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J. K. Rowling

February 16, 2024

Joanne Rowling CH OBE FRSL (/ˈroʊlɪŋ/ "rolling";[1] born 31 July 1965), better known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author and philanthropist. She wrote Harry Potter, a seven-volume fantasy series published from 1997 to 2007. The series has sold over 600 million copies, been translated into 84 languages, and spawned a global media franchise including films and video games. The Casual Vacancy (2012) was her first novel for adults. She writes Cormoran Strike, an ongoing crime fiction series, under the alias Robert Galbraith.

J. K. Rowling

CH OBE FRSL
Rowling at the White House in 2010
BornJoanne Rowling
(1965-07-31) 31 July 1965 (age 58)
Yate, Gloucestershire, England
Pen name
  • J. K. Rowling
  • Robert Galbraith
Occupation
  • Author
  • philanthropist
Alma mater
PeriodContemporary
Genres
Years active1997–present
Spouse
  • Jorge Arantes
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1992; div. 1995)​
  • Neil Murray
    ​
    (m. 2001)​
Children3
Signature
Website
jkrowling.com

Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International in 1990 when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, the birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997. Six sequels followed, and by 2008, Forbes had named her the world's highest-paid author.

Rowling concluded the Harry Potter series with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007). The novels follow a boy called Harry Potter as he attends Hogwarts (a school for wizards), and battles Lord Voldemort. Death and the divide between good and evil are the central themes of the series. Its influences include Bildungsroman (the coming-of-age genre), school stories, fairy tales, and Christian allegory. The series revived fantasy as a genre in the children's market, spawned a host of imitators, and inspired an active fandom. Critical reception has been more mixed. Many reviewers see Rowling's writing as conventional; some regard her portrayal of gender and social division as regressive. There were also religious debates over the Harry Potter series.

Rowling has won many accolades for her work. She has received an OBE and was made a Companion of Honour for services to literature and philanthropy. Harry Potter brought her wealth and recognition, which she has used to advance philanthropic endeavours and political causes. She co-founded the charity Lumos and established the Volant Charitable Trust, named after her mother. Rowling's charitable giving centres on medical causes and supporting at-risk women and children. In politics, she has donated to Britain's Labour Party and opposed Scottish independence and Brexit. She has publicly expressed her opinions on transgender people and related civil rights since 2017. These views have been criticised as transphobic by LGBT rights organisations and some feminists, but have received support from other feminists and individuals.

Name

Although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, before her remarriage her name was Joanne Rowling,[2] or Jo.[3] At birth, she had no middle name.[2] Staff at Bloomsbury Publishing asked that she use two initials rather than her full name, anticipating that young boys – their target audience – would not want to read a book written by a woman.[2] She chose K (for Kathleen) as the second initial of her pen name, from her paternal grandmother, and because of the ease of pronunciation of two consecutive letters.[4] Following her 2001 remarriage,[5] she has sometimes used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business.[6]

Life and career

Early life and family

 
Rowling's parents met on a train from King's Cross station; her portal to the magical world is "Platform 9+3⁄4" at King's Cross.[7]

Joanne Rowling was born on 31 July 1965 at Cottage Hospital in Yate, Gloucestershire,[8][b] to a middle-class family.[10] Her parents Anne (née Volant) and Peter ("Pete") James Rowling had met the previous year on a train, sharing a trip from King's Cross station, London, to their naval postings at Arbroath, Scotland. Anne was with the Wrens and Pete was with the Royal Navy.[14] Pete was the son of a machine-tool setter who later opened a grocery shop.[15] They left the navy life and sought a country home to raise the baby they were expecting,[15] and married on 14 March 1965[10] when both were 19.[16] The Rowlings settled in Yate,[17] where Pete started work as an assembly-line production worker at the Bristol Siddeley factory.[15] The company became part of Rolls-Royce,[18] and he worked his way into management as a chartered engineer.[19] Anne later worked as a science technician.[20] Neither Anne nor Pete attended university.[21]

Joanne is two years older than her sister, Dianne.[10] When Joanne was four, the family moved to Winterbourne, Gloucestershire.[16][22] She began at St Michael's Church of England Primary School in Winterbourne when she was five.[10][c] The Rowlings lived near a family called Potter – a name Joanne always liked.[25][d] Anne loved to read and their homes were filled with books.[26] Pete read The Wind in the Willows to his daughters,[27] while Anne introduced them to the animals in Richard Scarry's books.[28] Joanne's first attempt at writing, a story called "Rabbit" composed when she was six, was inspired by Scarry's creatures.[28]

When Rowling was about nine, the family purchased the historic Church Cottage in Tutshill.[29][e] In 1974, Rowling began attending the nearby Church of England School.[33] Biographer Sean Smith describes her teacher as a "battleaxe"[34] who "struck fear into the hearts of the children";[35] she seated Rowling in "dunces' row" after she performed poorly on an arithmetic test.[36][f] In 1975, Rowling joined a Brownies pack. Its special events and parties, and the pack groups (Fairies, Pixies, Sprites, Elves, Gnomes and Imps) provided a magical world away from her stern teacher.[39] When she was eleven[40] or twelve, she wrote a short story, "The Seven Cursed Diamonds".[41] She later described herself during this period as "the epitome of a bookish child – short and squat, thick National Health glasses, living in a world of complete daydreams".[42]

Secondary school and university

 
Church Cottage, Rowling's childhood home

Rowling's secondary school was Wyedean School and College, a state school she began attending at the age of eleven[43] and where she was bullied.[44][45] Rowling was inspired by her favourite teacher, Lucy Shepherd, who taught the importance of structure and precision in writing.[46][47] Smith writes that Rowling "craved to play heavy electric guitar",[48] and describes her as "intelligent yet shy".[49] Her teacher Dale Neuschwander was impressed by her imagination.[50] When she was a young teenager, Rowling's great-aunt gave her Hons and Rebels, the autobiography of the civil rights activist Jessica Mitford.[51] Mitford became Rowling's heroine, and she read all her books.[52]

Anne had a strong influence on her daughter.[10] Early in Rowling's life, the support of her mother and sister instilled confidence and enthusiasm for storytelling.[53] Anne was a creative and accomplished cook,[54][g] who helped lead her daughters' Brownie activities,[57] and took a job in the chemistry department at Wyedean while her daughters were there.[20] The three walked to and from school, sharing stories about their day, more like sisters than mother and daughters.[48][58] John Nettleship, the head of science at Wyedean, described Anne as "absolutely brilliant, a sparkling character ... very imaginative".[11]

Anne Rowling was diagnosed with a "virulent strain" of multiple sclerosis when she was 34[59] or 35 and Jo was 15,[60] and had to give up her job.[61] Rowling's home life was complicated by her mother's illness[62] and a strained relationship with her father.[63] Rowling later said "home was a difficult place to be",[64] and that her teenage years were unhappy.[31] In 2020, she wrote that her father would have preferred a son and described herself as having severe obsessive–compulsive disorder in her teens.[65] She began to smoke, took an interest in alternative rock,[59] and adopted Siouxsie Sioux's back-combed hair and black eyeliner.[11] Sean Harris, her best friend in the Upper Sixth, owned a turquoise Ford Anglia that provided an escape from her difficult home life and the means for Harris and Rowling to broaden their activities.[66][h]

Living in a small town with pressures at home, Rowling became more interested in her schoolwork.[59] Steve Eddy, her first secondary school English teacher, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "one of a group of girls who were bright, and quite good at English".[31] Rowling took A-levels in English, French, and German, achieving two As and a B, and was named head girl at Wyedean.[69] She applied to Oxford University in 1982 but was rejected.[10] Biographers attribute her rejection to privilege, as she had attended a state school rather than a private one.[70][71]

Rowling always wanted to be a writer,[72] but chose to study French and the classics at the University of Exeter for practical reasons, influenced by her parents who thought job prospects would be better with evidence of bilingualism.[73] She later stated that Exeter was not initially what she expected ("to be among lots of similar people – thinking radical thoughts") but that she enjoyed herself after she met more people like her.[52] She was an average student at Exeter, described by biographers as prioritising her social life over her studies, and lacking ambition and enthusiasm.[74][75] Rowling recalls doing little work at university, preferring to read Dickens and Tolkien.[31] She earned a BA in French from Exeter,[76] graduating in 1987 after a year of study in Paris.[77]

Inspiration and mother's death

After university, Rowling moved to a flat in Clapham Junction with friends,[78] and took a course to become a bilingual secretary.[10] While she was working temp jobs in London, Amnesty International hired her to document human rights issues in French-speaking Africa.[79] She began writing adult novels while working as a temp, although they were never published.[11][80] In 1990, she planned to move with her boyfriend to Manchester,[16] and frequently took long train trips to visit.[40] In mid-1990, she was on a train delayed by four hours from Manchester to London,[81] when the characters Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger came plainly into her mind.[82] Having no pen or paper allowed her to fully explore the characters and their story in her imagination before she reached her flat and began to write.[81]

Rowling moved to Manchester around November 1990.[52] She described her time in Manchester, where she worked for the Chamber of Commerce[40] and at Manchester University in temp jobs,[83] as a "year of misery".[84] Her mother died of multiple sclerosis on 30 December 1990.[85] At the time, she was writing Harry Potter and had never told her mother about it.[86] Her mother's death heavily affected Rowling's writing.[87] She later said that her literary creation of the Mirror of Erised is about her mother's death,[88] and noted an "evident parallelism" between Harry confronting his own mortality and her life.[89]

The pain of the loss of her mother was compounded when some personal effects her mother had left her were stolen.[52] With the end of the relationship with her boyfriend, and "being made redundant from an office job in Manchester", Rowling described herself as being in a state of "fight or flight".[31] An advertisement in The Guardian led her to move to Porto, Portugal, in November 1991 to teach night classes in English as a foreign language,[90] writing during the day.[31]

Marriage, divorce, and single parenthood

 
Rowling moved to Porto, Portugal, to teach English.

Five months after arriving in Porto, Rowling met the Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and found that they shared an interest in Jane Austen.[91] By mid-1992, they were planning a trip to London to introduce Arantes to Rowling's family, when she had a miscarriage.[92] The relationship was troubled, but they married on 16 October 1992.[93][i] Their daughter Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford[j]) was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal.[11][40] By this time, Rowling had finished the first three chapters of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone – almost as they were eventually published – and had drafted the rest of the novel.[95]

Rowling experienced domestic abuse during her marriage.[65][96] Arantes said in June 2020 that he had slapped her and did not regret it.[97] Rowling described the marriage as "short and catastrophic".[40] She says she was not allowed to have a house key and that her husband used the growing manuscript of her first book as a hostage.[98] Rowling and Arantes separated on 17 November 1993 after Arantes threw her out of the house; she returned with the police to retrieve Jessica and went into hiding for two weeks before she left Portugal.[11][99] In late 1993, with a draft of Harry Potter in her suitcase,[31] Rowling moved with her daughter to Edinburgh, Scotland,[8] planning to stay with her sister until Christmas.[52]

Her biographer Sean Smith raises the question of why Rowling chose to stay with her sister rather than her father.[100] Rowling has spoken of an estrangement from her father, stating in an interview with Oprah Winfrey that "It wasn't a good relationship from my point of view for a very long time but I had a need to please and I kept that going for a long time and then there ... just came a point at which I had to pull up and say I can't do this anymore."[63] Pete had married his secretary within two years of Anne's death,[101] and The Scotsman reported in 2003 that "[t]he speed of his decision to move in with his secretary ... distressed both sisters and a fault-line now separated them and their father."[11] Rowling said in 2012 that they had not spoken in the last nine years.[31]

Rowling sought government assistance and got £69 (US$103) per week from Social Security; not wanting to burden her recently married sister, she moved to a flat that she described as mouse-ridden.[102] She later described her economic status as being as "poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless".[31] Seven years after graduating from university, she saw herself as a failure.[103] Tison Pugh writes that the "grinding effects of poverty, coupled with her concern for providing for her daughter as a single parent, caused great hardship".[40] Her marriage had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent child, but she later described this as "liberating" her to focus on writing.[103] She has said that "Jessica kept me going".[101] Her old school friend, Sean Harris, lent her £600 ($900), which allowed her to move to a flat in Leith,[104] where she finished Philosopher's Stone.[104]

Arantes arrived in Scotland in March 1994 seeking both Rowling and Jessica.[11][105] On 15 March 1994, Rowling sought an action of interdict (order of restraint); the interdict was granted and Arantes returned to Portugal.[11][106] Early in the year, Rowling began to experience a deep depression[107] and sought medical help when she contemplated suicide.[40][k] With nine months of therapy, her mental health gradually improved.[107] She filed for divorce on 10 August 1994;[109] the divorce was finalised on 26 June 1995.[110]

Rowling wanted to finish the book before enrolling in a teacher training course, fearing she might not be able to finish once she started the course.[52] She often wrote in cafés,[111] including Nicolson's, part-owned by her brother-in-law.[112] Secretarial work brought in £15 ($22.50) per week, but she would lose government benefits if she earned more.[113] In mid-1995, a friend gave her money that allowed her to come off benefits and enrol full-time in college.[114] Still needing money and expecting to make a living by teaching,[115] Rowling began a teacher training course in August 1995 at Moray House School of Education[116][a] after completing her first novel.[117] She earned her teaching certificate in July 1996[2] and began teaching at Leith Academy.[118] Rowling later said that writing the first Harry Potter book had saved her life and that her concerns about "love, loss, separation, death ... are reflected in the first book".[89]

Publishing Harry Potter

Main article: Harry Potter
 
A California bookshop five minutes before Deathly Hallows was released

Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in June 1995.[119] The initial draft included an illustration of Harry by a fireplace, showing a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead.[120] Following an enthusiastic report from an early reader,[121] Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling. Her manuscript was submitted to twelve publishers, all of which rejected it.[11] Barry Cunningham, who ran the children's literature department at Bloomsbury Publishing, bought it,[122] after Nigel Newton, who headed Bloomsbury at the time, saw his eight-year-old daughter finish one chapter and want to keep reading.[40][123] Rowling recalls Cunningham telling her, "You'll never make any money out of children's books, Jo."[124] Rowling was awarded a writer's grant by the Scottish Arts Council[l] to support her childcare costs and finances before Philosopher's Stone's publication, and to aid in writing the sequel, Chamber of Secrets.[125][126] On 26 June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 5,650 copies.[127][m] Before Chamber of Secrets was published, Rowling had received £2,800 ($4,200) in royalties.[129]

Philosopher's Stone introduces Harry Potter. Harry is a wizard who lives with his non-magical relatives until his eleventh birthday, when he is invited to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.[130][131] Rowling wrote six sequels, which follow Harry's adventures at Hogwarts with friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley and his attempts to defeat Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents when he was a child.[130] In Philosopher's Stone, Harry foils Voldemort's plan to acquire an elixir of life; in Deathly Hallows, the final book, he kills Voldemort.[130]

Rowling received the news that the US rights were being auctioned at the Bologna Children's Book Fair.[132] To her surprise and delight, Scholastic Corporation bought the rights for $105,000.[133] She bought a flat in Edinburgh with the money from the sale.[134] Arthur A. Levine, head of the imprint at Scholastic, pushed for a name change. He wanted Harry Potter and the School of Magic; as a compromise Rowling suggested Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.[135] Sorcerer's Stone was released in the United States in September 1998.[136] It was not widely reviewed, but the reviews it received were generally positive.[137] Sorcerer's Stone became a New York Times bestseller by December.[138]

The next three books in the series were released in quick succession between 1998 and 2000: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999), and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000), each selling millions of copies.[139] When Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix had not appeared by 2002, rumours circulated that Rowling was suffering writer's block.[140] It was published in June 2003, selling millions of copies on the first day.[141] Two years later, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was released in July, again selling millions of copies on the first day.[142] The series ended with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, published in July 2007.[143]

Films

Main article: Harry Potter (film series)
 
Bus promoting Deathly Hallows – Part 2, 2011

In 1999, Warner Bros. purchased film rights to the first two Harry Potter novels for a reported $1 million.[144][145] Rowling accepted the offer with the provision that the studio only produce Harry Potter films based on books she authored,[146] while retaining the right to final script approval,[147] and some control over merchandising.[145] Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, an adaptation of the first Harry Potter book, was released in November 2001.[148] Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for all but the fifth film,[149] with Rowling's assistance, ensuring that his scripts kept to the plots of the novels.[150] The film series concluded with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, which was adapted in two parts; part one was released on 19 November 2010,[151] and part two followed on 15 July 2011.[152]

Warner Bros. announced an expanded relationship with Rowling in 2013, including a planned series of films about her character Newt Scamander, fictitious author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.[153] The first film of five, a prequel to the Harry Potter series, set roughly 70 years earlier, was released in November 2016.[154] Rowling wrote the screenplay, which was released as a book.[155] Crimes of Grindelwald was released in November 2018.[156] Secrets of Dumbledore was released in April 2022.[157]

Religion, wealth and remarriage

Further information: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series

By 1998, Rowling was portrayed in the media as a "penniless divorcee hitting the jackpot".[129] According to her biographer Sean Smith, the publicity became effective marketing for Harry Potter,[129] but her journey from living on benefits to wealth brought, along with fame, concerns from different groups about the books' portrayals of the occult and gender roles.[158] Ultimately, Smith says that these concerns served to "enhance [her] public profile rather than damage it".[159]

Rowling identifies as a Christian.[160] Although she grew up next door to her church,[161] accounts of the family's church attendance differ.[n] She began attending a Church of Scotland congregation, where Jessica was christened, around the time she was writing Harry Potter.[163] In a 2012 interview, she said she belonged to the Scottish Episcopal Church.[164] Rowling has stated that she believes in God,[165] but has experienced doubt,[166] and that her struggles with faith play a part in her books.[89] She does not believe in magic or witchcraft.[160][165]

Rowling married Neil Murray, a doctor, in 2001.[5] The couple intended to marry that July in the Galapagos, but when this leaked to the press, they delayed their wedding and changed their holiday destination to Mauritius.[167] After the UK Press Complaints Commission ruled that a magazine had breached Jessica's privacy when the eight-year-old was included in a photograph of the family taken during that trip,[168][169] Murray and Rowling sought a more private and quiet place to live and work.[170] Rowling bought Killiechassie House and its estate in Perthshire, Scotland,[171] and on 26 December 2001, the couple had a small, private wedding there, officiated by an Episcopalian priest who travelled from Edinburgh.[5] Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born in 2003,[172] and their daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray in 2005.[173]

In 2004, Forbes named Rowling "the first billion-dollar author".[174] Rowling denied that she was a billionaire in a 2005 interview.[175] By 2012, Forbes concluded she was no longer a billionaire due to her charitable donations and high UK taxes.[176] She was named the world's highest paid author by Forbes in 2008,[177] 2017[178] and 2019.[179] Her UK sales total in excess of £238 million, making her the best-selling living author in Britain.[180] The 2021 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at £820 million, ranking her as the 196th-richest person in the UK.[181] As of 2020, she also owns a £4.5 million Georgian house in Kensington and a £2 million home in Edinburgh.[182]

Adult fiction and Robert Galbraith

Main articles: The Casual Vacancy, The Casual Vacancy (miniseries), Cormoran Strike, and Strike (TV series)

In mid-2011, Rowling left Christopher Little Literary Agency and followed her agent Neil Blair to the Blair Partnership. He represented her for the publication of The Casual Vacancy, released in September 2012 by Little, Brown and Company.[183] It was Rowling's first since Harry Potter ended, and her first book for adults.[184] A contemporary take on 19th-century British fiction about village life,[185] Casual Vacancy was promoted as a black comedy,[186] while the critic Ian Parker described it as a "rural comedy of manners".[31] It was adapted to a miniseries co-created by the BBC and HBO.[187]

Little, Brown published The Cuckoo's Calling, the purported début novel of Robert Galbraith, in April 2013.[188] It initially sold 1,500 copies in hardback.[189] After an investigation prompted by discussion on Twitter, the journalist Richard Brooks contacted Rowling's agent, who confirmed Galbraith was Rowling's pseudonym.[189] Rowling later said she enjoyed working as Robert Galbraith,[190] a name she took from Robert F. Kennedy, a personal hero, and Ella Galbraith, a name she invented for herself in childhood.[191] After the revelation of her identity, sales of Cuckoo's Calling escalated.[192]

Continuing the Cormoran Strike series of detective novels, The Silkworm was released in 2014;[193] Career of Evil in 2015;[194] Lethal White in 2018;[195] Troubled Blood in 2020;[196] The Ink Black Heart in 2022;[197] and The Running Grave in 2023.[198] Cormoran Strike, a disabled veteran of the War in Afghanistan with a prosthetic leg,[199] is unfriendly and sometimes oblivious, but acts with a deep moral sensibility.[200] In 2017, BBC One aired the first episode[201] of the five-season series Strike, a television adaptation of the Cormoran Strike novels starring Tom Burke.[202] The series was picked up by HBO for distribution in the United States and Canada.[203]

Later Harry Potter works

Main articles: Pottermore and Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
For the material written for Comic Relief and other charities, see § Philanthropy.
 
