fbpx
Wikipedia

Adult animation in the United States

March 21, 2023

Not to be confused with Cartoon pornography.

In the United States, before the enforcement of the Hays Code, some cartoon shorts contained humor that was aimed at adult audience members rather than children. Following the introduction of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system, independent animation producers attempted to establish an alternative to mainstream animation. Initially, few animation studios in the United States attempted to produce animation for adult audiences, but later examples of animation produced for adults would gain mainstream attention and success. Adult animation in the United States includes shows with superhero, sci-fi, and fantasy elements.[1] Some of the most prominent animations with these mature themes include The Simpsons, BoJack Horseman, South Park, Futurama, and Archer, along with other adult animated television series, feature films, and animation in other forms which helped the genre expand over the years, beyond animated sitcoms.

Pre-Code animation

The earliest cartoon series were based upon popular comic strips,[2] and were directed at family audiences. Most animation produced during the silent film era was not intended to be shown to any specific age group, but occasionally contained humor that was directed at adult audience members.[3] Writer Michael Tisserand argued that all animations were "adult swims in the early days of American animation," with shapes which were hand-drawn, frolicking and not behaving "correctly" before audience members who "reacted with shock".[4] Some scholars, like Jason Mittel, stated that the assumed audience of these early cartoons, particularly Looney Tunes, has alternated from their initial unspecific audience, to children, and back to general audiences.[5] The earliest known instance of censorship in animation occurred when the censorship board of Pennsylvania requested that references to bootlegging be removed from Walt Disney's 1925 short Alice Solves a Puzzle. One of the earliest animated pornographic films was Eveready Harton in Buried Treasure, produced circa 1928, possibly produced for a private party in honor of Winsor McCay.[3] According to Karl F. Cohen's 1998 book, Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America, rumor held that the film was developed in Cuba years after it was completed, because no lab in New York City would process the film.[3]

The Motion Picture Association of America, then known as the Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors Association, was established in 1922 as the result of public objection to adult content in films, and a series of guidelines were established.[3] Until the Hays Code was enforced, many animated shorts featured suggestive content, including sexual innuendo, references to alcohol and drug use, and mild profanity.[6] In the 1920s and 1930s, X-rated cartoons were produced and shown, building upon the "small non-theatrical industry" which had developed "around pornographic films before WWI."[7]

Yehudi the Chameleon, the star of Camouflage (1944)

The latter cartoons came at time when the U.S. military began to commission animated films to train recruits.[8] This morphed into the U.S. Army's First Motion Picture Unit, which existed from 1942 to 1945, located at Hal Roach Studios in Culver City, California. The unit included filmmakers like Frank Capra, Looney Tunes creator Rudolf Ising, animator Frank Thomas, and cartoonist Dr. Seuss. It produced hundreds of animated "training films on a continuous schedule."[8][9][10][11] Animation was integral in these films, helping pilots fly airplanes,[12] soldiers learn the fine points of military camouflage,[10] or train others how to correctly use hand-held weapons.[13]

In addition, the Betty Boop series was known for its use of jokes that would eventually be considered taboo following the enforcement of the Hays Code, including the use of nudity.[6] This included the short Bamboo Isle,[14] which contains a sequence in which Betty dances the hula topless, wearing only a lei over her breasts and a grass skirt. According to animator Shamus Culhane, Fleischer Studios and Paramount Pictures were shocked by the sequence, but because it was a major sequence, it could not be cut out of the film. Culhane also states that he does not remember any instance in which the film was censored.[6] Betty's hula animation was reused for a cameo appearance with Popeye the Sailor in his self-titled animated debut short of the same name.[15][16][17] Following the enforcement of the Hays Code, Betty's clothing was redesigned, and all future shorts portrayed her with a longer dress which did not emphasize her physique and sexuality.[18]

After the Hays Code

By 1968, the Hays Office had been eliminated, and the former guidelines were replaced by the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system. The lifting of the Code meant that animated features from other countries could be distributed without censorship, and that censorship would not be required for American productions.[19] Some underground cartoon features from the late 1960s were also aimed at an adult audience, such as Bambi Meets Godzilla (1968), and the anti-war films Escalation (1968), and Mickey Mouse in Vietnam (1969). Escalation in particular is interesting because it was made by Disney animator Ward Kimball, independently from the Disney Studios. Film producer John Magnuson completed an animated short based upon an audio recording of a comedy routine by Lenny Bruce titled Thank You Mask Man (1971), in which The Lone Ranger shocks the residents of the town he saves when he tells them that he wants to have sex with Tonto.[20] The short was made by San Francisco-based company Imagination, Inc. and directed by Jeff Hale, a former member of the National Film Board of Canada. The film was scheduled to premiere on the opening night of Z, as a supplement preceding the main feature, but was not shown. According to a former staff member of the festival, Magnuson ran up the aisle and shouted, "They crucified Lenny when he was alive and now that he is dead they are screwing him again!" The festival's director told Magnuson that the producer of Z did not want any short shown that night. Rumors suggested that the wife of one of the festival's financiers hated Bruce, and threatened to withdraw her husband's money if the short was screened. Thank You Mask Man was later shown in art house screenings, and gained a following, but screenings did not perform well enough financially for Magnuson to profit from the film.[21]

Aeon Flux, which aired from 1991 to 1995, was an American avant-garde science fiction animated television series that aired on MTV. Liana Satenstein called it "cutting edge, bizarrely sexy, and certainly not for daytime television," which has a cult-following, while Peter Chung, the director of the animated show, stated he was inspired by the "very naked images of the late Helmut Newton."[22] Some argued that dramatic series such as Aeon Flux and Invasion America are less common, and still rarely successful.[23]

Space Ghost: Coast to Coast ran on Cartoon Network from 1994 to 2001, then on Adult Swim from 2001 to 2004, and on GameTap from 2006 to 2008. The first two seasons of this adult animated parody talk show were presented as a serious talk show with subdued jokes, while the later seasons relied more on surrealism, non-sequitur, and tabloid.[24] Reportedly the first original series fully produced by Cartoon Network,[25] it had two spinoff series in the form of Cartoon Planet and The Brak Show, while inspiring series such as Sealab 2021; Aqua Teen Hunger Force; Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law; Perfect Hair Forever; and The Eric Andre Show.[26]

Many of the adult animated series on broadcast television have featured LGBTQ characters. Fox's The Simpsons has included gay characters,[27][28] some of which were one-offs,[28][29][30][31] an on-and-off-again gay couple,[32] and lesbian characters.[33] Additionally, gay characters appeared in Family Guy,[34][35] King of the Hill[36] Duncanville,[37] have done the same. Additionally, bisexual characters appeared in Sit Down, Shut Up, which aired from April to November 2009,[38][39][40] while gay characters headlined the short-lived show, Allen Gregory.[41][42] The FOX adult animated sitcom, The Great North, which began airing in January 2021, included gay characters,[43][44] as did the late 2006 series Freak Show,[45] Brickleberry, which aired from 2012 to 2015, featured lesbian characters[46][47][48] while South Park included gay and lesbian characters,[49][50][51][52] as did Drawn Together.[53][54][55][56]

Some depictions of LGBTQ people were criticized, like those in Family Guy and Bob's Burgers, as stereotypical, when it came to trans people[57][58][59] In the case of Bob's Burgers, in June 2020, series creator Loren Bouchard committed to recasting a trans female sex worker character so it is voiced by a Black actor rather than a White male actor, currently David Herman.[60][57] LGBTQ characters also headlined the series Rick & Steve: The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World, which aired on Logo TV from 2007 to 2009, including gay[61] and lesbian[62][63] couples as characters.[64][65] and gay characters appeared in Chozen.[66] Lesbian characters also appeared in The Goode Family,[67][68][69]

Programming blocks

 
Adult Swim Headquarters on Williams Street in Atlanta, GA in late April 2019

There are various programming blocks for broadcast television which cater to adult animation. This includes Adult Swim, a programming block on Cartoon Network,[70][71] which was founded in 2001,[72] with a schedule which includes original programs such as Rick and Morty and The Venture Bros., as well as more "experimental" shows such as Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Squidbillies.[73] Some said that the programming block was inspired by shows like Beavis and Butt-Head and Aeon Flux."[74] Other animation blocs include FXX's Animation Domination High-Def,[75] Syfy's TZGZ which includes various animated series[76][77][78] and Fox's Animation Domination.[1]

In the Adult Swim programming block, many of the animated series have featured LGBTQ characters. This includes gay characters in Space Ghost Coast to Coast,[79][80] Mission Hill[81] Braceface[82] and Clone High.[83][84] Also The Venture Bros. and Moral Orel featured lesbian and bisexual characters.[85][86][87] In addition the series The Oblongs featured a trans character[88] while Archer included gay,[89][90] and bisexual[91][92] characters. bro'Town included a protagonist who is fa'afafine, a Samoan concept for a third gender person,[93][94] and Superjail! included a gay couple.[95] The Boondocks featured gay characters,[96] as did Rick and Morty.[97][98] Rick and Morty also confirmed other characters as queer in the show's fifth season.[99] [100] In addition, Final Space, which aired on Adult Swim and HBO Max, included bisexual,[101][102] genderless,[103][104] and lesbian characters.[105][106] Magical Girl Friendship Squad: Origins and Magical Girl Friendship Squad, on SYFY's TZGZ bloc, included queer characters.[107][108]

Streaming services

See also: List of adult animated television series

Some critics have argued that the streaming platforms are in a "war" with one another, during which adult animation is growing, as the genre changes, demand increases, and companies participate in production of these series.[109][110][111] Companies such as ViacomCBS, Hulu, Netflix, Apple TV+, CBS All Access, HBO Max, Disney+, and Crunchyroll have worked to expand their adult animation slates and offerings,[112][113][114] There were even panels hosted on the topic, noting the companies producing adult animations.[115][116] This competition has led some to argue that the adult animation field is in a "golden age"[117] and that there is a post-pandemic boom.[118]

In the 2020s, HBO Max,[119] Hulu,[120] Comedy Central,[121] and Disney+,[122] competed to grow the number of adult animations on their streaming services in order to grow their subscriber bases.[1] This included the launch of a hub within the Disney+ streaming service, Star, for television and film content intended for an adult audience,[123][124] the creation of a channel known as Comedy Central Animation for Pluto TV,[125] ramping up "adult animation programming" on Paramount+,[126] and HBO Max expanding their "adult animation slate" beyond South Park to gain exclusive streaming rights of various series.[127]

In early July 2020, Hulu hosted the first ever Hilarious Animated Hulu Awards (HAHA) which is meant to celebrate "adult cartoons, characters, and moments" from those animations streaming on the streaming site. Viewers were allowed to vote on the winners, with awards for the Most Epic Battle Scene, Best Hangover Performance, Best New Show, Best Dance Performance, Best Talking Pet, Most Awkward Moment, Most Insulting Insult, Best Catchphrase, Breakout Star of the Year, and even Best Fart Performance.[128] In later July, the HAHA winners were announced, with characters from Family Guy, Bob's Burgers, Futurama, American Dad!, Archer, Cake, and Solar Opposites winning awards.[129]

Many series on streaming series had LGBTQ characters. One of the first was Queer Duck, which premiered on Icebox, and later streamed on Showtime, from 2000 to 2002, becoming the first U.S. animated TV series to have homosexuality as a major theme.[130][131][132] Recently, Hulu series The Awesomes,[133][134][135] and Koala Man featured LGBTQ characters.[136] The same is the case for Netflix's Bojack Horseman[137][138][139] Castlevania, and Big Mouth.[140][141][142] In addition, Disenchantment featured gay characters.[143][144] as did Super Drags, a Brazilian show,[145][146] and Hoops, which was released in August 2020,[147] both of which aired on Netflix. Another Netflix series, F is for Family included a gay character,[148] while the fourth season of Big Mouth featured a trans female character who also appears in Human Resources,[149] the third part of Disenchantment confirmed a series protagonist as bisexual,[150][151][152] and Chicago Party Aunt included gay protagonists.[153][154] Another series on the streaming series, Arcane, featured a lesbian couple, confirmed by show writer Amanda Overton,[155][156][157] while the series Q-Force is about a "team of fellow LGBTQ super-spies".[158][159][160]

Other streaming services also featured LGBTQ characters. This included gay characters in Amazon Prime's Undone featured a gay character,[161] and another series on the same platform, Invincible[162][163] Rooster Teeth's gen:LOCK featured a genderfluid character,[164][165] [166] and Freedom Fighters: The Ray featured a gay superhero,[167][168] In addition, Bisexual and lesbian characters are central to HBO Max's Velma,[169][170][171] while gay and bisexual characters appeared in Harley Quinn,[172][173][174][175] Bisexual and lesbian characters also appear in Paramount+'s Star Trek: Lower Decks[176][177][178] LGBTQ characters were also featured in Hulu's Solar Opposites,[179] and M.O.D.O.K..[180][181]

Cancellations

Many adult animations have been cancelled over the years, often when these series were either in development or before they received a second season. In the 1990s, this include Ralph Bakshi's series, Spicy City, after the network wanted to fire Bakshi's writing team and hire professional Los Angeles screenwriters.[182][183] FOX's The PJs, which aired from 1999 to 2001,[184][185][186] aired for three seasons but was cancelled in 2001.[187]

In the 2000s and 2010s, FOX cancelled Sit Down, Shut Up in 2009,[188] and MTV's Good Vibes was cancelled after one season in 2012.[189][190][75] In 2017, Adult Swim cancelled a cartoon by Rick Moranis about him as a demon slayer titled The Gatekeeper, saying they were concerned about their "target audiences"[191] while Hulu cancelled The Awesomes after three seasons in December 2014.[192]

In September 2020, The Venture Bros., which had been slated to be renewed for an eighth and final season,[193][194] was cancelled. Series creator Jackson Publick confirmed it, with season 8 being axed.[195][196] After a number of creators and fans weighed in on the decision, Adult Swim stated that they were working to "find another way to continue the Venture Bros. story".[197][198] In November 2020, some reported that the head of HBO Max, Andy Forssell, teased that the streaming platform is working on reviving The Venture Bros..[199]

In the 2020s, the animated series M.O.D.O.K.,[200] The Harper House,[201][202] The Prince,[203] The Midnight Gospel,[204][205] and Pantheon[206][207] were cancelled. In January 2023, it was revealed that Netflix had cancelled two other adult animations: Inside Job[208][209][210] and Dead End: Paranormal Park.[211] Amid criticism of the cancellations, Netflix CEO Sarandos defended the actions and claimed that the streaming service had "never canceled a successful show".[212]

Animated feature films

Ralph Bakshi

 
Ralph Bakshi successfully established an alternative to mainstream animation through independent and adult-oriented productions in the 1970s.

By the late-1960s, animator Ralph Bakshi felt that he could not continue to produce the same kind of animation as he had in the past. He said in 1971 that the idea of "grown men sitting in cubicles drawing butterflies floating over a field of flowers, while American planes are dropping bombs in Vietnam and kids are marching in the streets, is ludicrous."[213] With producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions,[214] establishing the studio as an alternative to mainstream animation by producing animation his own way and accelerating the advancement of female and minority animators. He also paid his employees a higher salary than any other studio at that time.[215] In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse.[216][217] However, Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation he was producing, and wanted to produce something personal,, so he developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life. However, Krantz told Bakshi that studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience.[217] While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of Robert Crumb's Fritz the Cat. Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film.[217]

Fritz the Cat was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the MPAA, and the highest grossing independent animated film of all time.[217] While the film is widely noted in its innovation, the film also offered commercial potential for alternative and independent animated films in the United States.[182] Bakshi has been credited for playing an important role in establishing animation as a medium where any story can be told, rather than a medium for children.[218] Because of the perception that Fritz the Cat was pornographic, Krantz attempted to appeal the film's rating, but the MPAA refused to hear the appeal.[219] Praise from Rolling Stone and The New York Times, and the film's acceptance into the 1972 Cannes Film Festival cleared up previous misconceptions.[217] Bakshi then simultaneously directed a number of animated films, starting with Heavy Traffic. Thanks to Heavy Traffic, Bakshi became the first person in the animation industry since Walt Disney to have two financially successful films released back-to-back.[220] Although the film was critically praised, it was banned by the film censorship board in the province of Alberta, Canada when it was originally released.[219]

Bakshi's next film, Coonskin was produced by Albert S. Ruddy. The film, culled from Bakshi's interest in African-American history in America, was an attack on racism and racist stereotypes.[221] Bakshi hired several African-American animators to work on Coonskin and another feature, Hey Good Lookin',[222] including Brenda Banks, the first African-American female animator.[223] After the release was stalled by protests from the Congress of Racial Equality, which accused both the film and Bakshi himself of being racist, the film was given limited distribution, and soon disappeared from theaters.[222] Bakshi avoided controversy by producing fantasy films, including Wizards, The Lord of the Rings and Fire and Ice. Bakshi did not produce another animated feature film after the 1992 release of Cool World.[182]

Other animated features

Although some adult-oriented animated films achieved success, very few animation studios in the United States produced explicitly adult animation during the 1970s, and much of the adult-oriented animation produced in the 1980s and 1990s was critically and commercially unsuccessful.[218] Krantz produced The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat without Bakshi's involvement, and it was released in June 1974 to negative reviews.[224] Charles Swenson developed Down and Dirty Duck as a project for Flo and Eddie (Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman, formerly of The Turtles and The Mothers of Invention) under the title Cheap![225] The film, produced by Roger Corman, was released on 13 June 1977[226] under the title Dirty Duck, and received negative reviews.[227]

Animated films portraying serious stories began to regain notice from mainstream audiences in the beginning of the 21st century.[218] Persepolis, a 2007 adaptation of Marjane Satrapi's autobiographical graphic novel, won the Jury Prize at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival,[228] and was later nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[229] In 2007, the then world-famous adult animated show The Simpsons generated a feature film produced by 20th Century Fox. Unlike previous films such as South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut, The Simpsons Movie was rated PG-13 for 'some irreverent humor throughout'. The movie was received with positive reviews by critics as well as teens and adults and grossed $536.4 million at the box office. A

 
Matt Groening, who created Futurama and The Simpsons, at the 2009 Comic Con in San Diego.

