fbpx
Wikipedia

Kumbakonam

Kumbakonam (formerly spelt as Coombaconum or Combaconum),[1] or Kudanthai, is a city municipal corporation in the Thanjavur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located 40 km (25 mi) from Thanjavur and 282 km (175 mi) from Chennai and is the headquarters of the Kumbakonam taluk of Thanjavur district. It is the second largest city in the district after Thanjavur. The city is bounded by two rivers, the Kaveri River to the north and Arasalar River to the south. Kumbakonam is known as a "Temple town" due to the prevalence of a number of temples here and is noted for its Mahamaham festival, which happens once in 12 years, attracting people from all over the country.

Kumbakonam
Kudandhai
City Municipal corporation
Nickname(s): 
Cambridge of South India, Temple city
Kumbakonam
Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu
Kumbakonam
Kumbakonam (India)
Coordinates: 10°57′37″N 79°23′04″E / 10.960200°N 79.384500°E / 10.960200; 79.384500Coordinates: 10°57′37″N 79°23′04″E / 10.960200°N 79.384500°E / 10.960200; 79.384500
Country India
StateTamil Nadu
DistrictThanjavur District
RegionCauvery Delta
Government
 • TypeCity Municipal Corporation
 • BodyKumbakonam municipal corporation
 • Corporation MayorSaravanan (INC)
Area
 • Total42.95 km2 (16.58 sq mi)
Elevation
53 m (174 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total140,156
 • Density3,300/km2 (8,500/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
612001-6
Telephone code(91) 435
Vehicle registrationTN 68

Kumbakonam dates back to the Sangam period and was ruled by the Early Cholas, Pallavas, Mutharaiyar dynasty, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Pandyas, the Vijayanagara Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur Nayaks and the Thanjavur Marathas. It rose to be a prominent town between the seventh and ninth centuries AD, when it served as a capital of the Medieval Cholas. The city reached the zenith of its prosperity during the British Raj when it was a prominent centre of European education and Hindu culture; and it acquired the cultural name, the "Cambridge of South India". In 1866, Kumbakonam was officially constituted as a municipality, which today comprises 48 wards, making it the second largest local civil body in Thanjavur district. It became a municipal corporation on 24 August 2021.

Etymology

The name "Kumbakonam", roughly translated in English as the "Pot's Corner",[2] is believed to be an allusion to the mythical pot (kumbha) of the Hindu god Brahma that contained the seed of all living beings on earth. The kumbha is believed to have been displaced by a pralaya (dissolution of the universe) and ultimately came to rest at the spot where the town of Kumbakonam now stands. This event is now commemorated in the Mahamaham festival held every 12 years. Kumbakonam is also known as Baskarashetram[3] and Kumbam[4] from time immemorial and as Kudanthai in ancient times.[5] Kumbakonam is also spelt as Coombaconum in the records of British India.[6] Kumbakonam was also formerly known by the Tamil name of Kudamukku.[7] Kumbakonam is also identified with the Sangam age settlement of Kudavayil.[8]

History

 
A 1955 map of Kumbakonam municipality and surrounding areas
 
Sculpture on the walls of Nageswaran Temple

The region around Kumbakonam was inhabited as early as the Sangam Age (third century BC to third century AD). The present-day Kumbakonam is believed to be the site of the ancient town of Kudavayil where the Early Chola king Karikala held his court.[8] Some scholars identify Kumbakonam as the site of the fabled prison of Kudavayir-kottam where the Chera king Kanaikkal Irumporai was imprisoned by the Early Chola king Kocengannan.[9] Kumbakonam is identified with the town of Malaikūrram[10] which had served as the Chola capital as early as the seventh century and with the town of Solamaligai which had also served as a Chola capital.[7] According to the Sinnamanur plates, Kumbakonam was the site of a battle between the Pallava king Sri Vallabha and the then Pandya king in 859[11][12] and between the Pandya king Srimara Pandya and a confederacy of the Cholas and Gangas.[7]

Kumbakonam came into the limelight during the rule of the Medieval Cholas who ruled from the ninth century to the twelfth century. The town of Pazhaiyaarai, 8 km (5.0 mi) from Kumbakonam was the capital of the Chola Empire in the ninth century.[13]

Following the decline of the Chola kingdom, Kumbakonam was conquered by the Pandyas in 1290.[14] Following the demise of the Pandya kingdom in the 14th century, Kumbakonam was conquered by the Vijayanagar Empire.[14] Krishnadevaraya (1509–29), the emperor of Vijayanagara visited the town in 1524 and is believed to have bathed in the famous Mahamaham tank during the Mahamaham festival.[14] Kumbakonam was ruled by the Madurai Nayaks and the Thanjavur Nayaks from 1535 to 1673 when it fell to the Marathas.[15] Each of these dynasties had a considerable impact on the demographics and culture of the region.[16][17][18][19][20] When the Vijayanagar Empire fell in 1565, there was a mass influx of poets, musicians and cultural artists from the kingdom.[20][21]

 
Kumbakonam school fire accident memorial

According to the chronicles of the Hindu monastic institution, the Kanchi matha, the matha was temporarily transferred to Kumbakonam in the 1780s following an invasion of Kanchipuram by Hyder Ali of Mysore.[4][22][23][24] When Tipu Sultan invaded the east coast of South India in 1784, Kumbakonam bore the brunt of his invasion.[15][25] The produce fell sharply and the economy collapsed.[15][25] Kumbakonam did not recover from the calamity until the beginning of the 19th century.[25] Kumbakonam was eventually ceded to the British East India Company in 1799 by the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Serfoji II (1777–1832)[15] and reached the zenith of its prosperity in the late 19th and early 20th century[26] when it emerged as an important center of Brahminism,[27] Hindu religion and European education in the Madras Presidency.[15] The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 fostered trade contacts with the United Kingdom.[15] In 1877, railway lines were completed linking Kumbakonam with the ports of Madras, Tuticorin and Nagapattinam.[15] The Tanjore district court was established in Kumbakonam in 1806 and functioned from 1806 to 1863.[28]

Kumbakonam continued to grow even after India's independence though it fell behind the nearby town of Thanjavur in terms of population and administrative importance.[29] The population growth rate began to fall sharply after 1981.[26] This decline has been attributed to limited land area and lack of industrial potential.[26] However the peripheral areas of Kumbakonam population increased as evident from the successive census data. During the Mahamaham festival of 1992, there was a major stampede in which 48 people were killed and 74 were injured.[30][31] On 16 July 2004, a devastating fire accident in the Sri Krishna school killed 94 children.[32][33]

Geography

 
River Kaveri as viewed from bridge

Kumbakonam is located at 10°58′N 79°25′E / 10.97°N 79.42°E / 10.97; 79.42.[34] It is situated 273 km (170 mi) south of Chennai,[35] 96 km (60 mi) east of Tiruchirappalli, and about 40 km (25 mi) north-east of Thanjavur.[36] It lies in the region called the "Old delta" which comprises the north-western taluks of Thanjavur district that have been naturally irrigated by the waters of the Cauvery and its tributaries for centuries in contrast to the "New Delta" comprising the southern taluks that were brought under irrigation by the construction of the Grand Anicut canal and the Vadavar canal in 1934.[37][38] It has an average elevation of 26 metres (85 ft).[39] The town is bounded by two rivers, the Cauvery River on the north and Arasalar River on the south.[7]

Although the Cauvery delta is usually hot, the climate of Kumbakonam and other surrounding towns is generally healthy[40] and moderate.[41] Kumbakonam is cooler than Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu.[42] The maximum temperature in summer is about 40 °C (104 °F) while the minimum temperature is about 20 °C (68 °F).[43] Kumbakonam receives an annual rainfall of 114.78 cm (45.19 in) every year.[44] The region is covered with mainly alluvial or black soil which is conducive for rice cultivation.[37] Other crops grown in Kumbakonam include mulberry, cereals and sugarcane.[45][46]

The town of Kumbakonam is surrounded by extensive paddy fields. Methods of irrigation were considerably improved following the opening of the Mettur Dam in 1934.[15][37] The fauna of the Cauvery Delta is limited to cattle and goats.[45] The town is situated at the western flank of the Kumbakonam-Shiyali ridge which runs along the Kollidam river[47] basin separating the Ariyalur-Puducherry depression from the Nagapattinam depression.[48][49] This granular ridge projects further eastwards penetrating the Puducherry depression and forms a hard layer of cretaceous rock underneath the sedimentary top soil.[49][50]

Demographics

Religious census
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
86.07%
Muslim
9.57%
Christian
3.99%
Sikh
0.0%
Buddhist
0.0%
Jain
0.23%
Other
0.13%

According to 2011 census, Kumbakonam had a population of 140,156 with a sex-ratio of 1,021 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[52] A total of 12,791 were under the age of six, constituting 6,495 males and 6,296 females. The average literacy of the town was 83.21%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[52] There were a total of 9,519 workers, comprising 32 cultivators, 83 main agricultural labourers, 1,206 in house hold industries, 7,169 other workers, 1,029 marginal workers, 24 marginal cultivators, 45 marginal agricultural labourers, 212 marginal workers in household industries and 0 other marginal workers.[53]

Kumbakonam has a strong Hindu majority; but it also has sizeable Muslim and Christian populations.[54] Among Hindus, Vanniyars, Kallars,[16][55] Brahmins[56][57] and Dalits[54][58] are the numerically dominant Tamil-speaking groups.[56] Brahmins are more numerous and affluent in Kumbakonam than in other parts of Tamil Nadu.[27][57][59] There are also large populations of Moopanars,[16] Konars[55] and Nadars.[55] Amongst Muslims, the Sunnis are dominant. However, there is also a significant Shia minority. Most of the Muslims are Marakkayars or Labbays.[54] The majority of Muslims in Kumbakonam are involved in commerce or maritime trade.[60] Kumbakonam also has a large population of Protestant Christians largely due to the efforts of the German missionary Christian Friedrich Schwarz.[54] The Catholics in Kumbakonam are mainly affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam which was separated from the Archdiocese of Pondicherry in 1899.[61][62]

