fbpx
Wikipedia

Lilium

May 05, 2023

"Lily" and "Lilies" redirect here. For other uses, see Lilium (disambiguation), Lily (disambiguation), and Lilies (disambiguation).
For other plants called lilies, see List of plants known as lily.

Lilium (/ˈlɪliəm/ LIL-ee-əm)[3] is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to the northern hemisphere and their range is temperate climates and extends into the subtropics. Many other plants have "lily" in their common names, but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies.

Lilium
Lilium candidum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Lilium
L.[1]
Type species
Lilium candidum
Species

List of Lilium species

Synonyms[1]
  • Lirium Scop., nom. illeg.
  • Martagon Wolf
  • Martagon (Rchb.) Opiz, nom. illeg.
  • Nomocharis Franch.

Description

 
Lilium longiflorum flower – 1. stigma, 2. style, 3. anthers, 4. filament, 5. tepal

Lilies are tall perennials ranging in height from 2–6 ft (60–180 cm). They form naked or tunicless scaly underground bulbs which are their organs of perennation. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons.[4] Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb, a number of species also produce contractile roots that move the bulbs deeper into the soil.[5]

 
Lily, petal

The flowers are large, often fragrant, and come in a wide range of colors including whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne in racemes or umbels at the tip of the stem, with six tepals spreading or reflexed, to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a "Turk's cap". The tepals are free from each other, and bear a nectary at the base of each flower. The ovary is 'superior', borne above the point of attachment of the anthers. The fruit is a three-celled capsule.[6]

 
Stamen of lilium

Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.

Most cool temperate species are deciduous and dormant in winter in their native environment. But a few species native to areas with hot summers and mild winters (Lilium candidum, Lilium catesbaei, Lilium longiflorum) lose their leaves and enter a short dormant period in summer or autumn, sprout from autumn to winter, forming dwarf stems bearing a basal rosette of leaves until, after they have received sufficient chilling, the stem begins to elongate in warming weather.

 
Lilium candidum seeds

The basic chromosome number is twelve (n=12).[7]

Taxonomy

Taxonomical division in sections follows the classical division of Comber,[8] species acceptance follows the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families,[9] the taxonomy of section Pseudolirium is from the Flora of North America,[10] the taxonomy of Section Liriotypus is given in consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007,[11] the taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections) follows the Flora of China[12] and the taxonomy of Section Sinomartagon follows Nishikawa et al.[13] as does the taxonomy of Section Archelirion.[14]

The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, as of January 2014, considers Nomocharis a separate genus in its own right,[15] however some authorities consider Nomocharis to be embedded within Lilium, rather than treat it as a separate genus.[16][17] The Sinomartagon are divided in 3 paraphyletic groups, while the Leucolirion are divided in 2 paraphyletic groups.[18]

There are seven sections:

  • Martagon
  • Pseudolirium
  • Liriotypus
  • Archelirion
  • Sinomartagon
  • Leucolirion
  • Daurolirion

There are 111 species counted in this genus.[19] For a full list of accepted species[1] with their native ranges, see List of Lilium species.

Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These genera include Cardiocrinum, Notholirion, Nomocharis and Fritillaria.

Etymology

The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek word λείριον leírion, generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by the Madonna lily.[23][24][25] The word was borrowed from Coptic (dial. Fayyumic) hleri, from standard hreri, from Demotic hrry, from Egyptian hrṛt "flower".[citation needed] Meillet maintains that both the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean.[citation needed] Ancient Greek: κρῖνον, krīnon, was used by the Greeks, albeit for lilies of any color.[26]

The term "lily" has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants, often with only superficial resemblance to the true lily, including water lily, fire lily, lily of the Nile, calla lily, trout lily, kaffir lily, cobra lily, lily of the valley, daylily, ginger lily, Amazon lily, leek lily, Peruvian lily, and others. All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrew shūshan, shōshan, shōshannā as "lily", but the "lily among the thorns" of Song of Solomon, for instance, may be the honeysuckle.[27]

Distribution and habitat

The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, across most of Asia to Japan, south to India, and east to Indochina and the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and epiphytes are known in tropical southeast Asia. In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.

Ecology

Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Dun-bar.

The proliferation of deer (e.g. Odocoileus virginianus) in North America, mainly due to factors such as the elimination of large predators for human safety, is responsible there for a downturn in lily populations in the wild and is a threat to garden lilies as well.[28] Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas.[29]

Cultivation

Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions.[30] Numerous ornamental hybrids have been developed. They are used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum, form important cut flower crops or potted plants. These are forced to flower outside of the normal flowering season for particular markets; for instance, Lilium longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.

Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing (northern hemisphere), slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb (except Lilium candidum which should be planted at the surface). Most prefer a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August (northern hemisphere). The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while others bloom in late summer or early autumn.[31] They have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. A soil pH of around 6.5 is generally safe. Most grow best in well-drained soils, and plants are watered during the growing season. Some species and cultivars have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads are staked to stay upright.[32][33]

Awards

The following lily species and cultivars currently hold the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):[34]

 
'Golden Splendor'

Classification of garden forms

Numerous forms, mostly hybrids, are grown for the garden. They vary according to the species and interspecific hybrids that they derived from, and are classified in the following broad groups:[40][41][42]

Asiatic hybrids (Division I)

  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
These are derived from hybrids between species in Lilium section Sinomartagon.[43][44]
They are derived from central and East Asian species and interspecific hybrids, including Lilium amabile, Lilium bulbiferum, Lilium callosum, Lilium cernuum, Lilium concolor, Lilium dauricum, Lilium davidii, Lilium × hollandicum, Lilium lancifolium (syn. Lilium tigrinum), Lilium lankongense, Lilium leichtlinii, Lilium × maculatum, Lilium pumilum, Lilium × scottiae, Lilium wardii and Lilium wilsonii.
These are plants with medium-sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. There are various cultivars such as Lilium 'Cappuccino', Lilium 'Dimension', Lilium 'Little Kiss' and Lilium 'Navona'.[45]
  • Dwarf (Patio, Border) varieties are much shorter, c.36–61 cm in height and were designed for containers.[46] They often bear the cultivar name 'Tiny', such as the 'Lily Looks' series, e.g. 'Tiny Padhye',[47] 'Tiny Dessert'.[48]

Martagon hybrids (Division II)

  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
These are based on Lilium dalhansonii, Lilium hansonii, Lilium martagon, Lilium medeoloides, and Lilium tsingtauense.
The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).

Candidum (Euro-Caucasian) hybrids (Division III)

  •  
This includes mostly European species: Lilium candidum, Lilium chalcedonicum, Lilium kesselringianum, Lilium monadelphum, Lilium pomponium, Lilium pyrenaicum and Lilium × testaceum.

American hybrids (Division IV)

These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from Lilium bolanderi, Lilium × burbankii, Lilium canadense, Lilium columbianum, Lilium grayi, Lilium humboldtii, Lilium kelleyanum, Lilium kelloggii, Lilium maritimum, Lilium michauxii, Lilium michiganense, Lilium occidentale, Lilium × pardaboldtii, Lilium pardalinum, Lilium parryi, Lilium parvum, Lilium philadelphicum, Lilium pitkinense, Lilium superbum, Lilium ollmeri, Lilium washingtonianum, and Lilium wigginsii.
Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.

Longiflorum hybrids (Division V)

These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies.
They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.

Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (with L. henryi)

  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species and their interspecific hybrids, including Lilium × aurelianense, Lilium brownii, Lilium × centigale, Lilium henryi, Lilium × imperiale, Lilium × kewense, Lilium leucanthum, Lilium regale, Lilium rosthornii, Lilium sargentiae, Lilium sulphureum and Lilium × sulphurgale.
The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.

Oriental hybrids (Division VII)

  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
These are based on hybrids within Lilium section Archelirion,[43][44] specifically Lilium auratum and Lilium speciosum, together with crossbreeds from several species native to Japan, including Lilium nobilissimum, Lilium rubellum, Lilium alexandrae, and Lilium japonicum.
They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. The whole group are sometimes referred to as "stargazers" because many of them appear to look upwards. (For the specific cultivar, see Lilium 'Stargazer'.)

Other hybrids (Division VIII)

  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
Includes all other garden hybrids.

Species (Division IX)

All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.

The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form:[49]

  • Flower aspect:
  • a up-facing
  • b out-facing
  • c down-facing
  • Flower form:
  • a trumpet-shaped
  • b bowl-shaped
  • c flat (or with tepal tips recurved)
  • d tepals strongly recurved (with the Turk's cap form as the ultimate state)

Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary culture and embryo rescue.[50]

Pests and diseases

 
Scarlet lily beetles, Oxfordshire, UK

Aphids may infest plants. Leatherjackets feed on the roots. Larvae of the Scarlet lily beetle can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves. The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies (Lilium) and fritillaries (Fritillaria).[51] Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North American Lilium species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others. The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America.[52] Daylilies (Hemerocallis, not true lilies) are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels. Slugs,[53] snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers.

Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection of Botrytis elliptica, also known as Lily blight, lily fire, and botrytis leaf blight.[54] Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth, including lily curl stripe, ringspot, and lily rosette virus.[55]

Propagation and growth

Lilies can be propagated in several ways;

  • by division of the bulbs
  • by growing-on bulbils which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem
  • by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb
  • by seed; there are many seed germination patterns, which can be complex
  • by micropropagation techniques (which include tissue culture);[56] commercial quantities of lilies are often propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell. A highly efficient technique for multiple shoot and propagule formation was given by Yadav et al., in 2013.[57]

Plant grow regulators (PGRs) are used to limit the height of lilies, especial those sold as potted plants; commonly used chemicals include ancymidol, fluprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uni-conazole, which are applied to the foliage and retard the biosynthesis of gibberellins, a class of plant hormones responsible for stem growth.[58]

Research

A comparison of meiotic crossing-over (recombination) in lily and mouse led, in 1977, to the conclusion that diverse eukaryotes share a common pattern of meiotic crossing-over.[59] Lilium longiflorum has been used for studying aspects of the basic molecular mechanism of genetic recombination during meiosis.[60][61]

Toxicity

Some Lilium species are toxic to cats. This is known to be so especially for Lilium longiflorum, though other Lilium and the unrelated Hemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms.[62][63][64][65] The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to the renal tubular epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause acute kidney failure.[65] Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat.[66]

Culinary uses

Chinese cuisine

Lily bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, though bulbs of some species may be too bitter to eat.[67]

Lilium brownii var. viridulum, known as 百合 (pak hop; pinyin: bǎi hé; Cantonese Yale: baak hap; lit. 'hundred united'), is one of the most prominent edible lilies in China. Its bulbs are large in size and not bitter. They were even exported and sold in the San Francisco Chinatown in the 19th century, available both fresh and dry.[67] A landrace called 龍牙百合 (pinyin: lóng yá bǎi hé; lit. 'dragon-tooth lily') mainly cultivated in Hunan and Jiangxi is especially renowned for its good-quality bulbs.[68]

L. lancifolium (Chinese: 卷丹; pinyin: juǎn dān; lit. 'reflexed red') is widely cultivated in China, especially in Yixing, Huzhou and Longshan. Its bulbs are slightly bitter.[68]

L. davidii var. unicolor (Chinese: 蘭州百合; lit. 'Lanzhou lily') is mainly cultivated in Lanzhou and its bulbs are valued for sweetness.[68]

Other edible Chinese lilies include L. brownii var. brownii, L. davidii var. davidii, L. concolor, L. pensylvanicum, L. distichum, L. martagon var. pilosiusculum, L. pumilum, L. rosthornii and L. speciosum var. gloriosoides.[69] Researchers have also explored the possibility of using ornamental cultivars as edible lilies.[72]

The dried bulbs are commonly used in the south to flavor soup.[citation needed] They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch.[citation needed] Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.[citation needed]

The commonly marketed "lily" flower buds, called 金针菜 (kam cham tsoi;[73] pinyin: jīn zhēn cài; Cantonese Yale: gāmjām choi; lit. 'gold needle vegetable') in Chinese cuisine, are actually from daylilies, Hemerocallis citrina,[74] or possibly H. fulva.[a][73] Flowers of the H. graminea and Lilium bulbiferum were reported to have been eaten as well, but samples provided by the informant were strictly daylilies and did not include L. bulbiferum.[b][75]

Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat.[76] A 19th century English source reported that "Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have tonic properties".[75]

Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from the Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year.[77][78][79]

The parts of Lilium species which are officially listed as food material in Taiwan are the flower and bulbs of Lilium lancifolium, Lilium brownii var. viridulum, Lilium pumilum and Lilium candidum.[80]

Japanese cuisine

 
Loose scales of lily bulb in a donburi bowl dish

The lily bulb or yuri-ne is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine.[c][81] It may be most familiar in the present day as an occasional ingredient (具, gu) in the chawan-mushi (savoury egg custard),[82] where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the "hot pudding" of each serving.[83][84] It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup or suimono [ja].[85][86]

The boiled bulb may also be strained[d] into purée for use, as in the sweetened kinton,[87][88] or chakin-shibori.[88][89][e]

Yokan

There is also the yuri-yōkan, one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch with agar dissolved in water and sugar.[91] This was a specialty of Hamada, Shimane,[92] and the shop Kaisei-dō (開盛堂) established in 1885 became famous for it.[93][94] Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote a waka poem about the confection which mentioned hime-yuri "princess lily",[f] one source stated that the hime-yuri (usually taken to mean L. concolor) had to have been used,[93] but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range with Fuchu, Hiroshima which is renowned for its production of yama-yuri (L. auratum).[90][g]

Species used

Current Japanese governmental sources (c. 2005) list the following lily species as prominent in domestic consumption:[98][99] the oni yuri or tiger lily Lilium lancifolium, the kooni yuri Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii,[h] and the gold-banded white yama-yuri L. auratum.

But Japanese sources c. 1895–1900,[95][100] give a top-three list which replaces kooni yuri with the sukashi-yuri (透かし百合, lit. "see-through lily", L. maculatum) named from the gaps between the tepals.[101][102]

There is uncertainty regarding which species is meant by the hime-yuri used as food, because although this is usually the common name for L. concolor in most up-to-date literature,[103] it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well, c. 1895–1900.[95] The non-tiger-lily himeyuri is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time, but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant.[i]

North America

The flower buds and roots of Lilium canadense are traditionally gathered and eaten by North American indigenous peoples.[104] Coast Salish, Nuu-chah-nulth and most western Washington peoples steam, boil or pit-cook the bulbs of Lilium columbianum. Bitter or peppery-tasting, they were mostly used as a flavoring, often in soup with meat or fish.[105]

Medicinal uses

Traditional Chinese medicine list the use of the following: 野百合 Lilium brownii, 百合 Lilium brownii var. viridulum, 渥丹 Lilium concolor, 毛百合 Lilium dauricum, 卷丹 Lilium lancifolium, 山丹 Lilium pumilum, 南川百合 Lilium rosthornii, 药百合Lilium speciosum var. gloriosoides, 淡黄花百合 Lilium sulphureum.[106][107]

In Taiwan, governmental publications list Lilium lancifolium Thunb., Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker, Lilium pumilum DC.[108]

In the kanpō or Chinese medicine as practiced in Japan, the official Japanese governmental pharmacopeia Nihon yakkyokuhō (日本薬局方) includes the use of lily bulb (known as byakugō (ビャクゴウ 百合) in traditional pharmacological circles), listing the use of the following species: Lilium lancifolium, Lilium brownii, Lilium brownii var. colchesteri, Lilium pumilum[109] The scales flaked off from the bulbs are used, usually steamed.[109]

In South Korea, the lilium species which are officially listed for medicinal use are 참나리 Lilium lancifolium Thunberg; 당나리 Lilium brownii var. viridulun Baker.[110][111]

In culture

Symbolism

In the Victorian language of flowers, lilies portray love, ardor, and affection for your loved ones, while orange lilies stand for happiness, love, and warmth.[112]

Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence.[113]

Lilium formosanum, or Taiwanese lily, is called "the flower of broken bowl" (Chinese: 打碗花) by the elderly members of the Hakka ethnic group. They believe that because this lily grows near bodies of clean water, harming the lily may damage the environment, just like breaking the bowls that people rely on.[114] An alternative explanation is that parents convince children into not taking the lily by convincing the children that their dinner bowls may break if they destroy this flower.

In Western Christianity, Madonna lily or Lilium candidum has been associated with the Virgin Mary since at least the Medieval Era. Medieval and Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, especially at the Annunciation, often show her with these flowers. Madonna lilies are also commonly included in depictions of Christ's resurrection. Lilium longiflorum, the Easter lily, is a symbol of Easter, and Lilium candidum, the Madonna lily, carries a great deal of symbolic value in many cultures. See the articles for more information.

Heraldry

 
A stylized lily flower in the coat of arms of Pohja

The fleur-de-lis, associated primarily with French royalty, is a stylized lily flower.

Lilium bulbiferum has long been recognised as a symbol of the Orange Order in Northern Ireland.[115]

Lilium mackliniae is the state flower of Manipur. Lilium michauxii, the Carolina lily, is the official state flower of North Carolina. Idyllwild, California, hosts the Lemon Lily Festival, which celebrates Lilium parryi.[116] Lilium philadelphicum is the floral emblem of Saskatchewan province in Canada, and is on the flag of Saskatchewan.[117][118][119]

Other plants referred to as lilies

Lily of the valley, flame lilies, daylilies, and water lilies are symbolically important flowers commonly referred to as lilies, but they are not in the genus Lilium.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Blasdale cites Bretschneider (1889), but in Bretschneider (1875), "Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers to the West", p. 123, first gives the Chinese name for H. fulva as "kïm châm hōa" as according to João de Loureiro, while he himself only recognized its name as "kin huang hua" 金黃花 or as [黃花菜]; huang-hua ts'ai; 'yellow-flower vegetable' as they were called by Beijing merchants.
  2. ^ The informant, Pelham L. Warren, consul at Taiwan was presumably providing imports from China (main port Hankow) or Japan.
  3. ^ "not a common food" (Shizuo Tsuji [ja]).
  4. ^ The term uragoshi [ja] "straining" orthodoxically means using the "uragoshi-ki", traditionally a sieve with a fine mesh of horse-hair instead of metal wire.
  5. ^ These could refer to essentially the same thing, except for slight difference in texture and appearance. The yuri-kinton has been described as "ogura an (sweet adzuki bean paste) core surrounded with stipples (soboro) of strained lily bulb and white adzuki (shiroazuki or shiroshōzu).[90] A recipe for lily bulb dumplings or chakin-shibori calls for wrapping adzuki bean paste with lily bulb mashed into purée, then wrapping it in a cloth and wringing the dumpling into a ball shape.[89]
  6. ^ Jimyōin Motoaki [ja] b. 1865 was a viscount and poet. So was his son Motonori.
  7. ^ And as discussed below, this yama-yuri was also called "hime-yuri" in earlier days.[95]
  8. ^ The kooni yuri (小鬼百合, "lesser ogre lily").
  9. ^ That is, not in the top three of this period.[95]