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child at the Palace Theatre in the West End

Pottermore, a website with information and stories about characters in the Harry Potter universe, launched in 2011. On its release, Pottermore was rooted in the Harry Potter novels, tracing the series's story in an interactive format. Its brand was associated with Rowling: she introduced the site in a video as a shared media environment to which she and Harry Potter fans would contribute. The site was substantially revised in 2015 to resemble an encyclopedia of Harry Potter. Beyond encyclopedia content, the post-2015 Pottermore included promotions for Warner Bros. films including Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.[204][205]

Harry Potter and the Cursed Child premiered in the West End in May 2016[206] and on Broadway in July.[207] At its London premiere, Rowling confirmed that she would not write any more Harry Potter books.[208] Rowling collaborated with writer Jack Thorne and director John Tiffany.[206][207] Cursed Child's script was published as a book in July 2016.[209] The play follows the friendship between Harry's son Albus and Scorpius Malfoy, Draco Malfoy's son, at Hogwarts.[207]

In April 2023, it was announced that the Harry Potter television series on Max streaming service will feature a season dedicated to each of the seven Harry Potter books, with Rowling as executive producer.[210]

Children's stories

Main articles: The Ickabog and The Christmas Pig

The Ickabog was Rowling's first book aimed at children since Harry Potter.[211] Ickabog is a monster that turns out to be real; a group of children find out the truth about the Ickabog and save the day.[212][213] Rowling released The Ickabog for free online in mid-2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom.[214] She began writing it in 2009 but set it aside to focus on other works including Casual Vacancy.[214] Scholastic held a competition to select children's art for the print edition, which was published in the US and Canada on 10 November 2020.[215] Profits went to charities focused on COVID-19 relief.[211][216]

In The Christmas Pig, a young boy loses his favourite stuffed animal, a pig, and the Christmas Pig guides him through the fantastical Land of the Lost to retrieve it.[217] The novel was published on 12 October 2021[218] and became a bestseller in the UK[219] and the US.[220]

Influences

See also: Harry Potter influences and analogues
 
Rowling describes Jessica Mitford (pictured in 1937) as her greatest influence.
 
Jane Austen is Rowling's favourite writer.

Rowling has named Jessica Mitford as her greatest influence. She said Mitford had "been my heroine since I was 14 years old, when I overheard my formidable great-aunt discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19 to fight with the Reds in the Spanish Civil War", and that what inspired her about Mitford was that she was "incurably and instinctively rebellious, brave, adventurous, funny and irreverent, she liked nothing better than a good fight, preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target".[221] As a child, Rowling read C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, Elizabeth Goudge's The Little White Horse, Manxmouse by Paul Gallico, and books by E. Nesbit and Noel Streatfeild.[222] Rowling describes Jane Austen as her "favourite author of all time".[223]

Rowling acknowledges Homer, Geoffrey Chaucer, and William Shakespeare as literary influences.[224] Scholars agree that Harry Potter is heavily influenced by the children's fantasy of writers such as Lewis, Goudge, Nesbit, J. R. R. Tolkien, Ursula K. Le Guin, and Diana Wynne Jones.[225] According to the critic Beatrice Groves, Harry Potter is also "rooted in the Western literary tradition", including the classics.[226] Commentators also note similarities to the children's stories of Enid Blyton and Roald Dahl.[227] Rowling expresses admiration for Lewis, in whose writing battles between good and evil are also prominent, but rejects any connection with Dahl.[228]

Earlier works prominently featuring characters who learn to use magic include Le Guin's Earthsea series, in which a school of wizardry also appears, and the Chrestomanci books by Jones.[229][230] Rowling's setting of a "school of witchcraft and wizardry" departs from the still older tradition of protagonists as apprentices to magicians, exemplified by The Sorcerer's Apprentice: yet this trope does appear in Harry Potter, when Harry receives individual instruction from Remus Lupin and other teachers.[229] Rowling also draws on the tradition of stories set in boarding schools, a major example of which is Thomas Hughes's 1857 volume Tom Brown's School Days.[231][232]

Style and themes

Style and allusions

Rowling is known primarily as an author of fantasy and children's literature.[233] Her writing in other genres, including literary fiction and murder mystery, has received less critical attention.[234] Rowling's most famous work, Harry Potter, has been defined as a fairy tale, a Bildungsroman and a boarding-school story.[235][236] Her other writings have been described by Pugh as gritty contemporary fiction with historical influences (The Casual Vacancy) and hardboiled detective fiction (Cormoran Strike).[237]

In Harry Potter, Rowling juxtaposes the extraordinary against the ordinary.[238] Her narrative features two worlds – the mundane and the fantastic – but it differs from typical portal fantasy in that its magical elements stay grounded in the everyday.[239] Paintings move and talk; books bite readers; letters shout messages; and maps show live journeys,[238][240] making the wizarding world "both exotic and cosily familiar" according to the scholar Catherine Butler.[240] This blend of realistic and romantic elements extends to Rowling's characters. Their names often include morphemes that correspond to their characteristics: Malfoy is difficult, Filch unpleasant and Lupin a werewolf.[241][242] Harry is ordinary and relatable, with down-to-earth features such as wearing broken glasses;[243] Roni Natov terms him an "everychild".[244] These elements serve to highlight Harry when he is heroic, making him both an everyman and a fairytale hero.[243][245]

Arthurian, Christian and fairytale motifs are frequently found in Rowling's writing. Harry's ability to draw the Sword of Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat resembles the Arthurian sword in the stone legend.[246] His life with the Dursleys has been compared to Cinderella.[247] Like C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, Harry Potter contains Christian symbolism and allegory. The series has been viewed as a Christian moral fable in the psychomachia tradition, in which stand-ins for good and evil fight for supremacy over a person's soul.[248] The critic of children's literature Joy Farmer sees parallels between Harry and Jesus Christ.[249] Comparing Rowling with Lewis, she argues that "magic is both authors' way of talking about spiritual reality".[250] According to Maria Nikolajeva, Christian imagery is particularly strong in the final scenes of the series: she writes that Harry dies in self-sacrifice and Voldemort delivers an ecce homo speech, after which Harry is resurrected and defeats his enemy.[251]

Themes

Death is Rowling's overarching theme in Harry Potter.[252][253] In the first book, when Harry looks into the Mirror of Erised, he feels both joy and "a terrible sadness" at seeing his desire: his parents, alive and with him.[254] Confronting their loss is central to Harry's character arc and manifests in different ways through the series, such as in his struggles with Dementors.[254][255] Other characters in Harry's life die; he even faces his own death in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.[256] The series has an existential perspective – Harry must grow mature enough to accept death.[257] In Harry's world, death is not binary but mutable, a state that exists in degrees.[258] Unlike Voldemort, who evades death by separating and hiding his soul in seven parts, Harry's soul is whole, nourished by friendship and love.[257] Love distinguishes the two characters. Harry is a hero because he loves others, even willing to accept death to save them; Voldemort is a villain because he does not.[259]

While Harry Potter can be viewed as a story about good versus evil, its moral divisions are not absolute.[260][261] First impressions of characters are often misleading. Harry assumes in the first book that Quirrell is good because he opposes Snape, who appears malicious; in reality, their positions are reversed. This pattern later recurs with Moody and Snape.[260] In Rowling's world, good and evil are choices rather than inherent attributes: second chances and redemption are key themes of the series.[262] This is reflected in Harry's self-doubts after learning his connections to Voldemort, such as the ability of both to communicate with snakes in their language of Parseltongue;[263] and prominently in Snape's characterisation, which has been described as complex and multifaceted.[264] In some scholars' view, while Rowling's narrative appears on the surface to be about Harry, her focus may actually be on Snape's morality and character arc.[265][266]

Reception

Rowling has enjoyed enormous commercial success as an author. Her Harry Potter series topped bestseller lists,[267] spawned a global media franchise including films[63] and video games,[268] and had been translated into 84 languages by 2023.[269] The first three Harry Potter books occupied the top three spots of The New York Times bestseller list for more than a year; they were then moved to a newly created children's list.[270] The final four books each set records as the fastest-selling books in the UK or US,[o] and the series as a whole had sold more than 600 million copies as of 2023.[269] Neither of Rowling's later works, The Casual Vacancy and the Cormoran Strike series, has been as successful,[274] though Casual Vacancy was still a bestseller in the UK within weeks of its release.[275] Harry Potter's popularity has been attributed to factors including the nostalgia evoked by the boarding-school story, the endearing nature of Rowling's characters, and the accessibility of her books to a variety of readers.[276][277] According to Julia Eccleshare, the books are "neither too literary nor too popular, too difficult nor too easy, neither too young nor too old", and hence bridge traditional reading divides.[278]

Critical response to Harry Potter has been more mixed.[279] Harold Bloom regarded Rowling's prose as poor and her plots as conventional,[280][281] while Jack Zipes argues that the series would not be successful if it were not formulaic.[282] Zipes states that the early novels have the same plot: in each book, Harry escapes the Dursleys to visit Hogwarts, where he confronts Lord Voldemort and then heads back successful.[283] Rowling's prose has been described as simple and not innovative; Le Guin, like several other critics, considered it "stylistically ordinary".[284] According to the novelist A. S. Byatt, the books reflect a dumbed-down culture dominated by soap operas and reality television.[235][285] Thus, some critics argue, Harry Potter does not innovate on established literary forms; nor does it challenge readers' preconceived ideas.[235][286] Conversely, the scholar Philip Nel rejects such critiques as "snobbery" that reacts to the novels' popularity,[280] whereas Mary Pharr argues that Harry Potter's conventionalism is the point: by amalgamating literary forms familiar to her readers, Rowling invites them to "ponder their own ideas".[287] Other critics who see artistic merit in Rowling's writing include Marina Warner, who views Harry Potter as part of an "alternative genealogy" of English literature that she traces from Edmund Spenser to Christina Rossetti.[279] Michiko Kakutani praises Rowling's fictional world and the darker tone of the series' later entries.[288]

Reception of Rowling's later works has varied among critics. The Casual Vacancy, her attempt at literary fiction, drew mixed reviews. Some critics praised its characterisation, while others stated that it would have been better if it had contained magic.[289] The Cormoran Strike series was more warmly received as a work of British detective fiction, even as some reviewers noted that its plots are occasionally contrived.[290] Theatrical reviews of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child were highly positive.[206][207] Fans have been more critical of the play's use of time travel, changes to characters' personalities, and perceived queerbaiting in Albus and Scorpius's relationship, leading some to question its connection to the Harry Potter canon.[291]

Gender and social division

Rowling's portrayal of women in Harry Potter has been described as complex and varied, but nonetheless conforming to stereotypical and patriarchal depictions of gender.[292] Gender divides are ostensibly absent in the books: Hogwarts is coeducational and women hold positions of power in wizarding society. However, this setting obscures the typecasting of female characters and the general depiction of conventional gender roles.[293] According to the scholars Elizabeth Heilman and Trevor Donaldson, the subordination of female characters goes further early in the series. The final three books "showcase richer roles and more powerful females": for instance, the series' "most matriarchal character", Molly Weasley, engages substantially in the final battle of Deathly Hallows, while other women are shown as leaders.[294] Hermione Granger, in particular, becomes an active and independent character essential to the protagonists' battle against evil.[295] Yet, even particularly capable female characters such as Hermione and Minerva McGonagall are placed in supporting roles,[296] and Hermione's status as a feminist model is debated.[297] Girls and women are frequently shown as emotional, defined by their appearance, and denied agency in family settings.[298]

The social hierarchies in Rowling's magical world have been a matter of debate among scholars and critics.[299] The primary antagonists of Harry Potter, Voldemort and his followers, believe blood purity is paramount, and that non-wizards, or "muggles", are subhuman.[300] Their ideology of racial difference is depicted as unambiguously evil.[301] However, the series cannot wholly reject racial division, according to several scholars, as it still depicts wizards as fundamentally superior to muggles.[302] Blake and Zipes argue that numerous examples of wizardly superiority are depicted as "natural and comfortable".[303] Thus, according to Gupta, Harry Potter depicts superior races as having a moral obligation of tolerance and altruism towards lesser races, rather than explicitly depicting equality.[304]

Rowling's depictions of the status of magical non-humans is similarly debated.[305] Discussing the slavery of house-elves within Harry Potter, scholars such as Brycchan Carey have praised the books' abolitionist sentiments, viewing Hermione's Society for the Promotion of Elfish Welfare as a model for younger readers' political engagement.[306] Other critics, including Farah Mendlesohn, find the portrayal of house-elves extremely troublesome; they are written as happy in their slavery, and Hermione's efforts on their behalf are implied to be naïve.[307] Pharr terms the house-elves a disharmonious element in the series, writing that Rowling leaves their fate hanging;[308] at the end of Deathly Hallows, the elves remain enslaved and cheerful.[309] More generally, the subordination of magical non-humans remains in place, unchanged by the defeat of Voldemort.[310] Thus, scholars suggest, the series's message is essentially conservative; it sees no reason to transform social hierarchies, only being concerned with who holds positions of power.[311]

Religious reactions

Main article: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series

There have been attempts to ban Harry Potter around the world, especially in the United States,[312][313] and in the Bible Belt in particular.[314] The series topped the American Library Association's list of most challenged books in the first three years of its publication.[315] In the following years, parents in several US cities launched protests against teaching it in schools.[316] Some Christian critics, particularly Evangelical Christians, have claimed that the novels promote witchcraft and harm children;[317][318] similar opposition has been expressed to the film adaptations.[319] Criticism has taken two main forms: allegations that Harry Potter is a pagan text; and claims that it encourages children to oppose authority, derived mainly from Harry's rejection of the Dursleys, his adoptive parents.[320] The author and scholar Amanda Cockrell suggests that Harry Potter's popularity, and recent preoccupation with fantasy and the occult among Christian fundamentalists, explains why the series received particular opposition.[313] Some groups of Shia and Sunni Muslims also argued that the series contained satanic subtext, and it was banned in private schools in the United Arab Emirates.[321]

The Harry Potter books also have a group of vocal religious supporters who believe that Harry Potter espouses Christian values, or that the Bible does not prohibit the forms of magic described in the series.[322] Christian analyses of the series have argued that it embraces ideals of friendship, loyalty, courage, love, and the temptation of power.[323][324] After the final volume was published, Rowling said she intentionally incorporated Christian themes, in particular the idea that love may hold power over death.[323] According to Farmer, it is a profound misreading to think that Harry Potter promotes witchcraft.[325] The scholar Em McAvan writes that evangelical objections to Harry Potter are superficial, based on the presence of magic in the books: they do not attempt to understand the moral messages in the series.[314]

Legacy

 
Sculpture of Harry Potter in Leicester Square, London, 2020

Rowling's Harry Potter series has been credited with a resurgence in crossover fiction: children's literature with an adult appeal.[326][p] Crossovers were prevalent in 19th-century American and British fiction, but fell out of favour in the 20th century[328] and did not occur at the same scale.[329] The post-Harry Potter crossover trend is associated with the fantasy genre.[330] In the 1970s, children's books were generally realistic as opposed to fantastic,[331] while adult fantasy became popular because of the influence of The Lord of the Rings.[332] The next decade saw an increasing interest in grim, realist themes, with an outflow of fantasy readers and writers to adult works.[333][334]

The commercial success of Harry Potter in 1997 reversed this trend.[335] The scale of its growth had no precedent in the children's market: within four years, it occupied 28% of that field by revenue.[336] Children's literature rose in cultural status,[337] and fantasy became a dominant genre.[330][338] Older works of children's fantasy, including Diana Wynne Jones's Chrestomanci series and Diane Duane's Young Wizards, were reprinted and rose in popularity; some authors re-established their careers.[339] In the following decades, many Harry Potter imitators and subversive responses grew popular.[340][341]

Rowling has been compared with Enid Blyton, who also wrote in simple language about groups of children and long held sway over the British children's market.[342][343] She has also been described as an heir to Roald Dahl.[344] Some critics view Harry Potter's rise, along with the concurrent success of Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials, as part of a broader shift in reading tastes: a rejection of literary fiction in favour of plot and adventure.[345] This is reflected in the BBC's 2003 "Big Read" survey of the UK's favourite books, where Pullman and Rowling ranked at numbers 3 and 5, respectively, with very few British literary classics in the top 10.[346]

Harry Potter's popularity led its publishers to plan elaborate releases and spawned a textual afterlife among fans and forgers. Beginning with the release of Prisoner of Azkaban on 8 July 1999 at 3:45 pm,[347] its publishers coordinated selling the books at the same time globally, introduced security protocols to prevent premature purchases, and required booksellers to agree not to sell copies before the appointed time.[348] Driven by the growth of the internet, fan fiction about the series proliferated and has spawned a diverse community of readers and writers.[349][350] While Rowling has supported fan fiction, her statements about characters – for instance, that Harry and Hermione could have been a couple, and that Dumbledore was gay – have complicated her relationship with readers.[351][352] According to scholars, this shows that modern readers feel a sense of ownership over the text that is independent of, and sometimes contradicts, authorial intent.[353][354]