The population of Kumbakonam is predominantly Tamil-speaking. The commonly used dialects is the Central Tamil dialect.[63] There are significant minorities speaking Thanjavur Marathi,[64] Telugu,[16][19] Kannada[16][64] and Saurashtra as their mother tongue.[16][65][66]

Residential areas make up 32.09% of the town's total area while commercial enterprises and industrial units make up 2.75% and 1.21%, respectively.[67] The non-urban portion of the town constitutes about 44.72% of the total area.[67] Kumbakonam has a total of 45 slums with a population of 49,117.[68]

As per the religious census of 2011, Kumbakonam had 86.07% Hindus, 9.57% Muslims, 3.99% Christians, 0.% Sikhs, 0.% Buddhists, 0.23% Jains, 0.13% following other religions and 0.% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[69]

Administration and Politics

Municipal Corporation

Municipality corporation officials
Mayor K.Saravanan(Congress)[70][71]
Corporation Commissioner M.Senthil Murugan[71][72]
Deputy Mayor Tamilazhagan(DMK)[73]
Elected members
Member of Legislative Assembly G. Anbalagan[74]
Member of Parliament S Ramalingam [75]

The Kumbakonam municipality was officially constituted in the year 1866.[15][76] Initially, the municipality exercised its jurisdiction over an area of 7.68 km2 (2.97 sq mi) and its affairs were administered by a town-level committee or municipal committee.[76] Later it was constituted special-grade municipality[77] and currently, exercises its authority over an area of 12.58 km2 (4.86 sq mi)[76] out of the town's total area of 64.02 km2 (24.72 sq mi).[67] It comprises 48 wards[76] and is the biggest municipality in Thanjavur district.[26] The town was upgraded to Municipal Corporation on 24 August 2021, with administration authority area of 42.9 km2 (16.6 sq mi).[78]

The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and the Computer Wing.[79] All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head.[79] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 48 members, one each from each of the 48 wards.[76] The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson who is assisted by a deputy chairperson.[80]

Politics

Kumbakonam is a part of the Kumbakonam Legislative Assembly constituency and elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.[81][82] Despite being a hub of militant Communism in the 1950s,[15] Kumbakonam voted for the Indian National Congress in the first five state elections held between 1952 and 1977.[82][83][84][85][86][87][88] The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam won the elections in 1977[88] and between 1977 and 1989, the seat was alternatively held by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or the Indian National Congress.[88][89][90] Since 1989, barring an interregnum of five years between 1991 and 1996,[91] the seat has been held by Ko. Si. Mani of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[92][93][94][95] Kumbakonam was a part of the Kumbakonam Lok Sabha constituency from 1952 until 1977, when the constituency was disbanded.[82][96] The assembly segments in the erstwhile Kumbakonam Lok Sabha constituency were included in the Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency and have remained so ever since.[81]

Law Enforcement

Law and order in Kumbakonam in maintained by the Thanjavur sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP).[97] There are four police stations in the town, one of them being an all-women police station.[98] There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP).[97] Suburban localities are under the jurisdiction of Swamimalai, Patteswarm, Nachiyarkovil, Tiruvidamarudhur, Thiruneelakudi police stations. Recently government has established one police station at Cholapuram by reorganizing kumbakonam Taluk, Swamimali and Thirupanandal Police station

Economy

 
A man dyeing silk red in boiling water in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu
 
A silk saree loom in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu

The important products of Kumbakonam include brass, bronze, copper and pewter vessels, silk and cotton cloths, sugar, indigo and pottery.[28] Kumbakonam is considered to be the chief commercial centre for the Thanjavur region. In 1991, around 30% of the population was engaged in economic activity.[99] Rice production is an important activity in Kumbakonam.[99] Of 194 industrial units in Kumbakonam, 57 are rice and flour mills.[99] Kumbakonam is also a leading producer of betel leaves and nuts; the betel leaves produced in Kumbakonam are ranked amongst the best in the world in terms of quality.[99] The A. R. R. Agencies, a leading manufacturer of arecanut slices has its factory in Kumbakonam.[100] The main administrative offices of T. S. R. & Co., a cosmetic company, are also based in Kumbakonam.[101] Kumbakonam is also famous for its metal works.[99] The Tamil Nadu Handicraft Development Corporation had been established in the nearby town of Swamimalai in order to train bronze artisans.[99] Kumbakonam is an important silk-weaving centre and more than 5,000 families were employed either directly or indirectly in silk weaving.[99] Silk weaved in Kumbakonam is regarded as one of the finest in the subcontinent.[102] They are largely used in the manufacture of Thirubuvanam silk sarees.[99] Kumbakonam was also an important salt-manufacturing area during British rule.[103] The town lends its name to the Kumbakonam Degree Coffee, a blend of coffee prepared using undiluted pure milk.[104] In recent times, Kumbakonam has emerged as an important manufacturer of fertilizers.[15]

Apart from its manufactures, tourism is also a major source of income for the town. Many Lodges and resorts from budget to high end category are functioning in kumbakonam. The Hindu temples[105][106] and colonial-era buildings have been recognised for their tourism potential.[107] The 12th-century Airavatesvara Temple in the town of Darasuram near Kumbakonam is an UNESCO World Heritage Site.[108] Kumbakonam is also frequented by art collectors interested in handloom cloth and other curios.[109] Banks such as the Axis Bank, Bank of Baroda,[110] IDBI Bank, State Bank of India,[110] Tamilnad Mercantile Bank,[110] Canara Bank,[110] Indian Bank,[110] Indian Overseas Bank,[110] Bank of India,[110] Union Bank of India,[110] Corporation Bank,[110] Lakshmi Vilas Bank,[110] ICICI Bank,[111] ING Vysya Bank,[112] Karur Vysya Bank,[110] Punjab National Bank,[110] Syndicate Bank[110] and Vijaya Bank have their branches in Kumbakonam. The City Union Bank was founded in Kumbakonam in 1904 as the Kumbakonam Bank Limited and it is headquartered in the town.[113]

Utility services

Electricity supply to Kumbakonam is regulated and distributed by the Kumbakonam circle of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). Power Substations are existing viz. Kumabakonam Urban 33/11 kV SS at Rajan Thottam, Kumbakonam Township (Nagariyam) 110 kV at Needamangalm Road, 110 kV SS at Sakottai and Patteswaram 230/110 kV. Water supply is provided by the Kumbakonam municipality from Cauvery river and Coleroon river; the distribution is managed through head works located at Valayapettai and Kudithangi, supplying 3,265 kl (863,000 US gal) of water to the town.[114] About 18 t (40,000 lb) of solid waste is collected from the town everyday; 53% domestic wastes and 32% commercial wastes.[115] The collected wastes are dumped in yards outside the town and segregated to produce organic manure.[115] Kumbakonam municipality has partial underground drainage connectivity and the municipality is implementing the underground drainage to the uncovered areas.[116] The major sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks and public conveniences.[116] Roadside drains carry untreated sewage out of the town to let out raw into the sea or accumulate in a low-lying area.[116]

Kumbakonam comes under the Cauvery River Delta Area (CRDA) of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider.[117] Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service.[117] Kumbakonam hosts the district headquarters hospital, Thanjavur District at Kumbakonam and Coronation municipal hospital, Melakaveri Urban Primary health centre, 34 private hospitals & clinics and numerous medical shops catering to the healthcare need of the town.[118]

Landmarks

Temples

 
Mahamaham tank – one of the most prominent landmarks of the town

Kumbakonam is known for its temples and mathas (monasteries). There are around 188 Hindu temples within the municipal limits of Kumbakonam.[26] Apart from these, there several thousand temples around the town thereby giving the town the sobriquets "Temple Town" and "City of temples".[119]

Adi Kumbeswarar Temple is considered to be the oldest Shaiva (the sect of the god Shiva) shrine in the town, believed to be constructed by the Cholas in the seventh century.[120] The Nageswaraswamy Temple has a separate shrine for the Sun god Surya who is believed to have worshipped Shiva at this place.[121] Adi Kumbeswarar temple, Nageswaraswamy temple and Kasi Viswanathar temple are Shiva temples in the town revered in the Tevaram, a Tamil Shaiva canonical work of the seventh to eighth century.[122] Kumbakonam has one of the few temples dedicated to the god Brahma.[123]

Sarangapani temple is the largest Vaishnava (the sect of the god Vishnu) shrine present in Kumbakonam. The present structure of the temple having a twelve storey high tower was constructed by Nayak kings in the 15th century. It is one of the "Divya Desams", the 108 temples of Vishnu revered by the 12 Alvar saint-poets.[124][125] The Ramaswamy temple, which has scenes from the Hindu epic Ramayana depicted on its walls, was constructed by Govinda Dikshitar, the minister of successive Nayak rulers, Achuthappa Nayak (1560–1614) and Raghunatha Nayak (1600–34).[126][127] He added a commercial corridor between the temple and the older Chakrapani temple, which in modern times is called Chinna Kadai Veethi, a commercial street in the town.[128] Pilgrims from all parts of India take a holy dip once every 12 years during the Mahamaham festival in the Mahamaham tank.[26][120][127] Over 40 lakh pilgrims participated in the festival during the 2016 event which is also known as the Southern Kumbha mela.[30] Govinda Dikshitar constructed the sixteen mandapams (shrines) and stone steps around this tank.[127][129]

Kumbakonam also has a number of mathas. The Sri Sankara matha of Kanchipuram was moved to Kumbakonam during the reign of Pratap Singh[22] (1739–63) and remained in Kumbakonam until the 1960s. There are also two Vellalar mathas in the nearby towns of Dharmapuram and Thiruppanandal[130] and a Raghavendra matha in Kumbakonam.[131] There is also a branch of the Vaishnava Ahobila mutt in Kumbakonam.[132]

The Thenupuriswarar Temple at Patteeswaram, the Oppiliappan Kovil and the Swamimalai Murugan temple are located in the vicinity of Kumbakonam.[133] The Airavatesvara Temple in Darasuram locality of Kumbakonam built by Rajaraja Chola II (1146–73) during 12th century is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, along with the Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur and the Gangaikondacholisvaram Temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram that are collectively referred as the Great Living Chola Temples.[108]

Transport

 