Some years later, in December 2015, Anomalisa, an American stop-motion psychological[230] comedy-drama film was released. It was later nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, a Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film, and five Annie Awards.[231] Some critics called it a meditation on "loneliness and mental disturbance" and reviewed it positively despite only getting less than $4 million at the box office in the U.S., saying it indicates how rare it is for "non-Hollywood animated features" to become a success in the U.S.[232]

The 2016 film The Killing Joke was the first film in the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series, and the first animated Batman film to receive an R rating from the MPAA, with Warner Bros. Animation president Sam Register explaining, "From the start of production, we encouraged producer Bruce Timm and our team at Warner Bros. Animation to remain faithful to the original story—regardless of the eventual MPAA rating... We felt it was our responsibility to present our core audience—the comics-loving community—with an animated film that authentically represented the tale they know all too well."[233] The film was released in a limited theatrical screening on 25 July 2016.[234] In 2019, Sony Pictures Animation announced the creation of an "Alternative Animation Initiative" dedicated to producing films aimed at more mature audiences.[235] The adult animation film Cryptozoo by Dash Shaw was released at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival. Some reviewers described it as "gloriously colorful" and praised the animated film.[236]

Festivals and merchandise

In 1988, San Francisco exhibitor Expanded Cinema screened a compilation of adult-oriented animated shorts under the title "Outrageous Animation". Advertising the package as containing "the wildest cartoons ever", the screenings contained shorts produced outside the United States, as well as independently produced American shorts. Reviews of the festival were mixed. San Francisco Chronicle writer Mick LaSalle hated almost everything screened at the festival, with the exception of Bill Plympton's One of Those Days. In The San Francisco Examiner, David Armstrong gave the show a three-star review and described the films screened as having "some of the rude vitality of the great old Warner Bros. cartoons —and a good deal of the sexual explicitness denied those old favorites from a more cautious age."[237]

In 1990, Mellow Manor Productions began screening films under the title Spike and Mike's Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation. Founders Craig "Spike" Decker and Mike Gribble promoted their festival by handing out flyers on the streets rather than with traditional promotional techniques. In 1991, Decker and Gribble screened their first "All Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation", promising "wild and zany films that could never be shown to our 'normal audience'". The festival screened newer independent shorts, as well as older shorts such as Bambi Meets Godzilla, and Thank You Mask Man. Although the festival promoted works by animators who would later gain mainstream success, such as Bill Plympton, Mike Judge, Trey Parker and Don Hertzfeldt, many reviewers dismissed the bulk of the programming as shock value.[237]

In 2003, Judge and Hertzfeldt created a new touring festival of animation marketed towards adults and college students. The Animation Show brought animated shorts into more North American theaters than any previous commercial festival.[238]

In 2020, as Rick and Morty entered its fifth season, the company producing the show began collaborating with Wrangler to create a set of show-appropriate apparel.[239][240]

Young adult animation

For years, young adult animation, known as YA animation for short, has been discussed by executives and creators, especially those in the United States. In 2000, Tom Freston, the CEO of MTV, said that his network was at the cutting-edge of young adult animation.[241][242] A few years later, a H2VEntertainment, a Montreal-based animation company, financed three animated features aimed "at the teen and young adult market" which would premiere in spring 2004.[243]

Fast forward to the 2010s, when more critics and companies would begin talking about young adult animation. In 2015, one critic stated that the executives in the animation industry in the United States weren't on board with the idea of young adult animation, leading some to do Indiegogo projects instead.[244] Others wrote about animation for young adults among anime in Japan, a theme which continued in later years.[245][246]

 
A small press conference for The Hunger Games: Catching Fire in November 2013, attended by fans, along with those on the panel (Alan Ritchson, Jeffrey Wright, Sam Claflin, Stephanie Leigh Schlund, and Jena Malone; The Hunger Games was cited as an example of YA fiction by Kipo's creator, Rad Sechrist

In 2020, young adult animation came to the forefront once more. HBO Max was said to have a lot of material "oriented towards young adults" in contrast with Disney+.[247] At the same time, some reviewers described The Dragon Prince as a young adult animation[248] and the NATAS gave out various Emmys for young adult programs, like Tangled, differentiating them from children's animation and preschool animation.[249][250] 2020 was the first year that NATAS gave a Daytime Emmy for young adult programs, which includes shows "targeting a tween and teen audience."[251] On October 22, Radford "Rad" Sechrist, the series creator of Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts floated the idea of a streaming service creating "a dedicated YA animation division," stating that it would have shows like Kipo, along with a "dedicated YA team to target that audience."[252]

In later October 2020, it was announced that WarnerMedia would be changing its "oversight of kids and family programming for HBO Max" from a group led by the latter to one led by Tom Ascheim, a person who formerly worked at Disney and became the president of Global Kids, Young Adults and Classics section at WarnerMedia in June. It was also stated that Casey Bloys of HBO would continue to "oversee young adult content and adult animation" for HBO Max, while Ascheim would focus on "kid-specific originals" with a priority to "develop preschool centric programming."[253]

On December 8, 2020, Sechrist still expressed support for HBO Max creating "a section for YA animation."[254] When the upcoming animated movie for a Diary of a Wimpy Kid was announced, the latter was described as a "young adult series."[255] In January 2021, HBO Max debuted an animation page, which included adult animation, older cartoons, and "animation dedicated to teens and young adults."[256]

In August 2021, Animation World Network and Deadline described the upcoming Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake series as a "young adult animated show."[257][258] In October 2021, a reviewer for The Geekiary argued that High Guardian Spice was a young adult animation.[259]

In 2022, Hugh Laurie and Emilia Clarke are set to lead the cast in an animated film titled The Amazing Maurice based on Terry Pratchett's 2001 novel, The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents. It is said that this film is specifically targeted toward the young adult audience.[260]

In July 2022, Hamish Steele, creator of Dead End: Paranormal Park, agreed with an interviewer from The Hollywood Reporter and called the series a young adult animation. He noted that even shows like Infinity Train had to pitch to a younger audiences and declared that Dead End is "a YA kids’ show."[261]

Series in development

In the 2020s, it was announced that Netflix, Comedy Central, Disney, and HBO Max were developing adult animated series.[262][263][264][265] This included development of a Game of Thrones animated series by HBO Max,[265] based on the live-action Game of Thrones TV series, along with eight other adult animated series: Scavengers Reign,[266] Creature Commandos[267] Noonan's,[268] Fired on Mars,[269] [270] a revival of Clone High,[271] Hello Paul by musician Sean Solomon, Obi by Michael B. Jordan's Outlier Society, Uncanny Valley by Brendan Walter and Greg Yagolnitzer, and Cover by Brian Michael Bendis and David Mack.[272][273] In December 2020, it was reported that a new series by Disney/Pixar, Light Year will focus on Buzz Lightyear in Toy Story but have a "more adult sci-fi imprint"[274] In 2020, it was noted that Netflix had series such as Blue Eye Samurai[275] and Mulligan,[276] among other original programming.

In 2020 and 2021, it was reported that Seth MacFarlane,[277] Idris Elba and Sabrina Dhowre,[278] and Dan Harmon were working on adult animations.[279][280][281] It was also reported that a comic, Sweet Paprika by Mirka Andolfo, would be developed into an adult animation with Dreamworks Animation veteran Gabriele Pennacchioli,[282][283] and production of new animated series by Jorge Gutiérrez and Mexopolis, his production company, including preschool animations, all-ages animations, and adult animations.[284][285]