References

Citations
  1. ^ a b c . World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  2. ^ lectotype designated by N. L. Britton et A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 1: 502 (1913)
  3. ^ "lilium". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  4. ^ Batygina, T. B. (2019-04-23). Embryology of Flowering Plants: Terminology and Concepts, Vol. 3: Reproductive Systems. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-429-52671-8.
  5. ^ Gracie, Carol (2020-04-28). Summer Wildflowers of the Northeast: A Natural History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-20330-0.
  6. ^ European Garden Flora; Volume 1
  7. ^ Pelkonen, Veli-Pekka; Pirttilä, Anna-Maria (2012). (PDF). Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology. 6 (Special Issue 2): 1–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-08. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
  8. ^ Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus Lilium". Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86–105.
  9. ^ Govaerts, R. (ed.). "Lilium". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  10. ^ Flora of North America, Vol. 26, Online 2012-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Resetnik I.; Liber Z.; Satovic Z.; Cigic P.; Nikolic T. (2007). "Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 265 (1–2): 45–58. doi:10.1007/s00606-006-0513-y. S2CID 32644749.
  12. ^ Flora of China, Vol. 24, eFloras.org 2012-09-12 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Nishikawa Tomotaro; Okazaki Keiichi; Arakawa Katsuro; Nagamine Tsukasa (2001). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA". 育種学雑誌 Breeding Science. 51 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.51.39.
  14. ^ Nishikawa Tomotaro; Okazaki Keiichi; Nagamine Tsukasa (2002). "Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA". 育種学雑誌 Breeding Science. 52 (3): 207–213. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.52.207.
  15. ^ WCLSPF 2014.
  16. ^ Gao et al 2011.
  17. ^ Rønsted et al 2005.
  18. ^ Li Juan; Cai Jing; Qin Huan-Huan; Price Megan; Zhang Zhen; Yu Yan; Xie Deng-Feng; He Xing-Jin; Zhou Song-Dong; Gao Xin-Fen (2022). "Phylogeny, Age, and Evolution of Tribe Lilieae (Liliaceae) Based on Whole Plastid Genomes". Frontiers in Plant Science. 12: 699226. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.699226. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 8845482. PMID 35178055.
  19. ^ "Lilium L." World Flora Online. The World Flora Online Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  20. ^ "Lilium pyrophilum in Flora of North America @". Efloras.org. from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  21. ^ . Shoot Limited. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  22. ^ . Sun.Star Baguio. 13 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  23. ^ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4.
  24. ^ "Classification". Lily Net. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
  25. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "λείριον". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
  26. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lily" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 687.
  27. ^ Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2.
  28. ^ . Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology. Ecological Society of America. 2004. Archived from the original on 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  29. ^ . SFGate. Hearst. Archived from the original on 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  30. ^ "Azucenas en tierra boricua trascienden generaciones [Lilium in Puerto Rican land transcend generations]". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 2017-07-08. from the original on 2020-07-19. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
  31. ^ "Lily". 2016. from the original on 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2014-02-19.
  32. ^ RHS encyclopedia of plants & flowers. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2010. p. 744. ISBN 978-1-4053-5423-3.
  33. ^ Jefferson-Brown, Michael (2008). Lilies. Wisley handbooks. London: Mitchell Beazley. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-84533-384-3.
  34. ^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 60. (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  35. ^ . Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  36. ^ . Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  37. ^ . Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  38. ^ . Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  39. ^ . Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  40. ^ . Lilies.org. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  41. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1-4053-3296-5.
  42. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-05-21. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
  43. ^ a b Barba-Gonzalez, R.; Lokker, A.C.; Lim, K.B.; Ramanna, M.S.; Van Tuyl, J.M. (2004). "Use of 2n gametes for the production of sexual polyploids from sterile Oriental × Asiatic hybrids of lilies (Lilium)". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 109 (6): 1125–1132. doi:10.1007/s00122-004-1739-0. PMID 15290047. S2CID 7992120.
  44. ^ a b van Tuyl, J.M.; Arens, P. (2011). (PDF). Acta Horticulturae. 900: 223–230. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-06.
  45. ^ . brentandbeckysbulbs.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  46. ^ . Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment. Archived from the original on 2014-08-10. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  47. ^ . Archived from the original on 2015-05-08. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  48. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-08-11. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
  49. ^ The RHS International Lily Registrar. . Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  50. ^ van Tuyl, J.M.; Binoa, R.J.; Vancreij, M.; Vankleinwee, T.; Franken, J.; Bino, R. (1991). "Application of in vitro pollination, ovary culture, ovule culture and embryo rescue for overcoming incongruity barriers in interspecific Lilium crosses". Plant Science. 74 (1): 115–126. doi:10.1016/0168-9452(91)90262-7.
  51. ^ . RHS Gardening. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  52. ^ Whitman, Ann. . Gardener's Supply Company. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
  53. ^ Adams, Charles; Early, Mike; Brook, Jane; Bamford, Katherine (2014-08-07). Principles of Horticulture: Level 2. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-93777-7.
  54. ^ George, Raymond A. T.; Fox, Roland T. V. (2014-11-21). Diseases of Temperate Horticultural Plants. CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-773-7.
  55. ^ Smith, Kenneth M. (2012-12-02). A Textbook of Plant Virus Diseases. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-16205-0.
  56. ^ Retrieved January 25, 2014
  57. ^ Yadav, Rakesh; Yadav, Neha; Pal, Minakshi; Goutam, Umesh (December 2013). "Multiple shoot proliferation, bulblet induction and evaluation of genetic stability in Asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium sp.)". Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 18 (4): 354–359. doi:10.1007/s40502-014-0060-4. ISSN 0019-5502. S2CID 17091557.
  58. ^ Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (2012-09-17). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8.
  59. ^ Hotta Y, Chandley AC, Stern H. Meiotic crossing-over in lily and mouse. Nature. 1977 Sep 15;269(5625):240-2. doi: 10.1038/269240a0. PMID: 593319
  60. ^ Terasawa M, Shinohara A, Hotta Y, Ogawa H, Ogawa T. Localization of RecA-like recombination proteins on chromosomes of the lily at various meiotic stages. Genes Dev. 1995 Apr 15;9(8):925-34. doi: 10.1101/gad.9.8.925. PMID: 7774810
  61. ^ Anderson LK, Offenberg HH, Verkuijlen WM, Heyting C. RecA-like proteins are components of early meiotic nodules in lily. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jun 24;94(13):6868-73. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.13.6868. PMID: 11038554; PMCID: PMC21251
  62. ^ Langston CE (January 2002). "Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in six cats". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 220 (1): 49–52, 36. doi:10.2460/javma.2002.220.49. PMID 12680447.
  63. ^ Hall J (1992). "Nephrotoxicity of Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum) when ingested by the cat". Proc Annu Meet Am Vet Int Med. 6: 121.
  64. ^ Volmer P (April 1999). "Easter lily toxicosis in cats" (PDF). Vet Med: 331.[permanent dead link]
  65. ^ a b Fitzgerald, Kevin T. (2010). "Lily Toxicity in the Cat". Topics in Companion Animal Medicine. 25 (4): 213–217. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.006. ISSN 1938-9736. PMID 21147474.
  66. ^ . 2010-05-02. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
  67. ^ a b Blasdale (1899), p. 21.
  68. ^ a b c 陈辉; 张秋霞 (2019-08-28). "【药材辨识】百合，你买对了吗？". 搜狐网 (in Chinese). 羊城晚报. from the original on 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
  69. ^ "百合属 Lilium". www.iplant.cn. Retrieved 2020-02-13.[permanent dead link]
  70. ^ "15个百合种和品种的食用性比较研究". from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
  71. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-02-01.
  72. ^ 'Batistero' and 'California' among 15 lilies in Beijing,[70] and 'Prato' and 'Small foreigners' among 13 lilies in Ningbo.[71]
  73. ^ a b Blasdale, Walter Charles (1899). A Description of Some Chinese Vegetable Food Materials and Their Nutritive and Economic Value. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 44. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  74. ^ Hemerocallis citrina 2015-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae
  75. ^ a b "Lily Flowers and Bulbs Used as Food". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. Royal Gardens, Kew. 1889 (29): 116–118. 1889. doi:10.2307/4113224. JSTOR 4113224. from the original on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  76. ^ "《按照传统既是食品又是中药材的物质目录(2013版)》(征求意见稿).doc". from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  77. ^ 蔡, 月夏. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-02.
  78. ^ . Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  79. ^ . Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  80. ^ "可供食品使用原料彙整一覽表". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  81. ^ Tsuji, Shizuo [in Japanese] (2007). Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art. Kodansha International. p. 74. ISBN 978-4-770-03049-8. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  82. ^ Takekawa, Masae; Iizuka, Keiko, eds. (2016). Saishin oishii yasai hyaku shu no jōzu na sodate-kata 最新 おいしい野菜１００種のじょうずな育て方. Shufunotomo. p. 146. ISBN 9784074145003. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  83. ^ "Bon Appetit! Japanese Culture in the Kitchen / A Hot 'pudding', Japanese-Style Chawan-mushi". Nipponia. Heibonsha (15): 30. 2000. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  84. ^ Tsuji (2007), pp. 214–215.
  85. ^ Kingsbury, Noel (2016). Garden Flora: The Natural and Cultural History of the Plants In Your Garden. Timber Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-604-69565-6. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  86. ^ Kawakami, Kōzō [in Japanese] (2006). Nihon ryōri jibutsu kigen 日本料理事物起源. Iwanami Shoten. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-4-000-24240-0. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  87. ^ Tsuji (2007), pp. 74, 460–461.
  88. ^ a b Inoue, Yoshiyuki (supervising ed.) (1969). yuri-ne ゆり根 日本食品事典. Nihon shokuhin jiten. Ono, Seishi; Sugita, Kōichi; Mori, Masao (edd.). Ishiyaku Shuppan. pp. 307–308. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  89. ^ a b Kosaki, Takayuki; Wagner, Walter (2007). Authentic Recipes from Japan. p. 108. ISBN 9781462905720. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  90. ^ a b Moriyasu, Tadashi (1971). Nihon meika jiten 日本名菓辞典. Tokyodo Shuppan. p. 378. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  91. ^ Shin shikunshi (1901), pp. 133–135 2020-02-10 at the Wayback Machine; also excerpted in NSJ (1908). p. 2082b 2020-09-01 at the Wayback Machine
  92. ^ Allegedly the Hamada city version was 90% adulterated with white [Phaseolus vulgaris
  93. ^ a b Sawa, Fumio (1994). "Yuri" 百合 ゆり. Nihon Dai-hyakka zensho. Vol. 23. Shogakukan. p. 436. ISBN 9784095260013. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-09-01.; also Yuri-yokan 2020-09-01 at the Wayback Machine via kotobank.
  94. ^ Moriyasu (1971), pp. 34–35.
  95. ^ a b c d Dai Nihon Nōkai [in Japanese] (1895). Useful Plants of Japan Described and Illustrated. Agricultural Society of Japan. p. 27. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  96. ^ Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, MAFF. . Archived from the original on 2013-03-07., citing KNU Publishing Department, Shokuhin zukan
  97. ^ Gomyō, Toshiharu [in Japanese] (February 2009). . Shokuzai hyakka jiten, an encyclopedia of food ingredients. Kagawa Nutrition University. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  98. ^ Taira, Hirokazu et al. edd., (2006) Shokuhin zukan, KNU Publishing (女子栄養大学, Joshi Eiyō Daigaku). apud MAFF consumer bureau Q&A.[96] Cf. KNU Prof. Gomyo's online encyclopedia.[97]
  99. ^ Ministry of Education (MEXT, 2005), Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan [ja], 5th revised and expanded edition, Appendix 1-6 to Chapter3
  100. ^ Shin shikunshi (1901), p. 132 2020-02-10 at the Wayback Machine.
  101. ^ "Sukashi-yuri すかし‐ゆり【透かし百合】・", Kojien, 4th ed., 1991. "下半各花被片の間に空隙があるところから命名。"
  102. ^ This species was particularly sought after by high-end kappo (割烹) restaurants, for braising it whole. Shin shikunshi (1901), p. 75.
  103. ^ Wiersema, John H.; León, Blanca (1999). World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference. CRC Press. pp. 404–405. ISBN 978-0-849-32119-1. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  104. ^ . Archived from the original on 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2017-08-19.
  105. ^ Pojar, Jim (2004). Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing. ISBN 9781551055305.
  106. ^ "中国药用植物 (据《中国植物志》全书记载分析而得)". from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  107. ^ "中国药用植物 (据《中国植物志》全书记载分析而得)". from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  108. ^ Taiwan Herbal Pharmarcopeia 2015-01-28 at the Wayback Machine Ministry of Health and Welfare
  109. ^ a b (PDF). Japanese Ministry of Health. p. 1906. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-13. Retrieved 2020-01-13.; index 2014-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
  110. ^ "백합". from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  111. ^ "Lilii Bulbus" (PDF) (in Korean). (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  112. ^ . Buzzle. Archived from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  113. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-04-06. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  114. ^ Liberty Times (2015). (in Chinese). 自由電子報. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02.
  115. ^ Design Research Group (27 June 2007). . Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  116. ^ Lemon Lily Festival 2010-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
  117. ^ . Government of Saskatchewan. 2005-07-21. Archived from the original on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  118. ^ . Government of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2008-07-09., designated in 1941.
  119. ^ . Government of Canada. 2013-08-20. Archived from the original on 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
Bibliography
  • Gao, Yun-Dong; Hohenegger, Markus; Harris, AJ; Zhou, Song-Dong; He, Xing-Jin; Wan, Juan (2012). "A new species in the genus Nomocharis Franchet (Liliaceae): evidence that brings the genus Nomocharis into Lilium". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 298 (1): 69–85. doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0524-1. ISSN 0378-2697. S2CID 16912824.
  • Rønsted, N.; Law, S.; Thornton, H.; Fay, M. F.; Chase, M. W. (2005). "Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the monophyly of Fritillaria and Lilium (Liliaceae; Liliales) and the infrageneric classification of Fritillaria". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (3): 509–527. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.023. PMID 15878122.
  • "Nomocharis", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, from the original on 2020-09-01, retrieved 2015-09-14
  • "yuri ユリ", in Nihon shakai jii 日本社會事彙 (in Japanese). Vol. 2. Keizai zasshi-sha. 1908. pp. 2077–2083. from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-01-16., digested from Shin shikunshi.
    • Seika-en Sanjin 精花園山人 "Hana-yuri 花百合", in Shōkadō Shujin (1901), (in Japanese), Tokyo Mita Ikushujyo, pp. 63–140, archived from the original on 2020-02-10, retrieved 2020-01-16