Kumbakonam is connected by road and rail. The National highway NH-36 connects Vikravandi - Manamadurai, passes through this town. The nearest international airport is at Tiruchirapalli, which is 91 km (57 mi) from Kumbakonam.[134] The nearest seaport is located at Nagapattinam which is about 50 km (31 mi) away. The town has around 141 km (88 mi) of roads, 544 municipal roads[76] making up 122.29 km (75.99 mi).[135] There are also around 18.71 km (11.63 mi) of state highways running through Kumbakonam.[135] Over 87% of the municipal roads are paved.[135] There are regular government and private bus services to Chennai, Thanjavur, Mannargudi, Tiruchirapalli, Chidambaram, Thiruvarur, Mayiladuthurai, Nagapattinam, Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Palani, Thoothukudi, Rameswaram, Tiruchendur, Salem, Edapaddi, Vellore, Kumuli, Cumbum, Karaikudi, Pudukkottai, Neyveli, Madurai, Sivagangai, Thiruthuraipoondi, Pattukkottai, Muthupet, Puducherry, and Tirunelveli.[76] The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)(SETC) operates daily services from Bengaluru and mysuru to Kumbakonam.[136] On 1 March 1972, the Cholan Roadways Corporation was established by the Government of Tamil Nadu[137] with its headquarters in Kumbakonam in order to improve transportation facilities in the districts of central Tamil Nadu.[138] The organisation acquired the fleets of buses earlier owned by private operators – Sri Ramavilas Service, Raman and Raman Limited and Sathi Vilas.[137] On 1 July 1997, the organization was renamed Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, Kumbakonam and presently forms division no. 1 of the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation.[137][138] The corporation runs a reconditioning unit and a tyre re-threading unit in Kumbakonam.[138]

Kumbakonam is connected by rail with towns and cities in South India. The Mysuru- Mayiladuthurai Express connects Kumbakonam with Mysuru and Bengaluru. There are regular express trains that connect Kumbakonam with major cities in the state like Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tiruchirapalli.[139] There are passenger trains that connect Kumbakonam with Thanjavur, Tiruchirapalli, Chidambaram and Mayiladuthurai.[139] The upgrading of NH-36 from two-lane to four-line is under progress, which upon completion will greatly reduce to time of travel to Thanjavur and Chennai.[140]

The traditional modes of transportation are bullock carts. It is recorded that as late as the 1950s, landlords and rich farmers travelled mostly by bullock carts with the exception of rare long journeys which they undertook by buses or motor vehicles.[141] Kumbakonam has an efficient local bus transportation system. The town bus stand is located situated just opposite to the moffusil Bus Station Kumbakonam|Arignar Anna Bus Stand where the long-distance buses are stationed. There are occasional ferries that transport people and goods across the Cauvery.[142] Till the beginning of the 20th century, students of the Government Arts College used to cross the Cauvery on coracle ferries in order to attend college.[142] Since the construction of a bridge in 1944,[143] the practice of transporting men and goods by coracles has greatly diminished.[142]

Education

The Raja Veda Padasala, established by Govinda Dikshitar during 1542 in Kumbakonam, teaches Sanskrit vedic scriptures in specialised fields of Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, Agamas and Sastras.[127][144][145][146][147] Kumbakonam emerged as an important centre of education in the late 19th century and was known as the "Cambridge of South India".[39] The Government Arts College, established in Kumbakonam in 1867, is one of the oldest educational institutions in the Madras Presidency.[148] It began as a provincial school on 19 October 1854, before being upgraded to a government college in 1867.[148][149] It was affiliated to the Madras University in 1877.[28] One of the early principals of the college was William Archer Porter, a Cambridge Wrangler, who, along with T. Gopala Rao, was instrumental in its elevation to a government college.[148] He is also credited with framing the college's acclaimed educational policy.[150] In 1881, it became a full-fledged college and high school courses ceased to be taught.[150] Notable faculty members included U. V. Swaminatha Iyer (1855–1942)[151] while the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887–1920) who studied from 1904 until 1906 when he dropped out and V. S. Srinivasa Sastri (1869–1946), an Indian politician and administrator, are its notable alumni.[148] The Government Arts College for Women was started in 1963[152][153] and had a total strength of 2,597 pupils in February 2006.[154] The college offers various undergraduate courses and one post-graduate course and is affiliated to the Bharathidasan University.[154] Other colleges in Kumbakonam include Idhya Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Annai College of Arts and Sciences, Annai Engineering College, Mass College, Sankara Arts college, PRIST University Kumbakonam Campus, Government College Of Fine Arts and Arasu Engineering College, KSK Engineering college, As Slam Engineering college at nearby Thirumanglakudi.[155] The Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy has a satellite campus based in Kumbakonam where disciplines of Engineering(electronics and communication Engineering & computer science Engineering), arts and sciences are taught.[155]

The Native High School, founded in 1876,[156] and the Town Higher Secondary School, one of whose students was Srinivasa Ramanujan, were some of the oldest schools in the Madras Presidency.[157] At present, there a total of 36 government and private schools in Kumbakonam.[155]