In addition, Amazon Studios was noted as producing an animated series titled "Oaklandia", starring the rapper Snoop Dogg and actor Vince Vaughn,[286] with producers including Daniel Dominguez who worked on Gen:Lock.[287] Other articles noted that the creator of Star Trek: Lower Decks, Mike McMahan had inked a deal with CBS Studios to "produce all television content created and developed" by him going forward[288][289] and that Hulu was developing an animated comedy series entitled Standing By.[290] Additionally, it was said that Paramount+ began production of a Everybody Still Hates Chris animated reboot centering on Chris Rock., which would air on Paramount+ and Comedy Central.[291]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Brown, Tracy (23 November 2020). "Why TV's next Golden Age might come thanks to adult animation". Los Angeles Times. from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  2. ^ Simmon, Scott (30 July 2014). "Notes on the Origins of American Animation, 1900-1921". Library of Congress. from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d Cohen, Karl F (1997). "Animation and censorship in the silent film era". Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 9–13. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  4. ^ Tisserand, Michael (29 December 2020). "Animation's Early Days: Artists, Hucksters, Talking Mice and Pigs". New York Times. from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  5. ^ Mittell, Jason (2013), Genre and Television, Routledge, p. 72, ISBN 9781135458836
  6. ^ a b c Cohen, Karl F (1997). "Pre-Code films – the early sound era". Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 13–17. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  7. ^ Cohen, Karl (November 1997). . Animation World Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 July 2004. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  8. ^ a b Goodman, Martin (November 1998). "Toons in Training". Animation World Magazine. Vol. 4, no. 8. from the original on 12 October 2002. Retrieved 10 November 2020. Also see pages and
  9. ^ Johnson, Gary (15 May 1999). "The Complete Uncensored Private Snafu [Review]". Images. No. 8. from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020..
  10. ^ a b Patricia Ward Biederman (30 October 2002). "Winning the war, one frame at a time". Los Angeles Times. from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  11. ^ Siegel, George J. (August 1999). "Hollywood's Army: The First Motion Picture Unit, US Army Air Forces Culver City, California". California Military Museum. from the original on 22 August 1999. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  12. ^ William R. McGee (February 1944). "Cinematography Goes to War". Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  13. ^ Alex Greenberg; Malvin Wald (July 1946). "Report to the Stockholders" (PDF). Hollywood Quarterly. (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  14. ^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 54–56. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  15. ^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons (2nd ed.). Checkmark Books. p. 54. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  16. ^ Langer, Mark (July 1997). "Popeye From Strip To Screen". Animation World Network. Vol. 2, no. 4. Online: Animation World Network. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  17. ^ Cyrenne, Randall (16 August 2007). "Popeye The Sailor: Volume 1 1933-1938". Animated Views. from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  18. ^ Cohen, Karl F (1997). "The effects of censorship on the Fleischer Studios". Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 20. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  19. ^ Cohen, Karl F (1997). "Uncensored Animation". Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 77. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  20. ^ Ruppel, Richard Jeffrey (2008). "Male Intimacy in Conrad's Tales of Adventure". Homosexuality in the Life and Work of Joseph Conrad: Love Between the Lines. Taylor & Francis. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-415-95587-4.
  21. ^ Cohen, Karl F (1997). "Lenny Bruce's Thank You Mask Man". Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 78–80. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  22. ^ Satenstein, Liana (6 November 2020). "Revisiting the Dystopian Beauty of the '90s Animated Show Aeon Flux". Vogue. from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  23. ^ Lent, John A. (2001). "Anime in the United States". Animation in Asia and the Pacific. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34035-7.
  24. ^ Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 767–770. ISBN 978-1476665993.
  25. ^ "'Space Ghost Coast to Coast' Is Still Influential and Funny, 25 Years Later". Geek.com. 12 April 2019. from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  26. ^ Lagoia, Stephen (4 April 2020). "10 Forgotten Adult Animated Comedies Worth Watching". ScreenRant. from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  27. ^ Goertz, Allie; Prescott, Julia (8 August 2016). "I Married Marge (with Jeff Martin)" (Podcast). Maximum Fun. Event occurs at 61:28. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  28. ^ a b Siegel, Alan (February 8, 2017). "When 'The Simpsons' Came Out of the Closet". The Ringer. from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  29. ^ Ortved, John (2009). The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History. Greystone Books. pp. 248–250. ISBN 978-1-55365-503-9.
  30. ^ Tucker, Ken (9 June 2000). "Sweeps brings smooches". Entertainment Weekly. from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  31. ^ Mills, Ted (May 23, 2019). "When John Waters Appeared on The Simpsons and Changed America's LGBTQ Views (1997)". Open Culture. from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  32. ^ Butler, Tijen (November 27, 2018). "Simpsons gay characters: Who is LGBT in The Simpsons?". PinkNews. from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  33. ^ GLAAD 2005, p. 2.
  34. ^ Watson, Jamie Carlin; Arp, Robert (26 July 2011). What's Good on TV: Understanding Ethics Through Television. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-1-4443-4301-4. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  35. ^ Mike, Henry (November 2006). . IGN. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
  36. ^ Johnson, Jo (2010). ""We'll Have a Gay Old Time!": Queer Representation in American Prime-Time Animation from the Cartoon Short to the Family Sitcom.". In Ellidge, Jim (ed.). Queers in American Popular Culture. Praeger. pp. 255–280. ISBN 9780313354571.
  37. ^ Diamond Sarto, Debbie (13 May 2022). "Exclusive Clip: 'Duncanville – (Work) Marriage Story'". Animation World Network. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  38. ^ GLAAD 2008, p. 7.
  39. ^ Jensen, Michael (15 January 2009). . NewNowNext. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  40. ^ GLAAD 2008, p. 2-3, 7, 11, 18.
  41. ^ Bianco, Robert (28 October 2011). . USA Today. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  42. ^ GLAAD 2011, p. 8.
  43. ^ White, Peter (22 June 2020). "'Great North' renewed for season 2 at FOX". Deadline. from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  44. ^ Henderson, Taylor (31 March 2021). "The Great North's Gay Kiss Just Made Animation History". Pride.com. from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  45. ^ Heffernan, Virginia (4 October 2006). "A Strong Shot of Political Satire (Ice With That?)". The New York Times. from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  46. ^ . Comedy Central tumblr. 19 September 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020.
  47. ^ Abercombie, Chelsey (10 October 2013). . The Red & Black. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018.
  48. ^ Kate Leth (w). "Brickleberry: A Joint Interview With Creators Waco O'Guin and Roger Black [column"] Vampirella 3: 24 (May 4, 2016), United States: Dynamite Entertainment
  49. ^ Thompson, Dave (1 August 2014). South Park FAQ: All That's Left to Know About The Who, What, Where, When and #%$ of America's Favorite Mountain Town. Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. pp. 78–. ISBN 9781495002076. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  50. ^ Casey, Patrick (28 November 2002). . Westword. p. 2. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  51. ^ Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (11 September 2008). Taking South Park Seriously. SUNY Press. pp. 155–. ISBN 9780791475669. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  52. ^ Runions, Erin (1 March 2014). The Babylon Complex: Theopolitical Fantasies of War, Sex, and Sovereignty. Fordham University Press. pp. 185–. ISBN 9780823257362. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  53. ^ {{cite web |last1=Surette |first1=Tim |title=Gay mag "Hot" for Link |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/gay-mag-hot-for-link/1100-6151905/ |website=[[GameSpot] |access-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url= |archive-date=January 1, 2019 |date=May 26, 2006 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}
  54. ^ Oldenburg, Ann (October 27, 2004). "'Drawn': Animated raunch meets reality TV". USA Today. from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  55. ^ Heffernan, Virginia (October 27, 2004). "Cartoon Goal: Parody of Self-Parody". The New York Times. from the original on October 30, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  56. ^ Misits, Éva (2006). "'Just when you thought racism couldn't get any more racismer': The Treatment of Stereotypes in Drawn Together". Americana: e-Journal of American Studies in Hungary. 2 (2). Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  57. ^ a b Foreman, Alison (27 June 2020). "It's time for 'Bob's Burgers' to do right by Marshmallow". Mashable. from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  58. ^ Isler, Ramsey (8 May 2012). . IGN. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  59. ^ Rude, Mey (7 October 2019). . Out. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  60. ^ Clifton, Derrick (23 November 2015). "From Titus to Marshmallow: ranking TV's top five black LGBT characters". The Guardian. from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  61. ^ GLAAD 2007, p. 8.
  62. ^ Clarke, Victoria; Ellis, Sonja J.; Peel, Elizabeth; Riggs, Damien W. (1 April 2010). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Queer Psychology: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 276–. ISBN 9781139487238. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  63. ^ GLAAD 2008, p. 8.
  64. ^ Washington, Terri (August 22, 2015). "PICS: It's Hard To Find Committed, Recurring Gay Couples In Animated TV". Hornet. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  65. ^ Smithson, Nick (2008). "Rick and Steve the Happiest Gay Couple in all the World - DVD Review". Review Graveyard. from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  66. ^ ""Chozen" is Going to Be a Big Gay Hit". NewNowNext. 26 December 2013. from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  67. ^ Hogan, Heather (19 June 2009). ""The Goode Family" makes good with lesbians". AfterEllen. from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  68. ^ GLAAD 2008, p. 3, 7, 11.
  69. ^ GLAAD 2008, p. 18.
  70. ^ Baron, Reuben (2 December 2019). "Adult Animation Is Better Than Ever - So Why Does It Draw Ridicule?". CBR. from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  71. ^ Liu, Narayan (26 November 2020). "Superman Art From Canceled Genndy Tartakovsky Cartoon Surfaces". CBR. from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  72. ^ Mandalia, Bhavi (23 November 2020). "Streaming platforms usher in a new era of animated series". Pledge Times. from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  73. ^ Ryan, Suzanne C. (14 April 2005). "Adult Swim makes a splash: Cartoon Network lures viewers with an edgy lineup". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  74. ^ Vilas-Boas, Eric; John, Maher (5 October 2020). "The 100 Sequences That Shaped Animation From Bugs Bunny to Spike Spiegel to Miles Morales, the history of an art form that continues to draw us in". Vulture. from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  75. ^ a b Mendelsohn, Jon (2 August 2020). "Short-Lived Adult Animated Shows You May Have Missed". CBR. from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  76. ^ Sokol, Tony (24 April 2020). "Syfy's Late-Night TZGZ Animation Block Expands Darkly". Den of Geek. from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  77. ^ Berman, Marc (16 June 2020). "Syfy Orders Animated 'Devil May Care'". Programming Insider. from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  78. ^ Sarto, Dan (6 November 2020). "'Hell Den' Returns to TZGZ with More Animated Sketch Comedy Mayhem". Animation World Network. from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  79. ^ Space Ghost Coast to Coast - Volume Two ["Surprise" commentary track] (DVD) (DVD). US: Warner Brothers. 16 November 2004. B0002WZRTU. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  80. ^ Space Ghost Coast to Coast - Volume Two ["Jacksonville" commentary track] (DVD) (DVD). US: Warner Brothers. 16 November 2004. B0002WZRTU. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  81. ^ Neill, Chris (November 27, 2018). "The prematurely axed Mission Hill was a '90s cartoon ahead of its years". thebrag.com. from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  82. ^ Bell, Crystal (July 28, 2015). "11 Times You Felt Mortified For Sharon Spitz On 'Braceface'". MTV. from the original on September 17, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  83. ^ {{cite web |last1=Roth |first1=Dany |title=Stuff We Love: Christopher Miller and Phil Lord's Clone High |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/stuff-we-love-clone-high |website=Syfy |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url= |archive-date=May 16, 2019 |date=February 5, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }
  84. ^ . Clone High Official Website. June 2, 2008. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  85. ^ Lowe, Scott (8 July 2008). "The Venture Bros.: "Dr. Quymn, Medicine Woman" Review". IGN. from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  86. ^ Burra, Kevin (11 July 2012). . Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  87. ^ Rizzo III, Francis (28 April 2007). "Moral Orel, Vol. 1, The Unholy Edition". DVD Talk. from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  88. ^ Anderson-Minshall, Diane (June 18, 2013). "How Animated Shows Like Futurama Can Unite Us All". The Advocate. from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  89. ^ Lambe, Stacy (7 January 2014). . Out. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  90. ^ GLAAD 2011, p. 9.
  91. ^ Jirak, Jamie (4 October 2018). . BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  92. ^ . Atlanta INtown Paper. 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  93. ^ Schmidt, Johanna (September 22, 2015). "Story: Gender Diversity". Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Government of New Zealand. from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  94. ^ Johnson, Derek; Kompare, Derek; Santo, Avi (1 August 2014). Making Media Work: Cultures of Management in the Entertainment Industries. NYU Press. pp. 57–59. ISBN 9780814764558. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  95. ^ Burra, Kevin (2 February 2016). "Christy Karacas, 'Superjail!' Co-Creator, And Janine DiTullio, Writing Director, Discuss Beloved Adult Swim Show". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  96. ^ Smith-Strickland, Stephanie (11 April 2014). "Is Young Thug the Real Life Gangstalicious?". Highsnobiety. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  97. ^ Weiss, Josh (28 August 2018). . Archived from the original on 16 May 2019 – via Syfy.
  98. ^ Opie, David (12 April 2019). . Archived from the original on 10 June 2020 – via Digital Spy.
  99. ^ Kelleher, Patrick (22 June 2021). "Rick and Morty just confirmed a major character is queer". PinkNews. from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  100. ^ Opie, David (21 June 2021). "Rick and Morty season 5 just confirmed a major character is queer". Digital Spy. from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  101. ^ Rogers, Olan (23 August 2019). "Hey what's up. Olan here. Tribore and Clarence are NOT good enough representation for LGBTQ community. There is a gay character on the show but we just haven't revealed it yet (but will be in a S3) and truthfully that character needs to be worthy of the title and actually useful. It's a sci-fi show there are more sexualities out there in the universe. But I always saw Clarence as a Bi-Sexual and Tribore is a narcissi-sexual (completely made up fictional sexuality) he loves himself a little too much. Hope that makes sense. Promise it's coming but needs to be done right". /r/FinalSpace. Reddit. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  102. ^ Hermann, Burkely (30 June 2021). "LGBTQ Representation Shines Through in Final Space". The Geekiary. from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  103. ^ Abughazaleh, Zeid (11 May 2021). "Final Space: Ash Struggles With [SPOILER]'s Death". CBR. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  104. ^ Kaldor, David (9 May 2021). "Review: Final Space "Forgiveness"". BubbleBlabber. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  105. ^ "Final Space Season 3 Episode 8 Review". Toonami Squad. 10 May 2021. from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  106. ^ Gabe Jones (11 May 2021). "Into Final Thoughts with Olan Rogers - Episode Eight". Into Final Space (Podcast). Apple Podcasts. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  107. ^ Hogan, Heather (7 October 2020). ""Magical Girl Friendship Squad" Is a Queer Millennial "Sailor Moon" Meets "Broad City"". Autostraddle. from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  108. ^ Akana, Anna [@AnnaAkana] (19 November 2020). "My response to the deleted tweet included not only my frustration about the mistaken trans issue, but how upset I was that people kept dismissing the bi aspect, an integral part of my identity & why I was so excited to play the character" (Tweet). from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2021 – via Twitter.
  109. ^ Dudok de Wit, Alex (23 March 2020). "Adult Animation Is Now 'The Fastest-Growing Animation Category': Report". Cartoon Brew. from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  110. ^ Sarto, Dan (19 March 2020). "What Future Lies in Store for Non-Comedy Adult Animation?". Animation World Network. from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  111. ^ Evershed, John (2020). (PDF) (Report). High Concentrate, LLC in Squarespace. pp. 6–16, 18–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  112. ^ Di Placido, Dani (5 August 2020). "Why ViacomCBS Entertainment & Youth Group Is Doubling Down On Adult Animation". Forbes. from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  113. ^ AWN Staff, ed. (5 August 2020). "Hulu Adds to Animation Slate with 'Animaniacs' and 'Woke'". Animation World Network. from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  114. ^ Katz, Brandon (2 November 2020). "Animation Has Become a Huge Battlefront of the Streaming Wars". Observer. from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  115. ^ a2zmarketresearch. "Latest innovative report on Adult Animation Market by 2026 with top key players like Fox Broadcasting Company, Sony Pictures Animation, VIA (Paramount Pictures), Studio Ghibli" (Press release). PRNews Leader. from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  116. ^ "Content London On Demand sessions". C21Media. 2020. from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  117. ^ Nugent, Annabel (1 September 2020). "Change your toon: How adult animation grew up". The Independent. from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  118. ^ Herman, Alison (6 September 2020). "TV's Future Will Be More Animated". The Ringer. from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  119. ^ Milligan, Mercedes (6 October 2020). "HBO Max Launches Animation Landing Page as Category Gains Popularity". Animation Magazine. from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  120. ^ McHenry, Jackson (11 December 2020). "All the Disney Investor Day Announcements in One Big Post". Vulture. from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  121. ^ Baysinger, Tim (24 November 2020). . The Wrap. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  122. ^ Singh, Hrishikesh (12 December 2020). "Disney+ To Have A Separate Section For Adult Content". Market Capitalize. from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  123. ^ AnimationXpress Team (1 February 2021). "Disney+ to launch Star on 23 Feb.; announces huge content line up". Animation Express. from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  124. ^ Kahled, Fatma (18 February 2021). "Disney Plus will roll out Star, an entertainment channel for adults, next week. It's also boosting prices in non-US markets". Yahoo! News. Business Insider. from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  125. ^ Dudok de Wit, Alex (21 December 2020). "Pluto TV's New Comedy Central Animation Channel Is A Trove Of Vintage Series". Cartoon Brew. from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  126. ^ Dudok de Wit, Alex (30 October 2020). "CBS All Access's 'No Activity' Switches From Live Action To Animation For Fourth Season". Cartoon Brew. from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  127. ^ Goldberg, Leslie (16 February 2021). "Why HBO Max Is Going All-In on Adult Animation". The Hollywood Reporter. from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  128. ^ Walsh, Michael (8 July 2020). "Hulu Announces HAHA Awards for Adult Animation (Exclusive)". Nerdist. from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  129. ^ AWN Staff, ed. (23 July 2020). "Hulu Announces Winners of Inaugural HAHA Awards". Animation World Network. from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  130. ^ Meisler, Andy (April 7, 2002). "Television/Radio; 'Queer Duck,' a Web-Footed Survivor, Migrates to TV". The New York Times. from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  131. ^ Multi Channel News Staff (March 29, 2018). "Queer Duck Crosses the Pond". Multichannel News. from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  132. ^ Terrace, Vincent (2015). Internet Lesbian and Gay Television Series, 1996-2014. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 152. ISBN 978-0786498055.
  133. ^ Watercutter, Angela (August 1, 2013). "Watch the Full Pilot of Hulu's Animated Superhero Comedy The Awesomes". Wired. from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  134. ^ Kane, Matt (September 6, 2015). "Must-See LGBT TV 9/6-9/12: British Baking and The Awesomes return". GLAAD. from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  135. ^ Schwindt, Oriana (September 6, 2015). "5 Things to Expect on The Awesomes Season 3". TV Insider. from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  136. ^ Legacy, Spencer (11 January 2023). "Koala Man Interview: Demi Lardner on Alison & Australian Culture". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  137. ^ Campbell, Les (October 4, 2019). "It's the adventures of BoBo The Angsty Zebra as BoJack Horseman lightly upends its storytelling framework". The A.V. Club. from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  138. ^ Nickalls, Sammy (21 September 2017). . Dot and Line. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  139. ^ Nickalls, Sammy (8 September 2017). "Todd Chavez Is TV's First Out-and-Proud Asexual Icon". The Dot and Line. from the original on 17 March 2019.
  140. ^ Schedeen, Jesse (5 March 2020). . IGN. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  141. ^ Kit, Borys (5 March 2020). "How Warren Ellis and the 'Castlevania' Team Made Season 3 a "Philosophical Journey"". The Hollywood Reporter. from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  142. ^ West, Amy (30 March 2020). "Big Mouth cast reunite to give fans a new look at 'How to Have an Orgasm' episode". Digital Spy. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  143. ^ Schneider, Michael (28 July 2018). "'Disenchantment': Meet The Characters Voiced by Abbi Jacobson and Others in Matt Groening's Netflix Dreamland". IndieWire. from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  144. ^ Hermann, Burkely (1 March 2021). ""Disenchantment" Is Queer Through and Through". The Geekiary. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  145. ^ "Super Drags". Netflix. 19 October 2018. from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  146. ^ Adegoke, Yomi (1 June 2018). "Netflix Unleashes Sassy 'Super Drags' Teaser". Animation Magazine. from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  147. ^ Patton, Rebecca (August 21, 2020). "This New Netflix Show Is Basically One Big New Girl Reunion". Bustle. from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  148. ^ Adalian, Josef (15 November 2021). "Say Good-bye to the F'in Murphys With the F Is for Family Final-Season Trailer". Vulture. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  149. ^ Lewis, Rachel Charlene (4 December 2020). "Netflix's 'Big Mouth' Season 4 makes up for past queer missteps in a rollicking return to form". NBC News. from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  150. ^ Griffin, David (15 January 2021). "Disenchantment: Season 3 Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  151. ^ Liebman, Lisa (April 2018). "Abbi Jacobson Travels Far from Broad City in Heroin Drama 6 Balloons". Vanity Fair. from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021. I kind of go both ways; I date men and women. They have to be funny, doing something they love. I don't know—I've never really been interviewed about this before.