External links

 
Look up lilium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Lilies.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lilium.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Lilium.
  • The Plant List
  • North American Lily Society
  • Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group
  • 1 2 3 Time-lapse videos
  • THE GENUS LILIUM
  • "Lilium" at the Encyclopedia of Life  
  • Lily perenialization, Flower Bulb Research Program, Department of Horticulture, Cornell University
  • .

Flora

  • Flora Europaea: Lilium
  • Flora of China: Lilium
  • Flora of Nepal: Lilium species list
  • Flora of North America: Lilium

May 05, 2023
lilium, lily, lilies, redirect, here, other, uses, disambiguation, lily, disambiguation, lilies, disambiguation, other, plants, called, lilies, list, plants, known, lily, genus, herbaceous, flowering, plants, growing, from, bulbs, with, large, prominent, flowe. Lily and Lilies redirect here For other uses see Lilium disambiguation Lily disambiguation and Lilies disambiguation For other plants called lilies see List of plants known as lily Lilium ˈ l ɪ l i e m LIL ee em 3 is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs all with large prominent flowers They are the true lilies Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world Most species are native to the northern hemisphere and their range is temperate climates and extends into the subtropics Many other plants have lily in their common names but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies LiliumLilium candidumScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MonocotsOrder LilialesFamily LiliaceaeSubfamily LilioideaeTribe LilieaeGenus LiliumL 1 Type speciesLilium candidumL 2 SpeciesList of Lilium speciesSynonyms 1 Lirium Scop nom illeg Martagon WolfMartagon Rchb Opiz nom illeg Nomocharis Franch Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Etymology 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Ecology 5 Cultivation 5 1 Awards 5 2 Classification of garden forms 5 2 1 Asiatic hybrids Division I 5 2 2 Martagon hybrids Division II 5 2 3 Candidum Euro Caucasian hybrids Division III 5 2 4 American hybrids Division IV 5 2 5 Longiflorum hybrids Division V 5 2 6 Trumpet lilies Division VI including Aurelian hybrids with L henryi 5 2 7 Oriental hybrids Division VII 5 2 8 Other hybrids Division VIII 5 2 9 Species Division IX 5 3 Pests and diseases 5 4 Propagation and growth 6 Research 7 Toxicity 8 Culinary uses 8 1 Chinese cuisine 8 2 Japanese cuisine 8 2 1 Yokan 8 2 2 Species used 8 3 North America 9 Medicinal uses 10 In culture 10 1 Symbolism 10 2 Heraldry 10 3 Other plants referred to as lilies 11 See also 12 Explanatory notes 13 References 14 External links 14 1 FloraDescription Edit Lilium longiflorum flower 1 stigma 2 style 3 anthers 4 filament 5 tepal Lilies are tall perennials ranging in height from 2 6 ft 60 180 cm They form naked or tunicless scaly underground bulbs which are their organs of perennation In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes on which numerous small bulbs are found Some species develop stolons 4 Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface Many species form stem roots With these the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb a number of species also produce contractile roots that move the bulbs deeper into the soil 5 Lily petal The flowers are large often fragrant and come in a wide range of colors including whites yellows oranges pinks reds and purples Markings include spots and brush strokes The plants are late spring or summer flowering Flowers are borne in racemes or umbels at the tip of the stem with six tepals spreading or reflexed to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a Turk s cap The tepals are free from each other and bear a nectary at the base of each flower The ovary is superior borne above the point of attachment of the anthers The fruit is a three celled capsule 6 Stamen of lilium Seeds ripen in late summer They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns many adapted to cool temperate climates Most cool temperate species are deciduous and dormant in winter in their native environment But a few species native to areas with hot summers and mild winters Lilium candidum Lilium catesbaei Lilium longiflorum lose their leaves and enter a short dormant period in summer or autumn sprout from autumn to winter forming dwarf stems bearing a basal rosette of leaves until after they have received sufficient chilling the stem begins to elongate in warming weather Lilium candidum seeds The basic chromosome number is twelve n 12 7 Taxonomy EditTaxonomical division in sections follows the classical division of Comber 8 species acceptance follows the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 9 the taxonomy of section Pseudolirium is from the Flora of North America 10 the taxonomy of Section Liriotypus is given in consideration of Resetnik et al 2007 11 the taxonomy of Chinese species various sections follows the Flora of China 12 and the taxonomy of Section Sinomartagon follows Nishikawa et al 13 as does the taxonomy of Section Archelirion 14 The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as of January 2014 update considers Nomocharis a separate genus in its own right 15 however some authorities consider Nomocharis to be embedded within Lilium rather than treat it as a separate genus 16 17 The Sinomartagon are divided in 3 paraphyletic groups while the Leucolirion are divided in 2 paraphyletic groups 18 There are seven sections Martagon Pseudolirium Liriotypus Archelirion Sinomartagon Leucolirion DaurolirionThere are 111 species counted in this genus 19 For a full list of accepted species 1 with their native ranges see List of Lilium species Picture Section Sub Section Botanical name common name Martagon Lilium distichum Martagon Lilium hansonii Martagon Lilium martagon Martagon or Turk s cap lily Martagon Lilium medeoloides Martagon Lilium tsingtauense Pseudolirium 2a Lilium bolanderi Bolander s Lily Pseudolirium 2a Lilium puberulum Pseudolirium 2a Lilium kelloggii Pseudolirium 2a Lilium rubescens Pseudolirium 2a Lilium washingtonianum Washington Lily Shasta Lily or Mt Hood Lily Pseudolirium 2b Lilium kelleyanum Pseudolirium 2b Lilium maritimum Pseudolirium 2b Lilium occidentale Pseudolirium 2b Lilium pardalinum Panther or Leopard lily Pseudolirium 2b Lilium parryi Pseudolirium 2b Lilium parvum Sierra tiger lily or Alpine lily Pseudolirium 2c Lilium canadense Canada Lily or Meadow Lily Pseudolirium 2c Lilium grayi Pseudolirium 2c Lilium iridollae Pseudolirium 2c Lilium michiganense Michigan Lily Pseudolirium 2c Lilium michauxii Carolina Lily Pseudolirium 2c Lilium superbum Swamp lily or American tiger lily Pseudolirium 2c Lilium pyrophilum Sandhills Lily 20 Pseudolirium 2d Lilium catesbaei Pseudolirium 2d Lilium philadelphicum Wood lily Philadelphia lily or prairie lily Liriotypus 3a Lilium candidum Madonna lily Liriotypus 3b Lilium albanicum Liriotypus 3b Lilium bosniacum Lilium carniolicum var bosniacum Liriotypus 3b Lilium chalcedonicum Liriotypus 3b Lilium carniolicum Liriotypus 3b Lilium ciliatumLiriotypus 3b Lilium heldreichii Liriotypus 3b Lilium jankae Liriotypus 3b Lilium pomponium Turban lily Liriotypus 3b Lilium ponticum Liriotypus 3b Lilium pyrenaicum Liriotypus 3c Lilium akkusianum Liriotypus 3c Lilium kesselringianum Liriotypus 3c Lilium monadelphum Liriotypus 3c Lilium rhodopeum Liriotypus 3c Lilium szovitsianum Polish Lily Liriotypus 3c Lilium polyphyllum Liriotypus 3c Lilium ledebourii Liriotypus 3d Lilium bulbiferum Orange Lily or Fire Lily Archelirion 4a Lilium speciosum Japanese lily Archelirion 4b Lilium auratum Golden rayed lily of Japan or Goldband lily Archelirion 4c Lilium alexandrae Archelirion 4c Lilium japonicum Archelirion 4c Lilium nobilissimum Archelirion 4d Lilium brownii Archelirion 4d Lilium rubellum Archelirion 4d Lilium platyphyllum Sinomartagon 5a Lilium davidii Sinomartagon 5a Lilium duchartrei Sinomartagon 5a Lilium henryi Tiger Lily or Henry s lily Sinomartagon 5a Lilium lancifolium Tiger Lily often known as L tigrinum Sinomartagon 5a Lilium lankongense Sinomartagon 5a Lilium leichtlinii Sinomartagon 5a Lilium papilliferum Sinomartagon 5a Lilium rosthornii Sinomartagon 5b Lilium amabile Sinomartagon 5b Lilium callosum Sinomartagon 5b Lilium cernuum Sinomartagon 5b Lilium concolor Morning Star Lily Sinomartagon 5b Lilium fargesii Sinomartagon 5b Lilium pumilum Coral Lily Low Lily or Siberian LilySinomartagon 5b Lilium xanthellum Sinomartagon 5c Lilium amoenumSinomartagon 5c Lilium arboricola Sinomartagon 5c Lilium bakerianum Sinomartagon 5c Lilium euxanthumSinomartagon 5c Lilium henrici Sinomartagon 5c Lilium lophophorum Sinomartagon 5c Lilium mackliniae Siroi Lily Sinomartagon 5c Lilium majoense Sinomartagon 5c Lilium nanum Sinomartagon 5c Lilium nepalense Sinomartagon 5c Lilium oxypetalumSinomartagon 5c Lilium paradoxum Sinomartagon 5c Lilium poilanei Sinomartagon 5c Lilium primulinumSinomartagon 5c Lilium sempervivoideumSinomartagon 5c Lilium sherriffiae Sinomartagon 5c Lilium soulieiSinomartagon 5c Lilium stewartianum Sinomartagon 5c Lilium taliense Sinomartagon 5c Lilium wardiiSinomartagon 5 Lilium brevistylum Sinomartagon 5 Lilium lijiangenseSinomartagon 5 Lilium anhuienseSinomartagon 5 Lilium eupetes Sinomartagon 5 Lilium habaenseSinomartagon 5 Lilium huidongenseSinomartagon 5 Lilium jinfushanenseSinomartagon 5 Lilium matangenseSinomartagon 5 Lilium medogenseSinomartagon 5 Lilium pinifoliumSinomartagon 5 Lilium pyiSinomartagon 5 Lilium saccatumSinomartagon 5 Lilium tianschanicumSinomartagon 5 Lilium floridum Leucolirion 6a Lilium leucanthum