantage Airline Software ABM Air Africa s Connection Air Century Air Unlimited Branson AirExpress Caicos Express Airlines Caribbean Helicopters Denver Air One Caribbean Pacificair Sansa Sky Bahamas Sunshine Coast Air Watermakers Air Western AirTravel Technology Interactive Travel Technology Interactive Group Over 40 low cost carriers regional airlines and Legacy carriers of which Air Antilles Express Air KBZ Europe Airpost Ewa Air Jubba Airways Our Airline Passaredo Linhas Aereas SATENA Zanair Travel agencies and wholesale tour operators worldwideTravelSky Air China Air Macau China Eastern Airlines China Southern Airlines Hainan Airlines Hong Kong Airlines Shandong Airlines Shanghai Airlines Sichuan Airlines Air Manas Online travel agencies including Ctrip eLong mangocityTravelport GDS Includes Apollo 1971 Galileo 1987 and Worldspan 1990 Apollo United Airlines Galileo British Airways KLM Alitalia Swissair Austrian Airlines Olympic Airways Sabena TAP Air Portugal Aer Lingus Worldspan Delta Air Lines Northwest Airlines Northwest Airlines merged with Delta Air Lines which uses Deltamatic Trans World Airlines merged with American Airlines which currently uses Sabre Zuji BookIt com ebookers Expedia Flight Centre Hotels Hotwire Orbitz Priceline Trailfinders Webjet Travel Agencies Online Travel Services Airlines CorporationsTimeline Edit Sabre Holdings was purchased by private investors Silver Lake Partners and Texas Pacific Group on March 30 2007 for about US 5 billion Full year 2008 Sabre Holdings revenues were about US 3 billion In December 2006 Travelport which owns Galileo agreed to buy and merge with the Worldspan GDS The combined company would then control a 46 3 market share using 2002 airline booking data Worldspan s market share is 16 9 globally and 31 in the U S according to 2006 MIDT airline transaction data In March 2007 KLM switched from its own reservations system CORDA to Amadeus as a result of the merger with Air France In February 2010 JetBlue converted its reservation system over to the SabreSonic Customer Sales and Service platform In September 2018 Turkish Airways migrated from Sabre to Hitit citation needed Other systems EditPolyot SirenaSee also EditAirline reservations system Overselling Airlines Passenger name record Travel technology ARINC Rockwell Collins SITA company References Edit The ineluctable middlemen The Economist 25 August 2012 Retrieved 29 August 2012 Stewart Jack How a Computer Outage Can Take Down a Whole Airline Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Retrieved 2023 07 07 Pallini Thomas 2021 05 21 American Airlines and others carriers were left helpless after a system outage crippled operations causing delays Business Insider Retrieved 2023 07 07 Levin Tim 2021 06 15 A computer system outage grounded Southwest Airlines flights causing delays for the second day in a row Business Insider Retrieved 2023 07 07 Ibrahim Tony 2021 05 21 Travellers still facing delays after Virgin and Rex airlines hit by global IT outage ABC News Retrieved 2023 07 07 a b Hitachi and Japanese National Railways MARS 1 Information Processing Society of Japan Early Computers Brief History Information Processing Society of Japan R Blair Smith OH 34 Oral history interview by Robina Mapstone May 1980 Charles Babbage Institute University of Minnesota Minneapolis http www cbi umn edu oh display phtml id 9 Archived 2002 08 16 at the Wayback Machine Strauss Michael 2010 Value Creation in Travel Distribution American Airlines Direct Connect Directconnect aa com Archived from the original on 2012 08 31 Retrieved 2012 11 08 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab InteliSys amelia RES Ch aviation Retrieved 4 November 2020 Further reading EditWinston Clifford The Evolution of the Airline Industry Brookings Institution Press 1995 ISBN 0 8157 5843 X Cf p 61 62 Computer Reservation Systems Wardell David J Airline Reservation Systems 1991 Research paper Pilling Mark Airline reservations systems can IT deliver 2008 News Article External links EditConsumer Web Watch Computer Reservations System CRSs and Travel Technology Hospitality net Galileo International Tells USDOT Modified Computer Reservation System CRS Rules Necessary to Protect Consumers and Competition 18 March 2003 Das Samipatra Global Distribution Systems in Present Times Hospitality net 30 September 2003 Hasbrouck Edward The Practical Nomad What s in a Passenger Name Record PNR European Union Code of conduct for use of computerized reservation systems CRS s Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Computer reservation system amp oldid 1177731337 Major airline CRS systems, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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