  152. ^ Opie, David (21 January 2021). "Disenchantment just confirmed Bean is queer in groundbreaking episode". Digital Spy. from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  153. ^ "'Chicago Party Aunt' Animated Series Ordered at Netflix, Lauren Ash and RuPaul Charles Among Voice Cast". Variety. 27 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  154. ^ "Know the Voice Cast: 'Chicago Party Aunt'". Vague Visages. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  155. ^ Overton, Amanda (19 November 2021). "I know this won't change the frustration you've felt over the many years of investment in Vi and Caitlyn, and I'm sorry it made you so tired, especially when you seem to love them so much..." /r/Arcane. Reddit. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021. She confirmed that this is her account on Twitter
  156. ^ Overton, Amanda (19 November 2021). "Another fun fact for you (since I happen to know the "unknowns" in your very thoughtful comment), Caitlyn's Kiramman name and house is inherited matrilineally..." /r/Arcane. Reddit. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  157. ^ Overton, Amanda (19 November 2021). "Hey there! Thanks so much for this post, it means the world to me..." /r/Arcane. Reddit. from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  158. ^ Thorne, Will (April 4, 2019). "Netflix Orders Adult Animated Series 'Q-Force' From Mike Schur, Gabe Liedman". Variety. from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  159. ^ Milligan, Mercedes (23 June 2021). "Netflix Announces Cast of Adult Toon Comedy 'Q-Force'". Animation Magazine. from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  160. ^ Hipes, Patrick (23 June 2021). "Netflix's 'Q-Force' Rounds Out Cast Joining Sean Hayes, Sets Premiere Date; Watch Teaser Trailer". Deadline. from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  161. ^ Miller, M.N. (29 April 2022). "Story Recap – what happened in Undone Season 2?". Ready Steady Cut. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  162. ^ Kang, Inkoo (26 March 2021). "'Invincible': TV Review". Hollywood Reporter. from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  163. ^ Sava, Olivia (16 April 2021). "Invincible Recap: A Different World". Vulture. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  164. ^ Badiola, Yssa (23 September 2020). "Rooster Teeth, New GM Levin Take Bite Out Of Pandemic With 10th-Year, 10-Day RTX At Home". Forbes. from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  165. ^ Gustanski, Tiffany (February 11, 2019). "gen:LOCK Season 1 Episode 4 Recap". ComingSoon. from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
  166. ^ Whitaker, Richard (July 10, 2019). "How Rooster Teeth Built Meaningful Diversity Into gen:LOCK". Austin Chronicle. from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  167. ^ Roots, Kimberly (11 August 2016). "Gay Superhero Show a Go at CW Seed, Arrow-verse Integration Eyed". TV Line. from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  168. ^ Adams, Tim (23 July 2017). "The Ray Battles Nazis in First Trailer For Animated Series". CBR. from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  169. ^ Kim, Matt (6 October 2022). "First Look at HBO Max's Velma Is Full of Gore, Butts". IGN. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  170. ^ Franich, Darren (5 January 2023). "Velma review: A promising reinvention is wasted on lame jokes, prequelitis, and bad meta". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  171. ^ Vincent, Brittany (5 January 2023). "Velma Season 1 Review: Episodes 1-8". IGN. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  172. ^ Matadeen, Renaldo (April 13, 2020). "DC Universe's Harley Quinn Reveals a Major Batman Villain Is Gay". CBR. from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  173. ^ West, Amy (April 14, 2020). "Harley Quinn series reveals major Batman villain is queer". Digital Spy. from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  174. ^ Knight, Rosie (May 15, 2020). "Harley Quinn Season 2 Episode 7 Review: There's No Place to Go But Down". Den of Geek. from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  175. ^ Hogan, Heather (29 June 2020). ""Harley Quinn" Season 2: Harley and Ivy Ride Off Into The Sunset in Canonical Bisexual Love". Autostraddle. from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  176. ^ McMahan, Mike (8 October 2020). "'Star Trek: Lower Decks' EP Mike McMahan On That TNG Cameo and LGBTQ Characters in Season 2" (Online). Variety (Interview). Interviewed by Adam B. Vary. from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  177. ^ McMahan, Mike (15 October 2021). "Star Trek: Lower Deck's Mike McMahan Breaks Down Season 2's Themes and That Epic Finale" (Online) (Interview). Interviewed by Mike McMahan. Gizmodo. from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  178. ^ Hermann, Burkely (20 October 2021). "Star Trek: Lower Decks "Breaks Protocol" With LGBTQ Representation". The Geekiary. from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  179. ^ Kleinman, Jake (27 March 2021). "Are Terry and Korvo a couple in Solar Opposites?". Inverse. from the original on 7 April 2021.
  180. ^ Fumero, Melissa [@BlumJordan] (27 April 2021). "Yes, Melissa is bi. Season 1 focuses mostly on her relationship with her dad but season 2 will introduce her girlfriend. However there are other queer relationships on the show" (Tweet). from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021 – via Twitter.
  181. ^ Reid, Joe (18 May 2021). "Marvel's M.O.D.O.K. Boasts a Comedy Voice Cast For the Ages". Primetimer. from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  182. ^ a b c Grant, John (2001). "Ralph Bakshi". Masters of Animation. Watson-Guptill. pp. 18–29. ISBN 0-8230-3041-5.
  183. ^ Gibson, Jon M.; McDonnell, Chris (2008). "Ups & Downs". Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi. Universe Publishing. pp. 234–235. ISBN 978-0-7893-1684-4.
  184. ^ Animation World Network (13 January 1999). "P.J.s arrive on Fox | AWN | Animation World Network". AWN. from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  185. ^ Perlmutter, David (2018). The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 466–467. ISBN 978-1538103739.
  186. ^ Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 623–624. ISBN 978-1476665993.
  187. ^ Cubillas, Sean (16 January 2020). "10 Fox Adult Cartoons You Totally Don't Remember". CBR. from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  188. ^ Battaglio, Stephen (17 May 2009). . TV Guide. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  189. ^ "Good Vibes canceled, no season two | canceled or renewed TV shows". TV Series Finale. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  190. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (24 February 2012). "Animated Comedy 'Good Vibes' Cancelled By MTV After One Season". Deadline. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  191. ^ Bermudez, Lucas (16 September 2020). "Rick Moranis Demon-Fighting Cartoon Was Passed On By Adult Swim". ScreenRant. from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  192. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (18 December 2015). "The Awesomes Canceled By Hulu After 3 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
  193. ^ "The Venture Home News Facebook Page". Facebook. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  194. ^ Valdez, Nick (5 September 2020). "Venture Bros. Art Book Author Says Show is Cancelled". The Mary Sue. from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  195. ^ Moreau, Jordan (8 September 2020). "'The Venture Bros.' Canceled at Adult Swim After Seven Seasons". Variety. from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  196. ^ Maher, John (10 September 2020). . Polygon. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  197. ^ @AdultSwim (7 September 2020). (Tweet). Archived from the original on 9 September 2020 – via Twitter.
  198. ^ Burton, Bonnie (7 September 2020). . CNET. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  199. ^ Bui, Hoai-Tran (16 November 2020). "HBO Max is Working to Save 'The Venture Bros.' After Its Recent Cancelation by Adult Swim". /Film. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  200. ^ Otterson, Joe (13 May 2022). "'M.O.D.O.K' Canceled at Hulu After One Season". Variety. from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  201. ^ White, Peter (12 November 2021). "'The Harper House': Animated Comedy Canceled At Paramount+". Deadline. from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  202. ^ Longeretta, Emily (1 February 2023). "Paramount+ Removes Jordan Peele's 'Twilight Zone,' 'Real World: Homecoming' and More Titles". Variety. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  203. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (16 February 2022). "'The Prince' Canceled: Animated British Royal Family Parody Won't Return For Season 2 On HBO Max". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  204. ^ Moore, Kasey (4 June 2022). "The Midnight Gospel' Canceled at Netflix; Won't Be Returning for Season 2". What's On Netflix.
  205. ^ Magazine, Animation (5 June 2022). "'The Midnight Gospel' Will Not Return for S2 on Netflix". Animation Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  206. ^ Zahed, Ramin (26 August 2022). "Sci-Fi Epic Pantheon Updates AMC+ as a Cool New Animation Destination". Animation Magazine. from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  207. ^ White, Peter (8 January 2023). "'Pantheon' Scrapped At AMC+; Animated Drama Series Pulled From Streaming Despite Two-Season Order". Deadline Hollywood. from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  208. ^ Valdez, Nick (8 January 2023). "Netflix Cancels Fan-Favorite Adult Cartoon After Just One Season". ComicBook. from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  209. ^ Spangler, Todd (9 January 2023). "'Inside Job' Canceled by Netflix After One Season, Creator Says 'I'm Heartbroken'". Variety. from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  210. ^ Petski, Denise (9 January 2023). "'Inside Job' Canceled By Netflix, Reversing Season 2 Renewal". Deadline. from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  211. ^ Perine, Aaron (13 January 2013). "Netflix Cancels Another Fan-Favorite Animated Series". ComicBook. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  212. ^ Wang, Jessica (23 January 2023). "Netflix CEOs say they've 'never canceled a successful show' amid wave of cancellations". Entertainment Weekly. from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  213. ^ Barrier, Michael (Spring 1972). "The Filming of Fritz the Cat: Bucking the Tide". Funnyworld, No. 14. from the original on 15 April 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
  214. ^ Gibson, Jon M.; McDonnell, Chris (2008). "First Gigs". Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi. Universe Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7893-1684-4.
  215. ^ Sito 2006, p. 50.
  216. ^ Television/radio Age. Television Editorial Corp. 1969. p. 13.
  217. ^ a b c d e Gibson, Jon M.; McDonnell, Chris (2008). "Fritz the Cat". Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi. Universe Publishing. pp. 58, 62–63, 80–81. ISBN 978-0-7893-1684-4.
  218. ^ a b c Butler, Robert W. (31 January 2009). "Animated films are banging seriously at the academy's glass ceiling". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved 2 March 2009.[dead link]
  219. ^ a b Cohen, Karl F (1997). "Ralph Bakshi's Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic". Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 81–84. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  220. ^ Solomon, Charles (1989). Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 275. ISBN 0-394-54684-9.
  221. ^ James, Darius (1995). "Rappin' with the rib-ticklin' Ralph Bakshi". That's Blaxploitation!: Roots of the Baadasssss 'Tude (Rated X by an All-Whyte Jury). New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 117–123. ISBN 0-312-13192-5.
  222. ^ a b Cohen, Karl F (1997). "Coonskin". Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 84–88. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  223. ^ Sito 2006, pp. 230–231.
  224. ^ Sabin, Roger (1992). "Aspects". Comic Books for Adults. Taylor & Francis. p. 212. ISBN 0-415-04419-7.
  225. ^ Beck, Jerry (2005). "Dirty Duck". The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago Review Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-55652-591-9.
  226. ^ Kaylan, Howard, "Getting Spit on By the Boss Himself!". Shell Shocked. p. 215. Backbeat, 2013. 978-1-61780-846-3.
  227. ^ Cohen, Karl F (1997). "Charles Swenson's Dirty Duck". Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 89–90. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  228. ^ Lankarani, Leily (28 February 2009). "Hollywood Comes To Tehran". CBS News. from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
  229. ^ "2008 Oscars- 80th Academy Awards Nominations Coverage – Nominees". 22 January 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  230. ^ "Anomalisa". www.rcpsych.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  231. ^ . Venice International Film Festival. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  232. ^ Dudok de Wit, Alex (8 July 2020). "Adult Animation Is Having A Moment. Here Are 6 Essential Features To Start With". Cartoon Brew. from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  233. ^ Gettell, Oliver (14 April 2016). "Batman: The Killing Joke animated movie receives R rating—exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  234. ^ "Animated BATMAN: THE KILLING JOKE To Get Limited Theatrical Release". Newsarama. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  235. ^ "Sony Pictures Animation Launches New International And Alternative Animation Divisions – Annecy". 12 June 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  236. ^ Eddy, Cheryl (1 February 2021). "Animated Fantasy Cryptozoo Finds Beauty in the Truly Strange". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  237. ^ a b Cohen, Karl F (1997). "Programs of shorts – from the Tournée of animation to Sick & Twisted shows". Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 102–107. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  238. ^ "About The Animation Show".
  239. ^ "'Rick and Morty' Saddle-Up with Wrangler". License Global. 3 November 2020. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  240. ^ Hibberd, James (24 July 2020). "'Rick and Morty' posts a scene from upcoming season 5 online". EW. from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  241. ^ The Wall Street Journal (2002). "Tom Freston CEO of MTV Networks". Boss Talk: Top CEOs Share the Ideas That Drive the World's Most Successful Companies. New York City: Random House. p. 80. ISBN 1588362191.
  242. ^ Beatty, Sally; Hymowitz, Carol (21 March 2000). "How MTV Stays Tuned In to Teens". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  243. ^ Kay, Jeremy (9 October 2003). "H2V Entertainment prepares inaugural animated slate". Screen Daily. from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  244. ^ Perkins, Chris (24 March 2015). "Crowdfund This: 'The Book Of Mojo'". Animation for Adults. from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  245. ^ Wheeler, Brad (29 May 2015). "When Marnie Was There: Adaptation of a Joan G. Robinson ghost story". The Globe and Mail. from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  246. ^ Berkowitz, Drew Emanuel (2020). Framing School Violence and Bullying in Young Adult Manga: Fictional Perspectives on a Pedagogical Problem. London, UK: Springer Nature. p. 97. ISBN 9783030581213.
  247. ^ Schaeffer, Sandy (30 October 2019). "Why HBO Max Animated Movie & Show Selection Beats Disney+'s". Screen Rant. from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  248. ^ Clark, Kelsey (29 March 2020). "The Dragon Prince: Season 1-3 – Review". Film Bunker. from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  249. ^ Montgomery, Daniel (21 May 2020). "2020 Daytime Emmy nominations list: Full list of 47th Daytime Emmy nominees". Gold Derby. from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  250. ^ "2020 Daytime Nominees (Children's / Animated)". The Emmys. 2020. from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  251. ^ Schneider, Michael (2 November 2020). "Primetime Emmys Drop Children's Program Category, as All Kids Awards Move to Daytime (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  252. ^ Sechrist, Rad [@radsechrist] (22 October 2020). "Imagine if a streaming service created a dedicated YA animation division. Then you would have a lot of shows like Kipo, but there would be a dedicated YA team to target that audience. I'd love to see it happen. I'd love the chance to make more shows like Kipo. #kipo" (Tweet). from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020 – via Twitter.
  253. ^ Littleton, Cynthia (28 October 2020). "Warner Bros. Takes Over HBO Max Kids and Family Programming (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  254. ^ Sechrist, Rad [@radsechrist] (8 December 2020). "Agreed" (Tweet). from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020 – via Twitter.
  255. ^ Guerrero, Bethany (11 December 2020). "Diary of A Wimpy Kid Animated Movie On Disney+ In 2021". Screen Rant. from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  256. ^ Delos Trinos, Angelo (January 20, 2021). "HBO Max Launches a Dedicated Animation Hub of Curated Content". CBR. from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  257. ^ Del Rosario, Alexandra (17 August 2021). "'Adventure Time: Fionna & Cake' Gets Series Order At HBO Max". Deadline. from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  258. ^ "HBO Max Orders 'Adventure Time: Fionna & Cake' Series". Animation World Network. 17 August 2021. from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  259. ^ Hermann, Burkely (30 October 2021). "Spicing It Up: "High Guardian Spice" is A Cute and Magical Coming-of-Age Story". The Geekiary. from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  260. ^ Levine, Nick (5 November 2020). "Casting News: Hugh Laurie and Emilia Clarke to Voice Terry Pratchett Animated Movie 'The Amazing Maurice'". BBC America. from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  261. ^ White, Abbey (16 June 2022). "'Dead End: Paranormal Park' Creator Hamish Steele on Crafting the Animated YA LGBTQ-Inclusive Horror Series". The Hollywood Reporter. from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  262. ^ Petski, Denise (27 January 2020). "Netflix Inks Overall Deal With Animation Studio Titmouse". Deadline. from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  263. ^ Fox, Sarah (27 January 2020). "Netflix and Titmouse Sign Multi-Year Deal for Adult Animated Series". Slanted. from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  264. ^ Adalian, Josef (7 July 2020). "The Remaking of Comedy Central". Vulture. from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  265. ^ a b Adams, Tim (27 November 2020). "Game of Thrones Adult Animated Series in Development at HBO Max". CBR. from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  266. ^ Rice, Lynette (15 June 2022). "HBO Max Orders 'Scavengers Reign' To Series; Adult Animated Sci-Fi To Premiere In 2023". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  267. ^ "DC Studios Announces Slate of 10 New Film and Television Projects". Warner Bros. Discovery. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  268. ^ Motomayor, Rafael (14 March 2022). "Harley Quinn Spin-Off Series In The Works At HBO Max [SXSW]". Slash Film. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  269. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (10 February 2021). "'Clone High,' Mindy Kaling 'Scooby' Prequel, Pete Davidson Animated Comedies a Go at HBO Max". The Hollywood Reporter. from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  270. ^ "Pete Davidson to Star in 'Fired on Mars,' an HBO Max Animated Comedy About Tech Bros in Space". Collider. 10 February 2021. from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  271. ^ Miller, Shannon (10 February 2021). "HBO Max gets animated with Velma starring Mindy Kaling, 2 seasons of Clone High, more". The A.V. Club. from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  272. ^ Sarto, Dan (10 February 2021). "HBO Max Reveals 4 Adult Animated Original Series in Development". Animation World Network. from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  273. ^ Arvedon, Jon (10 February 2021). "Cover: Bendis & Mack DC Series Lands HBO Max Animation Deal". CBR. from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  274. ^ "Come see what's new from Disney / Pixar announced during Investor Day!". Designer Women. 11 December 2020. Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  275. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (9 October 2020). "Netflix Orders 'Blue Eye Samurai' Animated Action Series From Michael Green & Amber Noizumi; Maya Erskine, George Takei, Masi Oka & Randall Park Lead Cast". Deadline Hollywood.
  276. ^ Otterson, Joe (9 March 2020). "Tina Fey, Robert Carlock Set Animated Comedy Series at Netflix". Variety. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  277. ^ Edwards, Chris (25 October 2020). "Family Guy's Seth MacFarlane lines up new streaming show". Digital Spy. from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  278. ^ Patches, Matt (2 February 2021). "Idris Elba's Afrofuturist animated series coming to Crunchyroll". Polygon. from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  279. ^ Porter, Rick (8 February 2021). "Dan Harmon Animated Series a Go at Fox". The Hollywood Reporter. from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  280. ^ Layton, Mark (8 February 2021). "Fox greenlights Ancient Greek adult animation from 'Rick & Morty' creator Dan Harmon". TBI Vision. from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  281. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (23 June 2021). "Dan Harmon, Nathan Pyle Team for 'Strange Planet' Series at Apple". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  282. ^ Amidi, Amid (20 July 2020). "Comic Artist Mirka Andolfo Is Adapting Her 'Sweet Paprika' Concept Into An Adult Animation Project". Cartoon Brew. from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  283. ^ Milligan, Mercedes (18 November 2020). "Wild Sheep Content Seduced by 'Sweet Paprika'". Animation Magazine. from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  284. ^ Dudok de Wit, Alex (16 October 2020). "Netflix Inks Overall Deal With Jorge Gutiérrez, Unveils First Slate From Chris Nee". Cartoon Brew. from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  285. ^ Petski, Denise (14 October 2020). "'Maya And The Three' Creator Jorge Gutierrez Inks Overall Deal With Netflix". Deadline. from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  286. ^ Williams, Lorin (19 November 2020). "Snoop Dogg Starring in Animated 'Oaklandia' Series For Amazon, Vince Vaughn Attached To Produce". mxdwn.com. from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  287. ^ White, David (19 November 2020). "Amazon Developing Animated Comedy Series 'Oaklandia' From Snoop Dogg, Vince Vaughn, Daniel Dominguez & Chris Powell". Deadline. from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  288. ^ Petski, Denise (8 December 2020). "'Star Trek: Lower Decks' Creator Mike McMahan Inks Overall Deal With CBS Studios". Deadline. from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  289. ^ Bloom, David (9 December 2020). "CBS Studios Locks In 'Star Trek: Lower Decks" Creator Ahead Of All Access Reboot". Forbes. from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  290. ^ Rice, Lynette (15 December 2022). "Hulu Orders 'Standing By' To Series From 20th TV Animation; Creators Are Dan Levy & Ally Pankiw". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  291. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (2 August 2022). "Chris Rock's 'Everybody Still Hates Chris' Animated Series Greenlighted For Run On Paramount+ & Comedy Central". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2 August 2022.