Leucolirion 6a Lilium regale Leucolirion 6a Lilium sargentiae Leucolirion 6a Lilium sulphureum Leucolirion 6a Lilium wenshanenseLeucolirion 6b Lilium anhuiense Leucolirion 6b Lilium formosanum Leucolirion 6b Lilium longiflorum Easter LilyLeucolirion 6b Lilium neilgherrense Leucolirion 6b Lilium philippinense Benguet lily 21 22 Leucolirion 6b Lilium wallichianumLeucolirion 6b Lilium zairii Leucolirion 6b Lilium puerense Daurolirion Lilium dauricum Daurolirion Lilium maculatum Daurolirion Lilium pensylvanicumLilium eupetes Lilium armenum Lilium bosniacum Lilium columbianum Lilium debile Lilium humboldtiiLilium rockiiSome species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera These genera include Cardiocrinum Notholirion Nomocharis and Fritillaria Etymology Edit The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name The Latin name is derived from the Greek word leirion leirion generally assumed to refer to true white lilies as exemplified by the Madonna lily 23 24 25 The word was borrowed from Coptic dial Fayyumic hleri from standard hreri from Demotic hrry from Egyptian hrṛt flower citation needed Meillet maintains that both the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean citation needed Ancient Greek krῖnon krinon was used by the Greeks albeit for lilies of any color 26 The term lily has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants often with only superficial resemblance to the true lily including water lily fire lily lily of the Nile calla lily trout lily kaffir lily cobra lily lily of the valley daylily ginger lily Amazon lily leek lily Peruvian lily and others All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrew shushan shōshan shōshanna as lily but the lily among the thorns of Song of Solomon for instance may be the honeysuckle 27 Distribution and habitat Edit Turk s cap lily growing in the Carinthian Alps The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe across most of Asia to Japan south to India and east to Indochina and the Philippines In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats often montane or sometimes to grassland habitats A few can survive in marshland and epiphytes are known in tropical southeast Asia In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime free soils Ecology EditLilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Dun bar The proliferation of deer e g Odocoileus virginianus in North America mainly due to factors such as the elimination of large predators for human safety is responsible there for a downturn in lily populations in the wild and is a threat to garden lilies as well 28 Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants an impractical solution for most wild areas 29 Cultivation EditMany species are widely grown in the garden in temperate sub tropical and tropical regions 30 Numerous ornamental hybrids have been developed They are used in herbaceous borders woodland and shrub plantings and as patio plants Some lilies especially Lilium longiflorum form important cut flower crops or potted plants These are forced to flower outside of the normal flowering season for particular markets for instance Lilium longiflorum for the Easter trade when it may be called the Easter lily Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season They are best planted in a south facing northern hemisphere slightly sloping aspect in sun or part shade at a depth 2 times the height of the bulb except Lilium candidum which should be planted at the surface Most prefer a porous loamy soil and good drainage is essential Most species bloom in July or August northern hemisphere The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring while others bloom in late summer or early autumn 31 They have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep A soil pH of around 6 5 is generally safe Most grow best in well drained soils and plants are watered during the growing season Some species and cultivars have strong wiry stems but those with heavy flower heads are staked to stay upright 32 33 Awards Edit The following lily species and cultivars currently hold the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit confirmed 2017 34 Golden Splendor African Queen Group VI a 2002 H6 Casa Blanca VIIb b c 1993 H6 Fata Morgana Ia b 2002 H6 Garden Party VIIb b 2002 H6 Golden Splendor Group VIb c a 35 Lilium henryi IXc d 1993 H6 Lilium mackliniae IXc a 2012 H5 Lilium martagon Turk s cap lily IXc d 36 Lilium pardalinum leopard lily IXc d 37 Pink Perfection Group VIb a 38 Lilium regale regal lily king s lily IXb a 39 Classification of garden forms Edit Numerous forms mostly hybrids are grown for the garden They vary according to the species and interspecific hybrids that they derived from and are classified in the following broad groups 40 41 42 Asiatic hybrids Division I Edit These are derived from hybrids between species in Lilium section Sinomartagon 43 44 They are derived from central and East Asian species and interspecific hybrids including Lilium amabile Lilium bulbiferum Lilium callosum Lilium cernuum Lilium concolor Lilium dauricum Lilium davidii Lilium hollandicum Lilium lancifolium syn Lilium tigrinum Lilium lankongense Lilium leichtlinii Lilium maculatum Lilium pumilum Lilium scottiae Lilium wardii and Lilium wilsonii These are plants with medium sized upright or outward facing flowers mostly unscented There are various cultivars such as Lilium Cappuccino Lilium Dimension Lilium Little Kiss and Lilium Navona 45 Dwarf Patio Border varieties are much shorter c 36 61 cm in height and were designed for containers 46 They often bear the cultivar name Tiny such as the Lily Looks series e g Tiny Padhye 47 Tiny Dessert 48 Martagon hybrids Division II Edit These are based on Lilium dalhansonii Lilium hansonii Lilium martagon Lilium medeoloides and Lilium tsingtauense The flowers are nodding Turk s cap style with the petals strongly recurved Candidum Euro Caucasian hybrids Division III Edit This includes mostly European species Lilium candidum Lilium chalcedonicum Lilium kesselringianum Lilium monadelphum Lilium pomponium Lilium pyrenaicum and Lilium testaceum American hybrids Division IV Edit These are mostly taller growing forms originally derived from Lilium bolanderi Lilium burbankii Lilium canadense Lilium columbianum Lilium grayi Lilium humboldtii Lilium kelleyanum Lilium kelloggii Lilium maritimum Lilium michauxii Lilium michiganense Lilium occidentale Lilium pardaboldtii Lilium pardalinum Lilium parryi Lilium parvum Lilium philadelphicum Lilium pitkinense Lilium superbum Lilium ollmeri Lilium washingtonianum and Lilium wigginsii Many are clump forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks Longiflorum hybrids Division V Edit These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies They are most important as plants for cut flowers and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids Trumpet lilies Division VI including Aurelian hybrids with L henryi Edit This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species and their interspecific hybrids including Lilium aurelianense Lilium brownii Lilium centigale Lilium henryi Lilium imperiale Lilium kewense Lilium leucanthum Lilium regale Lilium rosthornii Lilium sargentiae Lilium sulphureum and Lilium sulphurgale The flowers are trumpet shaped facing outward or somewhat downward and tend to be strongly fragrant often especially night fragrant Oriental hybrids Division VII Edit These are based on hybrids within Lilium section Archelirion 43 44 specifically Lilium auratum and Lilium speciosum together with crossbreeds from several species native to Japan including Lilium nobilissimum Lilium rubellum Lilium alexandrae and Lilium japonicum They are fragrant and the flowers tend to be outward facing Plants tend to be tall and the flowers may be quite large The whole group are sometimes referred to as stargazers because many of them appear to look upwards For the specific cultivar see Lilium Stargazer Other hybrids Division VIII Edit Includes all other garden hybrids Species Division IX Edit All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form 49 Flower aspect a up facing b out facing c down facingFlower form a trumpet shaped b bowl shaped c flat or with tepal tips recurved d tepals strongly recurved with the Turk s cap form as the ultimate state Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary culture and embryo rescue 50 Pests and diseases Edit Scarlet lily beetles Oxfordshire UK Aphids may infest plants Leatherjackets feed on the roots Larvae of the Scarlet lily beetle can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies Lilium and fritillaries Fritillaria 51 Oriental rubrum tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets orienpets and Turk s cap lilies and native North American Lilium species are all vulnerable but the beetle prefers some types over others The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America 52 Daylilies Hemerocallis not true lilies are excluded from this category Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice deer and squirrels Slugs 53 snails and millipedes attack seedlings leaves and flowers Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection of Botrytis elliptica also known as Lily blight lily fire and botrytis leaf blight 54 Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth including lily curl stripe ringspot and lily rosette virus 55 Propagation and growth Edit Lilies can be propagated in several ways by division of the bulbs by growing on bulbils which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem by scaling for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb by seed there are