Notes

  1. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Combaconum" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 750.
  2. ^ Herbermann, Charles George; Edward Aloysius Pace; Condé Bénoist Pallen; Thomas Joseph Shahan; John Joseph Wynne (1934). The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church, Volume 8. The Catholic Encyclopedia Inc. p. 710.
  3. ^ Sastri, Sambamurthy S. (1991). Paramacharya: life of Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi of Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam. Jina kalan. p. 73.
  4. ^ a b V., Gnanasundaram (12 April 2005). "History of Kumbakonam". The Hindu. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  5. ^ The Indian advertising year book. Our India Directories and Publications. 1962. p. 169.
  6. ^ N., Raghunathan (1970). Sotto voce: a social and political commentary, Volume 2. B. G. Paul. p. 146.
  7. ^ a b c d Ayyar 1920, p. 320
  8. ^ a b Pillai, Sivaraja K.N. The Chronology of the Early Tamils – Based on the Synchronistic Tables of Their Kings, Chieftains and Poets Appearing in the Sangam Literature. p. 88.
  9. ^ Sastri 1935, p. 72
  10. ^ a b Hunter 1908, Vol 16, p. 20
  11. ^ Sastri 1935, p. 105
  12. ^ C., Krishna Murthy (1985). Saiva Art and Architecture. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 10.
  13. ^ N. S., Ramaswami (1984). House of God: select temples of South India. Maps and Agencies. p. 178.
  14. ^ a b c Ring 1996, p. 502
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ring 1996, p. 503
  16. ^ a b c d e f Gough 1981, p. 30
  17. ^ V. 1942, p. 7
  18. ^ Mukherjee, Meera (1978). Metalcraftsmen of India Issue 44 of Memoir (Anthropological Survey of India) Memoir / Anthropological Survey of India; no.44. Anthropological Survey of India.
  19. ^ a b Sarma 2000, p. 476
  20. ^ a b Ka, Ilakkumi Nārāyaṇan; T. Gangadharan; N. Chandrasekar (1999). Salem city: an ethnohistory (1792–1992). Vysya College. p. 52.
  21. ^ V. 1942, p. 1
  22. ^ a b Ayyar 1920, p. 325
  23. ^ Ayyar 1920, p. 326
  24. ^ "History of the Kanchi Shankaracharya matha and Acharaparampara". Sri Sankara Bhagavatpada And Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Sankaracharya Math Moolamnaya Sarvajna Peetham. Shri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  25. ^ a b c K. R., Subramaniam (1928). The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g TNUIFSL Report 2007, p. 4
  27. ^ a b Gough 1981, p. 28
  28. ^ a b c Hunter, p. 21
  29. ^ Rao, M. S. A. (1992). Urban Sociology in India. Orient Blackswan. p. 193. ISBN 0861252969.
  30. ^ a b "Hi-tech rein on pilgrims". The Telegraph India. 6 March 2004. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  31. ^ B.K., Khanna (2005). All You Wanted To Know About Disasters. New Delhi: New India Publishing Agency. ISBN 81-89422-13-8.
  32. ^ "83 children killed in school fire in Kumbakonam". Rediff News. 16 July 2004. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  33. ^ . The Hindu. 17 July 2004. Archived from the original on 18 July 2004. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  34. ^ The Astrological magazine. Roman Publications. 1983. p. 508.
  35. ^ Education world: the human development magazine, Volume 8, Issues 7–12. D. Thakore. 2006.
  36. ^ Katti, Madhav N. (1980). Studies in Indian place names. Place Names Society of India.
  37. ^ a b c Gough 1981, p. 5
  38. ^ A. V., Jose (1939). Limited options: women workers in rural India. International Labour Organisation. p. 139. ISBN 9221067173.
  39. ^ a b Illustrated guide to the South Indian Railway: including the Mayavaram-Mutupet, and Peralam-Karaikkal railways. Higginbotham's. 1900. p. 217.
  40. ^ The Bay of Bengal pilot. Great Britain Hydrographic Department. 1910. p. 11.
  41. ^ Industrial development potential survey of selected towns of India. Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry. 1977. p. 481.
  42. ^ Census of India, 1961: Madras. Manager of Publications. 1962. p. 45.
  43. ^ Jain, Sharad K.; Pushpendra K. Agarwal; Vijay P. Singh (17 January 2007). Hydrology and Water Resources of India. Springer. p. 776. ISBN 978-1402051791.
  44. ^ Heitzman, James (1997). Gifts of power: lordship in an early Indian state. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195639782.
  45. ^ a b W. 1988, p. 141
  46. ^ Béteille, André (1971). CASTE, CLASS, AND POWER. University of California Press. p. 17.
  47. ^ Micropalaeontology 1972, p. 31
  48. ^ Micropalaeontology 1972, p. 34
  49. ^ a b S., Rajendran (2007). Mineral exploration: recent strategies. New India Publishing. p. 253. ISBN 978-8189422714.
  50. ^ Journal of the Geological Society of India, Volume 46. Geological Society of India. 1995. p. 269.
  51. ^ India. Office of the Registrar General (1969). Census of India, 1961, Volume 9. Manager of Publications.
  52. ^ a b c "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  53. ^ "Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Kumbakonam". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  54. ^ a b c d Gough 1981, p. 33
  55. ^ a b c Gough 1981, p. 31
  56. ^ a b Gough 1981, p. 19
  57. ^ a b Gough 1981, p. 27
  58. ^ Gough 1981, p. 32
  59. ^ Gough 1981, p. 103
  60. ^ More, Prashanth J.B. (1997). Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras 1930–1947. Orient Blackswan. p. 40. ISBN 8125011927.
  61. ^ Edward René, Hambye; Menachery, George (1982). The St. Thomas Christian encyclopaedia of India, Volume 1. p. 261.
  62. ^ Herbermann, Charles George (1913). The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church, Volume 12. Universal Knowledge Foundation. p. 229.
  63. ^ Comrie, Bernard (1987). The World's major languages. Oxford University. p. 730. ISBN 0195205219.
  64. ^ a b Sarma, p. 544
  65. ^ Gough 1981, p. 29
  66. ^ K., Chockalingam (1979). Census of India, 1971: Tamil Nadu. Manager of Publications. p. 89.
  67. ^ a b c TNUIFSL Report 2007, p. 7
  68. ^ TNUIFSL Report 2007, p. 14
  69. ^ "Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu" (XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  70. ^ . Kumbakonam Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  71. ^ a b "Nine more AC bus shelters to come up in Kumbakonam". TNN. Kumbakonam: The Times of India. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  72. ^ "Commissioner History". Kumbakonam Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  73. ^ "Deputy Chairperson". Kumbakonam Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  74. ^ . Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  75. ^ "Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  76. ^ a b c d e f g . Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  77. ^ "List of municipalities in Tamil Nadu". Commissionerate of Municipal Administration, Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  78. ^ Shanmughasundaram, J. (24 August 2021). "Tambaram, Kancheepuram and four other municipalities to be corporations". The Times of India. Chennai: The Times Group. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  79. ^ a b . Commissionerate of Municipal Administration. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  80. ^ Economic and political weekly, Volume 30. Sameeksha Trust. 1995. p. 2396.
  81. ^ a b "Order No. 52" (PDF). Delimitation Commission of India Circular No.282/TN/2007-IV. Delimitation Commission of India. 13 August 2007. p. 71. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  82. ^ a b c Gough 1981, p. 141
  83. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election 1952 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 223. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  84. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 5. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  85. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 7. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  86. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 8. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  87. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election 1971 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 8. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  88. ^ a b c "Statistical Report on General Election 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 8. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  89. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 8. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  90. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 8. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  91. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 8. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  92. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 8. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  93. ^ (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  94. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 9. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  95. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election 2006 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 9. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  96. ^ Gough 1981, p. 142
  97. ^ a b "District Police – Thanjavur" (PDF). Government of Tamil Nadu. p. 3. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  98. ^ "Police stations in Kumbakonam". Kumbakonam Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  99. ^ a b c d e f g h TNUIFSL Report 2007, p. 5
  100. ^ Large industrial establishments in India. Manager of Publications. 1958. p. 445.
  101. ^ Ayyar, K. P. Vishwanatha (1954). The Indian press year book. Indian Press Publications. p. 218.
  102. ^ Hoiberg, Dale; Indu Ramchandani. Students' Britannica India: Select essays. Popular Prakashan. p. 45. ISBN 0852297629.
  103. ^ Ellis, Robert (1851). Official descriptive and illustrated catalogue, Volume 4. Spicer Brothers. p. 866.
  104. ^ Gerald, Olympia Shilpa (27 October 2012). "Kumbakonam Degree Coffee". The Hindu.
  105. ^ Indian and foreign review, Volume 17. Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. 1979. p. 20.
  106. ^ TNUIFSL Report 2007, p. 6
  107. ^ N., Jayapalan (2001). Introduction To Tourism. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 270. ISBN 8171569773.
  108. ^ a b "Great Living Chola Temples". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  109. ^ Aitken, Bill (2001). Speaking stones: world cultural heritage sites in India. Eicher Goodearth Limited. p. 194. ISBN 8187780002.
  110. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m . Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  111. ^ "Specified Branches/Locations of ICICI Bank/Correspondent Bank for issue of demand drafts". ICICI Bank. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  112. ^ "Access Points". ING Vysya Bank. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  113. ^ Suneja's banking year book and who's who. Suneja Publishers. 1973. p. 380.
  114. ^ . Kumbakonam Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  115. ^ a b "Solid waste management in Kumbakonam". Kumbakonam Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  116. ^ a b c . Kumbakonam Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  117. ^ a b . Tamil Nadu: BSNL, Tamil Nadu Circle. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  118. ^ "Hospitals in Kumbakonam". Kumbakonam Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  119. ^ E. K., Sashadri (1998). Sri Brihadisvara: the great temple of Thānjavūr. Nile Books. p. 2.
  120. ^ a b Anantharaman 2006, p. 57
  121. ^ Ayyar 1920, p. 323
  122. ^ Tirugnanasambandar (2004). "Muthalam Thirumurai" (PDF). Online: Project Madurai: 14–15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  123. ^ W. 1988, p. 137
  124. ^ Ayyar 1920, p. 534
  125. ^ Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways. Madras: South Indian Railway Company. 1926. p. 57.
  126. ^ Ayyar 1920, p. 324
  127. ^ a b c d . The Hindu. 5 March 2004. Archived from the original on 1 August 2004. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  128. ^ Waghorne, Joanne Punzo (2004). Diaspora of the gods: modern Hindu temples in an urban middle-class world. p. 246. ISBN 0-19-515663-3.
  129. ^ V. 1942, p. 120
  130. ^ Gough 1981, p. 42
  131. ^ Nair, Kunhi (2007). Sages Through Ages - Volume II: India's Heritage. AuthorHouse. p. 105. ISBN 9781420878035.
  132. ^ Thurston, Edgar (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume I. Clarendon Press. p. 349.
  133. ^ "Places of interest around Kumbakonam". Kumbakonam Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  134. ^ Anantharaman 2006, p. 56
  135. ^ a b c TNUIFSL Report 2007, p. 13
  136. ^ . KSRTC. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  137. ^ a b c . Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  138. ^ a b c "Tamil Nadu State Transportation Corporation (Kumbakonam) Limited – Manual of Information" (PDF). Government of Tamil Nadu. pp. 4–10. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  139. ^ a b "Train availability at stations". Indian Railways. 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  140. ^ "தஞ்சை – விக்கிரவாண்டி, நான்கு வழிச்சாலை". Maalaimalar (in Tamil). Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  141. ^ Gough 1981, p. 6
  142. ^ a b c Water Transport Origins & Early Evolution. Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 94.
  143. ^ Calendar. Government Arts College (Kumbakonam, India). 1975–76. p. 5.
  144. ^ N.K., Venkatesam Pantulu (1933). Govinda Deekshita – Minister of the Tanjore Nayak kings. Rajahmundry: La;i;e Veeraraja's Andrha Vachana Bharatamu, Sabha Parvamu. pp. 1–2.
  145. ^ "The Astrological Magazine". 96. Raman Publications. 2007: 156. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  146. ^ "Bhavan's Journal". 33 (13–24). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 1987: 60. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  147. ^ Saraswati, Chandrasekharendra (1981). The voice of divinity:sayings of His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Sri Sankaracharya Swamigal of Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham, Volume 1. Vanathi. p. 168.
  148. ^ a b c d Craik, Alex D. D. (2008). Mr Hopkins' Men: Cambridge Reform and British Mathematics in the 19th Century. Springer. p. 260. ISBN 978-1848001329.
  149. ^ The University of Madras Calendar. University of Madras. 1933. p. 157.
  150. ^ a b Craik, Alex D. D. (2008). Mr Hopkins' Men: Cambridge Reform and British Mathematics in the 19th Century. Springer. p. 261. ISBN 978-1848001329.
  151. ^ Vēṅkaṭācalapati, Irā Ā. (2006). In Those Days There was No Coffee. Yoda Press. p. 91. ISBN 9788190227278.
  152. ^ Universities handbook, Volume 1. Association of Indian Universities. 2006. p. 161.
  153. ^ Commonwealth universities yearbook, Volume 2. Association of Commonwealth Universities. 1993. p. 1117.
  154. ^ a b "Draft report of the peer team on the assessment and e-accreditation of the Government College for Women, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu". National Accreditation and Assessment Council. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  155. ^ a b c . Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  156. ^ The Indian review, Volume 27. G. A. Natesan. 1926. p. 210.
  157. ^ Jubilee yearbook and educational directory of Madras. South India Teachers' Union. 1934. p. 222.

References

  • (PDF) (Report). Commissioner of Municipal Administration, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  • Anantharaman, Ambujam (2006). Temples of South India. East West books. ISBN 8188661422.
  • Ayyar, Jagadisa P. V. (1920). South Indian shrines: illustrated. Madras Times Printing and Pub. Co.
  • Gough, Kathleen (1981). Rural Society in Southeast India. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1908). The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1908, Vol 16. Clarendon Press.
  • Proceedings of the Indian Colloquium on Micropalaeontology and Stratigraphy. Dept. of Geology, University of Lucknow. 1972.
  • Ring, Trudy; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Volume 5 of International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylore & Francis. ISBN 1884964052.
  • Sarma, Krishnamurti B. N. (2000). A history of the Dvaita school of Vedānta and its literature: from the earliest beginnings to our own times. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120815750.
  • Sastri, Nilakanta K.A (2000) [1935]. The CōĻas. Madras: University of Madras.
  • V., Vriddhagirisan (1942). Nayaks of Tanjore. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0996-4.
  • W., Francis (1989). Gazetteer of South India, Volume 2. Mittal Publications.

Further reading

  • Students' Britannica India, Volume 1. Popular Prakashan. 2000. p. 259. ISBN 0852297602.