Bibliography

  • Capsuto, Steven (2000). Alternate channels : the uncensored story of gay and lesbian images on radio and television. New York: Ballatine Books. ISBN 0345412435. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  • Cook, Carson (May 2018). "A History of LGBT Representation on TV". A content analysis of LGBT representation on broadcast and streaming television streaming television (Honors). University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  • (PDF) (Report). GLAAD. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  • (PDF) (Report). GLAAD. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  • (PDF) (Report). GLAAD. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  • (PDF) (Report). GLAAD. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  • "Where We Are on TV Report: 2011–2012 Characters List". GLAAD. GLAAD. 2012. from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2020. See the overview page .
  • (PDF) (Report). GLAAD. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  • Gross, Larry (2001). "Morning Papers, Afternoon Soaps". Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231529327. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  • Keller, James (2010). "Recuperating and Reviling South Park's Queer Politics". In Elledge, Jim (ed.). Queers in American Popular Culture Volume 1: Film and television. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. ISBN 9780313354571. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  • Tropiano, Stephen (2002). The prime time closet : a history of gays and lesbians on TV. New York: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. ISBN 9781557835574. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  • Walters, Suzanna Danuta (2001). All the Rage: The Story of Gay Visibility in America. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226872315. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  • Karl F. Cohen (1997). Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  • Dhaenens, Frederik; Van Bauwel, Sofie (23 June 2011). "Queer Resistances in the Adult Animated Sitcom". Television & New Media. 13 (2): 124–138. doi:10.1177/1527476411412397. hdl:1854/LU-1251875. S2CID 145513253. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  • Falvey, Eddie (23 June 2011). "Situating Netflix's Original Adult Animation: Observing Taste Cultures and the Legacies of 'Quality' Television through BoJack Horseman and Big Mouth". Animation. 15 (2): 116–129. doi:10.1177/1746847720933791. S2CID 220982469. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  • Irene Fubara-Manuel, Revolting Animation: The Hierarchy of Masculinities in the Representation of Race and Male Same-Sex Desire in Adult Cartoons, Media, Communication and Cultural Studies Association, October 17, 2017.
  • Pedro A González Jr.,Adult animation and gender representation – A case study on The Simpsons, Thesis, July 2014.
  • Sarah Ann Kennedy, Is the Straight role in Comedy essential and why is it usually played by a women[sic] in animation?, University of Central Lancashire Repository, 2014
  • Hącia Marcelina, Subtitling Adult Animation – Techniques of Dealing with Humour, Cultural References and Profanities in the Polish Translation of Archer on Netflix, Jagiellonian University Repository, October 17, 2018.
  • Andrea Marek, Animating Adulthood: Emotional Resonance, Affective Quality, and the Human Condition in Adult Animated Television An Examination in Theory, Viewership, and Practice, Concordia University Repository, 2018.
  • Sito, Tom (2006). Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2407-7.
  • Charles Solomon (1989). Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-54684-9.

External links

  • Frank, Priscilla (28 July 2017). "The World Of Sensual Animation, Where Cartoons Are Sexier Than Real Life". HuffPost. from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  • Searles, Jourdain (5 September 2018). "Drawing the Line: TV Animation Beyond the Boys' Club". Bitch. Bitch Media. from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.