many seed germination patterns which can be complex by micropropagation techniques which include tissue culture 56 commercial quantities of lilies are often propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell A highly efficient technique for multiple shoot and propagule formation was given by Yadav et al in 2013 57 Plant grow regulators PGRs are used to limit the height of lilies especial those sold as potted plants commonly used chemicals include ancymidol fluprimidol paclobutrazol and uni conazole which are applied to the foliage and retard the biosynthesis of gibberellins a class of plant hormones responsible for stem growth 58 Research EditA comparison of meiotic crossing over recombination in lily and mouse led in 1977 to the conclusion that diverse eukaryotes share a common pattern of meiotic crossing over 59 Lilium longiflorum has been used for studying aspects of the basic molecular mechanism of genetic recombination during meiosis 60 61 Toxicity EditSome Lilium species are toxic to cats This is known to be so especially for Lilium longiflorum though other Lilium and the unrelated Hemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms 62 63 64 65 The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined but it involves damage to the renal tubular epithelium composing the substance of the kidney and secreting collecting and conducting urine which can cause acute kidney failure 65 Veterinary help should be sought as a matter of urgency for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat 66 Culinary uses EditChinese cuisine Edit Lily bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables though bulbs of some species may be too bitter to eat 67 Lilium brownii var viridulum known as 百合 pak hop pinyin bǎi he Cantonese Yale baak hap lit hundred united is one of the most prominent edible lilies in China Its bulbs are large in size and not bitter They were even exported and sold in the San Francisco Chinatown in the 19th century available both fresh and dry 67 A landrace called 龍牙百合 pinyin long ya bǎi he lit dragon tooth lily mainly cultivated in Hunan and Jiangxi is especially renowned for its good quality bulbs 68 L lancifolium Chinese 卷丹 pinyin juǎn dan lit reflexed red is widely cultivated in China especially in Yixing Huzhou and Longshan Its bulbs are slightly bitter 68 L davidii var unicolor Chinese 蘭州百合 lit Lanzhou lily is mainly cultivated in Lanzhou and its bulbs are valued for sweetness 68 Other edible Chinese lilies include L brownii var brownii L davidii var davidii L concolor L pensylvanicum L distichum L martagon var pilosiusculum L pumilum L rosthornii and L speciosum var gloriosoides 69 Researchers have also explored the possibility of using ornamental cultivars as edible lilies 72 The dried bulbs are commonly used in the south to flavor soup citation needed They may be reconstituted and stir fried grated and used to thicken soup or processed to extract starch citation needed Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the potato although the individual bulb scales are much smaller citation needed The commonly marketed lily flower buds called 金针菜 kam cham tsoi 73 pinyin jin zhen cai Cantonese Yale gamjam choi lit gold needle vegetable in Chinese cuisine are actually from daylilies Hemerocallis citrina 74 or possibly H fulva a 73 Flowers of the H graminea and Lilium bulbiferum were reported to have been eaten as well but samples provided by the informant were strictly daylilies and did not include L bulbiferum b 75 Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat 76 A 19th century English source reported that Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections and to have tonic properties 75 Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from the Netherlands the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year 77 78 79 The parts of Lilium species which are officially listed as food material in Taiwan are the flower and bulbs of Lilium lancifolium Lilium brownii var viridulum Lilium pumilum and Lilium candidum 80 Japanese cuisine Edit Loose scales of lily bulb in a donburi bowl dish The lily bulb or yuri ne is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine c 81 It may be most familiar in the present day as an occasional ingredient 具 gu in the chawan mushi savoury egg custard 82 where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the hot pudding of each serving 83 84 It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup or suimono ja 85 86 The boiled bulb may also be strained d into puree for use as in the sweetened kinton 87 88 or chakin shibori 88 89 e Yokan Edit There is also the yuri yōkan one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch with agar dissolved in water and sugar 91 This was a specialty of Hamada Shimane 92 and the shop Kaisei dō 開盛堂 established in 1885 became famous for it 93 94 Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote a waka poem about the confection which mentioned hime yuri princess lily f one source stated that the hime yuri usually taken to mean L concolor had to have been used 93 but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range with Fuchu Hiroshima which is renowned for its production of yama yuri L auratum 90 g Species used Edit Current Japanese governmental sources c 2005 list the following lily species as prominent in domestic consumption 98 99 the oni yuri or tiger lily Lilium lancifolium the kooni yuri Lilium leichtlinii var maximowiczii h and the gold banded white yama yuri L auratum But Japanese sources c 1895 1900 95 100 give a top three list which replaces kooni yuri with the sukashi yuri 透かし百合 lit see through lily L maculatum named from the gaps between the tepals 101 102 There is uncertainty regarding which species is meant by the hime yuri used as food because although this is usually the common name for L concolor in most up to date literature 103 it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well c 1895 1900 95 The non tiger lily himeyuri is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant i North America Edit The flower buds and roots of Lilium canadense are traditionally gathered and eaten by North American indigenous peoples 104 Coast Salish Nuu chah nulth and most western Washington peoples steam boil or pit cook the bulbs of Lilium columbianum Bitter or peppery tasting they were mostly used as a flavoring often in soup with meat or fish 105 Medicinal uses EditTraditional Chinese medicine list the use of the following 野百合 Lilium brownii 百合 Lilium brownii var viridulum 渥丹 Lilium concolor 毛百合 Lilium dauricum 卷丹 Lilium lancifolium 山丹 Lilium pumilum 南川百合 Lilium rosthornii 药百合Lilium speciosum var gloriosoides 淡黄花百合 Lilium sulphureum 106 107 In Taiwan governmental publications list Lilium lancifolium Thunb Lilium brownii var viridulum Baker Lilium pumilum DC 108 In the kanpō or Chinese medicine as practiced in Japan the official Japanese governmental pharmacopeia Nihon yakkyokuhō 日本薬局方 includes the use of lily bulb known as byakugō ビャクゴウ 百合 in traditional pharmacological circles listing the use of the following species Lilium lancifolium Lilium brownii Lilium brownii var colchesteri Lilium pumilum 109 The scales flaked off from the bulbs are used usually steamed 109 In South Korea the lilium species which are officially listed for medicinal use are 참나리 Lilium lancifolium Thunberg 당나리 Lilium brownii var viridulun Baker 110 111 In culture EditSymbolism Edit In the Victorian language of flowers lilies portray love ardor and affection for your loved ones while orange lilies stand for happiness love and warmth 112 Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence 113 Lilium formosanum or Taiwanese lily is called the flower of broken bowl Chinese 打碗花 by the elderly members of the Hakka ethnic group They believe that because this lily grows near bodies of clean water harming the lily may damage the environment just like breaking the bowls that people rely on 114 An alternative explanation is that parents convince children into not taking the lily by convincing the children that their dinner bowls may break if they destroy this flower In Western Christianity Madonna lily or Lilium candidum has been associated with the Virgin Mary since at least the Medieval Era Medieval and Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary especially at the Annunciation often show her with these flowers Madonna lilies are also commonly included in depictions of Christ s resurrection Lilium longiflorum the Easter lily is a symbol of Easter and Lilium candidum the Madonna lily carries a great deal of symbolic value in many cultures See the articles for more information Heraldry Edit A stylized lily flower in the coat of arms of Pohja The fleur de lis associated primarily with French royalty is a stylized lily flower Lilium bulbiferum has long been recognised as a symbol of the Orange Order in Northern Ireland 115 Lilium mackliniae is the state flower of Manipur Lilium michauxii the Carolina lily is the official state flower of North Carolina Idyllwild California hosts the Lemon Lily Festival which celebrates Lilium parryi 116 Lilium philadelphicum is the floral emblem of Saskatchewan province in Canada and is on the flag of Saskatchewan 117 118 119 Other plants referred to as lilies Edit Lily of the valley flame lilies daylilies and water lilies are symbolically important flowers commonly referred to as lilies but they are not in the genus Lilium See also EditLily seed germination types List of plants known as lily Lilium nanumExplanatory notes Edit Blasdale cites Bretschneider 1889 but in Bretschneider 1875 Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers to the West