External links

  • . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014.

kumbakonam, formerly, spelt, coombaconum, combaconum, kudanthai, city, municipal, corporation, thanjavur, district, indian, state, tamil, nadu, located, from, thanjavur, from, chennai, headquarters, taluk, thanjavur, district, second, largest, city, district, . Kumbakonam formerly spelt as Coombaconum or Combaconum 1 or Kudanthai is a city municipal corporation in the Thanjavur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu It is located 40 km 25 mi from Thanjavur and 282 km 175 mi from Chennai and is the headquarters of the Kumbakonam taluk of Thanjavur district It is the second largest city in the district after Thanjavur The city is bounded by two rivers the Kaveri River to the north and Arasalar River to the south Kumbakonam is known as a Temple town due to the prevalence of a number of temples here and is noted for its Mahamaham festival which happens once in 12 years attracting people from all over the country Kumbakonam KudandhaiCity Municipal corporationNickname s Cambridge of South India Temple cityKumbakonamKumbakonam Tamil NaduShow map of Tamil NaduKumbakonamKumbakonam India Show map of IndiaCoordinates 10 57 37 N 79 23 04 E 10 960200 N 79 384500 E 10 960200 79 384500 Coordinates 10 57 37 N 79 23 04 E 10 960200 N 79 384500 E 10 960200 79 384500Country IndiaStateTamil NaduDistrictThanjavur DistrictRegionCauvery DeltaGovernment TypeCity Municipal Corporation BodyKumbakonam municipal corporation Corporation MayorSaravanan INC Area Total42 95 km2 16 58 sq mi Elevation53 m 174 ft Population 2011 Total140 156 Density3 300 km2 8 500 sq mi Languages OfficialTamilTime zoneUTC 5 30 IST PIN612001 6Telephone code 91 435Vehicle registrationTN 68Kumbakonam dates back to the Sangam period and was ruled by the Early Cholas Pallavas Mutharaiyar dynasty Medieval Cholas Later Cholas Pandyas the Vijayanagara Empire Madurai Nayaks Thanjavur Nayaks and the Thanjavur Marathas It rose to be a prominent town between the seventh and ninth centuries AD when it served as a capital of the Medieval Cholas The city reached the zenith of its prosperity during the British Raj when it was a prominent centre of European education and Hindu culture and it acquired the cultural name the Cambridge of South India In 1866 Kumbakonam was officially constituted as a municipality which today comprises 48 wards making it the second largest local civil body in Thanjavur district It became a municipal corporation on 24 August 2021 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 4 Demographics 5 Administration and Politics 5 1 Municipal Corporation 5 2 Politics 5 3 Law Enforcement 6 Economy 7 Utility services 8 Landmarks 8 1 Temples 9 Transport 10 Education 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksEtymology EditThe name Kumbakonam roughly translated in English as the Pot s Corner 2 is believed to be an allusion to the mythical pot kumbha of the Hindu god Brahma that contained the seed of all living beings on earth The kumbha is believed to have been displaced by a pralaya dissolution of the universe and ultimately came to rest at the spot where the town of Kumbakonam now stands This event is now commemorated in the Mahamaham festival held every 12 years Kumbakonam is also known as Baskarashetram 3 and Kumbam 4 from time immemorial and as Kudanthai in ancient times 5 Kumbakonam is also spelt as Coombaconum in the records of British India 6 Kumbakonam was also formerly known by the Tamil name of Kudamukku 7 Kumbakonam is also identified with the Sangam age settlement of Kudavayil 8 History Edit A 1955 map of Kumbakonam municipality and surrounding areas Sculpture on the walls of Nageswaran Temple The region around Kumbakonam was inhabited as early as the Sangam Age third century BC to third century AD The present day Kumbakonam is believed to be the site of the ancient town of Kudavayil where the Early Chola king Karikala held his court 8 Some scholars identify Kumbakonam as the site of the fabled prison of Kudavayir kottam where the Chera king Kanaikkal Irumporai was imprisoned by the Early Chola king Kocengannan 9 Kumbakonam is identified with the town of Malaikurram 10 which had served as the Chola capital as early as the seventh century and with the town of Solamaligai which had also served as a Chola capital 7 According to the Sinnamanur plates Kumbakonam was the site of a battle between the Pallava king Sri Vallabha and the then Pandya king in 859 11 12 and between the Pandya king Srimara Pandya and a confederacy of the Cholas and Gangas 7 Kumbakonam came into the limelight during the rule of the Medieval Cholas who ruled from the ninth century to the twelfth century The town of Pazhaiyaarai 8 km 5 0 mi from Kumbakonam was the capital of the Chola Empire in the ninth century 13 Following the decline of the Chola kingdom Kumbakonam was conquered by the Pandyas in 1290 14 Following the demise of the Pandya kingdom in the 14th century Kumbakonam was conquered by the Vijayanagar Empire 14 Krishnadevaraya 1509 29 the emperor of Vijayanagara visited the town in 1524 and is believed to have bathed in the famous Mahamaham tank during the Mahamaham festival 14 Kumbakonam was ruled by the Madurai Nayaks and the Thanjavur Nayaks from 1535 to 1673 when it fell to the Marathas 15 Each of these dynasties had a considerable impact on the demographics and culture of the region 16 17 18 19 20 When the Vijayanagar Empire fell in 1565 there was a mass influx of poets musicians and cultural artists from the kingdom 20 21 Kumbakonam school fire accident memorial According to the chronicles of the Hindu monastic institution the Kanchi matha the matha was temporarily transferred to Kumbakonam in the 1780s following an invasion of Kanchipuram by Hyder Ali of Mysore 4 22 23 24 When Tipu Sultan invaded the east coast of South India in 1784 Kumbakonam bore the brunt of his invasion 15 25 The produce fell sharply and the economy collapsed 15 25 Kumbakonam did not recover from the calamity until the beginning of the 19th century 25 Kumbakonam was eventually ceded to the British East India Company in 1799 by the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Serfoji II 1777 1832 15 and reached the zenith of its prosperity in the late 19th and early 20th century 26 when it emerged as an important center of Brahminism 27 Hindu religion and European education in the Madras Presidency 15 The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 fostered trade contacts with the United Kingdom 15 In 1877 railway lines were completed linking Kumbakonam with the ports of Madras Tuticorin and Nagapattinam 15 The Tanjore district court was established in Kumbakonam in 1806 and functioned from 1806 to 1863 28 Kumbakonam continued to grow even after India s independence though it fell behind the nearby town of Thanjavur in terms of population and administrative importance 29 The population growth rate began to fall sharply after 1981 26 This decline has been attributed to limited land area and lack of industrial potential 26 However the peripheral areas of Kumbakonam population increased as evident from the successive census data During the Mahamaham festival of 1992 there was a major stampede in which 48 people were killed and 74 were injured 30 31 On 16 July 2004 a devastating fire accident in the Sri Krishna school killed 94 children 32 33 Geography Edit River Kaveri as viewed from bridge Kumbakonam is located at 10 58 N 79 25 E 10 97 N 79 42 E 10 97 79 42 34 It is situated 273 km 170 mi south of Chennai 35 96 km 60 mi east of Tiruchirappalli and about 40 km 25 mi north east of Thanjavur 36 It lies in the region called the Old delta which comprises the north western taluks of Thanjavur district that have been naturally irrigated by the waters of the Cauvery and its tributaries for centuries in contrast to the New Delta comprising the southern taluks that were brought under irrigation by the construction of the Grand Anicut canal and the Vadavar canal in 1934 37 38 It has an average elevation of 26 metres 85 ft 39 The town is bounded by two rivers the Cauvery River on the north and Arasalar River on the south 7 Although the Cauvery delta is usually hot the climate of Kumbakonam and other surrounding towns is generally healthy 40 and moderate 41 Kumbakonam is cooler than Chennai the capital of Tamil Nadu 42 The maximum temperature in summer is about 40 C 104 F while the minimum temperature is about 20 C 68 F 43 Kumbakonam receives an annual rainfall of 114 78 cm 45 19 in every year 44 The region is covered with mainly alluvial or black soil which is conducive for rice cultivation 37 Other crops grown in Kumbakonam include mulberry cereals and sugarcane 45 46 The town of Kumbakonam is surrounded by extensive paddy fields Methods of irrigation were considerably improved following the opening of the Mettur Dam in 1934 15 37 The fauna of the Cauvery Delta is limited to cattle and goats 45 The town is situated at the western flank of the Kumbakonam Shiyali ridge which runs along the Kollidam river 47 basin separating the Ariyalur Puducherry depression from the Nagapattinam depression 48 49 This granular ridge projects further eastwards penetrating the Puducherry depression and forms a hard layer of cretaceous rock underneath the sedimentary top soil 49 50 Demographics EditReligious censusReligion Percent Hindu 86 07 Muslim 9 57 Christian 3 99 Sikh 0 0 Buddhist 0 0 Jain 0 23 Other 0 13 Historical populationYearPop 187144 444 188150 098 12 7 189154 307 8 4 190159 673 9 9 191164 647 8 3 192160 700 6 1 193162 317 2 7 194167 008 7 5 195191 648 36 8 196192 581 1 0 1971113 130 22 2 1981132 832 17 4 1991139 449 5 0 2001140 021 0 4 2011140 056 0 0 Sources 1871 1901 10 1911 1961 51 1951 2001 26 2011 52 According to 2011 census Kumbakonam had a population of 140 156 with a sex ratio of 1 021 females for every 1 000 males much above the national average of 929 52 A total of 12 791 were under the age of six constituting 6 495 males and 6 296 females The average literacy of the town was 83 21 compared to the national average of 72 99 52 There were a total of 9 519 workers comprising 32 cultivators 83 main agricultural labourers 1 206 in house hold industries 7 169 other workers 1 029 marginal workers 24 marginal cultivators 45 marginal agricultural labourers 212 marginal workers in household industries and 0 other marginal workers 53 Kumbakonam has a strong Hindu majority but it also has sizeable Muslim and Christian populations 54 Among Hindus Vanniyars Kallars 16 55 Brahmins 56 57 and Dalits 54 58 are the numerically dominant Tamil speaking groups 56 Brahmins are more numerous and affluent in Kumbakonam than in other parts of Tamil Nadu 27 57 59 There are also large populations of Moopanars 16 Konars 55 and Nadars 55 Amongst Muslims the Sunnis are dominant However there is also a significant Shia minority Most of the Muslims are Marakkayars or Labbays 54 The majority of Muslims in Kumbakonam are involved in commerce or maritime trade 60 Kumbakonam also has a large population of Protestant Christians largely due to the efforts of the German missionary Christian Friedrich Schwarz 54 The Catholics in Kumbakonam are mainly affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam which was separated from the Archdiocese of Pondicherry in 1899 61 62 The population of Kumbakonam is predominantly