March 21, 2023
adult, animation, united, states, confused, with, cartoon, pornography, united, states, before, enforcement, hays, code, some, cartoon, shorts, contained, humor, that, aimed, adult, audience, members, rather, than, children, following, introduction, motion, pi. Not to be confused with Cartoon pornography In the United States before the enforcement of the Hays Code some cartoon shorts contained humor that was aimed at adult audience members rather than children Following the introduction of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system independent animation producers attempted to establish an alternative to mainstream animation Initially few animation studios in the United States attempted to produce animation for adult audiences but later examples of animation produced for adults would gain mainstream attention and success Adult animation in the United States includes shows with superhero sci fi and fantasy elements 1 Some of the most prominent animations with these mature themes include The Simpsons BoJack Horseman South Park Futurama and Archer along with other adult animated television series feature films and animation in other forms which helped the genre expand over the years beyond animated sitcoms Contents 1 Pre Code animation 2 After the Hays Code 2 1 Programming blocks 3 Streaming services 4 Cancellations 5 Animated feature films 5 1 Ralph Bakshi 5 2 Other animated features 6 Festivals and merchandise 7 Young adult animation 8 Series in development 9 See also 10 References 10 1 Citations 10 2 Bibliography 11 External linksPre Code animation EditThe earliest cartoon series were based upon popular comic strips 2 and were directed at family audiences Most animation produced during the silent film era was not intended to be shown to any specific age group but occasionally contained humor that was directed at adult audience members 3 Writer Michael Tisserand argued that all animations were adult swims in the early days of American animation with shapes which were hand drawn frolicking and not behaving correctly before audience members who reacted with shock 4 Some scholars like Jason Mittel stated that the assumed audience of these early cartoons particularly Looney Tunes has alternated from their initial unspecific audience to children and back to general audiences 5 The earliest known instance of censorship in animation occurred when the censorship board of Pennsylvania requested that references to bootlegging be removed from Walt Disney s 1925 short Alice Solves a Puzzle One of the earliest animated pornographic films was Eveready Harton in Buried Treasure produced circa 1928 possibly produced for a private party in honor of Winsor McCay 3 According to Karl F Cohen s 1998 book Forbidden Animation Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America rumor held that the film was developed in Cuba years after it was completed because no lab in New York City would process the film 3 The Motion Picture Association of America then known as the Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors Association was established in 1922 as the result of public objection to adult content in films and a series of guidelines were established 3 Until the Hays Code was enforced many animated shorts featured suggestive content including sexual innuendo references to alcohol and drug use and mild profanity 6 In the 1920s and 1930s X rated cartoons were produced and shown building upon the small non theatrical industry which had developed around pornographic films before WWI 7 source source source source source source Yehudi the Chameleon the star of Camouflage 1944 The latter cartoons came at time when the U S military began to commission animated films to train recruits 8 This morphed into the U S Army s First Motion Picture Unit which existed from 1942 to 1945 located at Hal Roach Studios in Culver City California The unit included filmmakers like Frank Capra Looney Tunes creator Rudolf Ising animator Frank Thomas and cartoonist Dr Seuss It produced hundreds of animated training films on a continuous schedule 8 9 10 11 Animation was integral in these films helping pilots fly airplanes 12 soldiers learn the fine points of military camouflage 10 or train others how to correctly use hand held weapons 13 In addition the Betty Boop series was known for its use of jokes that would eventually be considered taboo following the enforcement of the Hays Code including the use of nudity 6 This included the short Bamboo Isle 14 which contains a sequence in which Betty dances the hula topless wearing only a lei over her breasts and a grass skirt According to animator Shamus Culhane Fleischer Studios and Paramount Pictures were shocked by the sequence but because it was a major sequence it could not be cut out of the film Culhane also states that he does not remember any instance in which the film was censored 6 Betty s hula animation was reused for a cameo appearance with Popeye the Sailor in his self titled animated debut short of the same name 15 16 17 Following the enforcement of the Hays Code Betty s clothing was redesigned and all future shorts portrayed her with a longer dress which did not emphasize her physique and sexuality 18 After the Hays Code EditBy 1968 the Hays Office had been eliminated and the former guidelines were replaced by the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system The lifting of the Code meant that animated features from other countries could be distributed without censorship and that censorship would not be required for American productions 19 Some underground cartoon features from the late 1960s were also aimed at an adult audience such as Bambi Meets Godzilla 1968 and the anti war films Escalation 1968 and Mickey Mouse in Vietnam 1969 Escalation in particular is interesting because it was made by Disney animator Ward Kimball independently from the Disney Studios Film producer John Magnuson completed an animated short based upon an audio recording of a comedy routine by Lenny Bruce titled Thank You Mask Man 1971 in which The Lone Ranger shocks the residents of the town he saves when he tells them that he wants to have sex with Tonto 20 The short was made by San Francisco based company Imagination Inc and directed by Jeff Hale a former member of the National Film Board of Canada The film was scheduled to premiere on the opening night of Z as a supplement preceding the main feature but was not shown According to a former staff member of the festival Magnuson ran up the aisle and shouted They crucified Lenny when he was alive and now that he is dead they are screwing him again The festival s director told Magnuson that the producer of Z did not want any short shown that night Rumors suggested that the wife of one of the festival s financiers hated Bruce and threatened to withdraw her husband s money if the short was screened Thank You Mask Man was later shown in art house screenings and gained a following but screenings did not perform well enough financially for Magnuson to profit from the film 21 Aeon Flux which aired from 1991 to 1995 was an American avant garde science fiction animated television series that aired on MTV Liana Satenstein called it cutting edge bizarrely sexy and certainly not for daytime television which has a cult following while Peter Chung the director of the animated show stated he was inspired by the very naked images of the late Helmut Newton 22 Some argued that dramatic series such as Aeon Flux and Invasion America are less common and still rarely successful 23 Space Ghost Coast to Coast ran on Cartoon Network from 1994 to 2001 then on Adult Swim from 2001 to 2004 and on GameTap from 2006 to 2008 The first two seasons of this adult animated parody talk show were presented as a serious talk show with subdued jokes while the later seasons relied more on surrealism non sequitur and tabloid 24 Reportedly the first original series fully produced by Cartoon Network 25 it had two spinoff series in the form of Cartoon Planet and The Brak Show while inspiring series such as Sealab 2021 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Harvey Birdman Attorney at Law Perfect Hair Forever and The Eric Andre Show 26 Many of the adult animated series on broadcast television have featured LGBTQ characters Fox s The Simpsons has included gay characters 27 28 some of which were one offs 28 29 30 31 an on and off again gay couple 32 and lesbian characters 33 Additionally gay characters appeared in Family Guy 34 35 King of the Hill 36 Duncanville 37 have done the same Additionally bisexual characters appeared in Sit Down Shut Up which aired from April to November 2009 38 39 40 while gay characters headlined the short lived show Allen Gregory 41 42 The FOX adult animated sitcom The Great North which began airing in January 2021 included gay characters 43 44 as did the late 2006 series Freak Show 45 Brickleberry which aired from 2012 to 2015 featured lesbian characters 46 47 48 while South Park included gay and lesbian characters 49 50 51 52 as did Drawn Together 53 54 55 56 Some depictions of LGBTQ people were criticized like those in Family Guy and Bob s Burgers as stereotypical when it came to trans people 57 58 59 In the case of Bob s Burgers in June 2020 series creator Loren Bouchard committed to recasting a trans female sex worker character so it is voiced by a Black actor rather than a White male actor currently David Herman 60 57 LGBTQ characters also headlined the series Rick amp Steve The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World which aired on Logo TV from 2007 to 2009 including gay 61 and lesbian 62 63 couples as characters 64 65 and gay characters appeared in Chozen 66 Lesbian characters also appeared in The Goode Family 67 68 69 Programming blocks Edit Adult Swim Headquarters on Williams Street in Atlanta GA in late April 2019 There are various programming blocks for broadcast television which cater to adult animation This includes Adult Swim a programming block on Cartoon Network 70 71 which was founded in 2001 72 with a schedule which includes original programs such as Rick and Morty and The Venture Bros as well as more experimental shows such as Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Squidbillies 73 Some said that the programming block was inspired by shows like Beavis and Butt Head and Aeon Flux 74 Other animation blocs include FXX s Animation Domination High Def 75 Syfy s TZGZ which includes various animated series 76 77 78 and Fox s Animation Domination 1 In the Adult Swim programming block many of the animated series have featured LGBTQ characters This includes gay characters in Space Ghost Coast to Coast 79 80 Mission Hill 81 Braceface 82 and Clone High 83 84 Also The Venture Bros and Moral Orel featured lesbian and bisexual characters 85 86 87 In addition the series The Oblongs featured a trans character 88 while Archer included gay 89 90 and bisexual 91 92 characters bro Town included a protagonist who is fa afafine a Samoan concept for a third gender person 93 94 and Superjail included a gay couple 95 The Boondocks featured gay characters 96 as did Rick and Morty 97 98 Rick and Morty also confirmed other characters as queer in the show s fifth season 99 100 In addition Final Space which aired on Adult Swim and HBO Max included bisexual 101 102 genderless 103 104 and lesbian characters 105 106 Magical Girl Friendship Squad Origins and Magical Girl Friendship Squad on SYFY s TZGZ bloc included queer characters 107 108 Streaming services EditSee also List of adult animated television series Some critics have argued that the streaming platforms are in a war with one another during which adult animation is growing as the genre changes demand increases and companies participate in production of these series 109 110 111 Companies such as ViacomCBS Hulu Netflix Apple TV CBS All Access HBO Max Disney and Crunchyroll have worked to expand their adult animation slates and offerings 112 113 114 There were even panels hosted on the topic noting the companies producing adult animations 115 116 This competition has led some to argue that the adult animation field is in a golden age 117 and that there is a post pandemic boom 118 In the 2020s HBO Max 119 Hulu 120 Comedy Central 121 and Disney 122 competed to grow the number of adult animations on their streaming services in order to grow their subscriber bases 1 This included the launch of a hub within the Disney streaming service Star for television and film content intended for an adult audience 123 124 the creation of a channel known as Comedy Central Animation for Pluto TV 125 ramping up adult animation programming on Paramount 126 and HBO Max expanding their adult animation slate beyond South Park to gain exclusive streaming rights of various series 127 In early July 2020 Hulu hosted the first ever Hilarious Animated Hulu Awards HAHA which is meant to celebrate adult cartoons characters and moments from those animations streaming on the streaming site Viewers were allowed to vote on the winners with awards for the Most Epic Battle Scene Best Hangover Performance Best New Show Best Dance Performance Best Talking Pet Most Awkward Moment Most Insulting Insult Best Catchphrase Breakout Star of the Year and even Best Fart Performance 128 In later July the HAHA winners were announced with characters from Family Guy Bob s Burgers Futurama American Dad Archer Cake and Solar Opposites winning awards 129 Many series on streaming series had LGBTQ characters One of the first was Queer Duck which premiered on Icebox and later streamed on Showtime from 2000 to 2002 becoming the first U S animated TV series to have homosexuality as a major theme 130 131 132 Recently Hulu series The Awesomes 133 134 135 and Koala Man featured LGBTQ characters 136 The same is the case for Netflix s Bojack Horseman 137 138 139 Castlevania and Big Mouth 140 141 142 In addition Disenchantment featured gay characters 143 144 as did Super Drags a Brazilian show 145 146 and Hoops which was released in August 2020 147 both of which aired on Netflix Another Netflix series F is for Family included a gay character 148 while the fourth season of Big Mouth featured a trans female character who also appears in Human Resources 149 the third part of Disenchantment confirmed a series protagonist as bisexual 150 151 152 and Chicago Party Aunt included gay protagonists 153 154 Another series on the streaming series Arcane featured a lesbian couple confirmed by show writer Amanda Overton 155 156 157 while the series Q Force is about a team of fellow LGBTQ super spies 158 159 160 Other streaming services also featured LGBTQ characters This included gay characters in Amazon Prime s Undone featured a gay character 161 and another series on the same platform Invincible 162 163 Rooster Teeth s gen LOCK featured a genderfluid character 164 165 166 and Freedom Fighters The Ray featured a gay superhero 167 168 In addition Bisexual and lesbian characters are central to HBO Max s Velma 169 170 171 while gay and bisexual characters appeared in Harley Quinn 172 173 174 175 Bisexual and lesbian characters also appear in Paramount s Star Trek Lower Decks 176 177 178 LGBTQ characters were also featured in Hulu s Solar Opposites 179 and M O D O K 180 181 Cancellations EditMany adult animations have been cancelled over the years often when these series were either in development or before they received a second season In the 1990s this include Ralph Bakshi s series Spicy City after the network wanted to fire Bakshi s writing team and hire professional Los Angeles screenwriters 182 183 FOX s The PJs which aired from 1999 to 2001 184 185 186 aired for three seasons but was cancelled in 2001 187 In the 2000s and 2010s FOX cancelled Sit Down Shut Up in 2009 188 and MTV s Good Vibes was cancelled after one season in 2012 189 190 75 In 2017 Adult Swim cancelled a cartoon by Rick Moranis about him as a demon slayer titled The Gatekeeper saying they were concerned about their target audiences 191 while Hulu cancelled The Awesomes after three seasons in December 2014 192 In September 2020 The Venture Bros which had been slated to be renewed for an eighth and final season 193 194 was cancelled Series creator Jackson Publick confirmed it with season 8 being axed 195 196 After a number of creators and fans weighed in on the decision Adult Swim stated that they were working to find another way to continue the Venture Bros story 197 198 In November 2020 some reported that the head of HBO Max Andy Forssell teased that the streaming platform is working on reviving The Venture Bros 199 In the 2020s the animated series M O D O K 200 The Harper House 201 202 The Prince 203 The Midnight Gospel 204 205 and Pantheon 206 207 were cancelled In January 2023 it was revealed that Netflix had cancelled two other adult animations Inside Job 208 209 210 and Dead End Paranormal Park 211 Amid criticism of the cancellations Netflix CEO Sarandos defended the actions and claimed that the streaming service had never canceled a successful show 212 Animated feature films EditRalph Bakshi Edit Ralph Bakshi successfully established an alternative to mainstream animation through independent and adult oriented productions in the 1970s By the late 1960s animator Ralph Bakshi felt that he could not continue to produce the same kind of animation as he had in the past He said in 1971 that the idea of grown men sitting in cubicles drawing butterflies floating over a field of flowers while American planes are dropping bombs in Vietnam and kids are marching in the streets is ludicrous 213 With producer Steve Krantz Bakshi founded his own studio Bakshi Productions 214 establishing the studio as an alternative to mainstream animation by producing animation his own way and accelerating the advancement of female and minority animators He also paid his employees a higher salary than any other studio at that time 215 In 1969 Ralph s Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca Cola and Max the 2000 Year Old Mouse 216 217 However Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation he was producing and wanted to produce something personal so he developed Heavy Traffic a tale of inner city street life However Krantz told Bakshi that studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi s lack of film experience 217 While browsing the East Side Book Store on St Mark s Place Bakshi came across a copy of Robert Crumb s Fritz the Cat Impressed by Crumb s sharp satire Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film 217 Fritz the Cat was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the MPAA and the highest grossing independent animated film of all time 217 While the film is widely noted in its innovation the film also offered commercial potential for alternative and independent animated films in the United States 182 Bakshi has been credited for playing an important role in establishing animation as a medium where any story can be told rather than a medium for children 218 Because of the perception that Fritz the Cat was pornographic Krantz attempted to appeal the film s rating but the MPAA refused to hear the appeal 219 Praise from Rolling Stone and The New York Times and the film s acceptance into the 1972 Cannes Film Festival cleared up previous misconceptions 217 Bakshi then simultaneously directed a number of animated films starting with Heavy Traffic Thanks to Heavy Traffic Bakshi became the first person in the animation industry since Walt Disney to have two financially successful films released back to back 220 Although the film was critically praised it was banned by the film censorship board in the province of Alberta Canada when it was originally released 219 Bakshi s next film Coonskin was produced by Albert S Ruddy The film culled from Bakshi s interest in African American history in America was an attack on racism and racist stereotypes 221 Bakshi hired several African American animators to work on Coonskin and another feature Hey Good Lookin 222 including Brenda Banks the first African American female animator 223 After the release was stalled by protests from the Congress of Racial Equality which accused both the film and Bakshi himself of being racist the film was given limited distribution and soon disappeared from theaters 222 Bakshi avoided controversy by producing fantasy films including Wizards The Lord of the Rings and Fire and Ice Bakshi did not produce another animated feature film after the 1992 release of Cool World 182 Other animated features Edit Although some adult oriented animated films achieved success very few animation studios in the United States produced explicitly adult animation during the 1970s and much of the adult oriented animation produced in the 1980s and 1990s was critically and commercially unsuccessful 218 Krantz produced The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat without Bakshi s involvement and it was released in June 1974 to negative reviews 224 Charles Swenson developed Down and Dirty Duck as a project for Flo and Eddie Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman formerly of The Turtles and The Mothers of Invention under the title Cheap 225 The film produced by Roger Corman was released on 13 June 1977 226 under the title Dirty Duck and received negative reviews 227 Animated films portraying serious stories began to regain notice from mainstream audiences in the beginning of the 21st century 218 Persepolis a 2007 adaptation of Marjane Satrapi s autobiographical graphic novel won the Jury Prize at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival 228 and was later nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature 229 In 2007 the then world famous adult animated show The Simpsons generated a feature film produced by 20th Century Fox Unlike previous films such as South Park Bigger Longer amp Uncut The Simpsons Movie was rated PG 13 for some irreverent humor throughout The movie was received with positive reviews by critics as well as teens and adults and grossed 536 4 million at the box office A Matt Groening who created Futurama and The Simpsons at the 2009 Comic Con in San Diego Some years later in December 2015 Anomalisa an American stop motion psychological 230 comedy drama film was released It was later nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature a Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and five Annie Awards 231 Some critics called it a meditation on loneliness and mental disturbance and reviewed it positively despite only getting less than 4 million at the box office in the U S saying it indicates how rare it is for non Hollywood animated features to become a success in the U S 232 The 2016 film The Killing Joke was the first film in the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series and the first animated Batman film to receive an R rating from the MPAA with Warner Bros Animation president Sam Register explaining From the start of production we encouraged producer Bruce Timm and our team at Warner Bros Animation to remain faithful to the original story regardless of the eventual MPAA rating We felt it was our responsibility to present our core audience the comics loving community with an animated film that authentically represented the tale they know all too well 233 The film was released in a limited theatrical screening on 25 July 2016 234 In 2019 Sony Pictures Animation announced the creation of an Alternative Animation Initiative dedicated to producing films aimed at more mature audiences 235 The adult animation film Cryptozoo by Dash Shaw was released at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival Some reviewers described it as gloriously colorful and praised the animated film 236 Festivals and merchandise EditIn 1988 San Francisco exhibitor Expanded Cinema screened a compilation of adult oriented animated shorts under the title Outrageous Animation Advertising the package as containing the wildest cartoons ever the screenings contained shorts produced outside the United States as well as independently produced American shorts Reviews of the festival were mixed San Francisco Chronicle writer Mick LaSalle hated almost everything screened at the festival with the exception of Bill Plympton s One of Those Days In The San Francisco Examiner David Armstrong gave the show a three star review and described the films screened as having some of the rude vitality of the great old Warner Bros cartoons and a good deal of the sexual explicitness denied those old favorites from a more cautious age 237 In 1990 Mellow Manor Productions began screening films under the title Spike and Mike s Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation Founders Craig Spike Decker and Mike Gribble promoted their festival by handing out flyers on the streets rather than with traditional promotional techniques In 1991 Decker and Gribble screened their first All Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation promising wild and zany films that could never be shown to our normal audience The festival screened newer independent shorts as well as older shorts such as Bambi Meets Godzilla and Thank You Mask Man Although the festival promoted works by animators who would later gain mainstream success such as Bill Plympton Mike Judge Trey Parker and Don Hertzfeldt many reviewers dismissed the bulk of the programming as shock value 237 In 2003 Judge and Hertzfeldt created a new touring festival of animation marketed towards adults and college students The Animation Show brought animated shorts into more North American theaters than any previous commercial festival 238 In 2020 as Rick and Morty entered its fifth season the company producing the show began collaborating with Wrangler to create a set of show appropriate apparel 239 240 Young adult animation EditFor years young adult animation known as YA animation for short has been discussed by executives and creators especially those in the United States In 2000 Tom Freston the CEO of MTV said that his network was at the cutting edge of young adult animation 241 242 A few years later a H2VEntertainment a Montreal based animation company financed three animated features aimed at the teen and young adult market which would premiere in spring 2004 243 Fast forward to the 2010s when more critics and companies would begin talking about young adult animation In 2015 one critic stated that the executives in the animation industry in the United States weren t on board with the idea of young adult animation leading some to do Indiegogo projects instead 244 Others wrote about animation for young adults among anime in Japan a theme which continued in later years 245 246 A small press conference for The Hunger Games Catching Fire in November 2013 attended by fans along with those on the panel Alan Ritchson Jeffrey Wright Sam Claflin Stephanie Leigh Schlund and Jena Malone The Hunger Games was cited as an example of YA fiction by Kipo s creator Rad Sechrist In 2020 young adult animation came to the forefront once more HBO Max was said to have a lot of material oriented towards young adults in contrast with Disney 247 At the same time some reviewers described The Dragon Prince as a young adult animation 248 and the NATAS gave out various Emmys for young adult programs like Tangled differentiating them from children s animation and preschool animation 249 250 2020 was the first year that NATAS gave a Daytime Emmy for young adult programs which includes shows targeting a tween and teen audience 251 On October 22 Radford Rad Sechrist the series creator of Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts floated the idea of a streaming service creating a dedicated YA animation division stating that it would have shows like Kipo along with a dedicated YA team to target that audience 252 In later October 2020 it was announced that WarnerMedia would be changing its oversight of kids and family programming for HBO Max from a group led by the latter to one led by Tom Ascheim a person who formerly worked at Disney and became the president of Global Kids Young Adults and Classics section at WarnerMedia in June It was also stated that Casey Bloys of HBO would continue to oversee young adult content and adult animation for HBO Max while Ascheim would focus on kid specific originals with a priority to develop preschool centric programming 253 On December 8 2020 Sechrist still expressed support for HBO Max creating a section for YA animation 254 When the upcoming animated movie for a Diary of a Wimpy Kid was announced the latter was described