Legal disputes

Main article: Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series

In the 1990s and 2000s, Rowling was both a plaintiff and defendant in lawsuits alleging copyright infringement. Nancy Stouffer sued Rowling in 1999, alleging that Harry Potter was based on stories she published in 1984.[355][356] Rowling won in September 2002.[357] Richard Posner describes Stouffer's suit as deeply flawed and notes that the court, finding she had used "forged and altered documents", assessed a $50,000 penalty against her.[358]

With her literary agents and Warner Bros., Rowling has brought legal action against publishers and writers of Harry Potter knockoffs in several countries.[359] In the mid-2000s, Rowling and her publishers obtained a series of injunctions prohibiting sales or published reviews of her books before their official release dates.[360][361]

Beginning in 2001, after Rowling sold film rights to Warner Bros., the studio tried to take Harry Potter fan sites offline unless it determined that they were made by "authentic" fans for innocuous purposes.[362] In 2007, with Warner Bros., Rowling started proceedings to cease publication of a book based on content from a fan site called The Harry Potter Lexicon.[355][363] The court held that Lexicon was neither a fair use of Rowling's material nor a derivative work, but it did not prevent the book from being published in a different form.[364] Lexicon was published in 2009.[365]

Philanthropy

Aware of the good fortune that led to her wealth and fame,[366] Rowling wanted to use her public image to help others despite her concerns about publicity and the press; she became, in the words of Smith, "emboldened ... to stand up and be counted on issues that were important to her".[367] Rowling's charitable donations before 2012 were estimated by Forbes at $160 million.[176] She was the second most generous UK donor in 2015 (following the singer Elton John), giving about $14 million.[368]

Long interested in issues affecting women and children,[369] Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust in 2000, named after her mother[370] to address social deprivation in at-risk women, children and youth.[371] She was appointed president of One Parent Families (now Gingerbread) in 2004,[372] after becoming its first ambassador in 2000.[370] She collaborated with Sarah Brown[373] on a book of children's stories to benefit One Parent Families.[370] Together with the MEP Emma Nicholson,[374] Rowling founded the charity now known as Lumos in 2005.[370] Lumos has worked with an orphanage west of Kyiv, Ukraine since 2013;[375][376] after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Rowling offered to personally match up to £1 million in donations to Lumos for Ukraine.[377] Later in 2022, during her advocacy against the proposed Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill,[378] Rowling stated she had founded and would fund Beira's Place, a women-centred rape help center to provide free support services for biological women[379] survivors of sexual violence.[369] She has donated several hundred thousand pounds to help women lawyers flee from the Taliban's control, helping hundreds of Afghans escape.[380]

Rowling has made donations to support other medical causes. She named another institution after her mother in 2010, when she donated £10 million to found a multiple sclerosis research centre at the University of Edinburgh.[381] She gave an additional £15.3 million to the centre in 2019.[382] During the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, accompanied by an inflatable representation of Lord Voldemort,[383] she read from Peter Pan as part of a tribute to the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children.[384] To support COVID-19 relief, she donated six-figure sums to both Khalsa Aid and the British Asian Trust from royalties for The Ickabog.[216]

Several publications in the Harry Potter universe have been sold for charitable purposes. Profits from Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages, both published in 2001, went to Comic Relief.[370] To support Children's Voice, later renamed Lumos, Rowling sold a deluxe copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard at auction in 2007. Amazon's £1.95 million purchase set a record for a contemporary literary work and for children's literature.[385][386] Rowling published the book and, in 2013, donated the proceeds of nearly £19 million (then about $30 million) to Lumos.[387][388] Rowling and 12 other writers composed short pieces in 2008 to be sold to benefit Dyslexia Action and English PEN. Rowling's contribution was an 800-word Harry Potter prequel.[389][q] When the revelation that Rowling wrote The Cuckoo's Calling led to an increase in sales,[192] she donated the royalties to ABF The Soldiers' Charity (formerly the Army Benevolent Fund).[370][391]

Views

Rowling was actively engaged on the internet before author webpages were common.[392] She has at times used Twitter unreservedly to reach her Harry Potter fans and followers.[393][394] She often tweets about her political opinions using wit and sarcasm, sometimes generating controversy.[395][396]

Politics

Main article: Political views of J. K. Rowling
See also: Politics of Harry Potter

In 2008, Rowling donated £1 million to the Labour Party, endorsed the Labour prime minister Gordon Brown over his Conservative challenger David Cameron, and commended Labour's policies on child poverty.[397] When asked about the 2008 United States presidential election, she stated that "it is a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because both are extraordinary."[89]

In her "Single mother's manifesto" published in The Times in 2010, Rowling criticised the prime minister David Cameron's plan to offer married couples an annual tax credit. She thought that the proposal discriminated against single parents, whose interests the Conservative Party failed to consider.[398]

Rowling opposed the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, due to concerns about the economic consequences, and donated £1 million to the Better Together anti-independence campaign.[399] She campaigned for the UK to stay in the European Union in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. She defined herself as an internationalist, "the mongrel product of this European continent",[28] and expressed concern that "racists and bigots" were directing parts of the Leave campaign.[400]

She opposed Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, but refused to support a cultural boycott of Israel in 2015, believing that depriving Israelis of shared culture would not dislodge him.[401] In 2015, Rowling joined 150 others in signing a letter published in The Guardian in favour of cultural engagement with Israel.[402]

Press

Rowling has a difficult relationship with the press and has tried to influence the type of coverage she receives.[403] She described herself in 2003 as "too thin-skinned".[404] As of 2011, she had taken more than 50 actions against the press.[405] Rowling dislikes the British tabloid the Daily Mail,[406] which she successfully sued in 2014 for libel about her time as a single mother.[407]

The Leveson Inquiry, an investigation of the British press, named Rowling as a "core participant" in 2011. She was one of many celebrities alleged to have been victims of phone hacking.[408] In 2012, she wrote an op-ed for The Guardian in response to Cameron's decision not to implement all the inquiry's recommendations.[409] She reaffirmed her stance on "Hacked Off", a campaign supporting the self-regulation of the press, by co-signing a 2014 declaration to "[safeguard] the press from political interference while also giving vital protection to the vulnerable" with other British celebrities.[410]

Transgender people

Main article: Political views of J. K. Rowling § Transgender rights

Rowling's responses to proposed changes to UK gender recognition laws,[411][412][r] and her views on sex and gender, have provoked controversy.[415] Her statements have divided feminists;[416][417][418] fuelled debates on freedom of speech,[419][420] academic freedom[414] and cancel culture;[421] and prompted declarations of support for transgender people from the literary,[422] arts[423] and culture sectors.[424]

When Maya Forstater's employment contract with the London branch of the Center for Global Development was not renewed after she tweeted gender-critical views,[395][425] Rowling responded in December 2019 with a tweet that transgender people should live their lives as they pleased in "peace and security", but questioned women being "force[d] out of their jobs for stating that sex is real".[425][s] In another controversial tweet in June 2020,[429] Rowling mocked an article for using the phrase "people who menstruate",[430] and tweeted that women's rights and "lived reality" would be "erased" if "sex isn't real".[431][432]

LGBT charities and leading actors of the Wizarding World franchise condemned Rowling's comments;[433][434][t] GLAAD called them "cruel" and "inaccurate".[440] Rowling responded with an essay on her website[65] in which she revealed that her views on women's rights were informed by her experience as a survivor of domestic abuse and sexual assault.[441] While affirming that "the majority of trans-identified people not only pose zero threat to others, but are vulnerable ... Trans people need and deserve protection", she believed that it would be unsafe to allow "any man who believes or feels he's a woman" into bathrooms or changing rooms.[441][442][443] Writing of her own experiences with sexism and misogyny,[444] she wondered if the "allure of escaping womanhood" would have led her to transition if she had been born later, and said that trans activism was "seeking to erode 'woman' as a political and biological class".[445]

Rowling's continual statements – beginning in 2017[415][446][447] – have been called transphobic by critics[448][449] and she has been referred to as a TERF.[449][450][451] She rejects these characterisations and the notion that she holds animosity towards transgender people, saying that her viewpoint has been misunderstood.[65][448][447] Criticism of Rowling's views has come from the Harry Potter fansites MuggleNet and The Leaky Cauldron;[452] and the charities Mermaids,[429] Stonewall,[453] and Human Rights Campaign.[454] After Kerry Kennedy expressed "profound disappointment" in her views, Rowling returned the Ripple of Hope Award given to her by the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights organisation.[455]

As Rowling's views on the legal status of transgender people came under scrutiny,[414] she received insults and death threats[456][457] and discussion moved beyond the Twitter community.[458] Some performers and feminists have supported her.[458][459] Figures from the arts world criticised "hate speech directed against her".[460]

Awards and honours

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by J. K. Rowling
 
Rowling after receiving an honorary degree from the University of Aberdeen in 2006

Rowling's Harry Potter series has won awards for general literature, children's literature and speculative fiction. It has earned multiple British Book Awards, beginning with the Children's Book of the Year for the first two volumes, Philosopher's Stone and Chamber of Secrets.[461] The third novel, Prisoner of Azkaban, was nominated for an adult award, the Whitbread Book of the Year, where it competed against the Nobel prize laureate Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf. The award body gave Rowling the children's prize instead (worth half the cash amount), which some scholars felt exemplified a literary prejudice against children's books.[462][463] She won the World Science Fiction Convention's Hugo Award for the fourth book, Goblet of Fire,[464] and the British Book Awards' adult prize – the Book of the Year – for the sixth novel, Half-Blood Prince.[465]

Rowling was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2000 Birthday Honours for services to children's literature,[466] and three years later received Spain's Prince of Asturias Award for Concord.[467] Following the conclusion of the Harry Potter series, she won the Outstanding Achievement prize at the 2008 British Book Awards.[468][469] The next year, she was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur by the French president Nicolas Sarkozy,[468] and leading magazine editors named her the "Most Influential Woman in the UK" in 2010.[470] For services to literature and philanthropy, she was awarded the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in 2017.[471]

Many academic institutions have bestowed honorary degrees on Rowling,[468] including her alma mater, the University of Exeter,[472] and Harvard University, where she spoke at the 2008 commencement ceremony.[473] She is a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL),[474] the Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE),[475] and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCPE).[476]

Rowling shared the British Academy Film Award (BAFTA) for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema with the cast and crew of the Harry Potter films in 2011.[477] Her other awards include the 2017 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child,[478] and the 2021 British Book Awards' Crime and Thriller prize for the fifth volume of her Cormoran Strike series.[479]

Bibliography

Publications by J.K. Rowling
Target/
Type 		Series/
Description 		Title Date Ref.
Young adult
fiction 		Harry Potter series 1. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone 26 Jun 1997 [480][481]
2. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2 Jul 1998 [480][482]
3. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 8 Jul 1999 [480][483]
4. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 8 Jul 2000 [480][484]
5. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 21 Jun 2003 [480][485]
6. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince 16 Jul 2005 [480][486]
7. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 21 Jul 2007 [487][488]
Harry Potter–
related books 		Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (supplement to the Harry Potter series) 12 Mar 2001 [489]
Quidditch Through the Ages (supplement to the Harry Potter series) 12 Mar 2001 [490]
Harry Potter prequel (short story published in What's Your Story Postcard Collection) 1 Jul 2008 [390][491]
The Tales of Beedle the Bard (supplement to the Harry Potter series) 4 Dec 2008 [492]
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (story concept for play) 30 Jul 2016
premiere 		[493][494]
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists 6 Sep 2016 [495]
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies 6 Sep 2016 [496]
Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide 6 Sep 2016 [497]
Harry Potter–
related original screenplays 		Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 18 Nov 2016 [498]
Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald 16 Nov 2018
premiere 		[499]
Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore 15 Apr 2022 [157]
Adult
fiction 		The Casual Vacancy 27 Sep 2012 [500]
Cormoran Strike series
(as Robert Galbraith) 		1. The Cuckoo's Calling 18 Apr 2013 [501]
2. The Silkworm 19 Jun 2014 [193]
3. Career of Evil 20 Oct 2015 [194]
4. Lethal White 18 Sep 2018 [195]
5. Troubled Blood 15 Sep 2020 [502]
6. The Ink Black Heart 30 Aug 2022 [503]
7. The Running Grave 26 Sep 2023 [198]
Children's
fiction 		The Ickabog 10 Nov 2020 [215]
The Christmas Pig 12 Oct 2021 [218]
Non-fiction Books Very Good Lives: The Fringe Benefits of Failure and Importance of Imagination, illustrated by Joel Holland, Sphere. 14 Apr 2015 [504]
A Love Letter to Europe: an Outpouring of Love and Sadness from our Writers, Thinkers and Artists, Coronet (contributor). 31 Oct 2019 [505]
Articles "The first it girl: J. K. Rowling reviews Decca: the Letters by Jessica Mitford". Sussman, Peter Y., editor. The Daily Telegraph. 26 Nov 2006 [31][506]
"The fringe benefits of failure, and the importance of imagination". Harvard Magazine. 5 Jun 2008 [473]
"Gordon Brown – the 2009 Time 100". Time magazine. 30 Apr 2009 [507]
"The single mother's manifesto". The Times. 14 Apr 2010 [508]
"I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson". The Guardian. 30 Nov 2012 [409]
"Isn't it time we left orphanages to fairytales?" The Guardian. 17 Dec 2014 [509]
Book Foreword/
Introduction 		Reynolds, Kim; Cooling, Wendy, project consultants. Families Just Like Us: The One Parent Families Good Book Guide. National Council for One Parent Families; Book Trust. 2000 [510][511]
McNeil, Gil; Brown, Sarah, editors. Magic. Bloomsbury. 3 Jun 2002 [512]
Brown, Gordon. "Ending child poverty" in Moving Britain Forward. Selected Speeches 1997–2006. Bloomsbury. 25 Sep 2006 [31][513]
Anelli, Melissa. Harry, A History. Pocket Books. 4 Nov 2008 [514]

Filmography

J. K. Rowling filmography
Year Title Credited as Notes Ref.
Actress Screenwriter Producer Executive producer
2003 The Simpsons Yes Voice cameo in "The Regina Monologues" [515]
2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Yes Film based on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows [516]
2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Yes
2015 The Casual Vacancy Yes Television miniseries based on The Casual Vacancy [517]
2016 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Yes Yes Film inspired by the Harry Potter supplementary book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them [518]
2017–present Strike Yes Television series based on Cormoran Strike novels [519]
2018 Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald Yes Yes Film inspired by Harry Potter supplementary book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them [520]
2022 Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore Yes Yes Film inspired by Harry Potter supplementary book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them [521]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Moray House was then part of Heriot-Watt University and later became part of the University of Edinburgh.[116]
  2. ^ Sources differ on the precise name of Rowling's place of birth. As of January 2022, Rowling's personal website said she was born at "Yate General Hospital near Bristol".[8] She has sometimes said she was born in Chipping Sodbury, which is near Yate.[9] Tison Pugh says she was born in Chipping Sodbury General Hospital.[10] The Scotsman lists Cottage Hospital in Chipping Sodbury.[11] Biographer Smith describes Chipping Sodbury as "Yate's elegant neighbor", and reproduces a birth certificate that says District Sodbury, but lists the hospital as Cottage Hospital, 240 Station Road, Yate.[12] According to Smith: "... the [BBC Television] documentary still erroneously claimed that Joanne was born in Chipping Sodbury. Yet despite the mistake, the good folk of Yate are pressing for some kind of plaque or feature in their town to record it as her place of birth."[13]
  3. ^ St Michael's Primary School headmaster, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore;[23] biographer Smith writes that Rowling's father, and other figures in her education, provide more likely examples.[24]
  4. ^ Rowling denies that her young playmate Ian Potter represents Harry.[25]
  5. ^ Smith describes Tutshill as "staunchly middle class",[30] and Parker describes Church Cottage as a "handsome Gothic Revival cottage".[31] In 2020, it was reported that a company listing Rowling's husband, Neil Murray, as director had purchased Church Cottage and renovations were underway.[32]
  6. ^ Pugh writes that "Rowling reportedly modeled the strict pedagogical style of Severus Snape after [Sylvia] Morgan's methods."[10] Kirk states that "Jo has admitted modeling Professor Snape on a few of her most memorable and least favorite people from her past, and she has said that Mrs. Morgan ... was definitely one of them."[37] According to Smith, "Aspects of Mrs Morgan's fearsome character are embodied in the Hogwarts' Potions master, Professor Severus Snape."[38]
  7. ^ Smith compares the place meals held in the Rowling household[55] and the descriptions of food in The Little White Horse to the elaborate food prepared for Hogwarts pupils.[56]
  8. ^ Rowling later described Harris as her "getaway driver and foul weather friend"; his Anglia inspired a flying version that appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as a symbol of escape and rescue.[67][68]
  9. ^ Pugh writes, "In a droll allusion to this ill-fated union, Professor Trelawney warns Lavender Brown, 'Incidentally, that thing you are dreading – it will happen on Friday the sixteenth of October'."[40]
  10. ^ Rowling says that Jessica was named after Mitford and a boy would have been named Harry; according to Smith (2002), Arantes says that Jessica was named after Jezebel from the Bible.[94]
  11. ^ The depression inspired the Dementors – soul-sucking creatures introduced in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.[108]
  12. ^ The Scottish Arts Council grant was after Rowling had a contract for publication of Philosopher's Stone but before it was published.[125]
  13. ^ According to Errington, 500 hardbacks and 5,150 paperbacks "were published on the same date and neither has bibliographical priority". It was previously believed that the initial print run was 500 copies total, but this number is "woefully inaccurate".[128]
  14. ^ Smith writes that the Rowling sisters "never attended Sunday school or services",[162] and Parker writes that the other Rowling family members were not regular churchgoers, but that "Rowling regularly attended services in the church next door".[31]
  15. ^ Attributed to multiple sources – Goblet of Fire,[271] Order of the Phoenix,[272] Half-Blood Prince, and Deathly Hallows[273]
  16. ^ While noting the prevalent view that Harry Potter catalysed this change, the critic Rachel Falconer also credits socio-economic factors. In her view, Rowling's success is part of "a larger cultural change in contemporary Western society which accords greater weight and value to the signifier, the 'child', than in previous decades".[327]
  17. ^ The original Harry Potter prequel manuscript was stolen in 2017.[390]
  18. ^ The UK laws and proposed changes are the Gender Recognition Act 2004, the Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill and the related Equality Act 2010.[413][414][415]
  19. ^ A tribunal ruled in 2021 that Forstater's gender-critical views were protected under the 2010 UK Equality Act.[426][427] In July 2022, a new tribunal decision was published (Forstater v Center for Global Development Europe) ruling that Forstater had suffered direct discrimination from her employer.[428]
  20. ^ Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, Rupert Grint,[435] Eddie Redmayne[434] and others expressed support for the transgender community in reaction to Rowling's comments;[436][437] Helena Bonham Carter,[438] Robbie Coltrane,[439] and Ralph Fiennes supported Rowling.[435]