p 123 first gives the Chinese name for H fulva as kim cham hōa as according to Joao de Loureiro while he himself only recognized its name as kin huang hua 金黃花 or as 黃花菜 huang hua ts ai yellow flower vegetable as they were called by Beijing merchants The informant Pelham L Warren consul at Taiwan was presumably providing imports from China main port Hankow or Japan not a common food Shizuo Tsuji ja The term uragoshi ja straining orthodoxically means using the uragoshi ki traditionally a sieve with a fine mesh of horse hair instead of metal wire These could refer to essentially the same thing except for slight difference in texture and appearance The yuri kinton has been described as ogura an sweet adzuki bean paste core surrounded with stipples soboro of strained lily bulb and white adzuki shiroazuki or shiroshōzu 90 A recipe for lily bulb dumplings or chakin shibori calls for wrapping adzuki bean paste with lily bulb mashed into puree then wrapping it in a cloth and wringing the dumpling into a ball shape 89 Jimyōin Motoaki ja b 1865 was a viscount and poet So was his son Motonori And as discussed below this yama yuri was also called hime yuri in earlier days 95 The kooni yuri 小鬼百合 lesser ogre lily That is not in the top three of this period 95 References EditCitations a b c Lilium World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Archived from the original on November 14 2017 Retrieved June 13 2014 lectotype designated by N L Britton et A Brown Ill Fl N U S ed 2 1 502 1913 lilium Merriam Webster Dictionary Batygina T B 2019 04 23 Embryology of Flowering Plants Terminology and Concepts Vol 3 Reproductive Systems CRC Press ISBN 978 0 429 52671 8 Gracie Carol 2020 04 28 Summer Wildflowers of the Northeast A Natural History Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 20330 0 European Garden Flora Volume 1 Pelkonen Veli Pekka Pirttila Anna Maria 2012 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Lilium PDF Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology 6 Special Issue 2 1 8 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 10 08 Retrieved 2016 07 29 Harold Comber 1949 A new classification of the genus Lilium Lily Yearbook Royal Hortic Soc London 15 86 105 Govaerts R ed Lilium World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2013 02 03 Flora of North America Vol 26 Online Archived 2012 10 15 at the Wayback Machine Resetnik I Liber Z Satovic Z Cigic P Nikolic T 2007 Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group Liliaceae based on nuclear ITS sequences Plant Systematics and Evolution 265 1 2 45 58 doi 10 1007 s00606 006 0513 y S2CID 32644749 Flora of China Vol 24 eFloras org Archived 2012 09 12 at the Wayback Machine Nishikawa Tomotaro Okazaki Keiichi Arakawa Katsuro Nagamine Tsukasa 2001 Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA 育種学雑誌 Breeding Science 51 1 39 46 doi 10 1270 jsbbs 51 39 Nishikawa Tomotaro Okazaki Keiichi Nagamine Tsukasa 2002 Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley L auratum var platyphyllum Baker and L rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA 育種学雑誌 Breeding Science 52 3 207 213 doi 10 1270 jsbbs 52 207 WCLSPF 2014 Gao et al 2011 Ronsted et al 2005 Li Juan Cai Jing Qin Huan Huan Price Megan Zhang Zhen Yu Yan Xie Deng Feng He Xing Jin Zhou Song Dong Gao Xin Fen 2022 Phylogeny Age and Evolution of Tribe Lilieae Liliaceae Based on Whole Plastid Genomes Frontiers in Plant Science 12 699226 doi 10 3389 fpls 2021 699226 ISSN 1664 462X PMC 8845482 PMID 35178055 Lilium L World Flora Online The World Flora Online Consortium 2022 Retrieved 2 July 2022 Lilium pyrophilum in Flora of North America Efloras org Archived from the original on 2012 10 20 Retrieved 2013 02 03 Lilium philippinense Benguet lily Shoot Limited Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 Retrieved 10 February 2015 Park personnel rear vanishing Benguet lily Sun Star Baguio 13 August 2013 Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 Retrieved 10 February 2015 Hyam R amp Pankhurst R J 1995 Plants and their names a concise dictionary Oxford Oxford University Press p 186 ISBN 978 0 19 866189 4 Classification Lily Net Archived from the original on 15 April 2008 Retrieved 22 June 2008 Liddell Henry George Scott Robert 1940 leirion A Greek English Lexicon Perseus Digital Library Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Lily Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 16 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 687 Shorter Oxford English dictionary 6th ed United Kingdom Oxford University Press 2007 p 3804 ISBN 978 0 19 920687 2 Ecological Impacts of High Deer Densities Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology Ecological Society of America 2004 Archived from the original on 2019 11 27 Retrieved 2019 11 27 Will Deer Eat Hostas amp Lilies SFGate Hearst Archived from the original on 2019 11 27 Retrieved 2019 11 27 Azucenas en tierra boricua trascienden generaciones Lilium in Puerto Rican land transcend generations El Nuevo Dia in Spanish 2017 07 08 Archived from the original on 2020 07 19 Retrieved 2020 07 19 Lily 2016 Archived from the original on 2014 02 25 Retrieved 2014 02 19 RHS encyclopedia of plants amp flowers United Kingdom Dorling Kindersley 2010 p 744 ISBN 978 1 4053 5423 3 Jefferson Brown Michael 2008 Lilies Wisley handbooks London Mitchell Beazley p 96 ISBN 978 1 84533 384 3 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 60 Archived PDF from the original on 5 January 2018 Retrieved 2 March 2018 RHS Plantfinder Lilium Golden Splendor Group Archived from the original on 24 March 2018 Retrieved 22 March 2018 RHS Plantfinder Lilium martagon Archived from the original on 25 March 2018 Retrieved 22 March 2018 RHS Plantfinder Lilium pardalinum Archived from the original on 24 March 2018 Retrieved 22 March 2018 RHS Plantfinder Lilium Pink Perfection Group Archived from the original on 24 March 2018 Retrieved 22 March 2018 RHS Plantfinder Lilium regale Archived from the original on 24 March 2018 Retrieved 2 March 2018 North American Lily Society Types of Lilies Lilies org Archived from the original on 2013 11 03 Retrieved 2013 02 03 RHS A Z encyclopedia of garden plants United Kingdom Dorling Kindersley 2008 p 1136 ISBN 978 1 4053 3296 5 The RHS is the International Registration Authority for lilies Archived from the original on 2014 05 21 Retrieved 2014 05 21 a b Barba Gonzalez R Lokker A C Lim K B Ramanna M S Van Tuyl J M 2004 Use of 2n gametes for the production of sexual polyploids from sterile Oriental Asiatic hybrids of lilies Lilium Theoretical and Applied Genetics 109 6 1125 1132 doi 10 1007 s00122 004 1739 0 PMID 15290047 S2CID 7992120 a b van Tuyl J M Arens P 2011 Lilium Breeding History of the Modern Cultivar Assortment PDF Acta Horticulturae 900 223 230 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 06 06 Lilium Asiatic Navona Lily brentandbeckysbulbs com Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 27 January 2017 Tina M Smith Production of Hybrid Lilies as Pot Plants University of Massachusetts Amherst Center for Agriculture Food and the Environment Archived from the original on 2014 08 10 Retrieved 2014 08 06 Plant Profile for Lilium Tiny Padhye Dwarf Asiatic Lily Perennial Archived from the original on 2015 05 08 Retrieved 2014 08 06 Plant Profile for Lilium Tiny Dessert Dwarf Asiatic Lily Perennial Archived from the original on 2014 08 11 Retrieved 2014 08 07 The RHS International Lily Registrar Application For Registration Of A Lily Name Royal Horticultural Society Archived from the original on 22 May 2014 Retrieved 6 June 2014 van Tuyl J M Binoa R J Vancreij M Vankleinwee T Franken J Bino R 1991 Application of in vitro pollination ovary culture ovule culture and embryo rescue for overcoming incongruity barriers in interspecific Lilium crosses Plant Science 74 1 115 126 doi 10 1016 0168 9452 91 90262 7 Lily beetle RHS Gardening Royal Horticultural Society Archived from the original on 2014 08 21 Retrieved 2014 08 21 Whitman Ann Controlling Lily Leaf Beetles Gardener s Supply Company Archived from the original on 2014 02 22 Retrieved 2014 02 18 Adams Charles Early Mike Brook Jane Bamford Katherine 2014 08 07 Principles of Horticulture Level 2 Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 93777 7 George Raymond A T Fox Roland T V 2014 11 21 Diseases of Temperate Horticultural Plants CABI ISBN 978 1 84593 773 7 Smith Kenneth M 2012 12 02 A Textbook of Plant Virus Diseases Elsevier ISBN 978 0 323 16205 0 Duong Tan Nhut Nguyen Thi Doan Tam Vu Quoc Luan Nguyen Tri Minh 2006 Standardization of in vitro Lily Lilium spp plantlets for propagation and bulb formation Proceedings of International Workshop on Biotechnology in Agriculture Nong Lam University NLU Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam page 134 137 Retrieved January 25 2014 Yadav Rakesh Yadav Neha Pal Minakshi Goutam Umesh December 2013 Multiple shoot proliferation bulblet induction and evaluation of genetic stability in Asiatic hybrid lily Lilium sp Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 18 4 354 359 doi 10 1007 s40502 014 0060 4 ISSN 0019 5502 S2CID 17091557 Kamenetsky Rina Okubo Hiroshi 2012 09 17 Ornamental Geophytes From Basic Science to Sustainable Production CRC Press ISBN 978 1 4398 4924 8 Hotta Y Chandley AC Stern H Meiotic crossing over in lily and mouse Nature 1977 Sep 15 269 5625 240 2 doi 10 1038 269240a0 PMID 593319 Terasawa M Shinohara A Hotta Y Ogawa H Ogawa T Localization of RecA like recombination proteins on chromosomes of the lily at various meiotic stages Genes Dev 1995 Apr 15 9 8 925 34 doi 10 1101 gad 9 8 925 PMID 7774810 Anderson LK Offenberg HH Verkuijlen WM Heyting