as a young adult series 255 In January 2021 HBO Max debuted an animation page which included adult animation older cartoons and animation dedicated to teens and young adults 256 In August 2021 Animation World Network and Deadline described the upcoming Adventure Time Fionna and Cake series as a young adult animated show 257 258 In October 2021 a reviewer for The Geekiary argued that High Guardian Spice was a young adult animation 259 In 2022 Hugh Laurie and Emilia Clarke are set to lead the cast in an animated film titled The Amazing Maurice based on Terry Pratchett s 2001 novel The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents It is said that this film is specifically targeted toward the young adult audience 260 In July 2022 Hamish Steele creator of Dead End Paranormal Park agreed with an interviewer from The Hollywood Reporter and called the series a young adult animation He noted that even shows like Infinity Train had to pitch to a younger audiences and declared that Dead End is a YA kids show 261 Series in development EditIn the 2020s it was announced that Netflix Comedy Central Disney and HBO Max were developing adult animated series 262 263 264 265 This included development of a Game of Thrones animated series by HBO Max 265 based on the live action Game of Thrones TV series along with eight other adult animated series Scavengers Reign 266 Creature Commandos 267 Noonan s 268 Fired on Mars 269 270 a revival of Clone High 271 Hello Paul by musician Sean Solomon Obi by Michael B Jordan s Outlier Society Uncanny Valley by Brendan Walter and Greg Yagolnitzer and Cover by Brian Michael Bendis and David Mack 272 273 In December 2020 it was reported that a new series by Disney Pixar Light Year will focus on Buzz Lightyear in Toy Story but have a more adult sci fi imprint 274 In 2020 it was noted that Netflix had series such as Blue Eye Samurai 275 and Mulligan 276 among other original programming In 2020 and 2021 it was reported that Seth MacFarlane 277 Idris Elba and Sabrina Dhowre 278 and Dan Harmon were working on adult animations 279 280 281 It was also reported that a comic Sweet Paprika by Mirka Andolfo would be developed into an adult animation with Dreamworks Animation veteran Gabriele Pennacchioli 282 283 and production of new animated series by Jorge Gutierrez and Mexopolis his production company including preschool animations all ages animations and adult animations 284 285 In addition Amazon Studios was noted as producing an animated series titled Oaklandia starring the rapper Snoop Dogg and actor Vince Vaughn 286 with producers including Daniel Dominguez who worked on Gen Lock 287 Other articles noted that the creator of Star Trek Lower Decks Mike McMahan had inked a deal with CBS Studios to produce all television content created and developed by him going forward 288 289 and that Hulu was developing an animated comedy series entitled Standing By 290 Additionally it was said that Paramount began production of a Everybody Still Hates Chris animated reboot centering on Chris Rock which would air on Paramount and Comedy Central 291 See also EditAnimation in the United States during the silent era Animation in the United States in the television era Modern animation in the United States List of adult animated films List of adult animated television series List of adult animated internet seriesReferences EditCitations Edit a b c Brown Tracy 23 November 2020 Why TV s next Golden Age might come thanks to adult animation Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 26 November 2020 Retrieved 26 November 2020 Simmon Scott 30 July 2014 Notes on the Origins of American Animation 1900 1921 Library of Congress Archived from the original on 2 April 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 a b c d Cohen Karl F 1997 Animation and censorship in the silent film era Forbidden Animation Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America North Carolina McFarland amp Company Inc pp 9 13 ISBN 0 7864 0395 0 Tisserand Michael 29 December 2020 Animation s Early Days Artists Hucksters Talking Mice and Pigs New York Times Archived from the original on 29 December 2020 Retrieved 29 December 2020 Mittell Jason 2013 Genre and Television Routledge p 72 ISBN 9781135458836 a b c Cohen Karl F 1997 Pre Code films the early sound era Forbidden Animation Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America North Carolina McFarland amp Company Inc pp 13 17 ISBN 0 7864 0395 0 Cohen Karl November 1997 The Unnatural History of Marketing Independent Animated Films on 16 MM Film Animation World Magazine Archived from the original on 3 July 2004 Retrieved 10 November 2020 a b Goodman Martin November 1998 Toons in Training Animation World Magazine Vol 4 no 8 Archived from the original on 12 October 2002 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Also see pages 2 and 3 Johnson Gary 15 May 1999 The Complete Uncensored Private Snafu Review Images No 8 Archived from the original on 2 October 2019 Retrieved 10 November 2020 a b Patricia Ward Biederman 30 October 2002 Winning the war one frame at a time Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Siegel George J August 1999 Hollywood s Army The First Motion Picture Unit US Army Air Forces Culver City California California Military Museum Archived from the original on 22 August 1999 Retrieved 10 November 2020 William R McGee February 1944 Cinematography Goes to War Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers Retrieved 10 November 2020 Alex Greenberg Malvin Wald July 1946 Report to the Stockholders PDF Hollywood Quarterly Archived PDF from the original on 6 August 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Lenburg Jeff 1999 The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons Checkmark Books pp 54 56 ISBN 0 8160 3831 7 Retrieved 6 June 2020 Lenburg Jeff 1999 The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons 2nd ed Checkmark Books p 54 ISBN 0 8160 3831 7 Retrieved 6 June 2020 Langer Mark July 1997 Popeye From Strip To Screen Animation World Network Vol 2 no 4 Online Animation World Network Retrieved 8 November 2020 Cyrenne Randall 16 August 2007 Popeye The Sailor Volume 1 1933 1938 Animated Views Archived from the original on 18 February 2019 Retrieved 8 November 2020 Cohen Karl F 1997 The effects of censorship on the Fleischer Studios Forbidden Animation Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America North Carolina McFarland amp Company Inc p 20 ISBN 0 7864 0395 0 Cohen Karl F 1997 Uncensored Animation Forbidden Animation Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America North Carolina McFarland amp Company Inc p 77 ISBN 0 7864 0395 0 Ruppel Richard Jeffrey 2008 Male Intimacy in Conrad s Tales of Adventure Homosexuality in the Life and Work of Joseph Conrad Love Between the Lines Taylor amp Francis pp 22 23 ISBN 978 0 415 95587 4 Cohen Karl F 1997 Lenny Bruce s Thank You Mask Man Forbidden Animation Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America North Carolina McFarland amp Company Inc pp 78 80 ISBN 0 7864 0395 0 Satenstein Liana 6 November 2020 Revisiting the Dystopian Beauty of the 90s Animated Show Aeon Flux Vogue Archived from the original on 6 November 2020 Retrieved 8 November 2020 Lent John A 2001 Anime in the United States Animation in Asia and the Pacific Indiana University Press ISBN 0 253 34035 7 Erickson Hal 2005 Television Cartoon Shows An Illustrated Encyclopedia 1949 Through 2003 2nd ed McFarland amp Co pp 767 770 ISBN 978 1476665993 Space Ghost Coast to Coast Is Still Influential and Funny 25 Years Later Geek com 12 April 2019 Archived from the original on 16 April 2019 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Lagoia Stephen 4 April 2020 10 Forgotten Adult Animated Comedies Worth Watching ScreenRant Archived from the original on 18 September 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Goertz Allie Prescott Julia 8 August 2016 I Married Marge with Jeff Martin Podcast Maximum Fun Event occurs at 61 28 Retrieved 4 April 2018 a b Siegel Alan February 8 2017 When The Simpsons Came Out of the Closet The Ringer Archived from the original on February 16 2020 Retrieved March 29 2020 Ortved John 2009 The Simpsons An Uncensored Unauthorized History Greystone Books pp 248 250 ISBN 978 1 55365 503 9 Tucker Ken 9 June 2000 Sweeps brings smooches Entertainment Weekly Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 Retrieved 11 January 2021 Mills Ted May 23 2019 When John Waters Appeared on The Simpsons and Changed America s LGBTQ Views 1997 Open Culture Archived from the original on February 15 2020 Retrieved March 29 2020 Butler Tijen November 27 2018 Simpsons gay characters Who is LGBT in The Simpsons PinkNews Archived from the original on February 14 2020 Retrieved April 26 2020 GLAAD 2005 p 2 Watson Jamie Carlin Arp Robert 26 July 2011 What s Good on TV Understanding Ethics Through Television John Wiley amp Sons pp 182 ISBN 978 1 4443 4301 4 Retrieved 2 January 2015 Mike Henry November 2006 IGN EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW FAMILY GUY S MIKE HENRY IGN Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 Johnson Jo 2010 We ll Have a Gay Old Time Queer Representation in American Prime Time Animation from the Cartoon Short to the Family Sitcom In Ellidge Jim ed Queers in American Popular Culture Praeger pp 255 280 ISBN 9780313354571 Diamond Sarto Debbie 13 May 2022 Exclusive Clip Duncanville Work Marriage Story Animation World Network Retrieved 16 May 2022 GLAAD 2008 p 7 Jensen Michael 15 January 2009 FOX s animated Sit Down Shut Up includes bisexual male character NewNowNext Archived from the original on 31 May 2019 Retrieved 19 June 2017 GLAAD 2008 p 2 3 7 11 18 Bianco Robert 28 October 2011 Allen Gregory Nasty brutish and hopefully short lived USA Today Archived from the original on 5 January 2012 Retrieved 16 December 2019 GLAAD 2011 p 8 White Peter 22 June 2020 Great North renewed for season 2 at FOX Deadline Archived from the original on 1 September 2020 Retrieved 4 January 2021 Henderson Taylor 31 March 2021 The Great North s Gay Kiss Just Made Animation History Pride com Archived from the original on 31 March 2021 Retrieved 2 April 2021 Heffernan Virginia 4 October 2006 A Strong Shot of Political Satire Ice With That The New York Times Archived from the original on 9 November 2020 Retrieved 12 August 2021 Countdown to Brickleberry Meet the Characters Connie Comedy Central tumblr 19 September 2012 Archived from the original on 11 August 2020 Abercombie Chelsey 10 October 2013 Brickleberry producers miss Barberitos among other Athens specialties The Red amp Black Archived from the original on 4 December 2018 Kate Leth w Brickleberry A Joint Interview With Creators Waco O Guin and Roger Black column Vampirella 3 24 May 4 2016 United States Dynamite Entertainment Thompson Dave 1 August 2014 South Park FAQ All That s Left to Know About The Who What Where When and of America s Favorite Mountain Town Applause Theatre amp Cinema Books pp 78 ISBN 9781495002076 Retrieved 31 December 2014 Casey Patrick 28 November 2002 Hollywood Squares Westword p 2 Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 Retrieved 9 December 2011 Weinstock Jeffrey Andrew 11 September 2008 Taking South Park Seriously SUNY Press pp 155 ISBN 9780791475669 Retrieved 31 December 2014 Runions Erin 1 March 2014 The Babylon Complex Theopolitical Fantasies of War Sex and Sovereignty Fordham University Press pp 185 ISBN 9780823257362 Retrieved 1 January 2015 cite web last1 Surette first1 Tim title Gay mag Hot for Link url https www gamespot com articles gay mag hot for link 1100 6151905 website GameSpot access date April 26 2020 archive url https web archive org web 20190101081402 https www gamespot com articles gay mag hot for link 1100 6151905 archive date January 1 2019 date May 26 2006 url status live df mdy all Oldenburg Ann October 27 2004 Drawn Animated raunch meets reality TV USA Today Archived from the original on April 20 2016 Retrieved July 17 2020 Heffernan Virginia October 27 2004 Cartoon Goal Parody of Self Parody The New York Times Archived from the original on October 30 2017 Retrieved July 17 2020 Misits Eva 2006 Just when you thought racism couldn t get any more racismer The Treatment of Stereotypes in Drawn Together Americana e Journal of American Studies in Hungary 2 2 Retrieved 17 July 2020 a b Foreman Alison 27 June 2020 It s time for Bob s Burgers to do right by Marshmallow Mashable Archived from the original on 9 April 2022 Retrieved 6 May 2022 Isler Ramsey 8 May 2012 Family Guy Quagmire s Dad Review IGN Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 Retrieved 13 July 2020 Rude Mey 7 October 2019 Family Guy Is Still Just as Transphobic as Ever Out Archived from the original on 8 October 2019 Retrieved 13 July 2020 Clifton Derrick 23 November 2015 From Titus to Marshmallow ranking TV s top five black LGBT characters The Guardian Archived from the original on 8 August 2018 Retrieved 27 October 2018 GLAAD 2007 p 8 Clarke Victoria Ellis Sonja J Peel Elizabeth Riggs Damien W 1 April 2010 Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Queer Psychology An Introduction Cambridge University Press pp 276 ISBN 9781139487238 Retrieved 2 January 2015 GLAAD 2008 p 8 Washington Terri August 22 2015 PICS It s Hard To Find Committed Recurring Gay Couples In Animated TV Hornet Archived from the original on July 20 2020 Retrieved July 20 2020 Smithson Nick 2008 Rick and Steve the Happiest Gay Couple in all the World DVD Review Review Graveyard Archived from the original on July 20 2020 Retrieved July 20 2020 Chozen is Going to Be a Big Gay Hit NewNowNext 26 December 2013 Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 Retrieved 14 August 2020 Hogan Heather 19 June 2009 The Goode Family makes good with lesbians AfterEllen Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 Retrieved 10 July 2020 GLAAD 2008 p 3 7 11 GLAAD 2008 p 18 Baron Reuben 2 December 2019 Adult Animation Is Better Than Ever So Why Does It Draw Ridicule CBR Archived from the original on 2 December 2019 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Liu Narayan 26 November 2020 Superman Art From Canceled Genndy Tartakovsky Cartoon Surfaces CBR Archived from the original on 27 November 2020 Retrieved 29 November 2020 Mandalia Bhavi 23 November 2020 Streaming platforms usher in a new era of animated series Pledge Times Archived from the original on 26 November 2020 Retrieved 26 November 2020 Ryan Suzanne C 14 April 2005 Adult Swim makes a splash Cartoon Network lures viewers with an edgy lineup The Boston Globe Retrieved 2 November 2020 Vilas Boas Eric John Maher 5 October 2020 The 100 Sequences That Shaped Animation From Bugs Bunny to Spike Spiegel to Miles Morales the history of an art form that continues to draw us in Vulture Archived from the original on 8 October 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 a b Mendelsohn Jon 2 August 2020 Short Lived Adult Animated Shows You May Have Missed CBR Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Sokol Tony 24 April 2020 Syfy s Late Night TZGZ Animation Block Expands Darkly Den of Geek Archived from the original on 2 November 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Berman Marc 16 June 2020 Syfy Orders Animated Devil May Care Programming Insider Archived from the original on 2 November 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Sarto Dan 6 November 2020 Hell Den Returns to TZGZ with More Animated Sketch Comedy Mayhem Animation World Network Archived from the original on 6 November 2020 Retrieved 8 November 2020 Space Ghost Coast to Coast Volume Two Surprise commentary track DVD DVD US Warner Brothers 16 November 2004 B0002WZRTU Retrieved 18 June 2021 Space Ghost Coast to Coast Volume Two Jacksonville commentary track DVD DVD US Warner Brothers 16 November 2004 B0002WZRTU Retrieved 18 June 2021 Neill Chris November 27 2018 The prematurely axed Mission Hill was a 90s cartoon ahead of its years thebrag com Archived from the original on April 27 2020 Retrieved April 26 2020 Bell Crystal July 28 2015 11 Times You Felt Mortified For Sharon Spitz On Braceface MTV Archived from the original on September 17 2019 Retrieved April 25 2020 cite web last1 Roth first1 Dany title Stuff We Love Christopher Miller and Phil Lord s Clone High url https www syfy com syfywire stuff we love clone high website Syfy access date May 3 2020 archive url https web archive org web 20190516194258 https www syfy com syfywire stuff we love clone high archive date May 16 2019 date February 5 2017 url status live df mdy all Fun Facts Clone High Official Website June 2 2008 Archived from the original on June 2 2008 Retrieved May 3 2020 Lowe Scott 8 July 2008 The Venture Bros Dr Quymn Medicine Woman Review IGN Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 Retrieved 10 July 2020 Burra Kevin 11 July 2012 Venture Bros Co Creators From Adult Swim Talk Gay Characters The Upcoming Season And Gay Sex Huffington Post Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 Retrieved 16 March 2020 Rizzo III Francis 28 April 2007 Moral Orel Vol 1 The Unholy Edition DVD Talk Archived from the original on 28 August 2016 Retrieved 20 July 2020 Anderson Minshall Diane June 18 2013 How Animated Shows Like Futurama Can Unite Us All The Advocate Archived from the original on March 12 2016 Retrieved April 26 2020 Lambe Stacy 7 January 2014 10 Qs With Archer s Ray Gillette on Sochi Beyonce amp Rent Boys Out Archived from the original on 31 May 2019 Retrieved 26 December 2014 GLAAD 2011 p 9 Jirak Jamie 4 October 2018 28 Of The Best Bisexual Characters On Television BuzzFeed Archived from the original on 21 April 2020 Retrieved 5 August 2020 Voice actress and Atlanta native Amber Nash talks new season of animated hit Archer Atlanta INtown Paper 14 May 2019 Archived from the original on 17 May 2019 Retrieved 12 September 2019 Schmidt Johanna September 22 2015 Story Gender Diversity Te Ara The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Government of New Zealand Archived from the original on October 18 2019 Retrieved April 25 2020 Johnson Derek Kompare Derek Santo Avi 1 August 2014 Making Media Work Cultures of Management in the Entertainment Industries NYU Press pp 57 59 ISBN 9780814764558 Retrieved 1 January 2015 Burra Kevin 2 February 2016 Christy Karacas Superjail Co Creator And Janine DiTullio Writing Director Discuss Beloved Adult Swim Show HuffPost Archived from the original on 23 July 2020 Retrieved 23 July 2020 Smith Strickland Stephanie 11 April 2014 Is Young Thug the Real Life Gangstalicious Highsnobiety Archived from the original on 20 July 2020 Retrieved 20 July 2020 Weiss Josh 28 August 2018 Rick and Morty Brain parasite Sleepy Gary is snoozing into his own one shot comic Archived from the original on 16 May 2019 via Syfy Opie David 12 April 2019 Rick and Morty needs to learn this one big lesson from the comics Archived from the original on 10 June 2020 via Digital Spy Kelleher Patrick 22 June 2021 Rick and Morty just confirmed a major character is queer PinkNews Archived from the original on 23 June 2021 Retrieved 23 June 2021 Opie David 21 June 2021 Rick and Morty season 5 just confirmed a major character is queer Digital Spy Archived from the original on 23 June 2021 Retrieved 23 June 2021 Rogers Olan 23 August 2019 Hey what s up Olan here Tribore and Clarence are NOT good enough representation for LGBTQ community There is a gay character on the show but we just haven t revealed it yet but will be in a S3 and truthfully that character needs to be worthy of the title and actually useful It s a sci fi show there are more sexualities out there in the universe But I always saw Clarence as a Bi Sexual and Tribore is a narcissi sexual completely made up fictional sexuality he loves himself a little too much Hope that makes sense Promise it s coming but needs to be done right r FinalSpace Reddit Archived from the original on 19 June 2021 Retrieved 19 June 2021 Hermann Burkely 30 June 2021 LGBTQ Representation Shines Through in Final Space The Geekiary Archived from the original on 30 June 2021 Retrieved 30 June 2021 Abughazaleh Zeid 11 May 2021 Final Space Ash Struggles With SPOILER s Death CBR Archived from the original on 19 June 2021 Retrieved 19 June 2021 Kaldor David 9 May 2021 Review Final Space Forgiveness BubbleBlabber Archived from the original on 19 June 2021 Retrieved 19 June 2021 Final Space Season 3 Episode 8 Review Toonami Squad 10 May 2021 Archived from the original on 11 May 2021 Retrieved 19 June 2021 Gabe Jones 11 May 2021 Into Final Thoughts with Olan Rogers Episode Eight Into Final Space Podcast Apple Podcasts Archived from the original on 19 June 2021 Retrieved 19 June 2021 Hogan Heather 7 October 2020 Magical Girl Friendship Squad Is a Queer Millennial Sailor Moon Meets Broad City Autostraddle Archived from the original on 7 October 2020 Retrieved 7 October 2020 Akana Anna AnnaAkana 19 November 2020 My response to the deleted tweet included not only my frustration about the mistaken trans issue but how upset I was that people kept dismissing the bi aspect an integral part of my identity amp why I was so excited to play the character Tweet Archived from the original on 19 November 2020 Retrieved 22 June 2021 via Twitter Dudok de Wit Alex 23 March 2020 Adult Animation Is Now The Fastest Growing Animation Category Report Cartoon Brew Archived from the original on 15 March 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Sarto Dan 19 March 2020 What Future Lies in Store for Non Comedy Adult Animation Animation World Network Archived from the original on 20 March 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Evershed John 2020 Adult Animation Finally Breaking Free of its Comedy Shackles PDF Report High Concentrate LLC in Squarespace pp 6 16 18 21 Archived from the original PDF on 3 November 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Di Placido Dani 5 August 2020 Why ViacomCBS Entertainment amp Youth Group Is Doubling Down On Adult Animation Forbes Archived from the original on 5 August 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 AWN Staff ed 5 August 2020 Hulu Adds to Animation Slate with Animaniacs and Woke Animation World Network Archived from the original on 2 November 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Katz Brandon 2 November 2020 Animation Has Become a Huge Battlefront of the Streaming Wars Observer Archived from the original on 3 November 2020 Retrieved 3 November 2020 a2zmarketresearch Latest innovative report on Adult Animation Market by 2026 with top key players like Fox Broadcasting Company Sony Pictures Animation VIA Paramount Pictures Studio Ghibli Press release PRNews Leader Archived from the original on 6 November 2020 Retrieved 6 November 2020 Content London On Demand sessions C21Media 2020 Archived from the original on 6 November 2020 Retrieved 6 November 2020 Nugent Annabel 1 September 2020 Change your toon How adult animation grew up The Independent Archived from the original on 15 September 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Herman Alison 6 September 2020 TV s Future Will Be More Animated The Ringer Archived from the original on 1 November 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Milligan Mercedes 6 October 2020 HBO Max Launches Animation Landing Page as Category Gains Popularity Animation Magazine Archived from the original on 16 January 2021 Retrieved 16 January 2021 McHenry Jackson 11 December 2020 All the Disney Investor Day Announcements in One Big Post Vulture Archived from the original on 12 December 2020 Retrieved 13 December 2020 Baysinger Tim 24 November 2020 How Tosh 0 Finale Marks the End of an Era at Comedy Central The Wrap Archived from the original on 24 November 2020 Retrieved 29 November 2020 Singh Hrishikesh 12 December 2020 Disney To Have A Separate Section For Adult Content Market Capitalize Archived from the original on 13 December 2020 Retrieved 13 December 2020 AnimationXpress Team 1 February 2021 Disney to launch Star on 23 Feb announces huge content line up Animation Express Archived from the original on 1 February 2021 Retrieved 1 February 2021 Kahled Fatma 18 February 2021 Disney Plus will roll out Star an entertainment channel for adults next week It s also boosting prices in non US markets Yahoo News Business Insider Archived from the original on 18 February 2021 Retrieved 19 February 2021 Dudok de Wit Alex 21 December 2020 Pluto TV s New Comedy Central Animation Channel Is A Trove Of Vintage Series Cartoon Brew Archived from the original on 21 December 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Dudok de Wit Alex 30 October 2020 CBS All Access s No Activity Switches From Live Action To Animation For Fourth Season Cartoon Brew Archived from the original on 31 October 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Goldberg Leslie 16 February 2021 Why HBO Max Is Going All In on Adult Animation The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on 26 February 2021 Retrieved 16 February 2021 Walsh Michael 8 July 2020 Hulu Announces HAHA Awards for Adult Animation Exclusive Nerdist Archived from the original on 8 August 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 AWN Staff ed 23 July 2020 Hulu Announces Winners of Inaugural HAHA Awards Animation World Network Archived from the original on 11 August 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Meisler Andy April 7 2002 Television Radio Queer Duck a Web Footed Survivor Migrates to TV The New York Times Archived from the original on March 25 2020 Retrieved April 25 2020 Multi Channel News Staff March 29 2018 Queer Duck Crosses the Pond Multichannel News Archived from the original on July 10 2020 Retrieved July 10 2020 Terrace Vincent 2015 Internet Lesbian and Gay Television Series 1996 2014 Jefferson North Carolina McFarland amp Company p 152 ISBN 978 0786498055 Watercutter Angela August 1 2013 Watch the Full Pilot of Hulu s Animated Superhero Comedy The Awesomes Wired Archived from the original on April 16 2016 Retrieved August 13 2020 Kane Matt September 6 2015 Must See LGBT TV 9 6 9 12 British Baking and The Awesomes return GLAAD Archived from the original on April 21 2016 Retrieved August 13 2020 Schwindt Oriana September 6 2015 5 Things to Expect on The Awesomes Season 3 TV Insider Archived from the original on August 14 2020 Retrieved August 13 2020 Legacy Spencer 11 January 2023 Koala Man Interview Demi Lardner on Alison amp Australian Culture ComingSoon net Retrieved 18 January 2023 Campbell Les October 4 2019 It s the adventures of BoBo The Angsty Zebra as BoJack Horseman lightly upends its storytelling framework The A V Club Archived from the original on November 2 2019 Retrieved May 1 2020 Nickalls Sammy 21 September 2017 The Tricky Problem With Hollyhock in BoJack Horseman Season 4 Dot and Line Archived from the original on 27 March 2020 Retrieved 31 July 2020 Nickalls Sammy 8 September 2017 Todd Chavez Is TV s First Out and Proud Asexual Icon The Dot and Line Archived from the original on 17 March 2019 Schedeen Jesse 5 March 2020 Netflix s Castlevania Season 3 Review IGN Archived from the original on 6 March 2020 Retrieved 21 August 2020 Kit Borys 5 March 2020 How Warren Ellis and the Castlevania Team Made Season 3 a Philosophical Journey The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on 18 January 2021 Retrieved 23 March 2021 West Amy 30 March 2020 Big Mouth cast reunite to give fans a new look at How to Have an Orgasm episode Digital Spy Retrieved 15 August 2021 Schneider Michael 28 July 2018 Disenchantment Meet The Characters Voiced by Abbi Jacobson and Others in Matt Groening s Netflix Dreamland IndieWire Archived from the original on 2 April 2020 Retrieved 21 August 2020 Hermann Burkely 1 March 2021 Disenchantment Is Queer Through and Through The Geekiary Archived from the original on 2 March 2021 Retrieved 1 March 2021 Super Drags Netflix 19 October 2018 Archived from the original on 22 October 2018 Retrieved 9 July 2020 Adegoke Yomi 1 June 2018 Netflix Unleashes Sassy Super Drags Teaser Animation Magazine Archived from the original on 9 July 2019 Retrieved 9 July 2020 Patton Rebecca August 21 2020 This New Netflix Show Is Basically One Big New Girl Reunion Bustle Archived from the original on August 22 2020 Retrieved August 22 2020 Adalian Josef 15 November 2021 Say Good bye to the F in Murphys With the F Is for Family Final Season Trailer Vulture Retrieved 16 November 2021 Lewis Rachel Charlene 4 December 2020 Netflix s Big Mouth Season 4 makes up for past queer missteps in a rollicking return to