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February 16, 2024
rowling, joanne, rowling, frsl, rolling, born, july, 1965, better, known, name, british, author, philanthropist, wrote, harry, potter, seven, volume, fantasy, series, published, from, 1997, 2007, series, sold, over, million, copies, been, translated, into, lan. Joanne Rowling CH OBE FRSL ˈ r oʊ l ɪ ŋ rolling 1 born 31 July 1965 better known by her pen name J K Rowling is a British author and philanthropist She wrote Harry Potter a seven volume fantasy series published from 1997 to 2007 The series has sold over 600 million copies been translated into 84 languages and spawned a global media franchise including films and video games The Casual Vacancy 2012 was her first novel for adults She writes Cormoran Strike an ongoing crime fiction series under the alias Robert Galbraith J K RowlingCH OBE FRSLRowling at the White House in 2010BornJoanne Rowling 1965 07 31 31 July 1965 age 58 Yate Gloucestershire EnglandPen nameJ K RowlingRobert GalbraithOccupationAuthorphilanthropistAlma materUniversity of ExeterMoray House a PeriodContemporaryGenresFantasydramayoung adult fictioncrime fictionYears active1997 presentSpouseJorge Arantes m 1992 div 1995 wbr Neil Murray m 2001 wbr Children3SignatureWebsitejkrowling wbr comBorn in Yate Gloucestershire Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International in 1990 when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London The seven year period that followed saw the death of her mother the birth of her first child divorce from her first husband and relative poverty until the first novel in the series Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone was published in 1997 Six sequels followed and by 2008 Forbes had named her the world s highest paid author Rowling concluded the Harry Potter series with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2007 The novels follow a boy called Harry Potter as he attends Hogwarts a school for wizards and battles Lord Voldemort Death and the divide between good and evil are the central themes of the series Its influences include Bildungsroman the coming of age genre school stories fairy tales and Christian allegory The series revived fantasy as a genre in the children s market spawned a host of imitators and inspired an active fandom Critical reception has been more mixed Many reviewers see Rowling s writing as conventional some regard her portrayal of gender and social division as regressive There were also religious debates over the Harry Potter series Rowling has won many accolades for her work She has received an OBE and was made a Companion of Honour for services to literature and philanthropy Harry Potter brought her wealth and recognition which she has used to advance philanthropic endeavours and political causes She co founded the charity Lumos and established the Volant Charitable Trust named after her mother Rowling s charitable giving centres on medical causes and supporting at risk women and children In politics she has donated to Britain s Labour Party and opposed Scottish independence and Brexit She has publicly expressed her opinions on transgender people and related civil rights since 2017 These views have been criticised as transphobic by LGBT rights organisations and some feminists but have received support from other feminists and individuals Contents 1 Name 2 Life and career 2 1 Early life and family 2 2 Secondary school and university 2 3 Inspiration and mother s death 2 4 Marriage divorce and single parenthood 2 5 Publishing Harry Potter 2 6 Films 2 7 Religion wealth and remarriage 2 8 Adult fiction and Robert Galbraith 2 9 Later Harry Potter works 2 10 Children s stories 3 Influences 4 Style and themes 4 1 Style and allusions 4 2 Themes 5 Reception 5 1 Gender and social division 5 2 Religious reactions 6 Legacy 7 Legal disputes 8 Philanthropy 9 Views 9 1 Politics 9 2 Press 9 3 Transgender people 10 Awards and honours 11 Bibliography 12 Filmography 13 Notes 14 References 15 Works cited 16 External linksNameAlthough she writes under the pen name J K Rowling before her remarriage her name was Joanne Rowling 2 or Jo 3 At birth she had no middle name 2 Staff at Bloomsbury Publishing asked that she use two initials rather than her full name anticipating that young boys their target audience would not want to read a book written by a woman 2 She chose K for Kathleen as the second initial of her pen name from her paternal grandmother and because of the ease of pronunciation of two consecutive letters 4 Following her 2001 remarriage 5 she has sometimes used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business 6 Life and careerEarly life and family nbsp Rowling s parents met on a train from King s Cross station her portal to the magical world is Platform 9 3 4 at King s Cross 7 Joanne Rowling was born on 31 July 1965 at Cottage Hospital in Yate Gloucestershire 8 b to a middle class family 10 Her parents Anne nee Volant and Peter Pete James Rowling had met the previous year on a train sharing a trip from King s Cross station London to their naval postings at Arbroath Scotland Anne was with the Wrens and Pete was with the Royal Navy 14 Pete was the son of a machine tool setter who later opened a grocery shop 15 They left the navy life and sought a country home to raise the baby they were expecting 15 and married on 14 March 1965 10 when both were 19 16 The Rowlings settled in Yate 17 where Pete started work as an assembly line production worker at the Bristol Siddeley factory 15 The company became part of Rolls Royce 18 and he worked his way into management as a chartered engineer 19 Anne later worked as a science technician 20 Neither Anne nor Pete attended university 21 Joanne is two years older than her sister Dianne 10 When Joanne was four the family moved to Winterbourne Gloucestershire 16 22 She began at St Michael s Church of England Primary School in Winterbourne when she was five 10 c The Rowlings lived near a family called Potter a name Joanne always liked 25 d Anne loved to read and their homes were filled with books 26 Pete read The Wind in the Willows to his daughters 27 while Anne introduced them to the animals in Richard Scarry s books 28 Joanne s first attempt at writing a story called Rabbit composed when she was six was inspired by Scarry s creatures 28 When Rowling was about nine the family purchased the historic Church Cottage in Tutshill 29 e In 1974 Rowling began attending the nearby Church of England School 33 Biographer Sean Smith describes her teacher as a battleaxe 34 who struck fear into the hearts of the children 35 she seated Rowling in dunces row after she performed poorly on an arithmetic test 36 f In 1975 Rowling joined a Brownies pack Its special events and parties and the pack groups Fairies Pixies Sprites Elves Gnomes and Imps provided a magical world away from her stern teacher 39 When she was eleven 40 or twelve she wrote a short story The Seven Cursed Diamonds 41 She later described herself during this period as the epitome of a bookish child short and squat thick National Health glasses living in a world of complete daydreams 42 Secondary school and university nbsp Church Cottage Rowling s childhood homeRowling s secondary school was Wyedean School and College a state school she began attending at the age of eleven 43 and where she was bullied 44 45 Rowling was inspired by her favourite teacher Lucy Shepherd who taught the importance of structure and precision in writing 46 47 Smith writes that Rowling craved to play heavy electric guitar 48 and describes her as intelligent yet shy 49 Her teacher Dale Neuschwander was impressed by her imagination 50 When she was a young teenager Rowling s great aunt gave her Hons and Rebels the autobiography of the civil rights activist Jessica Mitford 51 Mitford became Rowling s heroine and she read all her books 52 Anne had a strong influence on her daughter 10 Early in Rowling s life the support of her mother and sister instilled confidence and enthusiasm for storytelling 53 Anne was a creative and accomplished cook 54 g who helped lead her daughters Brownie activities 57 and took a job in the chemistry department at Wyedean while her daughters were there 20 The three walked to and from school sharing stories about their day more like sisters than mother and daughters 48 58 John Nettleship the head of science at Wyedean described Anne as absolutely brilliant a sparkling character very imaginative 11 Anne Rowling was diagnosed with a virulent strain of multiple sclerosis when she was 34 59 or 35 and Jo was 15 60 and had to give up her job 61 Rowling s home life was complicated by her mother s illness 62 and a strained relationship with her father 63 Rowling later said home was a difficult place to be 64 and that her teenage years were unhappy 31 In 2020 she wrote that her father would have preferred a son and described herself as having severe obsessive compulsive disorder in her teens 65 She began to smoke took an interest in alternative rock 59 and adopted Siouxsie Sioux s back combed hair and black eyeliner 11 Sean Harris her best friend in the Upper Sixth owned a turquoise Ford Anglia that provided an escape from her difficult home life and the means for Harris and Rowling to broaden their activities 66 h Living in a small town with pressures at home Rowling became more interested in her schoolwork 59 Steve Eddy her first secondary school English teacher remembers her as not exceptional but one of a group of girls who were bright and quite good at English 31 Rowling took A levels in English French and German achieving two As and a B and was named head girl at Wyedean 69 She applied to Oxford University in 1982 but was rejected 10 Biographers attribute her rejection to privilege as she had attended a state school rather than a private one 70 71 Rowling always wanted to be a writer 72 but chose to study French and the classics at the University of Exeter for practical reasons influenced by her parents who thought job prospects would be better with evidence of bilingualism 73 She later stated that Exeter was not initially what she expected to be among lots of similar people thinking radical thoughts but that she enjoyed herself after she met more people like her 52 She was an average student at Exeter described by biographers as prioritising her social life over her studies and lacking ambition and enthusiasm 74 75 Rowling recalls doing little work at university preferring to read Dickens and Tolkien 31 She earned a BA in French from Exeter 76 graduating in 1987 after a year of study in Paris 77 Inspiration and mother s death After university Rowling moved to a flat in Clapham Junction with friends 78 and took a course to become a bilingual secretary 10 While she was working temp jobs in London Amnesty International hired her to document human rights issues in French speaking Africa 79 She began writing adult novels while working as a temp although they were never published 11 80 In 1990 she planned to move with her boyfriend to Manchester 16 and frequently took long train trips to visit 40 In mid 1990 she was on a train delayed by four hours from Manchester to London 81 when the characters Harry Potter Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger came plainly into her mind 82 Having no pen or paper allowed her to fully explore the characters and their story in her imagination before she reached her flat and began to write 81 Rowling moved to Manchester around November 1990 52 She described her time in Manchester where she worked for the Chamber of Commerce 40 and at Manchester University in temp jobs 83 as a year of misery 84 Her mother died of multiple sclerosis on 30 December 1990 85 At the time she was writing Harry Potter and had never told her mother about it 86 Her mother s death heavily affected Rowling s writing 87 She later said that her literary creation of the Mirror of Erised is about her mother s death 88 and noted an evident parallelism between Harry confronting his own mortality and her life 89 The pain of the loss of her mother was compounded when some personal effects her mother had left her were stolen 52 With the end of the relationship with her boyfriend and being made redundant from an office job in Manchester Rowling described herself as being in a state of fight or flight 31 An advertisement in The Guardian led her to move to Porto Portugal in November 1991 to teach night classes in English as a foreign language 90 writing during the day 31 Marriage divorce and single parenthood nbsp Rowling moved to Porto Portugal to teach English Five months after arriving in Porto Rowling met the Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and found that they shared an interest in Jane Austen 91 By mid 1992 they were planning a trip to London to introduce Arantes to Rowling s family when she had a miscarriage 92 The relationship was troubled but they married on 16 October 1992 93 i Their daughter Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes named after Jessica Mitford j was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal 11 40 By this time Rowling had finished the first three chapters of Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone almost as they were eventually published and had drafted the rest of the novel 95 Rowling experienced domestic abuse during her marriage 65 96 Arantes said in June 2020 that he had slapped her and did not regret it 97 Rowling described the marriage as short and catastrophic 40 She says she was not allowed to have a house key and that her husband used the growing manuscript of her first book as a hostage 98 Rowling and Arantes separated on 17 November 1993 after Arantes threw her out of the house she returned with the police to retrieve Jessica and went into hiding for two weeks before she left Portugal 11 99 In late 1993 with a draft of Harry Potter in her suitcase 31 Rowling moved with her daughter to Edinburgh Scotland 8 planning to stay with her sister until Christmas 52 Her biographer Sean Smith raises the question of why Rowling chose to stay with her sister rather than her father 100 Rowling has spoken of an estrangement from her father stating in an interview with Oprah Winfrey that It wasn t a good relationship from my point of view for a very long time but I had a need to please and I kept that going for a long time and then there just came a point at which I had to pull up and say I can t do this anymore 63 Pete had married his secretary within two years of Anne s death 101 and The Scotsman reported in 2003 that t he speed of his decision to move in with his secretary distressed both sisters and a fault line now separated them and their father 11 Rowling said in 2012 that they had not spoken in the last nine years 31 Rowling sought government assistance and got 69 US 103 per week from Social Security not wanting to burden her recently married sister she moved to a flat that she described as mouse ridden 102 She later described her economic status as being as poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain without being homeless 31 Seven years after graduating from university she saw herself as a failure 103 Tison Pugh writes that the grinding effects of poverty coupled with her concern for providing for her daughter as a single parent caused great hardship 40 Her marriage had failed and she was jobless with a dependent child but she later described this as liberating her to focus on writing 103 She has said that Jessica kept me going 101 Her old school friend Sean Harris lent her 600 900 which allowed her to move to a flat in Leith 104 where she finished Philosopher s Stone 104 Arantes arrived in Scotland in March 1994 seeking both Rowling and Jessica 11 105 On 15 March 1994 Rowling sought an action of interdict order of restraint the interdict was granted and Arantes returned to Portugal 11 106 Early in the year Rowling began to experience a deep depression 107 and sought medical help when she contemplated suicide 40 k With nine months of therapy her mental health gradually improved 107 She filed for divorce on 10 August 1994 109 the divorce was finalised on 26 June 1995 110 Rowling wanted to finish the book before enrolling in a teacher training course fearing she might not be able to finish once she started the course 52 She often wrote in cafes 111 including Nicolson s part owned by her brother in law 112 Secretarial work brought in 15 22 50 per week but she would lose government benefits if she earned more 113 In mid 1995 a friend gave her money that allowed her to come off benefits and enrol full time in college 114 Still needing money and expecting to make a living by teaching 115 Rowling began a teacher training course in August 1995 at Moray House School of Education 116 a after completing her first novel 117 She earned her teaching certificate in July 1996 2 and began teaching at Leith Academy 118 Rowling later said that writing the first Harry Potter book had saved her life and that her concerns about love loss separation death are reflected in the first book 89 Publishing Harry Potter Main article Harry Potter nbsp A California bookshop five minutes before Deathly Hallows was releasedRowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone in June 1995 119 The initial draft included an illustration of Harry by a fireplace showing a lightning shaped scar on his forehead 120 Following an enthusiastic report from an early reader 121 Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling Her manuscript was submitted to twelve publishers all of which rejected it 11 Barry Cunningham who ran the children s literature department at Bloomsbury Publishing bought it 122 after Nigel Newton who headed Bloomsbury at the time saw his eight year old daughter finish one chapter and want to keep reading 40 123 Rowling recalls Cunningham telling her You ll never make any money out of children s books Jo 124 Rowling was awarded a writer s grant by the Scottish Arts Council l to support her childcare costs and finances before Philosopher s Stone s publication and to aid in writing the sequel Chamber of Secrets 125 126 On 26 June 1997 Bloomsbury published Philosopher s Stone with an initial print run of 5 650 copies 127 m Before Chamber of Secrets was published Rowling had received 2 800 4 200 in royalties 129 Philosopher s Stone introduces Harry Potter Harry is a wizard who lives with his non magical relatives until his eleventh birthday when he is invited to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry 130 131 Rowling wrote six sequels which follow Harry s adventures at Hogwarts with friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley and his attempts to defeat Lord Voldemort who killed Harry s parents when he was a child 130 In Philosopher s Stone Harry foils Voldemort s plan to acquire an elixir of life in Deathly Hallows the final book he kills Voldemort 130 Rowling received the news that the US rights were being auctioned at the Bologna Children s Book Fair 132 To her surprise and delight Scholastic Corporation bought the rights for 105 000 133 She bought a flat in Edinburgh with the money from the sale 134 Arthur A Levine head of the imprint at Scholastic pushed for a name change He wanted Harry Potter and the School of Magic as a compromise Rowling suggested Harry Potter and the Sorcerer s Stone 135 Sorcerer s Stone was released in the United States in September 1998 136 It was not widely reviewed but the reviews it received were generally positive 137 Sorcerer s Stone became a New York Times bestseller by December 138 The next three books in the series were released in quick succession between 1998 and 2000 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 1998 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 1999 and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2000 each selling millions of copies 139 When Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix had not appeared by 2002 rumours circulated that Rowling was suffering writer s block 140 It was published in June 2003 selling millions of copies on the first day 141 Two years later Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince was released in July again selling millions of copies on the first day 142 The series ended with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows published in July 2007 143 Films Main article Harry Potter film series nbsp Bus promoting Deathly Hallows Part 2 2011In 1999 Warner Bros purchased film rights to the first two Harry Potter novels for a reported 1 million 144 145 Rowling accepted the offer with the provision that the studio only produce Harry Potter films based on books she authored 146 while retaining the right to final script approval 147 and some control over merchandising 145 Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone an adaptation of the first Harry Potter book was released in November 2001 148 Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for all but the fifth film 149 with Rowling s assistance ensuring that his scripts kept to the plots of the novels 150 The film series concluded with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows which was adapted in two parts part one was released on 19 November 2010 151 and part two followed