Tamil speaking The commonly used dialects is the Central Tamil dialect 63 There are significant minorities speaking Thanjavur Marathi 64 Telugu 16 19 Kannada 16 64 and Saurashtra as their mother tongue 16 65 66 Residential areas make up 32 09 of the town s total area while commercial enterprises and industrial units make up 2 75 and 1 21 respectively 67 The non urban portion of the town constitutes about 44 72 of the total area 67 Kumbakonam has a total of 45 slums with a population of 49 117 68 As per the religious census of 2011 Kumbakonam had 86 07 Hindus 9 57 Muslims 3 99 Christians 0 Sikhs 0 Buddhists 0 23 Jains 0 13 following other religions and 0 following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference 69 Administration and Politics EditMunicipal Corporation Edit Municipality corporation officialsMayor K Saravanan Congress 70 71 Corporation Commissioner M Senthil Murugan 71 72 Deputy Mayor Tamilazhagan DMK 73 Elected membersMember of Legislative Assembly G Anbalagan 74 Member of Parliament S Ramalingam 75 The Kumbakonam municipality was officially constituted in the year 1866 15 76 Initially the municipality exercised its jurisdiction over an area of 7 68 km2 2 97 sq mi and its affairs were administered by a town level committee or municipal committee 76 Later it was constituted special grade municipality 77 and currently exercises its authority over an area of 12 58 km2 4 86 sq mi 76 out of the town s total area of 64 02 km2 24 72 sq mi 67 It comprises 48 wards 76 and is the biggest municipality in Thanjavur district 26 The town was upgraded to Municipal Corporation on 24 August 2021 with administration authority area of 42 9 km2 16 6 sq mi 78 The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments General Engineering Revenue Public Health Town planning and the Computer Wing 79 All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head 79 The legislative powers are vested in a body of 48 members one each from each of the 48 wards 76 The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson who is assisted by a deputy chairperson 80 Politics Edit Kumbakonam is a part of the Kumbakonam Legislative Assembly constituency and elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years 81 82 Despite being a hub of militant Communism in the 1950s 15 Kumbakonam voted for the Indian National Congress in the first five state elections held between 1952 and 1977 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam won the elections in 1977 88 and between 1977 and 1989 the seat was alternatively held by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or the Indian National Congress 88 89 90 Since 1989 barring an interregnum of five years between 1991 and 1996 91 the seat has been held by Ko Si Mani of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 92 93 94 95 Kumbakonam was a part of the Kumbakonam Lok Sabha constituency from 1952 until 1977 when the constituency was disbanded 82 96 The assembly segments in the erstwhile Kumbakonam Lok Sabha constituency were included in the Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency and have remained so ever since 81 Law Enforcement Edit Law and order in Kumbakonam in maintained by the Thanjavur sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police DSP 97 There are four police stations in the town one of them being an all women police station 98 There are special units like prohibition enforcement district crime social justice and human rights district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police SP 97 Suburban localities are under the jurisdiction of Swamimalai Patteswarm Nachiyarkovil Tiruvidamarudhur Thiruneelakudi police stations Recently government has established one police station at Cholapuram by reorganizing kumbakonam Taluk Swamimali and Thirupanandal Police stationEconomy Edit A man dyeing silk red in boiling water in Kumbakonam Tamil Nadu A silk saree loom in Kumbakonam Tamil Nadu The important products of Kumbakonam include brass bronze copper and pewter vessels silk and cotton cloths sugar indigo and pottery 28 Kumbakonam is considered to be the chief commercial centre for the Thanjavur region In 1991 around 30 of the population was engaged in economic activity 99 Rice production is an important activity in Kumbakonam 99 Of 194 industrial units in Kumbakonam 57 are rice and flour mills 99 Kumbakonam is also a leading producer of betel leaves and nuts the betel leaves produced in Kumbakonam are ranked amongst the best in the world in terms of quality 99 The A R R Agencies a leading manufacturer of arecanut slices has its factory in Kumbakonam 100 The main administrative offices of T S R amp Co a cosmetic company are also based in Kumbakonam 101 Kumbakonam is also famous for its metal works 99 The Tamil Nadu Handicraft Development Corporation had been established in the nearby town of Swamimalai in order to train bronze artisans 99 Kumbakonam is an important silk weaving centre and more than 5 000 families were employed either directly or indirectly in silk weaving 99 Silk weaved in Kumbakonam is regarded as one of the finest in the subcontinent 102 They are largely used in the manufacture of Thirubuvanam silk sarees 99 Kumbakonam was also an important salt manufacturing area during British rule 103 The town lends its name to the Kumbakonam Degree Coffee a blend of coffee prepared using undiluted pure milk 104 In recent times Kumbakonam has emerged as an important manufacturer of fertilizers 15 Apart from its manufactures tourism is also a major source of income for the town Many Lodges and resorts from budget to high end category are functioning in kumbakonam The Hindu temples 105 106 and colonial era buildings have been recognised for their tourism potential 107 The 12th century Airavatesvara Temple in the town of Darasuram near Kumbakonam is an UNESCO World Heritage Site 108 Kumbakonam is also frequented by art collectors interested in handloom cloth and other curios 109 Banks such as the Axis Bank Bank of Baroda 110 IDBI Bank State Bank of India 110 Tamilnad Mercantile Bank 110 Canara Bank 110 Indian Bank 110 Indian Overseas Bank 110 Bank of India 110 Union Bank of India 110 Corporation Bank 110 Lakshmi Vilas Bank 110 ICICI Bank 111 ING Vysya Bank 112 Karur Vysya Bank 110 Punjab National Bank 110 Syndicate Bank 110 and Vijaya Bank have their branches in Kumbakonam The City Union Bank was founded in Kumbakonam in 1904 as the Kumbakonam Bank Limited and it is headquartered in the town 113 Utility services EditElectricity supply to Kumbakonam is regulated and distributed by the Kumbakonam circle of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board TNEB Power Substations are existing viz Kumabakonam Urban 33 11 kV SS at Rajan Thottam Kumbakonam Township Nagariyam 110 kV at Needamangalm Road 110 kV SS at Sakottai and Patteswaram 230 110 kV Water supply is provided by the Kumbakonam municipality from Cauvery river and Coleroon river the distribution is managed through head works located at Valayapettai and Kudithangi supplying 3 265 kl 863 000 US gal of water to the town 114 About 18 t 40 000 lb of solid waste is collected from the town everyday 53 domestic wastes and 32 commercial wastes 115 The collected wastes are dumped in yards outside the town and segregated to produce organic manure 115 Kumbakonam municipality has partial underground drainage connectivity and the municipality is implementing the underground drainage to the uncovered areas 116 The major sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks and public conveniences 116 Roadside drains carry untreated sewage out of the town to let out raw into the sea or accumulate in a low lying area 116 Kumbakonam comes under the Cauvery River Delta Area CRDA of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited BSNL India s state owned telecom and internet services provider 117 Apart from telecom BSNL also provides broadband internet service 117 Kumbakonam hosts the district headquarters hospital Thanjavur District at Kumbakonam and Coronation municipal hospital Melakaveri Urban Primary health centre 34 private hospitals amp clinics and numerous medical shops catering to the healthcare need of the town 118 Landmarks EditTemples Edit Mahamaham tank one of the most prominent landmarks of the town Main article Temples of Kumbakonam Kumbakonam is known for its temples and mathas monasteries There are around 188 Hindu temples within the municipal limits of Kumbakonam 26 Apart from these there several thousand temples around the town thereby giving the town the sobriquets Temple Town and City of temples 119 Adi Kumbeswarar Temple is considered to be the oldest Shaiva the sect of the god Shiva shrine in the town believed to be constructed by the Cholas in the seventh century 120 The Nageswaraswamy Temple has a separate shrine for the Sun god Surya who is believed to have worshipped Shiva at this place 121 Adi Kumbeswarar temple Nageswaraswamy temple and Kasi Viswanathar temple are Shiva temples in the town revered in the Tevaram a Tamil Shaiva canonical work of the seventh to eighth century 122 Kumbakonam has one of the few temples dedicated to the god Brahma 123 Sarangapani temple is the largest Vaishnava the sect of the god Vishnu shrine present in Kumbakonam The present structure of the temple having a twelve storey high tower was constructed by Nayak kings in the 15th century It is one of the Divya Desams the 108 temples of Vishnu revered by the 12 Alvar saint poets 124 125 The Ramaswamy temple which has scenes from the Hindu epic Ramayana depicted on its walls was constructed by Govinda Dikshitar the minister of successive Nayak rulers Achuthappa Nayak 1560 1614 and Raghunatha Nayak 1600 34 126 127 He added a commercial corridor between the temple and the older Chakrapani temple which in modern times is called Chinna Kadai Veethi a commercial street in the town 128 Pilgrims from all parts of India take a holy dip once every 12 years during the Mahamaham festival in the Mahamaham tank 26 120 127 Over 40 lakh pilgrims participated in the festival during the 2016 event which is also known as the Southern Kumbha mela 30 Govinda Dikshitar constructed the sixteen mandapams shrines and stone steps around this tank 127 129 Kumbakonam also has a number of mathas The Sri Sankara matha of Kanchipuram was moved to Kumbakonam during the reign of Pratap Singh 22 1739 63 and remained in Kumbakonam until the 1960s There are also two Vellalar mathas in the nearby towns of Dharmapuram and Thiruppanandal 130 and a Raghavendra matha in Kumbakonam 131 There is also a branch of the Vaishnava Ahobila mutt in Kumbakonam 132 The Thenupuriswarar Temple at Patteeswaram the Oppiliappan Kovil and the Swamimalai Murugan temple are located in the vicinity of Kumbakonam 133 The Airavatesvara Temple in Darasuram locality of Kumbakonam built by Rajaraja Chola II 1146 73 during 12th century is a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur and the Gangaikondacholisvaram Temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram that are collectively referred as the Great Living Chola Temples 108 Transport Edit Kumbakonam railway station southern side Kumbakonam is connected by road and rail The National highway NH 36 connects Vikravandi Manamadurai passes through this town The nearest international airport is at Tiruchirapalli which is 91 km 57 mi