C RecA like proteins are components of early meiotic nodules in lily Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Jun 24 94 13 6868 73 doi 10 1073 pnas 94 13 6868 PMID 11038554 PMCID PMC21251 Langston CE January 2002 Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in six cats J Am Vet Med Assoc 220 1 49 52 36 doi 10 2460 javma 2002 220 49 PMID 12680447 Hall J 1992 Nephrotoxicity of Easter Lily Lilium longiflorum when ingested by the cat Proc Annu Meet Am Vet Int Med 6 121 Volmer P April 1999 Easter lily toxicosis in cats PDF Vet Med 331 permanent dead link a b Fitzgerald Kevin T 2010 Lily Toxicity in the Cat Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 25 4 213 217 doi 10 1053 j tcam 2010 09 006 ISSN 1938 9736 PMID 21147474 Lily poisoning in cats Vet Help Direct Blog 2010 05 02 Archived from the original on 2013 11 02 Retrieved 2013 10 20 a b Blasdale 1899 p 21 a b c 陈辉 张秋霞 2019 08 28 药材辨识 百合 你买对了吗 搜狐网 in Chinese 羊城晚报 Archived from the original on 2020 02 13 Retrieved 2020 01 17 百合属 Lilium www iplant cn Retrieved 2020 02 13 permanent dead link 15个百合种和品种的食用性比较研究 Archived from the original on 2014 05 29 Retrieved 2014 05 28 不同食用百合品种在宁波地区引种品比试验 Archived from the original on 2014 02 01 Batistero and California among 15 lilies in Beijing 70 and Prato and Small foreigners among 13 lilies in Ningbo 71 a b Blasdale Walter Charles 1899 A Description of Some Chinese Vegetable Food Materials and Their Nutritive and Economic Value U S Government Printing Office p 44 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 01 13 Hemerocallis citrina Archived 2015 07 11 at the Wayback Machine Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae a b Lily Flowers and Bulbs Used as Food Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Royal Gardens Kew 1889 29 116 118 1889 doi 10 2307 4113224 JSTOR 4113224 Archived from the original on 2016 07 30 Retrieved 2020 01 13 按照传统既是食品又是中药材的物质目录 2013版 征求意见稿 doc Archived from the original on 2014 02 22 Retrieved 2014 01 25 蔡 月夏 食用百合鱗莖有機栽培模式之建立 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 02 02 首頁 為民服務 常見問題 FAQ Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 首頁 最新消息 本場新聞 花蓮 宜蘭生產的有機食用百合深受消費者喜愛 Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 可供食品使用原料彙整一覽表 Food and Drug Administration Archived from the original on 26 January 2014 Retrieved 25 January 2014 Tsuji Shizuo in Japanese 2007 Japanese Cooking A Simple Art Kodansha International p 74 ISBN 978 4 770 03049 8 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 01 16 Takekawa Masae Iizuka Keiko eds 2016 Saishin oishii yasai hyaku shu no jōzu na sodate kata 最新 おいしい野菜１００種のじょうずな育て方 Shufunotomo p 146 ISBN 9784074145003 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 01 16 Bon Appetit Japanese Culture in the Kitchen A Hot pudding Japanese Style Chawan mushi Nipponia Heibonsha 15 30 2000 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 01 16 Tsuji 2007 pp 214 215 Kingsbury Noel 2016 Garden Flora The Natural and Cultural History of the Plants In Your Garden Timber Press p 195 ISBN 978 1 604 69565 6 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 01 16 Kawakami Kōzō in Japanese 2006 Nihon ryōri jibutsu kigen 日本料理事物起源 Iwanami Shoten pp 46 47 ISBN 978 4 000 24240 0 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 01 16 Tsuji 2007 pp 74 460 461 a b Inoue Yoshiyuki supervising ed 1969 yuri ne ゆり根 日本食品事典 Nihon shokuhin jiten Ono Seishi Sugita Kōichi Mori Masao edd Ishiyaku Shuppan pp 307 308 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 09 01 a b Kosaki Takayuki Wagner Walter 2007 Authentic Recipes from Japan p 108 ISBN 9781462905720 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 09 01 a b Moriyasu Tadashi 1971 Nihon meika jiten 日本名菓辞典 Tokyodo Shuppan p 378 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 09 01 Shin shikunshi 1901 pp 133 135 Archived 2020 02 10 at the Wayback Machine also excerpted in NSJ 1908 p 2082b Archived 2020 09 01 at the Wayback Machine Allegedly the Hamada city version was 90 adulterated with white Phaseolus vulgaris a b Sawa Fumio 1994 Yuri 百合 ゆり Nihon Dai hyakka zensho Vol 23 Shogakukan p 436 ISBN 9784095260013 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 09 01 also Yuri yokan Archived 2020 09 01 at the Wayback Machine via kotobank Moriyasu 1971 pp 34 35 a b c d Dai Nihon Nōkai in Japanese 1895 Useful Plants of Japan Described and Illustrated Agricultural Society of Japan p 27 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 01 16 Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau MAFF Q amp A Shokuyō ni suru yurine ni tsuite oshiete kudasai 食用にするユリネ ゆり根 について教えてください Archived from the original on 2013 03 07 citing KNU Publishing Department Shokuhin zukan Gomyō Toshiharu in Japanese February 2009 yuri ne lily bulb ユリネ 百合根 Shokuzai hyakka jiten an encyclopedia of food ingredients Kagawa Nutrition University Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Taira Hirokazu et al edd 2006 Shokuhin zukan KNU Publishing 女子栄養大学 Joshi Eiyō Daigaku apud MAFF consumer bureau Q amp A 96 Cf KNU Prof Gomyo s online encyclopedia 97 Ministry of Education MEXT 2005 Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan ja 5th revised and expanded edition Appendix 1 6 to Chapter3 Shin shikunshi 1901 p 132 Archived 2020 02 10 at the Wayback Machine Sukashi yuri すかし ゆり 透かし百合 Kojien 4th ed 1991 下半各花被片の間に空隙があるところから命名 This species was particularly sought after by high end kappo 割烹 restaurants for braising it whole Shin shikunshi 1901 p 75 Wiersema John H Leon Blanca 1999 World Economic Plants A Standard Reference CRC Press pp 404 405 ISBN 978 0 849 32119 1 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 01 16 Boreal Forest Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University Lilium canadense Canada Lily Archived from the original on 2017 08 25 Retrieved 2017 08 19 Pojar Jim 2004 Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast Edmonton Lone Pine Publishing ISBN 9781551055305 中国药用植物 据 中国植物志 全书记载分析而得 Archived from the original on 2014 02 02 Retrieved 2014 01 25 中国药用植物 据 中国植物志 全书记载分析而得 Archived from the original on 2014 02 02 Retrieved 2014 01 25 Taiwan Herbal Pharmarcopeia Archived 2015 01 28 at the Wayback Machine Ministry of Health and Welfare a b The Japanese Pharmacopoeia 17th edition PDF Japanese Ministry of Health p 1906 Archived from the original PDF on 2020 01 13 Retrieved 2020 01 13 index Archived 2014 07 23 at the Wayback Machine 백합 Archived from the original on 2016 09 20 Retrieved 2020 09 01 Lilii Bulbus PDF in Korean Archived PDF from the original on 2014 02 03 Retrieved 2014 01 25 Symbolism of the Lily The Flower That is a Part of History Buzzle Archived from the original on 2016 11 26 Retrieved 2016 11 26 Meaning amp Symbolism of Lilies Archived from the original on 2018 04 06 Retrieved 2018 04 06 Liberty Times 2015 魯凱六角星 原民聖花 客庄打碗花 生態指標 in Chinese 自由電子報 Archived from the original on 2013 12 02 Design Research Group 27 June 2007 A kinder gentler image Modernism Tradition and the new Orange Order logo Reinventing the Orange Order A superhero for the 21st century Archived from the original on 3 May 2016 Retrieved 17 September 2016 Lemon Lily Festival Archived 2010 07 26 at the Wayback Machine Government House Gardens Showcase Western Red Lily Government of Saskatchewan 2005 07 21 Archived from the original on 2011 06 11 Retrieved 2008 07 09 Saskatchewan s Provincial Flower Government of Saskatchewan Archived from the original on 2011 07 28 Retrieved 2008 07 09 designated in 1941 Saskatchewan Government of Canada 2013 08 20 Archived from the original on 2015 07 21 Retrieved 2015 07 18 BibliographyGao Yun Dong Hohenegger Markus Harris AJ Zhou Song Dong He Xing Jin Wan Juan 2012 A new species in the genus Nomocharis Franchet Liliaceae evidence that brings the genus Nomocharis into Lilium Plant Systematics and Evolution 298 1 69 85 doi 10 1007 s00606 011 0524 1 ISSN 0378 2697 S2CID 16912824 Ronsted N Law S Thornton H Fay M F Chase M W 2005 Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the monophyly of Fritillaria and Lilium Liliaceae Liliales and the infrageneric classification of Fritillaria Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35 3 509 527 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2004 12 023 PMID 15878122 Nomocharis World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Royal Botanic Gardens Kew archived from the original on 2020 09 01 retrieved 2015 09 14 yuri ユリ in Nihon shakai jii 日本社會事彙 in Japanese Vol 2 Keizai zasshi sha 1908 pp 2077 2083 Archived from the original on 2020 09 01 Retrieved 2020 01 16 digested from Shin shikunshi Seika en Sanjin 精花園山人 Hana yuri 花百合 in Shōkadō Shujin 1901 Shin shikunshi 新四君子 in Japanese Tokyo Mita Ikushujyo pp 63 140 archived from the original on 2020 02 10 retrieved 2020 01 16External links Edit Look up lilium in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikiquote has quotations related to Lilies Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lilium Wikispecies has information related to Lilium The Plant List North American Lily Society Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group 1 2 3 Time lapse videos THE GENUS LILIUM Lilium at the Encyclopedia of Life Lily perenialization Flower Bulb Research Program Department of Horticulture Cornell University Crossing polygon of the genus Lilium Bulb flower production Lilies International Flower Bulb Centre Lily Picture Book International Flower Bulb CentreFlora Edit Flora Europaea Lilium Flora of China Lilium Flora of Nepal Lilium species list Flora of North America Lilium Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lilium amp oldid 1152769597, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.