on 15 July 2011 152 Warner Bros announced an expanded relationship with Rowling in 2013 including a planned series of films about her character Newt Scamander fictitious author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 153 The first film of five a prequel to the Harry Potter series set roughly 70 years earlier was released in November 2016 154 Rowling wrote the screenplay which was released as a book 155 Crimes of Grindelwald was released in November 2018 156 Secrets of Dumbledore was released in April 2022 157 Religion wealth and remarriage Further information Religious debates over the Harry Potter series By 1998 Rowling was portrayed in the media as a penniless divorcee hitting the jackpot 129 According to her biographer Sean Smith the publicity became effective marketing for Harry Potter 129 but her journey from living on benefits to wealth brought along with fame concerns from different groups about the books portrayals of the occult and gender roles 158 Ultimately Smith says that these concerns served to enhance her public profile rather than damage it 159 Rowling identifies as a Christian 160 Although she grew up next door to her church 161 accounts of the family s church attendance differ n She began attending a Church of Scotland congregation where Jessica was christened around the time she was writing Harry Potter 163 In a 2012 interview she said she belonged to the Scottish Episcopal Church 164 Rowling has stated that she believes in God 165 but has experienced doubt 166 and that her struggles with faith play a part in her books 89 She does not believe in magic or witchcraft 160 165 Rowling married Neil Murray a doctor in 2001 5 The couple intended to marry that July in the Galapagos but when this leaked to the press they delayed their wedding and changed their holiday destination to Mauritius 167 After the UK Press Complaints Commission ruled that a magazine had breached Jessica s privacy when the eight year old was included in a photograph of the family taken during that trip 168 169 Murray and Rowling sought a more private and quiet place to live and work 170 Rowling bought Killiechassie House and its estate in Perthshire Scotland 171 and on 26 December 2001 the couple had a small private wedding there officiated by an Episcopalian priest who travelled from Edinburgh 5 Their son David Gordon Rowling Murray was born in 2003 172 and their daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray in 2005 173 In 2004 Forbes named Rowling the first billion dollar author 174 Rowling denied that she was a billionaire in a 2005 interview 175 By 2012 Forbes concluded she was no longer a billionaire due to her charitable donations and high UK taxes 176 She was named the world s highest paid author by Forbes in 2008 177 2017 178 and 2019 179 Her UK sales total in excess of 238 million making her the best selling living author in Britain 180 The 2021 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling s fortune at 820 million ranking her as the 196th richest person in the UK 181 As of 2020 she also owns a 4 5 million Georgian house in Kensington and a 2 million home in Edinburgh 182 Adult fiction and Robert Galbraith Main articles The Casual Vacancy The Casual Vacancy miniseries Cormoran Strike and Strike TV series In mid 2011 Rowling left Christopher Little Literary Agency and followed her agent Neil Blair to the Blair Partnership He represented her for the publication of The Casual Vacancy released in September 2012 by Little Brown and Company 183 It was Rowling s first since Harry Potter ended and her first book for adults 184 A contemporary take on 19th century British fiction about village life 185 Casual Vacancy was promoted as a black comedy 186 while the critic Ian Parker described it as a rural comedy of manners 31 It was adapted to a miniseries co created by the BBC and HBO 187 Little Brown published The Cuckoo s Calling the purported debut novel of Robert Galbraith in April 2013 188 It initially sold 1 500 copies in hardback 189 After an investigation prompted by discussion on Twitter the journalist Richard Brooks contacted Rowling s agent who confirmed Galbraith was Rowling s pseudonym 189 Rowling later said she enjoyed working as Robert Galbraith 190 a name she took from Robert F Kennedy a personal hero and Ella Galbraith a name she invented for herself in childhood 191 After the revelation of her identity sales of Cuckoo s Calling escalated 192 Continuing the Cormoran Strike series of detective novels The Silkworm was released in 2014 193 Career of Evil in 2015 194 Lethal White in 2018 195 Troubled Blood in 2020 196 The Ink Black Heart in 2022 197 and The Running Grave in 2023 198 Cormoran Strike a disabled veteran of the War in Afghanistan with a prosthetic leg 199 is unfriendly and sometimes oblivious but acts with a deep moral sensibility 200 In 2017 BBC One aired the first episode 201 of the five season series Strike a television adaptation of the Cormoran Strike novels starring Tom Burke 202 The series was picked up by HBO for distribution in the United States and Canada 203 Later Harry Potter works Main articles Pottermore and Harry Potter and the Cursed Child For the material written for Comic Relief and other charities see Philanthropy nbsp Harry Potter and the Cursed Child at the Palace Theatre in the West EndPottermore a website with information and stories about characters in the Harry Potter universe launched in 2011 On its release Pottermore was rooted in the Harry Potter novels tracing the series s story in an interactive format Its brand was associated with Rowling she introduced the site in a video as a shared media environment to which she and Harry Potter fans would contribute The site was substantially revised in 2015 to resemble an encyclopedia of Harry Potter Beyond encyclopedia content the post 2015 Pottermore included promotions for Warner Bros films including Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 204 205 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child premiered in the West End in May 2016 206 and on Broadway in July 207 At its London premiere Rowling confirmed that she would not write any more Harry Potter books 208 Rowling collaborated with writer Jack Thorne and director John Tiffany 206 207 Cursed Child s script was published as a book in July 2016 209 The play follows the friendship between Harry s son Albus and Scorpius Malfoy Draco Malfoy s son at Hogwarts 207 In April 2023 it was announced that the Harry Potter television series on Max streaming service will feature a season dedicated to each of the seven Harry Potter books with Rowling as executive producer 210 Children s stories Main articles The Ickabog and The Christmas Pig The Ickabog was Rowling s first book aimed at children since Harry Potter 211 Ickabog is a monster that turns out to be real a group of children find out the truth about the Ickabog and save the day 212 213 Rowling released The Ickabog for free online in mid 2020 during the COVID 19 lockdown in the United Kingdom 214 She began writing it in 2009 but set it aside to focus on other works including Casual Vacancy 214 Scholastic held a competition to select children s art for the print edition which was published in the US and Canada on 10 November 2020 215 Profits went to charities focused on COVID 19 relief 211 216 In The Christmas Pig a young boy loses his favourite stuffed animal a pig and the Christmas Pig guides him through the fantastical Land of the Lost to retrieve it 217 The novel was published on 12 October 2021 218 and became a bestseller in the UK 219 and the US 220 InfluencesSee also Harry Potter influences and analogues nbsp Rowling describes Jessica Mitford pictured in 1937 as her greatest influence nbsp Jane Austen is Rowling s favourite writer Rowling has named Jessica Mitford as her greatest influence She said Mitford had been my heroine since I was 14 years old when I overheard my formidable great aunt discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19 to fight with the Reds in the Spanish Civil War and that what inspired her about Mitford was that she was incurably and instinctively rebellious brave adventurous funny and irreverent she liked nothing better than a good fight preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target 221 As a child Rowling read C S Lewis s The Chronicles of Narnia Elizabeth Goudge s The Little White Horse Manxmouse by Paul Gallico and books by E Nesbit and Noel Streatfeild 222 Rowling describes Jane Austen as her favourite author of all time 223 Rowling acknowledges Homer Geoffrey Chaucer and William Shakespeare as literary influences 224 Scholars agree that Harry Potter is heavily influenced by the children s fantasy of writers such as Lewis Goudge Nesbit J R R Tolkien Ursula K Le Guin and Diana Wynne Jones 225 According to the critic Beatrice Groves Harry Potter is also rooted in the Western literary tradition including the classics 226 Commentators also note similarities to the children s stories of Enid Blyton and Roald Dahl 227 Rowling expresses admiration for Lewis in whose writing battles between good and evil are also prominent but rejects any connection with Dahl 228 Earlier works prominently featuring characters who learn to use magic include Le Guin s Earthsea series in which a school of wizardry also appears and the Chrestomanci books by Jones 229 230 Rowling s setting of a school of witchcraft and wizardry departs from the still older tradition of protagonists as apprentices to magicians exemplified by The Sorcerer s Apprentice yet this trope does appear in Harry Potter when Harry receives individual instruction from Remus Lupin and other teachers 229 Rowling also draws on the tradition of stories set in boarding schools a major example of which is Thomas Hughes s 1857 volume Tom Brown s School Days 231 232 Style and themesStyle and allusions Rowling is known primarily as an author of fantasy and children s literature 233 Her writing in other genres including literary fiction and murder mystery has received less critical attention 234 Rowling s most famous work Harry Potter has been defined as a fairy tale a Bildungsroman and a boarding school story 235 236 Her other writings have been described by Pugh as gritty contemporary fiction with historical influences The Casual Vacancy and hardboiled detective fiction Cormoran Strike 237 In Harry Potter Rowling juxtaposes the extraordinary against the ordinary 238 Her narrative features two worlds the mundane and the fantastic but it differs from typical portal fantasy in that its magical elements stay grounded in the everyday 239 Paintings move and talk books bite readers letters shout messages and maps show live journeys 238 240 making the wizarding world both exotic and cosily familiar according to the scholar Catherine Butler 240 This blend of realistic and romantic elements extends to Rowling s characters Their names often include morphemes that correspond to their characteristics Malfoy is difficult Filch unpleasant and Lupin a werewolf 241 242 Harry is ordinary and relatable with down to earth features such as wearing broken glasses 243 Roni Natov terms him an everychild 244 These elements serve to highlight Harry when he is heroic making him both an everyman and a fairytale hero 243 245 Arthurian Christian and fairytale motifs are frequently found in Rowling s writing Harry s ability to draw the Sword of Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat resembles the Arthurian sword in the stone legend 246 His life with the Dursleys has been compared to Cinderella 247 Like C S Lewis s The Chronicles of Narnia Harry Potter contains Christian symbolism and allegory The series has been viewed as a Christian moral fable in the psychomachia tradition in which stand ins for good and evil fight for supremacy over a person s soul 248 The critic of children s literature Joy Farmer sees parallels between Harry and Jesus Christ 249 Comparing Rowling with Lewis she argues that magic is both authors way of talking about spiritual reality 250 According to Maria Nikolajeva Christian imagery is particularly strong in the final scenes of the series she writes that Harry dies in self sacrifice and Voldemort delivers an ecce homo speech after which Harry is resurrected and defeats his enemy 251 Themes Death is Rowling s overarching theme in Harry Potter 252 253 In the first book when Harry looks into the Mirror of Erised he feels both joy and a terrible sadness at seeing his desire his parents alive and with him 254 Confronting their loss is central to Harry s character arc and manifests in different ways through the series such as in his struggles with Dementors 254 255 Other characters in Harry s life die he even faces his own death in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 256 The series has an existential perspective Harry must grow mature enough to accept death 257 In Harry s world death is not binary but mutable a state that exists in degrees 258 Unlike Voldemort who evades death by separating and hiding his soul in seven parts Harry s soul is whole nourished by friendship and love 257 Love distinguishes the two characters Harry is a hero because he loves others even willing to accept death to save them Voldemort is a villain because he does not 259 While Harry Potter can be viewed as a story about good versus evil its moral divisions are not absolute 260 261 First impressions of characters are often misleading Harry assumes in the first book that Quirrell is good because he opposes Snape who appears malicious in reality their positions are reversed This pattern later recurs with Moody and Snape 260 In Rowling s world good and evil are choices rather than inherent attributes second chances and redemption are key themes of the series 262 This is reflected in Harry s self doubts after learning his connections to Voldemort such as the ability of both to communicate with snakes in their language of Parseltongue 263 and prominently in Snape s characterisation which has been described as complex and multifaceted 264 In some scholars view while Rowling s narrative appears on the surface to be about Harry her focus may actually be on Snape s morality and character arc 265 266 ReceptionRowling has enjoyed enormous commercial success as an author Her Harry Potter series topped bestseller lists 267 spawned a global media franchise including films 63 and video games 268 and had been translated into 84 languages by 2023 269 The first three Harry Potter books occupied the top three spots of The New York Times bestseller list for more than a year they were then moved to a newly created children s list 270 The final four books each set records as the fastest selling books in the UK or US o and the series as a whole had sold more than 600 million copies as of 2023 update 269 Neither of Rowling s later works The Casual Vacancy and the Cormoran Strike series has been as successful 274 though Casual Vacancy was still a bestseller in the UK within weeks of its release 275 Harry Potter s popularity has been attributed to factors including the nostalgia evoked by the boarding school story the endearing nature of Rowling s characters and the accessibility of her books to a variety of readers 276 277 According to Julia Eccleshare the books are neither too literary nor too popular too difficult nor too easy neither too young nor too old and hence bridge traditional reading divides 278 Critical response to Harry Potter has been more mixed 279 Harold Bloom regarded Rowling s prose as poor and her plots as conventional 280 281 while Jack Zipes argues that the series would not be successful if it were not formulaic 282 Zipes states that the early novels have the same plot in each book Harry escapes the Dursleys to visit Hogwarts where he confronts Lord Voldemort and then heads back successful 283 Rowling s prose has been described as simple and not innovative Le Guin like several other critics considered it stylistically ordinary 284 According to the novelist A S Byatt the books reflect a dumbed down culture dominated by soap operas and reality television 235 285 Thus some critics argue Harry Potter does not innovate on established literary forms nor does it challenge readers preconceived ideas 235 286 Conversely the scholar Philip Nel rejects such critiques as snobbery that reacts to the novels popularity 280 whereas Mary Pharr argues that Harry Potter s conventionalism is the point by amalgamating literary forms familiar to her readers Rowling invites them to ponder their own ideas 287 Other critics who see artistic merit in Rowling s writing include Marina Warner who views Harry Potter as part of an alternative genealogy of English literature that she traces from Edmund Spenser to Christina Rossetti 279 Michiko Kakutani praises Rowling s fictional world and the darker tone of the series later entries 288 Reception of Rowling s later works has varied among critics The Casual Vacancy her attempt at literary fiction drew mixed reviews Some critics praised its characterisation while others stated that it would have been better if it had contained magic 289 The Cormoran Strike series was more warmly received as a work of British detective fiction even as some reviewers noted that its plots are occasionally contrived 290 Theatrical reviews of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child were highly positive 206 207 Fans have been more critical of the play s use of time travel changes to characters personalities and perceived queerbaiting in Albus and Scorpius s relationship leading some to question its connection to the Harry Potter canon 291 Gender and social division Rowling s portrayal of women in Harry Potter has been described as complex and varied but nonetheless conforming to stereotypical and patriarchal depictions of gender 292 Gender divides are ostensibly absent in the books Hogwarts is coeducational and women hold positions of power in wizarding society However this setting obscures the typecasting of female characters and the general depiction of conventional gender roles 293 According to the scholars Elizabeth Heilman and Trevor Donaldson the subordination of female characters goes further early in the series The final three books showcase richer roles and more powerful females for instance the series most matriarchal character Molly Weasley engages substantially in the final battle of Deathly Hallows while other women are shown as leaders 294 Hermione Granger in particular becomes an active and independent character essential to the protagonists battle against evil 295 Yet even particularly capable female characters such as Hermione and Minerva McGonagall are placed in supporting roles 296 and Hermione s status as a feminist model is debated 297 Girls and women are frequently shown as emotional defined by their appearance and denied agency in family settings 298 The social hierarchies in Rowling s magical world have been a matter of debate among scholars and critics 299 The primary antagonists of Harry Potter Voldemort and his followers believe blood purity is paramount and that non wizards or muggles are subhuman 300 Their ideology of racial difference is depicted as unambiguously evil 301 However the series cannot wholly reject racial division according to several scholars as it still depicts wizards as fundamentally superior to muggles 302 Blake and Zipes argue that numerous examples of wizardly superiority are depicted as natural and comfortable 303 Thus according to Gupta Harry Potter depicts superior races as having a moral obligation of tolerance and altruism towards lesser races rather than explicitly depicting equality 304 Rowling s depictions of the status of magical non humans is similarly debated 305 Discussing the slavery of house elves within Harry Potter scholars such as Brycchan Carey have praised the books abolitionist sentiments viewing Hermione s Society for the Promotion of Elfish Welfare as a model for younger readers political engagement 306 Other critics including Farah Mendlesohn find the portrayal of house elves extremely troublesome they are written as happy in their slavery and Hermione s efforts on their behalf are implied to be naive 307 Pharr terms the house elves a disharmonious element in the series writing that Rowling leaves their fate hanging 308 at the end of Deathly Hallows the elves remain enslaved and cheerful 309 More generally the subordination of magical non humans remains in place unchanged by the defeat of Voldemort 310 Thus scholars suggest the series s message is essentially conservative it sees no reason to transform social hierarchies only being concerned with who holds positions of power 311 Religious reactions Main article Religious debates over the Harry Potter series There have been attempts to ban Harry Potter around the world especially in the United States 312 313 and in the Bible Belt in particular 314 The series topped the American Library Association s list of most challenged books in the first three years of its publication 315 In the following years parents in several US cities launched protests against teaching it in schools 316 Some Christian critics particularly Evangelical Christians have claimed that the novels promote witchcraft and harm children 317 318 similar