from Kumbakonam 134 The nearest seaport is located at Nagapattinam which is about 50 km 31 mi away The town has around 141 km 88 mi of roads 544 municipal roads 76 making up 122 29 km 75 99 mi 135 There are also around 18 71 km 11 63 mi of state highways running through Kumbakonam 135 Over 87 of the municipal roads are paved 135 There are regular government and private bus services to Chennai Thanjavur Mannargudi Tiruchirapalli Chidambaram Thiruvarur Mayiladuthurai Nagapattinam Coimbatore Tiruppur Palani Thoothukudi Rameswaram Tiruchendur Salem Edapaddi Vellore Kumuli Cumbum Karaikudi Pudukkottai Neyveli Madurai Sivagangai Thiruthuraipoondi Pattukkottai Muthupet Puducherry and Tirunelveli 76 The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation KSRTC and State Express Transport Corporation Tamil Nadu SETC operates daily services from Bengaluru and mysuru to Kumbakonam 136 On 1 March 1972 the Cholan Roadways Corporation was established by the Government of Tamil Nadu 137 with its headquarters in Kumbakonam in order to improve transportation facilities in the districts of central Tamil Nadu 138 The organisation acquired the fleets of buses earlier owned by private operators Sri Ramavilas Service Raman and Raman Limited and Sathi Vilas 137 On 1 July 1997 the organization was renamed Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Kumbakonam and presently forms division no 1 of the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation 137 138 The corporation runs a reconditioning unit and a tyre re threading unit in Kumbakonam 138 Kumbakonam is connected by rail with towns and cities in South India The Mysuru Mayiladuthurai Express connects Kumbakonam with Mysuru and Bengaluru There are regular express trains that connect Kumbakonam with major cities in the state like Chennai Coimbatore Madurai and Tiruchirapalli 139 There are passenger trains that connect Kumbakonam with Thanjavur Tiruchirapalli Chidambaram and Mayiladuthurai 139 The upgrading of NH 36 from two lane to four line is under progress which upon completion will greatly reduce to time of travel to Thanjavur and Chennai 140 The traditional modes of transportation are bullock carts It is recorded that as late as the 1950s landlords and rich farmers travelled mostly by bullock carts with the exception of rare long journeys which they undertook by buses or motor vehicles 141 Kumbakonam has an efficient local bus transportation system The town bus stand is located situated just opposite to the moffusil Bus Station Kumbakonam Arignar Anna Bus Stand where the long distance buses are stationed There are occasional ferries that transport people and goods across the Cauvery 142 Till the beginning of the 20th century students of the Government Arts College used to cross the Cauvery on coracle ferries in order to attend college 142 Since the construction of a bridge in 1944 143 the practice of transporting men and goods by coracles has greatly diminished 142 Education Edit Government Arts College Kumbakonam The Raja Veda Padasala established by Govinda Dikshitar during 1542 in Kumbakonam teaches Sanskrit vedic scriptures in specialised fields of Rig Veda Yajur Veda Sama Veda Agamas and Sastras 127 144 145 146 147 Kumbakonam emerged as an important centre of education in the late 19th century and was known as the Cambridge of South India 39 The Government Arts College established in Kumbakonam in 1867 is one of the oldest educational institutions in the Madras Presidency 148 It began as a provincial school on 19 October 1854 before being upgraded to a government college in 1867 148 149 It was affiliated to the Madras University in 1877 28 One of the early principals of the college was William Archer Porter a Cambridge Wrangler who along with T Gopala Rao was instrumental in its elevation to a government college 148 He is also credited with framing the college s acclaimed educational policy 150 In 1881 it became a full fledged college and high school courses ceased to be taught 150 Notable faculty members included U V Swaminatha Iyer 1855 1942 151 while the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan 1887 1920 who studied from 1904 until 1906 when he dropped out and V S Srinivasa Sastri 1869 1946 an Indian politician and administrator are its notable alumni 148 The Government Arts College for Women was started in 1963 152 153 and had a total strength of 2 597 pupils in February 2006 154 The college offers various undergraduate courses and one post graduate course and is affiliated to the Bharathidasan University 154 Other colleges in Kumbakonam include Idhya Colleges of Arts and Sciences Annai College of Arts and Sciences Annai Engineering College Mass College Sankara Arts college PRIST University Kumbakonam Campus Government College Of Fine Arts and Arasu Engineering College KSK Engineering college As Slam Engineering college at nearby Thirumanglakudi 155 The Shanmugha Arts Science Technology amp Research Academy has a satellite campus based in Kumbakonam where disciplines of Engineering electronics and communication Engineering amp computer science Engineering arts and sciences are taught 155 The Native High School founded in 1876 156 and the Town Higher Secondary School one of whose students was Srinivasa Ramanujan were some of the oldest schools in the Madras Presidency 157 At present there a total of 36 government and private schools in Kumbakonam 155 Notes Edit Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Combaconum Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 6 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 750 Herbermann Charles George Edward Aloysius Pace Conde Benoist Pallen Thomas Joseph Shahan John Joseph Wynne 1934 The Catholic encyclopedia an international work of reference on the constitution doctrine discipline and history of the Catholic church Volume 8 The Catholic Encyclopedia Inc p 710 Sastri Sambamurthy S 1991 Paramacharya life of Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi of Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam Jina kalan p 73 a b V Gnanasundaram 12 April 2005 History of Kumbakonam The Hindu Retrieved 16 November 2012 The Indian advertising year book Our India Directories and Publications 1962 p 169 N Raghunathan 1970 Sotto voce a social and political commentary Volume 2 B G Paul p 146 a b c d Ayyar 1920 p 320 a b Pillai Sivaraja K N The Chronology of the Early Tamils Based on the Synchronistic Tables of Their Kings Chieftains and Poets Appearing in the Sangam Literature p 88 Sastri 1935 p 72 a b Hunter 1908 Vol 16 p 20 Sastri 1935 p 105 C Krishna Murthy 1985 Saiva Art and Architecture Sundeep Prakashan p 10 N S Ramaswami 1984 House of God select temples of South India Maps and Agencies p 178 a b c Ring 1996 p 502 a b c d e f g h i j k Ring 1996 p 503 a b c d e f Gough 1981 p 30 V 1942 p 7 Mukherjee Meera 1978 Metalcraftsmen of India Issue 44 of Memoir Anthropological Survey of India Memoir Anthropological Survey of India no 44 Anthropological Survey of India a b Sarma 2000 p 476 a b Ka Ilakkumi Narayaṇan T Gangadharan N Chandrasekar 1999 Salem city an ethnohistory 1792 1992 Vysya College p 52 V 1942 p 1 a b Ayyar 1920 p 325 Ayyar 1920 p 326 History of the Kanchi Shankaracharya matha and Acharaparampara Sri Sankara Bhagavatpada And Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Sankaracharya Math Moolamnaya Sarvajna Peetham Shri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam Retrieved 16 November 2012 a b c K R Subramaniam 1928 The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore a b c d e f g TNUIFSL Report 2007 p 4 a b Gough 1981 p 28 a b c Hunter p 21 Rao M S A 1992 Urban Sociology in India Orient Blackswan p 193 ISBN 0861252969 a b Hi tech rein on pilgrims The Telegraph India 6 March 2004 Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 Retrieved 16 November 2012 B K Khanna 2005 All You Wanted To Know About Disasters New Delhi New India Publishing Agency ISBN 81 89422 13 8 83 children killed in school fire in Kumbakonam Rediff News 16 July 2004 Retrieved 16 November 2012 87 children die in school fire The Hindu 17 July 2004 Archived from the original on 18 July 2004 Retrieved 16 November 2012 The Astrological magazine Roman Publications 1983 p 508 Education world the human development magazine Volume 8 Issues 7 12 D Thakore 2006 Katti Madhav N 1980 Studies in Indian place names Place Names Society of India a b c Gough 1981 p 5 A V Jose 1939 Limited options women workers in rural India International Labour Organisation p 139 ISBN 9221067173 a b Illustrated guide to the South Indian Railway including the Mayavaram Mutupet and Peralam Karaikkal railways Higginbotham s 1900 p 217 The Bay of Bengal pilot Great Britain Hydrographic Department 1910 p 11 Industrial development potential survey of selected towns of India Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce amp Industry 1977 p 481 Census of India 1961 Madras Manager of Publications 1962 p 45 Jain Sharad K Pushpendra K Agarwal Vijay P Singh 17 January 2007 Hydrology and Water Resources of India Springer p 776 ISBN 978 1402051791 Heitzman James 1997 Gifts of power lordship in an early Indian state Oxford University Press ISBN 0195639782 a b W 1988 p 141 Beteille Andre 1971 CASTE CLASS AND POWER University of California Press p 17 Micropalaeontology 1972 p 31 Micropalaeontology 1972 p 34 a b S Rajendran 2007 Mineral exploration recent strategies New India Publishing p 253 ISBN 978 8189422714 Journal of the Geological Society of India Volume 46 Geological Society of India 1995 p 269 India Office of the Registrar General 1969 Census of India 1961 Volume 9 Manager of Publications a b c Census Info 2011 Final population totals Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India 2013 Retrieved 26 January 2014 Census Info 2011 Final population totals Kumbakonam Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India 2013 Retrieved 26 January 2014 a b c d Gough 1981 p 33 a b c Gough 1981 p 31 a b Gough 1981 p 19 a b Gough 1981 p 27 Gough 1981 p 32 Gough 1981 p 103 More Prashanth J B 1997 Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras 1930 1947 Orient Blackswan p 40 ISBN 8125011927 Edward Rene Hambye Menachery George 1982 The St Thomas Christian encyclopaedia of India Volume 1 p 261 Herbermann Charles George 1913 The Catholic encyclopedia an international work of reference on the constitution doctrine discipline and history of the Catholic church Volume 12 Universal Knowledge Foundation p 229 Comrie Bernard 1987 The World s major languages Oxford University p 730 ISBN 0195205219 a b Sarma p 544 Gough 1981 p 29 K Chockalingam 1979 Census of India 1971 Tamil Nadu Manager of Publications p 89 a b c TNUIFSL Report 2007 p 7 TNUIFSL Report 2007 p 14 Population By Religious Community Tamil Nadu XLS Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India 2011 Retrieved 13 September 2015 Chairman of Kumbakonam Kumbakonam Municipality Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 7 July 2013 Retrieved 16 November 2012 a b Nine more AC bus shelters to come up in Kumbakonam TNN Kumbakonam The Times of India 7 May 2013 Retrieved 21 May 2014 Commissioner History Kumbakonam Municipality Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Deputy Chairperson Kumbakonam Municipality Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 19 December 2012 Retrieved 16 November 2012 MLA of