form NBC News Archived from the original on 7 December 2020 Retrieved 28 December 2020 Griffin David 15 January 2021 Disenchantment Season 3 Review IGN Archived from the original on 16 January 2021 Retrieved 16 January 2021 Liebman Lisa April 2018 Abbi Jacobson Travels Far from Broad City in Heroin Drama 6 Balloons Vanity Fair Archived from the original on 1 January 2021 Retrieved 22 January 2021 I kind of go both ways I date men and women They have to be funny doing something they love I don t know I ve never really been interviewed about this before Opie David 21 January 2021 Disenchantment just confirmed Bean is queer in groundbreaking episode Digital Spy Archived from the original on 21 January 2021 Retrieved 22 January 2021 Chicago Party Aunt Animated Series Ordered at Netflix Lauren Ash and RuPaul Charles Among Voice Cast Variety 27 July 2021 Retrieved 30 July 2021 Know the Voice Cast Chicago Party Aunt Vague Visages 17 September 2021 Retrieved 22 February 2022 Overton Amanda 19 November 2021 I know this won t change the frustration you ve felt over the many years of investment in Vi and Caitlyn and I m sorry it made you so tired especially when you seem to love them so much r Arcane Reddit Archived from the original on 21 November 2021 Retrieved 21 November 2021 She confirmed that this is her account on Twitter Overton Amanda 19 November 2021 Another fun fact for you since I happen to know the unknowns in your very thoughtful comment Caitlyn s Kiramman name and house is inherited matrilineally r Arcane Reddit Archived from the original on 21 November 2021 Retrieved 21 November 2021 Overton Amanda 19 November 2021 Hey there Thanks so much for this post it means the world to me r Arcane Reddit Archived from the original on 21 November 2021 Retrieved 21 November 2021 Thorne Will April 4 2019 Netflix Orders Adult Animated Series Q Force From Mike Schur Gabe Liedman Variety Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Retrieved April 8 2019 Milligan Mercedes 23 June 2021 Netflix Announces Cast of Adult Toon Comedy Q Force Animation Magazine Archived from the original on 23 June 2021 Retrieved 23 June 2021 Hipes Patrick 23 June 2021 Netflix s Q Force Rounds Out Cast Joining Sean Hayes Sets Premiere Date Watch Teaser Trailer Deadline Archived from the original on 23 June 2021 Retrieved 23 June 2021 Miller M N 29 April 2022 Story Recap what happened in Undone Season 2 Ready Steady Cut Retrieved 1 July 2022 Kang Inkoo 26 March 2021 Invincible TV Review Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on 27 March 2021 Retrieved 26 March 2021 Sava Olivia 16 April 2021 Invincible Recap A Different World Vulture Retrieved 16 April 2021 Badiola Yssa 23 September 2020 Rooster Teeth New GM Levin Take Bite Out Of Pandemic With 10th Year 10 Day RTX At Home Forbes Archived from the original on 24 September 2020 Retrieved 27 September 2020 Gustanski Tiffany February 11 2019 gen LOCK Season 1 Episode 4 Recap ComingSoon Archived from the original on February 25 2019 Retrieved February 25 2019 Whitaker Richard July 10 2019 How Rooster Teeth Built Meaningful Diversity Into gen LOCK Austin Chronicle Archived from the original on July 11 2019 Retrieved August 16 2020 Roots Kimberly 11 August 2016 Gay Superhero Show a Go at CW Seed Arrow verse Integration Eyed TV Line Archived from the original on 1 December 2016 Retrieved 3 February 2017 Adams Tim 23 July 2017 The Ray Battles Nazis in First Trailer For Animated Series CBR Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 Retrieved 25 July 2017 Kim Matt 6 October 2022 First Look at HBO Max s Velma Is Full of Gore Butts IGN Retrieved 7 October 2022 Franich Darren 5 January 2023 Velma review A promising reinvention is wasted on lame jokes prequelitis and bad meta Entertainment Weekly Retrieved 6 January 2023 Vincent Brittany 5 January 2023 Velma Season 1 Review Episodes 1 8 IGN Retrieved 6 January 2023 Matadeen Renaldo April 13 2020 DC Universe s Harley Quinn Reveals a Major Batman Villain Is Gay CBR Archived from the original on April 14 2020 Retrieved April 15 2020 West Amy April 14 2020 Harley Quinn series reveals major Batman villain is queer Digital Spy Archived from the original on April 15 2020 Retrieved April 15 2020 Knight Rosie May 15 2020 Harley Quinn Season 2 Episode 7 Review There s No Place to Go But Down Den of Geek Archived from the original on May 16 2020 Retrieved May 16 2020 Hogan Heather 29 June 2020 Harley Quinn Season 2 Harley and Ivy Ride Off Into The Sunset in Canonical Bisexual Love Autostraddle Archived from the original on 30 June 2020 Retrieved 30 June 2020 McMahan Mike 8 October 2020 Star Trek Lower Decks EP Mike McMahan On That TNG Cameo and LGBTQ Characters in Season 2 Online Variety Interview Interviewed by Adam B Vary Archived from the original on 9 October 2020 Retrieved 1 November 2020 McMahan Mike 15 October 2021 Star Trek Lower Deck s Mike McMahan Breaks Down Season 2 s Themes and That Epic Finale Online Interview Interviewed by Mike McMahan Gizmodo Archived from the original on 16 October 2021 Retrieved 28 October 2021 Hermann Burkely 20 October 2021 Star Trek Lower Decks Breaks Protocol With LGBTQ Representation The Geekiary Archived from the original on 21 October 2021 Retrieved 24 December 2021 Kleinman Jake 27 March 2021 Are Terry and Korvo a couple in Solar Opposites Inverse Archived from the original on 7 April 2021 Fumero Melissa BlumJordan 27 April 2021 Yes Melissa is bi Season 1 focuses mostly on her relationship with her dad but season 2 will introduce her girlfriend However there are other queer relationships on the show Tweet Archived from the original on 22 May 2021 Retrieved 22 May 2021 via Twitter Reid Joe 18 May 2021 Marvel s M O D O K Boasts a Comedy Voice Cast For the Ages Primetimer Archived from the original on 18 May 2021 Retrieved 22 May 2021 a b c Grant John 2001 Ralph Bakshi Masters of Animation Watson Guptill pp 18 29 ISBN 0 8230 3041 5 Gibson Jon M McDonnell Chris 2008 Ups amp Downs Unfiltered The Complete Ralph Bakshi Universe Publishing pp 234 235 ISBN 978 0 7893 1684 4 Animation World Network 13 January 1999 P J s arrive on Fox AWN Animation World Network AWN Archived from the original on 27 October 2019 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Perlmutter David 2018 The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows Rowman amp Littlefield pp 466 467 ISBN 978 1538103739 Erickson Hal 2005 Television Cartoon Shows An Illustrated Encyclopedia 1949 Through 2003 2nd ed McFarland amp Co pp 623 624 ISBN 978 1476665993 Cubillas Sean 16 January 2020 10 Fox Adult Cartoons You Totally Don t Remember CBR Archived from the original on 17 January 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Battaglio Stephen 17 May 2009 Is my favorite show cancelled TV Guide Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Good Vibes canceled no season two canceled or renewed TV shows TV Series Finale Retrieved 2 November 2020 Andreeva Nellie 24 February 2012 Animated Comedy Good Vibes Cancelled By MTV After One Season Deadline Retrieved 30 April 2021 Bermudez Lucas 16 September 2020 Rick Moranis Demon Fighting Cartoon Was Passed On By Adult Swim ScreenRant Archived from the original on 17 September 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Andreeva Nellie 18 December 2015 The Awesomes Canceled By Hulu After 3 Seasons Deadline Hollywood Archived from the original on 18 July 2018 Retrieved 18 July 2018 The Venture Home News Facebook Page Facebook Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Valdez Nick 5 September 2020 Venture Bros Art Book Author Says Show is Cancelled The Mary Sue Archived from the original on 7 September 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Moreau Jordan 8 September 2020 The Venture Bros Canceled at Adult Swim After Seven Seasons Variety Archived from the original on 9 September 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Maher John 10 September 2020 Canceling Venture Bros now is like canceling the MCU right before Avengers Endgame Polygon Archived from the original on 31 October 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 AdultSwim 7 September 2020 We also want more Venture Bros and have been working with Jackson and Doc to find another way to continue the Venture Bros story Tweet Archived from the original on 9 September 2020 via Twitter Burton Bonnie 7 September 2020 Adult Swim cancels The Venture Bros after 17 years CNET Archived from the original on 8 September 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Bui Hoai Tran 16 November 2020 HBO Max is Working to Save The Venture Bros After Its Recent Cancelation by Adult Swim Film Archived from the original on 17 November 2020 Retrieved 16 November 2020 Otterson Joe 13 May 2022 M O D O K Canceled at Hulu After One Season Variety Archived from the original on 13 May 2022 Retrieved 18 May 2022 White Peter 12 November 2021 The Harper House Animated Comedy Canceled At Paramount Deadline Archived from the original on 13 November 2021 Retrieved 13 November 2021 Longeretta Emily 1 February 2023 Paramount Removes Jordan Peele s Twilight Zone Real World Homecoming and More Titles Variety Retrieved 1 February 2023 Andreeva Nellie 16 February 2022 The Prince Canceled Animated British Royal Family Parody Won t Return For Season 2 On HBO Max Deadline Hollywood Retrieved 16 February 2022 Moore Kasey 4 June 2022 The Midnight Gospel Canceled at Netflix Won t Be Returning for Season 2 What s On Netflix Magazine Animation 5 June 2022 The Midnight Gospel Will Not Return for S2 on Netflix Animation Magazine Retrieved 8 June 2022 Zahed Ramin 26 August 2022 Sci Fi Epic Pantheon Updates AMC as a Cool New Animation Destination Animation Magazine Archived from the original on 11 January 2023 Retrieved 30 August 2022 White Peter 8 January 2023 Pantheon Scrapped At AMC Animated Drama Series Pulled From Streaming Despite Two Season Order Deadline Hollywood Archived from the original on 8 January 2023 Retrieved 8 January 2023 Valdez Nick 8 January 2023 Netflix Cancels Fan Favorite Adult Cartoon After Just One Season ComicBook Archived from the original on 9 January 2023 Retrieved 8 January 2023 Spangler Todd 9 January 2023 Inside Job Canceled by Netflix After One Season Creator Says I m Heartbroken Variety Archived from the original on 9 January 2023 Retrieved 9 January 2023 Petski Denise 9 January 2023 Inside Job Canceled By Netflix Reversing Season 2 Renewal Deadline Archived from the original on 9 January 2023 Retrieved 9 January 2023 Perine Aaron 13 January 2013 Netflix Cancels Another Fan Favorite Animated Series ComicBook Archived from the original on 13 January 2023 Retrieved 13 January 2013 Wang Jessica 23 January 2023 Netflix CEOs say they ve never canceled a successful show amid wave of cancellations Entertainment Weekly Archived from the original on 21 February 2023 Retrieved 17 March 2023 Barrier Michael Spring 1972 The Filming of Fritz the Cat Bucking the Tide Funnyworld No 14 Archived from the original on 15 April 2007 Retrieved 2 March 2007 Gibson Jon M McDonnell Chris 2008 First Gigs Unfiltered The Complete Ralph Bakshi Universe Publishing p 54 ISBN 978 0 7893 1684 4 Sito 2006 p 50 Television radio Age Television Editorial Corp 1969 p 13 a b c d e Gibson Jon M McDonnell Chris 2008 Fritz the Cat Unfiltered The Complete Ralph Bakshi Universe Publishing pp 58 62 63 80 81 ISBN 978 0 7893 1684 4 a b c Butler Robert W 31 January 2009 Animated films are banging seriously at the academy s glass ceiling The Kansas City Star Retrieved 2 March 2009 dead link a b Cohen Karl F 1997 Ralph Bakshi s Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic Forbidden Animation Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America North Carolina McFarland amp Company Inc pp 81 84 ISBN 0 7864 0395 0 Solomon Charles 1989 Enchanted Drawings The History of Animation New York City Alfred A Knopf p 275 ISBN 0 394 54684 9 James Darius 1995 Rappin with the rib ticklin Ralph Bakshi That s Blaxploitation Roots of the Baadasssss Tude Rated X by an All Whyte Jury New York St Martin s Griffin pp 117 123 ISBN 0 312 13192 5 a b Cohen Karl F 1997 Coonskin Forbidden Animation Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America North Carolina McFarland amp Company Inc pp 84 88 ISBN 0 7864 0395 0 Sito 2006 pp 230 231 Sabin Roger 1992 Aspects Comic Books for Adults Taylor amp Francis p 212 ISBN 0 415 04419 7 Beck Jerry 2005 Dirty Duck The Animated Movie Guide Chicago Review Press p 66 ISBN 978 1 55652 591 9 Kaylan Howard Getting Spit on By the Boss Himself Shell Shocked p 215 Backbeat 2013 978 1 61780 846 3 Cohen Karl F 1997 Charles Swenson s Dirty Duck Forbidden Animation Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America North Carolina McFarland amp Company Inc pp 89 90 ISBN 0 7864 0395 0 Lankarani Leily 28 February 2009 Hollywood Comes To Tehran CBS News Archived from the original on 5 March 2009 Retrieved 2 March 2009 2008 Oscars 80th Academy Awards Nominations Coverage Nominees 22 January 2008 Retrieved 19 July 2010 Anomalisa www rcpsych ac uk Retrieved 8 August 2020 Official Awards of the 72nd Venice International Film Festival Venice International Film Festival Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 Retrieved 10 February 2017 Dudok de Wit Alex 8 July 2020 Adult Animation Is Having A Moment Here Are 6 Essential Features To Start With Cartoon Brew Archived from the original on 8 July 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Gettell Oliver 14 April 2016 Batman The Killing Joke animated movie receives R rating exclusive Entertainment Weekly Retrieved 15 April 2016 Animated BATMAN THE KILLING JOKE To Get Limited Theatrical Release Newsarama 8 June 2016 Retrieved 9 June 2016 Sony Pictures Animation Launches New International And Alternative Animation Divisions Annecy 12 June 2019 Retrieved 25 March 2020 Eddy Cheryl 1 February 2021 Animated Fantasy Cryptozoo Finds Beauty in the Truly Strange Gizmodo Archived from the original on 1 February 2021 Retrieved 1 February 2021 a b Cohen Karl F 1997 Programs of shorts from the Tournee of animation to Sick amp Twisted shows Forbidden Animation Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America North Carolina McFarland amp Company Inc pp 102 107 ISBN 0 7864 0395 0 About The Animation Show Rick and Morty Saddle Up with Wrangler License Global 3 November 2020 Archived from the original on 6 November 2020 Retrieved 6 November 2020 Hibberd James 24 July 2020 Rick and Morty posts a scene from upcoming season 5 online EW Archived from the original on 5 October 2020 Retrieved 6 November 2020 The Wall Street Journal 2002 Tom Freston CEO of MTV Networks Boss Talk Top CEOs Share the Ideas That Drive the World s Most Successful Companies New York City Random House p 80 ISBN 1588362191 Beatty Sally Hymowitz Carol 21 March 2000 How MTV Stays Tuned In to Teens The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 30 October 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Kay Jeremy 9 October 2003 H2V Entertainment prepares inaugural animated slate Screen Daily Archived from the original on 30 October 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Perkins Chris 24 March 2015 Crowdfund This The Book Of Mojo Animation for Adults Archived from the original on 30 October 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Wheeler Brad 29 May 2015 When Marnie Was There Adaptation of a Joan G Robinson ghost story The Globe and Mail Archived from the original on 29 September 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Berkowitz Drew Emanuel 2020 Framing School Violence and Bullying in Young Adult Manga Fictional Perspectives on a Pedagogical Problem London UK Springer Nature p 97 ISBN 9783030581213 Schaeffer Sandy 30 October 2019 Why HBO Max Animated Movie amp Show Selection Beats Disney s Screen Rant Archived from the original on 7 June 2020 Retrieved 28 May 2020 Clark Kelsey 29 March 2020 The Dragon Prince Season 1 3 Review Film Bunker Archived from the original on 21 April 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Montgomery Daniel 21 May 2020 2020 Daytime Emmy nominations list Full list of 47th Daytime Emmy nominees Gold Derby Archived from the original on 21 August 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 2020 Daytime Nominees Children s Animated The Emmys 2020 Archived from the original on 23 August 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 Schneider Michael 2 November 2020 Primetime Emmys Drop Children s Program Category as All Kids Awards Move to Daytime EXCLUSIVE Variety Archived from the original on 2 November 2020 Retrieved 3 November 2020 Sechrist Rad radsechrist 22 October 2020 Imagine if a streaming service created a dedicated YA animation division Then you would have a lot of shows like Kipo but there would be a dedicated YA team to target that audience I d love to see it happen I d love the chance to make more shows like Kipo kipo Tweet Archived from the original on 30 October 2020 Retrieved 30 October 2020 via Twitter Littleton Cynthia 28 October 2020 Warner Bros Takes Over HBO Max Kids and Family Programming EXCLUSIVE Variety Archived from the original on 28 October 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Sechrist Rad radsechrist 8 December 2020 Agreed Tweet Archived from the original on 8 December 2020 Retrieved 12 December 2020 via Twitter Guerrero Bethany 11 December 2020 Diary of A Wimpy Kid Animated Movie On Disney In 2021 Screen Rant Archived from the original on 11 December 2020 Retrieved 13 December 2020 Delos Trinos Angelo January 20 2021 HBO Max Launches a Dedicated Animation Hub of Curated Content CBR Archived from the original on January 21 2021 Retrieved January 22 2021 Del Rosario Alexandra 17 August 2021 Adventure Time Fionna amp Cake Gets Series Order At HBO Max Deadline Archived from the original on 17 August 2021 Retrieved 18 August 2021 HBO Max Orders Adventure Time Fionna amp Cake Series Animation World Network 17 August 2021 Archived from the original on 18 August 2021 Retrieved 18 August 2021 Hermann Burkely 30 October 2021 Spicing It Up High Guardian Spice is A Cute and Magical Coming of Age Story The Geekiary Archived from the original on 31 October 2021 Retrieved 30 October 2021 Levine Nick 5 November 2020 Casting News Hugh Laurie and Emilia Clarke to Voice Terry Pratchett Animated Movie The Amazing Maurice BBC America Archived from the original on 5 November 2020 Retrieved 6 November 2020 White Abbey 16 June 2022 Dead End Paranormal Park Creator Hamish Steele on Crafting the Animated YA LGBTQ Inclusive Horror Series The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on 17 June 2022 Retrieved 3 July 2022 Petski Denise 27 January 2020 Netflix Inks Overall Deal With Animation Studio Titmouse Deadline Archived from the original on 1 March 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Fox Sarah 27 January 2020 Netflix and Titmouse Sign Multi Year Deal for Adult Animated Series Slanted Archived from the original on 2 February 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Adalian Josef 7 July 2020 The Remaking of Comedy Central Vulture Archived from the original on 7 July 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 a b Adams Tim 27 November 2020 Game of Thrones Adult Animated Series in Development at HBO Max CBR Archived from the original on 29 January 2021 Retrieved 28 January 2021 Rice Lynette 15 June 2022 HBO Max Orders Scavengers Reign To Series Adult Animated Sci Fi To Premiere In 2023 Deadline Hollywood Retrieved 15 June 2022 DC Studios Announces Slate of 10 New Film and Television Projects Warner Bros Discovery 31 January 2023 Retrieved 31 January 2023 Motomayor Rafael 14 March 2022 Harley Quinn Spin Off Series In The Works At HBO Max SXSW Slash Film Retrieved 14 March 2022 Goldberg Lesley 10 February 2021 Clone High Mindy Kaling Scooby Prequel Pete Davidson Animated Comedies a Go at HBO Max The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on 10 February 2021 Retrieved 10 February 2021 Pete Davidson to Star in Fired on Mars an HBO Max Animated Comedy About Tech Bros in Space Collider 10 February 2021 Archived from the original on 10 February 2021 Retrieved 10 February 2021 Miller Shannon 10 February 2021 HBO Max gets animated with Velma starring Mindy Kaling 2 seasons of Clone High more The A V Club Archived from the original on 10 February 2021 Retrieved 10 February 2021 Sarto Dan 10 February 2021 HBO Max Reveals 4 Adult Animated Original Series in Development Animation World Network Archived from the original on 10 February 2021 Retrieved 10 February 2021 Arvedon Jon 10 February 2021 Cover Bendis amp Mack DC Series Lands HBO Max Animation Deal CBR Archived from the original on 10 February 2021 Retrieved 10 February 2021 Come see what s new from Disney Pixar announced during Investor Day Designer Women 11 December 2020 Archived from the original on 13 December 2020 Retrieved 13 December 2020 Andreeva Nellie 9 October 2020 Netflix Orders Blue Eye Samurai Animated Action Series From Michael Green amp Amber Noizumi Maya Erskine George Takei Masi Oka amp Randall Park Lead Cast Deadline Hollywood Otterson Joe 9 March 2020 Tina Fey Robert Carlock Set Animated Comedy Series at Netflix Variety Retrieved 9 March 2020 Edwards Chris 25 October 2020 Family Guy s Seth MacFarlane lines up new streaming show Digital Spy Archived from the original on 1 November 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Patches Matt 2 February 2021 Idris Elba s Afrofuturist animated series coming to Crunchyroll Polygon Archived from the original on 3 February 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2021 Porter Rick 8 February 2021 Dan Harmon Animated Series a Go at Fox The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on 8 February 2021 Retrieved 9 February 2021 Layton Mark 8 February 2021 Fox greenlights Ancient Greek adult animation from Rick amp Morty creator Dan Harmon TBI Vision Archived from the original on 9 February 2021 Retrieved 9 February 2021 Goldberg Lesley 23 June 2021 Dan Harmon Nathan Pyle Team for Strange Planet Series at Apple The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved 23 June 2021 Amidi Amid 20 July 2020 Comic Artist Mirka Andolfo Is Adapting Her Sweet Paprika Concept Into An Adult Animation Project Cartoon Brew Archived from the original on 5 August 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Milligan Mercedes 18 November 2020 Wild Sheep Content Seduced by Sweet Paprika Animation Magazine Archived from the original on 19 November 2020 Retrieved 26 November 2020 Dudok de Wit Alex 16 October 2020 Netflix Inks Overall Deal With Jorge Gutierrez Unveils First Slate From Chris Nee Cartoon Brew Archived from the original on 24 October 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Petski Denise 14 October 2020 Maya And The Three Creator Jorge Gutierrez Inks Overall Deal With Netflix Deadline Archived from the original on 31 October 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Williams Lorin 19 November 2020 Snoop Dogg Starring in Animated Oaklandia Series For Amazon Vince Vaughn Attached To Produce mxdwn com Archived from the original on 20 November 2020 Retrieved 26 November 2020 White David 19 November 2020 Amazon Developing Animated Comedy Series Oaklandia From Snoop Dogg Vince Vaughn Daniel Dominguez amp Chris Powell Deadline Archived from the original on 19 November 2020 Retrieved 26 November 2020 Petski Denise 8 December 2020 Star Trek Lower Decks Creator Mike McMahan Inks Overall Deal With CBS Studios Deadline Archived from the original on 8 December 2020 Retrieved 13 December 2020 Bloom David 9 December 2020 CBS Studios Locks In Star Trek Lower Decks Creator Ahead Of All Access Reboot Forbes Archived from the original on 10 December 2020 Retrieved 13 December 2020 Rice Lynette 15 December 2022 Hulu Orders Standing By To Series From 20th TV Animation Creators Are Dan Levy amp Ally Pankiw Deadline Hollywood Retrieved 15 December 2022 Andreeva Nellie 2 August 2022 Chris Rock s Everybody Still Hates Chris Animated Series Greenlighted For Run On Paramount amp Comedy Central Deadline Hollywood Retrieved 2 August 2022 Bibliography Edit Capsuto Steven 2000 Alternate channels the uncensored story of gay and lesbian images on radio and television New York Ballatine Books ISBN 0345412435 Retrieved 25 September 2021 Cook Carson May 2018 A History of LGBT Representation on TV A content analysis of LGBT representation on broadcast and streaming television streaming television Honors University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Retrieved 28 March 2020 Where We Are on TV Report 2005 2006 PDF Report GLAAD 2005 Archived from the original PDF on 4 December 2016 Retrieved 11 March 2020 Where We Are on TV Report 2007 2008 PDF Report GLAAD 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 25 March 2020 Retrieved 4 April 2020 Where We Are on TV Report 2008 2009 PDF Report GLAAD 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 25 March 2020 Retrieved 4 April 2020 Where We Are on TV Report 2009 2010 PDF Report GLAAD 2009 Archived from the original PDF on 26 March 2020 Retrieved 11 March 2020 Where We Are on TV Report 2011 2012 Characters List GLAAD GLAAD 2012 Archived from the original on September 4 2019 Retrieved April 11 2020 See the overview page here Where We Are on TV Report 2012 2013 PDF Report GLAAD 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 26 March 2020 Retrieved 11 March 2020 Gross Larry 2001 Morning Papers Afternoon Soaps Up from Invisibility Lesbians Gay Men and the Media in America New York Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231529327 Retrieved 27 September 2021 Keller James 2010 Recuperating and Reviling South Park s Queer Politics In Elledge Jim ed Queers in American Popular Culture Volume 1 Film and television Vol 1 Santa Barbara California Praeger ISBN 9780313354571 Retrieved 23 September 2021 Tropiano Stephen 2002 The prime time closet a history of gays and lesbians on TV New York Applause Theatre amp Cinema Books ISBN 9781557835574 Retrieved 25 September 2021 Walters Suzanna Danuta 2001 All the Rage The Story of Gay Visibility in America Chicago University Of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226872315 Retrieved 25 September 2021 Karl F Cohen 1997 Forbidden Animation Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America North Carolina McFarland amp Company Inc ISBN 0 7864 0395 0 Dhaenens Frederik Van Bauwel Sofie 23 June 2011 Queer Resistances in the Adult Animated Sitcom Television amp New Media 13 2 124 138 doi 10 1177 1527476411412397 hdl 1854 LU 1251875 S2CID 145513253 Retrieved 29 November 2020 Falvey Eddie 23 June 2011 Situating Netflix s Original Adult Animation Observing Taste Cultures and the Legacies of Quality Television through BoJack Horseman and Big Mouth Animation 15 2 116 129 doi 10 1177 1746847720933791 S2CID 220982469 Retrieved 29 November 2020 Irene Fubara Manuel Revolting Animation The Hierarchy of Masculinities in the Representation of Race and Male Same Sex Desire in Adult Cartoons Media Communication and Cultural Studies Association October 17 2017 Pedro A Gonzalez Jr Adult animation and gender representation A case study on The Simpsons Thesis July 2014 Sarah Ann Kennedy Is the Straight role in Comedy essential and why is it usually played by a women sic in animation University of Central Lancashire Repository 2014 Hacia Marcelina Subtitling Adult Animation Techniques of Dealing with Humour Cultural References and Profanities in the Polish Translation of Archer on Netflix Jagiellonian University Repository October 17 2018 Andrea Marek Animating Adulthood Emotional Resonance Affective Quality and the Human Condition in Adult Animated Television An Examination in Theory Viewership and Practice Concordia University Repository 2018 Sito Tom 2006 Drawing the Line The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson University Press of Kentucky ISBN 0 8131 2407 7 Charles Solomon 1989 Enchanted Drawings The History of Animation New York City Alfred A Knopf ISBN 0 394 54684 9 External links EditFrank Priscilla 28 July 2017 The World Of Sensual Animation Where Cartoons Are Sexier Than Real Life HuffPost Archived from the original on 15 August 2020 Retrieved 29 November 2020 Searles Jourdain 5 September 2018 Drawing the Line TV Animation Beyond the Boys Club Bitch Bitch Media Archived from the original on 13 November 2020 Retrieved 29 November 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Adult animation in the United States amp oldid 1145773563, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.