opposition has been expressed to the film adaptations 319 Criticism has taken two main forms allegations that Harry Potter is a pagan text and claims that it encourages children to oppose authority derived mainly from Harry s rejection of the Dursleys his adoptive parents 320 The author and scholar Amanda Cockrell suggests that Harry Potter s popularity and recent preoccupation with fantasy and the occult among Christian fundamentalists explains why the series received particular opposition 313 Some groups of Shia and Sunni Muslims also argued that the series contained satanic subtext and it was banned in private schools in the United Arab Emirates 321 The Harry Potter books also have a group of vocal religious supporters who believe that Harry Potter espouses Christian values or that the Bible does not prohibit the forms of magic described in the series 322 Christian analyses of the series have argued that it embraces ideals of friendship loyalty courage love and the temptation of power 323 324 After the final volume was published Rowling said she intentionally incorporated Christian themes in particular the idea that love may hold power over death 323 According to Farmer it is a profound misreading to think that Harry Potter promotes witchcraft 325 The scholar Em McAvan writes that evangelical objections to Harry Potter are superficial based on the presence of magic in the books they do not attempt to understand the moral messages in the series 314 Legacy nbsp Sculpture of Harry Potter in Leicester Square London 2020Rowling s Harry Potter series has been credited with a resurgence in crossover fiction children s literature with an adult appeal 326 p Crossovers were prevalent in 19th century American and British fiction but fell out of favour in the 20th century 328 and did not occur at the same scale 329 The post Harry Potter crossover trend is associated with the fantasy genre 330 In the 1970s children s books were generally realistic as opposed to fantastic 331 while adult fantasy became popular because of the influence of The Lord of the Rings 332 The next decade saw an increasing interest in grim realist themes with an outflow of fantasy readers and writers to adult works 333 334 The commercial success of Harry Potter in 1997 reversed this trend 335 The scale of its growth had no precedent in the children s market within four years it occupied 28 of that field by revenue 336 Children s literature rose in cultural status 337 and fantasy became a dominant genre 330 338 Older works of children s fantasy including Diana Wynne Jones s Chrestomanci series and Diane Duane s Young Wizards were reprinted and rose in popularity some authors re established their careers 339 In the following decades many Harry Potter imitators and subversive responses grew popular 340 341 Rowling has been compared with Enid Blyton who also wrote in simple language about groups of children and long held sway over the British children s market 342 343 She has also been described as an heir to Roald Dahl 344 Some critics view Harry Potter s rise along with the concurrent success of Philip Pullman s His Dark Materials as part of a broader shift in reading tastes a rejection of literary fiction in favour of plot and adventure 345 This is reflected in the BBC s 2003 Big Read survey of the UK s favourite books where Pullman and Rowling ranked at numbers 3 and 5 respectively with very few British literary classics in the top 10 346 Harry Potter s popularity led its publishers to plan elaborate releases and spawned a textual afterlife among fans and forgers Beginning with the release of Prisoner of Azkaban on 8 July 1999 at 3 45 pm 347 its publishers coordinated selling the books at the same time globally introduced security protocols to prevent premature purchases and required booksellers to agree not to sell copies before the appointed time 348 Driven by the growth of the internet fan fiction about the series proliferated and has spawned a diverse community of readers and writers 349 350 While Rowling has supported fan fiction her statements about characters for instance that Harry and Hermione could have been a couple and that Dumbledore was gay have complicated her relationship with readers 351 352 According to scholars this shows that modern readers feel a sense of ownership over the text that is independent of and sometimes contradicts authorial intent 353 354 Legal disputesMain article Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series In the 1990s and 2000s Rowling was both a plaintiff and defendant in lawsuits alleging copyright infringement Nancy Stouffer sued Rowling in 1999 alleging that Harry Potter was based on stories she published in 1984 355 356 Rowling won in September 2002 357 Richard Posner describes Stouffer s suit as deeply flawed and notes that the court finding she had used forged and altered documents assessed a 50 000 penalty against her 358 With her literary agents and Warner Bros Rowling has brought legal action against publishers and writers of Harry Potter knockoffs in several countries 359 In the mid 2000s Rowling and her publishers obtained a series of injunctions prohibiting sales or published reviews of her books before their official release dates 360 361 Beginning in 2001 after Rowling sold film rights to Warner Bros the studio tried to take Harry Potter fan sites offline unless it determined that they were made by authentic fans for innocuous purposes 362 In 2007 with Warner Bros Rowling started proceedings to cease publication of a book based on content from a fan site called The Harry Potter Lexicon 355 363 The court held that Lexicon was neither a fair use of Rowling s material nor a derivative work but it did not prevent the book from being published in a different form 364 Lexicon was published in 2009 365 PhilanthropyAware of the good fortune that led to her wealth and fame 366 Rowling wanted to use her public image to help others despite her concerns about publicity and the press she became in the words of Smith emboldened to stand up and be counted on issues that were important to her 367 Rowling s charitable donations before 2012 were estimated by Forbes at 160 million 176 She was the second most generous UK donor in 2015 following the singer Elton John giving about 14 million 368 Long interested in issues affecting women and children 369 Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust in 2000 named after her mother 370 to address social deprivation in at risk women children and youth 371 She was appointed president of One Parent Families now Gingerbread in 2004 372 after becoming its first ambassador in 2000 370 She collaborated with Sarah Brown 373 on a book of children s stories to benefit One Parent Families 370 Together with the MEP Emma Nicholson 374 Rowling founded the charity now known as Lumos in 2005 370 Lumos has worked with an orphanage west of Kyiv Ukraine since 2013 375 376 after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Rowling offered to personally match up to 1 million in donations to Lumos for Ukraine 377 Later in 2022 during her advocacy against the proposed Gender Recognition Reform Scotland Bill 378 Rowling stated she had founded and would fund Beira s Place a women centred rape help center to provide free support services for biological women 379 survivors of sexual violence 369 She has donated several hundred thousand pounds to help women lawyers flee from the Taliban s control helping hundreds of Afghans escape 380 Rowling has made donations to support other medical causes She named another institution after her mother in 2010 when she donated 10 million to found a multiple sclerosis research centre at the University of Edinburgh 381 She gave an additional 15 3 million to the centre in 2019 382 During the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony accompanied by an inflatable representation of Lord Voldemort 383 she read from Peter Pan as part of a tribute to the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children 384 To support COVID 19 relief she donated six figure sums to both Khalsa Aid and the British Asian Trust from royalties for The Ickabog 216 Several publications in the Harry Potter universe have been sold for charitable purposes Profits from Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages both published in 2001 went to Comic Relief 370 To support Children s Voice later renamed Lumos Rowling sold a deluxe copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard at auction in 2007 Amazon s 1 95 million purchase set a record for a contemporary literary work and for children s literature 385 386 Rowling published the book and in 2013 donated the proceeds of nearly 19 million then about 30 million to Lumos 387 388 Rowling and 12 other writers composed short pieces in 2008 to be sold to benefit Dyslexia Action and English PEN Rowling s contribution was an 800 word Harry Potter prequel 389 q When the revelation that Rowling wrote The Cuckoo s Calling led to an increase in sales 192 she donated the royalties to ABF The Soldiers Charity formerly the Army Benevolent Fund 370 391 ViewsRowling was actively engaged on the internet before author webpages were common 392 She has at times used Twitter unreservedly to reach her Harry Potter fans and followers 393 394 She often tweets about her political opinions using wit and sarcasm sometimes generating controversy 395 396 Politics Main article Political views of J K Rowling See also Politics of Harry Potter In 2008 Rowling donated 1 million to the Labour Party endorsed the Labour prime minister Gordon Brown over his Conservative challenger David Cameron and commended Labour s policies on child poverty 397 When asked about the 2008 United States presidential election she stated that it is a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because both are extraordinary 89 In her Single mother s manifesto published in The Times in 2010 Rowling criticised the prime minister David Cameron s plan to offer married couples an annual tax credit She thought that the proposal discriminated against single parents whose interests the Conservative Party failed to consider 398 Rowling opposed the 2014 Scottish independence referendum due to concerns about the economic consequences and donated 1 million to the Better Together anti independence campaign 399 She campaigned for the UK to stay in the European Union in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum She defined herself as an internationalist the mongrel product of this European continent 28 and expressed concern that racists and bigots were directing parts of the Leave campaign 400 She opposed Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu but refused to support a cultural boycott of Israel in 2015 believing that depriving Israelis of shared culture would not dislodge him 401 In 2015 Rowling joined 150 others in signing a letter published in The Guardian in favour of cultural engagement with Israel 402 Press Rowling has a difficult relationship with the press and has tried to influence the type of coverage she receives 403 She described herself in 2003 as too thin skinned 404 As of 2011 she had taken more than 50 actions against the press 405 Rowling dislikes the British tabloid the Daily Mail 406 which she successfully sued in 2014 for libel about her time as a single mother 407 The Leveson Inquiry an investigation of the British press named Rowling as a core participant in 2011 She was one of many celebrities alleged to have been victims of phone hacking 408 In 2012 she wrote an op ed for The Guardian in response to Cameron s decision not to implement all the inquiry s recommendations 409 She reaffirmed her stance on Hacked Off a campaign supporting the self regulation of the press by co signing a 2014 declaration to safeguard the press from political interference while also giving vital protection to the vulnerable with other British celebrities 410 Transgender people Main article Political views of J K Rowling Transgender rights Rowling s responses to proposed changes to UK gender recognition laws 411 412 r and her views on sex and gender have provoked controversy 415 Her statements have divided feminists 416 417 418 fuelled debates on freedom of speech 419 420 academic freedom 414 and cancel culture 421 and prompted declarations of support for transgender people from the literary 422 arts 423 and culture sectors 424 When Maya Forstater s employment contract with the London branch of the Center for Global Development was not renewed after she tweeted gender critical views 395 425 Rowling responded in December 2019 with a tweet that transgender people should live their lives as they pleased in peace and security but questioned women being force d out of their jobs for stating that sex is real 425 s In another controversial tweet in June 2020 429 Rowling mocked an article for using the phrase people who menstruate 430 and tweeted that women s rights and lived reality would be erased if sex isn t real 431 432 LGBT charities and leading actors of the Wizarding World franchise condemned Rowling s comments 433 434 t GLAAD called them cruel and inaccurate 440 Rowling responded with an essay on her website 65 in which she revealed that her views on women s rights were informed by her experience as a survivor of domestic abuse and sexual assault 441 While affirming that the majority of trans identified people not only pose zero threat to others but are vulnerable Trans people need and deserve protection she believed that it would be unsafe to allow any man who believes or feels he s a woman into bathrooms or changing rooms 441 442 443 Writing of her own experiences with sexism and misogyny 444 she wondered if the allure of escaping womanhood would have led her to transition if she had been born later and said that trans activism was seeking to erode woman as a political and biological class 445 Rowling s continual statements beginning in 2017 415 446 447 have been called transphobic by critics 448 449 and she has been referred to as a TERF 449 450 451 She rejects these characterisations and the notion that she holds animosity towards transgender people saying that her viewpoint has been misunderstood 65 448 447 Criticism of Rowling s views has come from the Harry Potter fansites MuggleNet and The Leaky Cauldron 452 and the charities Mermaids 429 Stonewall 453 and Human Rights Campaign 454 After Kerry Kennedy expressed profound disappointment in her views Rowling returned the Ripple of Hope Award given to her by the Robert F Kennedy Human Rights organisation 455 As Rowling s views on the legal status of transgender people came under scrutiny 414 she received insults and death threats 456 457 and discussion moved beyond the Twitter community 458 Some performers and feminists have supported her 458 459 Figures from the arts world criticised hate speech directed against her 460 Awards and honoursMain article List of awards and nominations received by J K Rowling nbsp Rowling after receiving an honorary degree from the University of Aberdeen in 2006Rowling s Harry Potter series has won awards for general literature children s literature and speculative fiction It has earned multiple British Book Awards beginning with the Children s Book of the Year for the first two volumes Philosopher s Stone and Chamber of Secrets 461 The third novel Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for an adult award the Whitbread Book of the Year where it competed against the Nobel prize laureate Seamus Heaney s translation of Beowulf The award body gave Rowling the children s prize instead worth half the cash amount which some scholars felt exemplified a literary prejudice against children s books 462 463 She won the World Science Fiction Convention s Hugo Award for the fourth book Goblet of Fire 464 and the British Book Awards adult prize the Book of the Year for the sixth novel Half Blood Prince 465 Rowling was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire OBE in the 2000 Birthday Honours for services to children s literature 466 and three years later received Spain s Prince of Asturias Award for Concord 467 Following the conclusion of the Harry Potter series she won the Outstanding Achievement prize at the 2008 British Book Awards 468 469 The next year she was made a Chevalier de la Legion d Honneur by the French president Nicolas Sarkozy 468 and leading magazine editors named her the Most Influential Woman in the UK in 2010 470 For services to literature and philanthropy she was awarded the Order of the Companions of Honour CH in 2017 471 Many academic institutions have bestowed honorary degrees on Rowling 468 including her alma mater the University of Exeter 472 and Harvard University where she spoke at the 2008 commencement ceremony 473 She is a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature FRSL 474 the Royal Society of Edinburgh HonFRSE 475 and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh FRCPE 476 Rowling shared the British Academy Film Award BAFTA for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema with the cast and crew of the Harry Potter films in 2011 477 Her other awards include the 2017 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 478 and the 2021 British Book Awards Crime and Thriller prize for the fifth volume of her Cormoran Strike series 479 BibliographyPublications by J K Rowling Target Type Series Description Title Date Ref Young adultfiction Harry Potter series 1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone 26 Jun 1997 480 481 2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2 Jul 1998 480 482 3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 8 Jul 1999 480 483 4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 8 Jul 2000 480 484 5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 21 Jun 2003 480 485 6 Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince 16 Jul 2005 480 486 7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 21 Jul 2007 487 488 Harry Potter related books Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them supplement to the Harry Potter series 12 Mar 2001 489 Quidditch Through the Ages supplement to the Harry Potter series 12 Mar 2001 490 Harry Potter prequel short story published in What s Your Story Postcard Collection 1 Jul 2008 390 491 The Tales of Beedle the Bard supplement to the Harry Potter series 4 Dec 2008 492 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child story concept for play 30 Jul 2016 premiere 493 494 Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power Politics and Pesky Poltergeists 6 Sep 2016 495 Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies 6 Sep 2016 496 Hogwarts An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide 6 Sep 2016 497 Harry Potter related original screenplays Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 18 Nov 2016 498 Fantastic Beasts The Crimes of Grindelwald 16 Nov 2018 premiere 499 Fantastic Beasts The Secrets of Dumbledore 15 Apr 2022 157 Adultfiction The Casual Vacancy 27 Sep 2012 500 Cormoran Strike series as Robert Galbraith 1 The Cuckoo s Calling 18 Apr 2013 501 2 The Silkworm 19 Jun 2014 193 3 Career of Evil 20 Oct 2015 194 4 Lethal White 18 Sep 2018 195 5 Troubled Blood 15 Sep 2020 502 6 The Ink Black Heart 30 Aug 2022 503 7 The Running Grave 26 Sep 2023 198 Children sfiction The Ickabog 10 Nov 2020 215 The Christmas Pig 12 Oct 2021 218 Non fiction Books Very Good Lives The Fringe Benefits of Failure and Importance of Imagination illustrated by Joel Holland Sphere 14 Apr 2015 504 A Love Letter to Europe an Outpouring of Love and Sadness from our Writers Thinkers and Artists Coronet contributor 31 Oct 2019 505 Articles The first it girl J K Rowling reviews Decca the Letters by Jessica Mitford Sussman Peter Y editor The Daily Telegraph 26 Nov 2006 31 506 The fringe benefits of failure and the importance of imagination Harvard Magazine 5 Jun 2008 473 Gordon Brown the 2009 Time 100 Time magazine 30 Apr 2009 507 The single mother s manifesto The Times 14 Apr 2010 508 I feel duped and angry at David Cameron s reaction to Leveson The Guardian 30 Nov 2012 409 Isn t it time we left orphanages to fairytales The Guardian 17 Dec 2014 509 Book Foreword Introduction Reynolds Kim Cooling Wendy project consultants Families Just Like Us The One Parent Families Good Book Guide National Council for One Parent Families Book Trust 2000 510 511 McNeil Gil Brown Sarah editors Magic Bloomsbury 3 Jun 2002 512 Brown Gordon Ending child poverty in Moving Britain Forward Selected Speeches 1997 2006 Bloomsbury 25 Sep 2006 31 513 Anelli Melissa Harry A History Pocket Books 4 Nov 2008 514 FilmographyJ K Rowling filmography Year Title Credited as Notes Ref Actress Screenwriter Producer Executive producer2003 The Simpsons Yes Voice cameo in The Regina Monologues 515 2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 Yes Film based on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 516 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 Yes2015 The Casual Vacancy Yes Television miniseries based on The Casual Vacancy 517 2016 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Yes Yes Film inspired by the Harry Potter supplementary book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 518 2017 