Kumbakonam Government of Tamil Nadu 2011 Archived from the original on 23 May 2017 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu Government of Tamil Nadu 2014 Retrieved 26 May 2014 a b c d e f g Origin of Kumbakonam Municipality Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 Retrieved 16 November 2012 List of municipalities in Tamil Nadu Commissionerate of Municipal Administration Government of Tamil Nadu Retrieved 16 November 2012 Shanmughasundaram J 24 August 2021 Tambaram Kancheepuram and four other municipalities to be corporations The Times of India Chennai The Times Group Retrieved 29 September 2021 a b Commissionerate of Municipal Administration Commissionerate of Municipal Administration Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Economic and political weekly Volume 30 Sameeksha Trust 1995 p 2396 a b Order No 52 PDF Delimitation Commission of India Circular No 282 TN 2007 IV Delimitation Commission of India 13 August 2007 p 71 Retrieved 16 November 2012 a b c Gough 1981 p 141 Statistical Report on General Election 1952 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras PDF Election Commission of India p 223 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Statistical Report on General Election 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras PDF Election Commission of India p 5 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Statistical Report on General Election 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras PDF Election Commission of India p 7 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Statistical Report on General Election 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras PDF Election Commission of India p 8 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Statistical Report on General Election 1971 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu PDF Election Commission of India p 8 Retrieved 16 November 2012 a b c Statistical Report on General Election 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu PDF Election Commission of India p 8 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Statistical Report on General Election 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu PDF Election Commission of India p 8 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Statistical Report on General Election 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu PDF Election Commission of India p 8 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Statistical Report on General Election 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu PDF Election Commission of India p 8 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Statistical Report on General Election 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu PDF Election Commission of India p 8 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Statistical Report on General Election 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu PDF Election Commission of India p 9 Archived from the original PDF on 7 October 2010 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Statistical Report on General Election 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu PDF Election Commission of India p 9 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Statistical Report on General Election 2006 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu PDF Election Commission of India p 9 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Gough 1981 p 142 a b District Police Thanjavur PDF Government of Tamil Nadu p 3 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Police stations in Kumbakonam Kumbakonam Municipality Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 Retrieved 16 November 2012 a b c d e f g h TNUIFSL Report 2007 p 5 Large industrial establishments in India Manager of Publications 1958 p 445 Ayyar K P Vishwanatha 1954 The Indian press year book Indian Press Publications p 218 Hoiberg Dale Indu Ramchandani Students Britannica India Select essays Popular Prakashan p 45 ISBN 0852297629 Ellis Robert 1851 Official descriptive and illustrated catalogue Volume 4 Spicer Brothers p 866 Gerald Olympia Shilpa 27 October 2012 Kumbakonam Degree Coffee The Hindu Indian and foreign review Volume 17 Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India 1979 p 20 TNUIFSL Report 2007 p 6 N Jayapalan 2001 Introduction To Tourism Atlantic Publishers and Distributors p 270 ISBN 8171569773 a b Great Living Chola Temples UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 16 November 2012 Aitken Bill 2001 Speaking stones world cultural heritage sites in India Eicher Goodearth Limited p 194 ISBN 8187780002 a b c d e f g h i j k l m ATM Centres and Banks in Kumbakonam Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 12 July 2013 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Specified Branches Locations of ICICI Bank Correspondent Bank for issue of demand drafts ICICI Bank Retrieved 16 November 2012 Access Points ING Vysya Bank Retrieved 16 November 2012 Suneja s banking year book and who s who Suneja Publishers 1973 p 380 Water supply to Kumbakonam Kumbakonam Municipality Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 12 August 2013 Retrieved 16 November 2012 a b Solid waste management in Kumbakonam Kumbakonam Municipality Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 Retrieved 16 November 2012 a b c Drainage system in Kumbakonam Kumbakonam Municipality Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 Retrieved 16 November 2012 a b State of Rural wireline broadband Tamil Nadu BSNL Tamil Nadu Circle 2011 Archived from the original on 18 July 2013 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Hospitals in Kumbakonam Kumbakonam Municipality Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 Retrieved 16 November 2012 E K Sashadri 1998 Sri Brihadisvara the great temple of Thanjavur Nile Books p 2 a b Anantharaman 2006 p 57 Ayyar 1920 p 323 Tirugnanasambandar 2004 Muthalam Thirumurai PDF Online Project Madurai 14 15 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help W 1988 p 137 Ayyar 1920 p 534 Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway Incorporated in England Including the Tanjore District Board Pondicherry Peralam Karaikkal Travancore State Cochin State Coimbatore District Board Tinnevelly Tiruchendur and the Nilgiri Railways Madras South Indian Railway Company 1926 p 57 Ayyar 1920 p 324 a b c d Minister mentor and philanthropist The Hindu 5 March 2004 Archived from the original on 1 August 2004 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Waghorne Joanne Punzo 2004 Diaspora of the gods modern Hindu temples in an urban middle class world p 246 ISBN 0 19 515663 3 V 1942 p 120 Gough 1981 p 42 Nair Kunhi 2007 Sages Through Ages Volume II India s Heritage AuthorHouse p 105 ISBN 9781420878035 Thurston Edgar 1909 Castes and Tribes of Southern India Volume I Clarendon Press p 349 Places of interest around Kumbakonam Kumbakonam Municipality Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Anantharaman 2006 p 56 a b c TNUIFSL Report 2007 p 13 KSRTC Bus Tickets Booking Online KSRTC Archived from the original on 24 June 2012 Retrieved 16 November 2012 a b c Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation CRC KUM DIV I Ltd Kumbakonam Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 Retrieved 16 November 2012 a b c Tamil Nadu State Transportation Corporation Kumbakonam Limited Manual of Information PDF Government of Tamil Nadu pp 4 10 Retrieved 16 November 2012 a b Train availability at stations Indian Railways 2012 Retrieved 16 November 2012 தஞ ச வ க க ரவ ண ட ந ன க வழ ச ச ல Maalaimalar in Tamil Retrieved 31 December 2020 Gough 1981 p 6 a b c Water Transport Origins amp Early Evolution Cambridge University Press Archive p 94 Calendar Government Arts College Kumbakonam India 1975 76 p 5 N K Venkatesam Pantulu 1933 Govinda Deekshita Minister of the Tanjore Nayak kings Rajahmundry La i e Veeraraja s Andrha Vachana Bharatamu Sabha Parvamu pp 1 2 The Astrological Magazine 96 Raman Publications 2007 156 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Bhavan s Journal 33 13 24 Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 1987 60 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Saraswati Chandrasekharendra 1981 The voice of divinity sayings of His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Sri Sankaracharya Swamigal of Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham Volume 1 Vanathi p 168 a b c d Craik Alex D D 2008 Mr Hopkins Men Cambridge Reform and British Mathematics in the 19th Century Springer p 260 ISBN 978 1848001329 The University of Madras Calendar University of Madras 1933 p 157 a b Craik Alex D D 2008 Mr Hopkins Men Cambridge Reform and British Mathematics in the 19th Century Springer p 261 ISBN 978 1848001329 Veṅkaṭacalapati Ira A 2006 In Those Days There was No Coffee Yoda Press p 91 ISBN 9788190227278 Universities handbook Volume 1 Association of Indian Universities 2006 p 161 Commonwealth universities yearbook Volume 2 Association of Commonwealth Universities 1993 p 1117 a b Draft report of the peer team on the assessment and e accreditation of the Government College for Women Kumbakonam Tamil Nadu National Accreditation and Assessment Council Retrieved 16 November 2012 a b c Educational Institutions in Kumbakonam Colleges Government of Tamil Nadu Archived from the original on 12 July 2013 Retrieved 16 November 2012 The Indian review Volume 27 G A Natesan 1926 p 210 Jubilee yearbook and educational directory of Madras South India Teachers Union 1934 p 222 References EditConversion of City Corporate Plan to Business Plan for Kumbakonam municipality PDF Report Commissioner of Municipal Administration Government of Tamil Nadu 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 4 October 2012 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Anantharaman Ambujam 2006 Temples of South India East West books ISBN 8188661422 Ayyar Jagadisa P V 1920 South Indian shrines illustrated Madras Times Printing and Pub Co Gough Kathleen 1981 Rural Society in Southeast India Cambridge University Press Hunter Sir William Wilson 1908 The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1908 Vol 16 Clarendon Press Proceedings of the Indian Colloquium on Micropalaeontology and Stratigraphy Dept of Geology University of Lucknow 1972 Ring Trudy Robert M Salkin Sharon La Boda 1996 International Dictionary of Historic Places Asia and Oceania Volume 5 of International Dictionary of Historic Places Taylore amp Francis ISBN 1884964052 Sarma Krishnamurti B N 2000 A history of the Dvaita school of Vedanta and its literature from the earliest beginnings to our own times Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 8120815750 Sastri Nilakanta K A 2000 1935 The CōLas Madras University of Madras V Vriddhagirisan 1942 Nayaks of Tanjore New Delhi Asian Educational Services ISBN 81 206 0996 4 W Francis 1989 Gazetteer of South India Volume 2 Mittal Publications Further reading EditStudents Britannica India Volume 1 Popular Prakashan 2000 p 259 ISBN 0852297602 External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kumbakonam Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kumbakonam Kumbakonam Municipality Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kumbakonam amp oldid 1150107725, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.