present Strike Yes Television series based on Cormoran Strike novels 519 2018 Fantastic Beasts The Crimes of Grindelwald Yes Yes Film inspired by Harry Potter supplementary book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 520 2022 Fantastic Beasts The Secrets of Dumbledore Yes Yes Film inspired by Harry Potter supplementary book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 521 Notes a b Moray House was then part of Heriot Watt University and later became part of the University of Edinburgh 116 Sources differ on the precise name of Rowling s place of birth As of January 2022 update Rowling s personal website said she was born at Yate General Hospital near Bristol 8 She has sometimes said she was born in Chipping Sodbury which is near Yate 9 Tison Pugh says she was born in Chipping Sodbury General Hospital 10 The Scotsman lists Cottage Hospital in Chipping Sodbury 11 Biographer Smith describes Chipping Sodbury as Yate s elegant neighbor and reproduces a birth certificate that says District Sodbury but lists the hospital as Cottage Hospital 240 Station Road Yate 12 According to Smith the BBC Television documentary still erroneously claimed that Joanne was born in Chipping Sodbury Yet despite the mistake the good folk of Yate are pressing for some kind of plaque or feature in their town to record it as her place of birth 13 St Michael s Primary School headmaster Alfred Dunn has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore 23 biographer Smith writes that Rowling s father and other figures in her education provide more likely examples 24 Rowling denies that her young playmate Ian Potter represents Harry 25 Smith describes Tutshill as staunchly middle class 30 and Parker describes Church Cottage as a handsome Gothic Revival cottage 31 In 2020 it was reported that a company listing Rowling s husband Neil Murray as director had purchased Church Cottage and renovations were underway 32 Pugh writes that Rowling reportedly modeled the strict pedagogical style of Severus Snape after Sylvia Morgan s methods 10 Kirk states that Jo has admitted modeling Professor Snape on a few of her most memorable and least favorite people from her past and she has said that Mrs Morgan was definitely one of them 37 According to Smith Aspects of Mrs Morgan s fearsome character are embodied in the Hogwarts Potions master Professor Severus Snape 38 Smith compares the place meals held in the Rowling household 55 and the descriptions of food in The Little White Horse to the elaborate food prepared for Hogwarts pupils 56 Rowling later described Harris as her getaway driver and foul weather friend his Anglia inspired a flying version that appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as a symbol of escape and rescue 67 68 Pugh writes In a droll allusion to this ill fated union Professor Trelawney warns Lavender Brown Incidentally that thing you are dreading it will happen on Friday the sixteenth of October 40 Rowling says that Jessica was named after Mitford and a boy would have been named Harry according to Smith 2002 Arantes says that Jessica was named after Jezebel from the Bible 94 The depression inspired the Dementors soul sucking creatures introduced in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 108 The Scottish Arts Council grant was after Rowling had a contract for publication of Philosopher s Stone but before it was published 125 According to Errington 500 hardbacks and 5 150 paperbacks were published on the same date and neither has bibliographical priority It was previously believed that the initial print run was 500 copies total but this number is woefully inaccurate 128 Smith writes that the Rowling sisters never attended Sunday school or services 162 and Parker writes that the other Rowling family members were not regular churchgoers but that Rowling regularly attended services in the church next door 31 Attributed to multiple sources Goblet of Fire 271 Order of the Phoenix 272 Half Blood Prince and Deathly Hallows 273 While noting the prevalent view that Harry Potter catalysed this change the critic Rachel Falconer also credits socio economic factors In her view Rowling s success is part of a larger cultural change in contemporary Western society which accords greater weight and value to the signifier the child than in previous decades 327 The original Harry Potter prequel manuscript was stolen in 2017 390 The UK laws and proposed changes are the Gender Recognition Act 2004 the Gender Recognition Reform Scotland Bill and the related Equality Act 2010 413 414 415 A tribunal ruled in 2021 that Forstater s gender critical views were protected under the 2010 UK Equality Act 426 427 In July 2022 a new tribunal decision was published Forstater v Center for Global Development Europe ruling that Forstater had suffered direct discrimination from her employer 428 Daniel Radcliffe Emma Watson Rupert Grint 435 Eddie Redmayne 434 and others expressed support for the transgender community in reaction to Rowling s comments 436 437 Helena Bonham Carter 438 Robbie Coltrane 439 and Ralph Fiennes supported Rowling 435 References Smith 2002 p 241 a b c d Kirk 2003 p 76 Kirk 2003 p 12 Smith 2002 p 175 a b c Smith 2002 pp 271 273 Judge rules against JK Rowling in privacy case The Guardian 7 August 2007 Retrieved 13 January 2022 Smith 2002 pp 1 39 224 a b c About JK Rowling Retrieved 13 January 2022 Kirk 2003 pp 11 12 a b c d e f g h i Pugh 2020 p 2 a b c d e f g h i j The JK Rowling story The Scotsman 16 June 2003 Archived from the original on 23 June 2020 Retrieved 7 January 2022 Smith 2002 pp 4 6 Smith 2002 p 271 Kirk 2003 p 10 a b c Smith 2002 p 2 a b c Biography JK Rowling Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 Retrieved 7 January 2022 Smith 2002 p 4 Smith 2002 p 8 Smith 2002 pp 8 23 72 a b Smith 2002 pp 53 54 Smith 2002 p 79 Smith 2002 pp 7 8 Kirk 2003 p 28 Smith 2002 pp 19 27 32 51 52 a b Smith 2002 pp 22 29 109 Smith 2002 pp 9 10 39 Smith 2002 p 10 a b c Pugh 2020 p 6 Smith 2002 pp 22 25 27 39 Smith 2002 p 25 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Parker Ian 24 September 2012 Mugglemarch J K Rowling writes a realist novel for adults The New Yorker Archived from the original on 30 July 2014 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Harry Potter JK Rowling secretly buys childhood home BBC News 14 April 2020 Retrieved 12 January 2022 Smith 2002 p 27 Smith 2002 p 28 Smith 2002 pp 27 30 Smith 2002 pp 28 30 Kirk 2003 p 31 Smith 2002 p 21 Smith 2002 pp 36 38 a b c d e f g h i Pugh 2020 p 3 Kirk 2003 p 37 Smith 2002 pp 40 41 Kirk 2003 p 33 The years of British secondary school are equivalent to the United States grades of 6 12 Kirk compares them to the seven years of the books in the Harry Potter series Kirk 2003 p 39 Smith 2002 pp 66 67 Smith 2002 pp 56 58 Kirk 2003 p 36 a b Smith 2002 p 54 Smith 2002 p 61 Smith 2002 pp 55 56 Smith 2002 p 62 a b c d e f Fraser Lindsay 9 November 2002 Harry and me The Scotsman Archived from the original on 9 June 2021 Retrieved 7 January 2022 Smith 2002 pp 12 13 Smith 2002 pp 16 17 Smith 2002 p 17 Smith 2002 p 45 Smith 2002 p 38 Kirk 2003 p 35 a b c Kirk 2003 p 40 Smith 2002 pp 71 74 Smith 2002 pp 74 75 Smith 2002 p xii a b c Pugh 2020 p 4 Smith 2002 p 72 a b c d J K Rowling writes about her reasons for speaking out on sex and gender issues JK Rowling 10 June 2020 Archived from the original on 10 June 2020 Retrieved 10 June 2020 Smith 2002 pp 76 78 Pugh 2020 p 9 Smith 2002 pp 77 78 Smith 2002 pp 79 81 Smith 2002 pp 80 81 Kirk 2003 p 42 Smith 2002 p 90 Kirk 2003 p 44 Kirk 2003 pp 44 45 Smith 2002 pp 89 90 Smith 2002 pp 95 97 Smith 2002 p 97 Smith 2002 pp 104 5 says Clapham Kirk 2003 p 49 says Clapham but p 67 says Clapham Junction Rowling tweeted in 2020 that she first put pen to paper in Clapham Junction Minelle Bethany 22 May 2020 JK Rowling reveals Harry Potter s true birthplace Clapham Junction Sky News Retrieved 17 January 2022 Pugh 2020 pp 2 3 Kirk 2003 p 51 a b Kirk 2003 pp 66 67 Loer Stephanie 18 October 1999 All about Harry Potter from Quidditch to the future of the Sorting Hat The Boston Globe p C7 ProQuest 405306485 Smith 2002 p 108 Smith 2002 p 106 Smith 2002 pp 109 110 Greig Geordie 10 January 2006 There would be so much to tell her The Daily Telegraph p 25 ProQuest 321301864 Smith 2002 pp 109 112 Smith 2002 p 111 a b c d Cruz 2008 Smith 2002 pp 114 116 Smith 2002 pp 121 122 Smith 2002 p 127 Smith 2002 pp 127 131 Smith 2002 p 132 Kirk 2003 p 70 Kirk 2003 p 57 Soon by many eyewitness accounts and even some versions of Jorge s own story domestic violence became a painful reality in Jo s life JK Rowling Sun newspaper criticised by abuse charities for article on ex husband BBC News 12 June 2020 Archived from the original on 12 June 2020 Retrieved 12 June 2020 Rawlinson Kevin 22 February 2023 JK Rowling reveals abuse in past relationship The Guardian Archived from the original on 22 February 2023 Retrieved 22 February 2023 Smith 2002 pp 133 134 Smith 2002 pp 136 137 a b Smith 2002 p 136 Smith 2002 pp 138 139 a b Rowling JK June 2008 JK Rowling The fringe benefits of failure TED Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 Retrieved 5 March 2011 Failure amp imagination a b Smith 2002 p 140 Smith 2002 p 141 Smith 2002 p 142 a b Kirk 2003 p 60 Chaundy Bob 18 February 2003 Harry Potter s magician BBC News Retrieved 13 January 2022 Smith 2002 p 144 Smith 2002 p 150 Kirk 2003 pp 55 60 Smith 2002 pp 144 146 Smith 2002 pp 147 148 Smith 2002 p 149 Smith 2002 p 173 a b Smith 2002 pp 148 149 Anelli 2008 p 44 Smith 2002 p 174 Anelli 2008 pp 41 47 Smith 2002 p 152 Anelli 2008 p 43 Kirk 2003 p 75 Lawless John 3 July 2005 Revealed The eight year old girl who saved Harry Potter The New Zealand Herald Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 Retrieved 6 October 2011 Smith 2002 p 162 a b Smith 2002 p 176 Kirk 2003 pp 62 76 119 Errington 2017 pp 1 2 7 8 Errington 2017 pp 7 8 a b c Smith 2002 pp 187 188 a b c Hahn 2015 pp 264 266 Mamary 2020 pp 1 3 Kirk 2003 p 77 Eccleshare 2002 p 13 Kirk 2003 p 79 Anelli 2008 pp 50 58 59 Harry Potter and the Sorcerer s Stone Kirkus Reviews 1 September 1998 Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 Retrieved 14 December 2013 Anelli 2008 pp 60 61 Anelli 2008 p 63 Whited 2002 p 2 Whited 2002 p 5 Kirkpatrick David D 23 June 2003 New Harry Potter book sells 5 million on first day The New York Times Archived from the original on 27 May 2015 Retrieved 31 January 2022 Wyatt Edward 18 July 2005 Harry Potter book sets record in first day The New York Times Archived from the original on 29 May 2015 Retrieved 31 January 2022 Rich Motoko 23 July 2007 Harry Potter s popularity holds up in early sales The New York Times Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 Retrieved 31 January 2022 Gunelius 2008 pp 8 37 a b Smith 2002 p 210 Anelli 2008 pp 66 68 Kirk 2003 p 94 Bradshaw Peter 28 October 2021 Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone review 20 years on it s a nostalgic spectacular The Guardian Retrieved 13 January 2022 Lyall Sarah 12 November 2010 A screenwriter s Hogwarts decade The New York Times Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 Retrieved 9 January 2022 Sragow Michael 15 November 2001 The wizard behind Harry The Baltimore Sun p 1E ProQuest 406491574 Barnes Brooks 21 November 2010 Harry Potter has 330 million debut weekend The New York Times Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 Retrieved 2 February 2022 Barnes Brooks 17 July 2011 Millions of Muggles propel Potter film at box office The New York Times Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 Retrieved 2 February 2022 Cieply Michael 12 September 2013 Warner and J K Rowling Reach Wide Ranging Deal The New York Times Archived from the original on 12 September 2013 Retrieved 31 January 2022 JK Rowling plans five Fantastic Beasts films BBC News 14 October 2016 Archived from the original on 24 November 2016 Cain Sian 25 November 2016 The screenplay of Fantastic Beasts is a rare miss for the wizarding world The Guardian Retrieved 22 January 2022 Dargis Manohla 8 November 2018 Fantastic Beasts The Crimes of Grindelwald review apocalypse too soon The New York Times Archived from the original on 9 November 2018 Retrieved 2 February 2022 a b Crouch Aaron 22 September 2021 Fantastic Beasts The Secrets of Dumbledore sets new 2022 release date The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on 22 September 2021 Retrieved 23 September 2021 Smith 2002 pp 218 222 Smith 2002 p 222 a b Nelson Michael 31 January 2002 Fantasia The Gospel According to C S Lewis The American Prospect Retrieved 12 January 2022 Smith 2002 pp 25 27 76 Smith 2002 p 76 Weeks Linton 20 October 1999 Charmed I m sure the enchanting success story of Harry Potter s creator J K Rowling The Washington Post p C01 ProQuest 408532236 Presenter Mark Lawson 27 September 2012 J K Rowling Front Row Event occurs at 17 45 BBC Radio 4 Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 Retrieved 27 September 2012 a b Kirk 2003 p 105 Hale Mike 16 July 2009 The woman behind the boy wizard The New York Times Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Kirk 2003 p 113 Holmes 2015 p 203 Adjudicated complaints J K Rowling Press Complaints Commission Retrieved 1 February 2022 Smith 2002 pp 261 262 266 267 Hogwarts hideaway for Potter author The Scotsman 22 November 2001 Archived from the original on 13 June 2020 Retrieved 25 October 2007 Baby joy for JK Rowling BBC News 24 March 2003 Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 Retrieved 24 March 2010 News JKR gives birth to baby girl JK Rowling 25 January 2005 Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 Retrieved 19 January 2022 Watson Julie Kellner Tomas 26 February 2004 J K Rowling and the billion dollar empire Forbes Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 Retrieved 9 January 2022 Couric Katie 18 July 2005 J K Rowling the author with the magic touch NBC News Archived from the original on 28 November 2019 Retrieved 13 June 2020 a b J K Rowling billionaire to millionaire The New Zealand Herald 12 March 2012 Archived from the original on 7 June 2013 Retrieved 16 January 2013 Rowling makes 5 every second BBC News 3 October 2008 Retrieved 28 February 2022 JK Rowling named world s highest earning author by Forbes BBC News 4 August 2017 Archived from the original on 2 October 2017 Retrieved 5 August 2017 Cuccinello Hayley C Shapiro Ariel 20 December 2019 Worlds highest paid authors 2019 J K Rowling back on top with 92 million Forbes Retrieved 20 December 2020 Farr Emma Victoria 3 October 2012 J K Rowling Casual Vacancy tops fiction charts The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 Retrieved 4 October 2012 JK Rowling net worth Sunday Times Rich List 2021 The Sunday Times 21 May 2021 Archived from the original on 13 November 2021 Retrieved 1 January 2022 Hills Megan C 7 May 2020 JK Rowling net worth 2020 How much the Harry Potter author earns and donates to charity Evening Standard Retrieved 12 January 2022 Review The Casual Vacancy Publishers Weekly 27 September 2012 Retrieved 10 January 2022 JK Rowling announces The Casual Vacancy as title of first book for adults The Guardian Press Association 12 April 2012 Retrieved 10 January 2022 Pugh 2020 pp 114 115 Pugh 2020 p 110 Frost Vicky 28 January 2015 Could the BBC HBO adaptation of JK Rowling s The Casual Vacancy be an improvement on the book The Guardian Retrieved 10 January 2022 Brooks Richard 14 July 2013 Whodunnit J K Rowling s secret life as a wizard crime writer revealed The Sunday Times p 1 Archived from the original on 13 June 2020 Retrieved 13 June 2020 a b Lyall Sarah 14 July 2013 This detective novel s story doesn t add up The New York Times Archived from the original on 26 January 2017 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Watts Robert 13 July 2013 JK Rowling unmasked as author of acclaimed detective novel The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 27 December 2019 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Pugh 2020 p 116 a b Meikle James 18 July 2013 JK Rowling directs anger at lawyers after secret identity revealed The Guardian Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 Retrieved 19 July 2013 a b Errington 2017 p 592 a b Errington 2017 p 618 a b Lethal White JK Rowling reveals Strike release date BBC News 10 July 2018 Archived from the original on 27 October 2018 Retrieved 27 October 2018 Rodger James 19 February 2020 JK Rowling announces fifth Cormoran Strike novel Troubled Blood under pseudonym Robert Galbraith Birmingham Mail Archived from the original on 20 June 2020 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Kerridge Jake 27 August 2022 The Ink Black Heart by Robert Galbraith review JK Rowling s Strike faces the social media trolls The Daily Telegraph Retrieved 30 August 2022 a b Brown Lauren 27 April 2023 Sphere unveils new Robert Galbraith novel The Running Grave The Bookseller Archived from the original on 27 April 2023 Retrieved 5 October 2023 Molin 2015 pp 15 18 Pugh 2020 pp 117 118 Fullerton How 24 August 2017 When is Strike The Cuckoo s Calling on TV Radio Times Retrieved 31 March 2022 Seale Jack 11 December 2022 Strike Troubled Blood review the show s real hook will Robin and Strike finally get together The Guardian Retrieved 18 October 2023 Andreeva Nellie 26 October 2016 HBO picks up Cormoran Strike crama based on J K Rowling s crime novels Deadline Hollywood Archived from the original on 12 January 2017 Brummitt 2016 pp 112 114 115 Flood Alison 23 June 2011 Pottermore website launched by JK Rowling as give back to fans The Guardian Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 Retrieved 4 July 2011 a b c Brummitt amp Sellars 2019 pp 108 111 a b c d Sulcas Roslyn 21 February 2018 How much magic can Harry Potter and the Cursed Child make on Broadway The New York Times Archived from the original on 21 February 2018 Retrieved 16 January 2022 Babington Deepa Maguire Francis 30 July 2016 J K Rowling bids farewell to Harry Potter at Cursed Child gala Reuters Retrieved 8 January 2022 Birch 2016 pp 96 97 Otterson Joe 12 April 2023 Harry Potter series adaptation officially ordered at HBO Max will feature entirely new cast Variety Retrieved 15 April 2023 a b JK Rowling s The Ickabog child illustrators chosen for book BBC News 10 November 2020 Retrieved 17 January 2022 Quealy Gainer 2020 Lyall Sarah 5 December 2020 J K Rowling s new non Potter children s book The New York Times Archived from the original on 5 December 2020 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a b Flood Alison 26 May 2020 JK Rowling announces new children s book The Ickabog to be published free online The Guardian Retrieved 13 June 2020 a b J K Rowling s new children s book The Ickabog features illustrations from 9 Canadian kids Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 24 November 2020 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a b JK Rowling donates money for COVID 19 relief work in India Times of India 14 May 2021 Retrieved 14 May 2021 Seymour Miranda 12 October 2021 In J K Rowling s latest fantasy novel pigs do fly The New York Times Archived from the original on 12 October 2021 Retrieved 17 January 2022 a b The Christmas Pig Kirkus Reviews 21 October 2021 Retrieved 17 January 2022 O Brien Kiera 19 October 2021 Rowling s Christmas Pig jingles all the way to number one The Bookseller Retrieved 17 January 2022 Egan Elisabeth 2 December 2021 Veteran authors and mistletoe descend on the best seller list The New York Times Archived from the original on 2 December 2021 Retrieved 31 January 2022 Rowling J K 26 November 2006 The first It girl The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 19 October 2016 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Nel 2001 p 9 Hopkins 2016 p 55 Groves 2017 p xiii Groves 2017 p xii Groves 2017 pp x xii Groves 2017 p xii Berberich 2015 pp 151 154 Pinsent 2002 p 28 Pinsent 2002 p 28 a b Pinsent 2002 pp 27 30 Nikolajeva 2008 pp 229 233 Pinsent 2002 p 27 Alton 2008 pp 211 214 Pugh 2020 pp 11 20 Pugh 2020 p 107 a b c Pharr 2016 p 10 Alton 2008 p 211 Pugh 2020 pp 114 116 a b Natov 2002 p 129 Butler 2012 pp 233 234 a b Butler 2012 p 234 Park 2003 p 183 Natov 2002 p 130 a b Nikolajeva 2008 p 233 Ostry 2003 p 97 Ostry 2003 pp 90 97 98 Alton 2008 p 216 Gallardo amp Smith 2003 p 195 Singer 2016 pp 26 27 Farmer 2001 p 58 Farmer 2001 p 55 Nikolajeva 2008 pp 238 239 Ciaccio 2008 pp 39 40 Groves 2017 pp xxi xxii 135 136 a b Natov 2002 pp 134 136 Taub amp Servaty Seib 2008 pp 23 27 Pharr 2016 pp 20 21 a b Los 2008 pp 32 33 Stojilkov 2015 p 135 Pharr 2016 pp 14 15 20 21 a b Schanoes 2003 pp 131 132 McEvoy 2016 p 207 Doughty 2002 pp 247 249 McEvoy 2016 pp 207 211 213 Berberich 2016 p 153 Doughty 2002 pp 247 249 Birch 2008 pp 110 113 Nikolajeva 2016 p 204 Applebaum 2008 pp 84 85 Whited 2002 pp 1 3 Gupta 2009 p 17 a b Marsick 2023 Anatol 2003 pp ix x Beckett 2008 p 114 The Goblet of Fire was the fastest selling book in history Grenby 2016 p 1 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2003 was the fastest selling book in UK history 5 million copies in one day Falconer 2008 p 16 Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince broke records as the fastest selling book in history selling nine million copies on its first day in July 2005 The final volume went even further and broke sales records on both sides of the Atlantic selling eleven million copies in its first 24 hours Pugh 2020 pp 107 108 122 123 Stone Philip 9 October 2012 Casual Vacancy keeps pole position The Bookseller Retrieved 10 January 2022 Levy amp Mendlesohn 2016 pp 166 168 169 Eccleshare 2002 pp 106 108 Eccleshare 2002 p 106 a b Westman 2006 The critical response a b Nel 2001 pp 59 60 Bloom Harold 11 July 2000 Can 35 million book buyers be wrong Yes The Wall Street Journal p A26 ProQuest 1931451165 Teare 2002 pp 332 333 Zipes 2013 pp 176 177 Sunderland Dempster amp Thistlethwaite 2016 p 35 Byatt A S 7 July 2003 Harry Potter and the childish adult The New York Times Archived from the original on 17 April 2009 Retrieved 9 January 2022 Hensher Philip 25 January 2000 Harry Potter give me a break The Independent p 1 ProQuest 311572655 Pharr 2016 p 15 Whited 2015 pp 64 65 Pugh 2020 p 115 Pugh 2020 pp 122 123 Pugh 2020 pp 94 98 Heilman amp Donaldson 2008 pp 139 141 Pugh amp Wallace 2006 Eberhardt 2017 Pugh amp Wallace 2006 Eccleshare 2002 pp 84 87 Gallardo amp Smith 2003 p 191 Heilman amp Donaldson 2008 pp 139 141 Berents 2012 pp 144 149 Heilman amp Donaldson 2008 pp 142 147 Bell amp Alexander 2012 pp 1 8 Pugh amp Wallace 2006 Heilman amp Donaldson 2008 pp 149 155 Horne 2010 pp 81 82 Barratt 2012 pp 63 67 Nel 2001 p 44 Eccleshare 2002 p 78 Gupta 2009 p 104 Guanio Uluru 2015 p 121 Nel 2001 pp 43 45 Ostry 2003 pp 95 98 Blake 2002 pp 104 106 Gupta 2009 pp 105 107 Mendlesohn 2002 pp 176 177 Nikolajeva 2008 pp 237 239 Gupta 2009 pp 105 107 Gupta 2009 pp 108 110 Horne 2010 pp 76 77 Carey 2003 pp 105 107 114 Horne 2010 p 76 Mendlesohn 2002 pp 178 181 Horne 2010 p 81 Pharr 2016 pp 12 13 Barratt 2012 p 52 Dendle 2008 pp 171 173 Horne 2010 pp 96 97 Ostry 2003 pp 95 98 Applebaum 2008 pp 92 93 Heilman amp Donaldson 2008 pp 140 142 Horne 2010 pp 96 97 Mendlesohn 2002 pp 180 182 Gupta 2009 pp 18 20 a b Cockrell 2006 a b McAvan 2012 pp 100 103 Gupta 2009 p 18 Foerstel 2002 pp 180 188 Whited 2002 pp 3 4 Guanio Uluru 2015 pp 85 86 Gibson 2007 pp 187 190 Gibson 2007 pp 188 190 Guanio Uluru 2015 p 85 Gibson 2007 pp 192 193 a b Taub amp Servaty Seib 2008 pp 15 17 Ciaccio 2008 pp 33 37 Farmer 2001 p 53 Beckett 2008 pp 85 111 Falconer 2010 p 87 Westman 2011 p 104 Beckett 2008 p 111 a b Beckett 2008 p 135 Eccleshare 2002 pp 106 108 Stableford 2009 pp xli lx lxi 72 Levy amp Mendlesohn 2016 pp 161 162 Stableford 2009 pp 72 73 Stableford 2009 p 73 Eccleshare 2002 pp 108 109 Eccleshare 2002 pp 105 106 Levy amp Mendlesohn 2016 pp 164 165 Levy amp Mendlesohn 2016 p 167 Levy amp Mendlesohn 2016 pp 168 170 Striphas 2009 pp 158 159 166 167 Mendlesohn amp James 2012 p 167 Eccleshare 2002 pp 33 35 Eccleshare 2002 pp 10 12 Mendlesohn amp James 2012 pp 165 171 Mendlesohn amp James 2012 p 165 Anelli 2008 p 69 Striphas 2009 pp 146 148 Gupta 2009 p 217 Duggan 2021 Thomas 2019 pp 154 155 Tosenberger 2008 pp 196 199 Thomas 2019 p 155 Tosenberger 2008 pp 202 203 a b Baker 2010 pp 225 40 Whited 2002 pp 4 5 Pember amp Calvert 2007 p 597 Posner 2007 p 8 Striphas 2009 pp 161 166 Geist Michael 18 July 2005 Harry Potter and the amazing injunction Toronto Star p C3 ProQuest 438844169 Kirkpatrick David D 21 June 2003 Publisher s efforts to keep story s secrets collide with free speech concerns The New York Times Archived from the original on 3 November 2011 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Jenkins 2006 p 186 Schwabach 2009 pp 428 429 Schwabach 2009 p 429 Askari Emilia 15 January 2009 Potter guide reaches stores Detroit Free Press p 2 via newspapers com Kirk 2003 pp 113 115 Smith 2002 p 234 Elton John JK Rowling top list of charitable UK celebrities in 2015 EFE News Service 17 April 2016 ProQuest 1781399093 Harry Potter author JK Rowling allocated around 14 million for the benefit of two NGOs the Lumos Foundation which aims to end the institutionalizing of children by 2050 and the Volant Charitable Trust which funds projects that alleviate social deprivation as well as research into multiple sclerosis a b JK Rowling funds women only rape help centre in Edinburgh BBC News 12 December 2022 Retrieved 14 December 2022 a b c d e f Pugh 2020 pp 5 6 About us The Volant Charitable Trust Retrieved 6 January 2022 J K Rowling becomes President of One Parent Families The National Council for One Parent Families 16 November 2004 Archived from the original on 6 November 2007 Retrieved 20 October 2007 Gordon s women The Guardian 13 May 2007 Archived from the original on 3 October 2014 Retrieved 20 October 2007 Our history Lumos Retrieved 26 January 2022 Green Alex 1 March 2022 JK Rowling launches appeal for children trapped in Ukrainian orphanages The Scotsman Retrieved 11 March 2022 Siad Arnaud Hodge Nathan Owoseje Toyin 25 March 2022 J K Rowling hits back at Putin after he likened Russia to her in rant against cancel culture CNN Retrieved 26 March 2022 Rowling previously revealed that her children s charity Lumos had been working with the Ukrainian government since 2013 Drummond Michael 7 March 2022 Ukraine war JK Rowling to personally match emergency appeal funding up to 1m as children face uncertain future Sky News Retrieved 11 March 2022 Carrell Severin 12 December 2022 JK Rowling launches support centre for female victims of sexual violence The Guardian Archived from the original on 12 December 2022 Retrieved 14 December 2022 Sanderson Daniel 12 December 2022 JK Rowling says she s rich enough to take the flak as she launches women only support service The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 12 December 2022 Retrieved 14 December 2022 Stewart Stephen 29 January 2023 Harry Potter author JK Rowling helped Afghan lawyers flee the Taliban The Sunday Post Retrieved 12 February 2023 J K Rowling gives millions for MS research Reuters 31 August 2010 Retrieved 6 January 2022 JK Rowling donates 15 3m to Edinburgh MS research centre BBC News 12 September 2019 Retrieved 4 March 2022 Holmes Linda 27 July 2012 The opening ceremonies In London from the Industrial Revolution to Voldemort NPR Retrieved 6 January 2022 Gibson Owen 27 July 2012 Danny Boyle s Olympic opening ceremony madcap surreal and moving The Guardian Retrieved 6 January 2022 Amazon com buys J K Rowling tales Reuters 14 December 2007 Retrieved 14 January 2022 Errington 2017 pp 704 705 Biography JK Rowling Archived from the original on 4 August 2016 Retrieved 8 June 2013 The season of giving the millionaire donations that defined 2013 Spear s Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 Retrieved 30 December 2013 Williams Rachel 29 May 2008 Rowling pens Potter prequel for charities The Guardian Archived from the original on 14 July 2008 Retrieved 5 May 2010 a b Harry Potter prequel stolen in Birmingham burglary BBC News 12 May 2017 Retrieved 9 January 2022 Matilda Battersby 31 July 2013 JK Rowling wins substantial donation to charity from law firm behind Robert Galbraith confidentiality leak The Independent Retrieved 13 June 2020 Salter amp Stanfill 2020 pp 41 42 Schwirblat Freberg amp Freberg 2022 p 367 Salter amp Stanfill 2020 p 43 a b Pugh 2020 p 7 Salter amp Stanfill 2020 p 58 Leach Ben 20 September 2008 Harry Potter author JK Rowling gives 1 million to Labour The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Richards 2017 pp 316 317 Carrell Severin 11 June 2014 JK Rowling donates 1m to Scotland s anti independence campaign The Guardian Archived from the original on 11 June 2014 Retrieved 11 June 2014 O Connor Roisin 23 March 2019 People s vote Steve Coogan Patrick Stewart and Delia Smith among famous faces marching for second Brexit referendum The Independent Archived from the original on 27 October 2018 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Flood Alison 27 October 2015 JK Rowling explains refusal to join cultural boycott of Israel The Guardian Retrieved 6 January 2022 Israel needs cultural bridges not boycotts letter from JK Rowling Simon Schama and others The Guardian 22 October 2015 Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 Retrieved 23 October 2015 Salter amp Stanfill 2020 p 48 Treneman Ann 20 June 2003 I m not writing for the money It s for me and out of loyalty to fans The Times ProQuest 318891545 Gale IF0501604890 O Carroll Lisa Halliday Josh 24 November 2011 Leveson inquiry JK Rowling and Sienna Miller give evidence The Guardian Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 Retrieved 22 September 2012 Lockerbie Catherine 11 July 2000 All aboard the Hogwarts express The Scotsman p 2 ProQuest 326828580 Daily Mail pays damages to JK Rowling BBC News 7 May 2014 Archived from the original on 18 March 2020 Retrieved 24 April 2020 O Carroll Lisa 14 September 2011 Leveson phone hacking inquiry JK Rowling among core participants The Guardian Archived from the original on 4 June 2014 Retrieved 24 September 2011 a b Rowling JK 30 November 2012 I feel duped and angry at David Cameron s reaction to Leveson The Guardian Archived from the original on 13 September 2013 Retrieved 3 December 2012 Szalai Georg 18 March 2014 Benedict Cumberbatch Alfonso Cuaron Maggie Smith back U K press regulation The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on 7 June 2014 Retrieved 19 March 2014 Milne Amber Savage Rachel 11 June 2020 Explainer J K Rowling and trans women in single sex spaces what s the furore Reuters Retrieved 6 April 2021 Brooks Libby 11 June 2020 Why is JK Rowling speaking out now on sex and gender debate The Guardian Retrieved 14 January 2022 Pedersen 2022 Abstract a b c Suissa amp Sullivan 2021 pp 66 69 a b c Duggan 2021 PDF pp 14 15 160 161 Kottasova Ivana Andrew Scottie 20 December 2019 J K Rowling s transphobia tweet row spotlights a fight between equality campaigners and radical feminists CNN Retrieved 29 March 2022 JK Rowling responds to trans tweets criticism BBC News 11 June 2020 Retrieved 29 March 2022 Ferber Alona 22 September 2020 Judith Butler on the culture wars JK Rowling and living in anti intellectual times New Statesman Retrieved 26 March 2021 Pape 2022 pp 229 230 BBC nominates J K Rowling s controversial essay of trans rights for award DW News 22 December 2020 Retrieved 22 December 2020 Schwirblat Freberg amp Freberg 2022 pp 367 369 UK US Canada Ireland Flood Alison 9 October 2020 Stephen King Margaret Atwood and Roxane Gay champion trans rights in open letter The Guardian Retrieved 2 April 2022 Rowley Glenn 11 June 2020 Artists fire back at J K Rowling s anti trans remarks share messages in support of the community Billboard Retrieved 7 April 2022 Culture sector Universal Destinations amp Experiences Warner Bros and Scholastic Corporation Siegel Tatiana Abramovitch Seth 10 June 2020 Universal Parks responds to J K Rowling tweets Our core values include diversity inclusion and respect The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved 3 April 2022 Warner Bros Interactive Entertainment president Skrebels Joe 1 October 2020 WB Interactive president responds to ongoing debate over supporting JK Rowling IGN Retrieved 2 April 2022 a b Stack Liam 19 December 2019 J K Rowling criticized after tweeting support for anti transgender researcher The New York Times Archived from the original on 13 June 2020 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Faulkner Doug 10 June 2021 Maya Forstater woman wins tribunal appeal over transgender tweets BBC News Retrieved 26 March 2022 Siddique Haroon 10 June 2021 Gender critical views are a protected belief appeal tribunal rules The Guardian Retrieved 26 March 2022 Maya Forstater Woman discriminated against over trans tweets tribunal rules BBC 6 July 2022 Retrieved 6 July 2022 a b Petter Olivia 17 September 2020 Mermaids writes open letter to JK Rowling following her recent comments on trans people The Independent Archived from the original on 15 June 2020 Retrieved 26 March 2022 Gross Jenny 7 June 2020 Daniel Radcliffe criticizes J K Rowling s anti transgender tweets The New York Times Archived from the original on 7 June 2020 Retrieved 6 January 2022 Duggan 2021 PDF pp 14 15 Moreau Jordan 6 June 2020 J K Rowling gets backlash over anti trans tweets Variety Archived from the original on 7 June 2020 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Waterson Jim 23 July 2020 Children s news website apologises to JK Rowling over trans tweet row The Guardian Retrieved 26 March 2022 Rowling s comments on gender were condemned by LGBT charities and the leading stars of her Harry Potter film franchise a b Lang Brent 10 June 2020 Eddie Redmayne criticizes J K Rowling s anti trans tweets Variety Retrieved 28 March 2022 Eddie Redmayne star of the Fantastic Beasts franchise is speaking out against J K Rowling s anti trans tweets as the controversy surrounding the author and her beliefs continues to swirl a b Hibberd James 17 March 2021 Ralph Fiennes defends J K rowling amid trans controversy says backlash is disturbing The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved 26 March 2022 Lenker Maureen 10 June 2020 Every Harry Potter actor who s spoken out against J K Rowling s controversial trans comments Entertainment Weekly Retrieved 1 April 2022 Baska Maggie 20 May 2021 Stephen Fry defends friendship with JK Rowling I m sorry that people are upset PinkNews Retrieved 29 March 2022 Evans Greg Helena Bonham Carter says Johnny Depp completely vindicated in defamation trial and J K Rowling hounded for transgender stance Deadline Hollywood Retrieved 18 December 2022 Yasharoff Hannah 30 December 2021 How the Harry Potter reunion addresses author J K Rowling s anti trans controversy USA Today Retrieved 2 April 2022 Yasharoff Hannah 10 June 2020 J K Rowling reveals she s a sexual assault survivor Emma Watson reacts to trans comments USA Today Retrieved 27 March 2022 a b Shirbon Estelle 10 June 2020 J K Rowling reveals past abuse and defends right to speak on trans issues Reuters Archived from the original on 11 June 2020 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Gonzalez Sandra 10 June 2020 J K Rowling explains her gender identity views in essay amid backlash CNN Retrieved 16 September 2023 Garrand Danielle 11 June 2020 K Rowling defends herself after accusations of making anti trans comments on Twitter CBS News Retrieved 16 September 2023 Cain Sian 11 June 2020 JK Rowling reveals she is survivor of domestic abuse and sexual assault The Guardian Retrieved 29 March 2022 D Alessandro Anthony 10 June 2020 J K Rowling defends trans statements in lengthy essay reveals she s a sexual assault survivor amp says trans people need and deserve protection Deadline Hollywood Retrieved 5 January 2022 Jacobs Julia 9 February 2023 Hogwarts legacy can t cast aside debate over J K Rowling The New York Times Retrieved 14 July 2023 a b Spangler Todd 14 February 2023 J K Rowling addresses backlash to her anti trans comments in new podcast I never set out to upset anyone Variety Retrieved 14 July 2023 a b Breznican Anthony 12 April 2023 J K Rowling will oversee a new streaming Harry Potter series Vanity Fair Retrieved 14 July 2023 a b Rosenblatt Kalhan 10 June 2020 J K Rowling doubles down in what some critics call a transphobic manifesto NBC News Retrieved 19 January 2022 Steinfeld 2020 pp 34 35 Schwirblat Freberg amp Freberg 2022 pp 367 368 Harry Potter fan sites distance themselves from JK Rowling over transgender rights The Guardian Reuters 3 July 2020 Archived from the original on 3 July 2020 Retrieved 3 July 2020 Hinsliff Gaby 3 November 2021 The battle for Stonewall the LGBT charity and the UK s gender wars New Statesman Retrieved 24 November 2021 Brisco Elise 8 October 2021 Dave Chappelle says he s Team TERF defends J K Rowling in new Netflix comedy special USA Today Retrieved 29 March 2022 Flood Alison 28 August 2020 JK Rowling returns human rights award to group that denounces her trans views The Guardian Retrieved 28 August 2020 Suissa amp Sullivan 2021 p 69 Qiao 2022 p 1323 a b Schwirblat Freberg amp Freberg 2022 p 368 Supporting Rowling Ayaan Hirsi Ali Law Katie 15 October 2020 JK Rowling and the bitter battle of the book world Evening Standard Retrieved 27 March 2022 Allison Bailey Hancock Sam 27 April 2021 Maya Forstater who is woman in employment tribunal over transgender comments The Independent Archived from the original on 27 April 2021 Retrieved 27 March 2022 criminal defence barrister Allison Bailey known for launching legal action against LGBT rights charity Stonewall over its attempt to have her investigated for setting up the anti trans rights group LGB Alliance has also been a vocal supporter of Ms Forstater Julie Bindel Thorpe Vanessa 14 June 2020 JK Rowling from magic to the heart of a Twitter storm The Guardian Archived from the original on 4 July 2020 Retrieved 6 July 2020 Arrayed on Rowling s side are some of the veteran voices of feminism including the radical Julie Bindel who spoke out in support this weekend Dave Chappelle Yang Maya 7 October 2021 I m team Terf Dave Chappelle under fire over pro JK Rowling trans stance The Guardian Retrieved 27 March 2022 Dana International Shirbon Estelle 10 June 2020 J K Rowling reveals past abuse and defends right to speak on trans issues Reuters Archived from the original on 11 June 2020 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Eddie Izzard I don t think JK Rowling is transphobic says gender fluid comedian Eddie Izzard The Daily Telegraph 1 January 2021 Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Retrieved 27 November 2021 Kathleen Stock Alison Moyet JK Rowling responds to trans tweets criticism BBC News 11 June 2020 Retrieved 29 March 2022 Flockhart Gary 28 September 2020 JK Rowling receives support from Ian McEwan and Frances Barber amid transphobia row The Scotsman Retrieved 2 April 2022 Nel 2001 pp 72 73 Whited 2002 pp 6 7 Nel 2001 p 59 2001 Hugo Awards The Hugo Awards 26 July 2007 Retrieved 8 January 2022 Van Gelder Lawrence 31 March 2006 Arts briefly The New York Times Retrieved 8 January 2022 Caine heads birthday honours list BBC News 17 June 2000 Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 Retrieved 11 January 2022 Asturias 2003 a b c Pugh 2020 pp 6 7 Irvine Lindesay 10 April 2008 Another honour for JK Rowling The Guardian Retrieved 8 January 2022 Pearse Damien 11 October 2010 Harry Potter creator J K Rowling named Most Influential Woman in the UK The Guardian Archived from the original on 25 October 2013 Retrieved 11 October 2010 No 61962 The London Gazette 1st supplement 17 June 2017 p B25 Pook Sally 15 July 2000 J K Rowling given honorary degree at her alma mater The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 31 May 2010 Retrieved 13 June 2020 a b Rowling J K 5 June 2008 The fringe benefits of failure and the importance of imagination Harvard Magazine Retrieved 9 January 2022 RSL Fellows J K Rowling Royal Society of Literature Archived from the original on 9 August 2019 Retrieved 9 January 2022 Dr Joanne Kathleen Rowling CH OBE HonFRSE The Royal Society of Edinburgh The Royal Society of Edinburgh Archived from the original on 22 November 2018 Retrieved 22 November 2018 College Fellows and Members recognised in Queen s Birthday Honours Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 30 June 2017 Archived from the original on 2 October 2017 Retrieved 4 July 2017 100 BAFTA moments The Harry Potter films win the Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award British Academy of Film and Television Arts BAFTA 18 December 2014 Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 Retrieved 23 January 2022 Olivier winners 2017 Society of London Theatre Retrieved 29 June 2022 Waite Taylor Eva 13 May 2021 British Book Awards winners from first time writers to a teenage activist and a skincare guru The Independent Retrieved 14 May 2021 a b c d e f A Potter timeline for muggles Toronto Star 14 July 2007 Retrieved 9 January 2022 Errington 2017 p 2 Errington 2017 p 65 Errington 2017 p 185 Errington 2017 p 251 Errington 2017 p 353 Errington 2017 p 421 Harry Potter finale sales hit 11m BBC News 23 July 2007 Archived from the original on 28 November 2008 Retrieved 9 January 2022 Errington 2017 p 475 Errington 2017 p 314 Errington 2017 p 336 O Toole Kevin 12 May 2017 One of a kind handwritten Harry Potter prequel story stolen in burglary ABC News10 Albany NY Retrieved 9 January 2022 Errington 2017 p 530 Harry Potter author speaks to the BBC ahead of Cursed Child premier BBC News 30 July 2016 Retrieved 9 January 2022 Errington 2017 p 694 Errington 2017 p 630 Errington 2017 p 631 Errington 2017 p 629 Errington 2017 p 635 Fantastic Beasts The Crimes of Grindelwald On the red carpet for the Paris premiere USA Today 13 November 2018 Retrieved 10 January 2022 Errington 2017 p 551 Errington 2017 p 574 Kolirin Lianne 15 September 2020 JK Rowling s new book sparks fresh transgender rights row CNN Retrieved 10 January 2022 Harrison Ellie 30 August 2022 JK Rowling s new book features woman who is killed after being accused of transphobia The Independent Archived from the original on 30 August 2022 Retrieved 30 August 2022 Errington 2017 pp 609 611 Chandler Mark 23 September 2019 Coronet to release Love Letter to Europe on Brexit deadline day The Bookseller Retrieved 6 January 2022 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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