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Daily Mail

March 20, 2023

This article is about the British national daily newspaper. For other uses, see Daily Mail (disambiguation).

The Daily Mail is a British daily middle-market tabloid newspaper and news website[5][6] published in London. Founded in 1896, it is the United Kingdom's highest-circulated daily newspaper.[7] Its sister paper The Mail on Sunday was launched in 1982, while Scottish and Irish editions of the daily paper were launched in 1947 and 2006 respectively. Content from the paper appears on the MailOnline website, although the website is managed separately and has its own editor.[8]

Daily Mail
Daily Mail front page on 11 July 2021
TypeDaily newspaper
FormatTabloid
Owner(s)Daily Mail and General Trust
Founder(s)Alfred Harmsworth and Harold Harmsworth
PublisherDMG Media
EditorTed Verity
Founded4 May 1896; 126 years ago (1896-05-04)
Political alignmentRight-wing[1][2][3] Eurosceptic Conservative
LanguageEnglish
HeadquartersNorthcliffe House

2 Derry Street

London W8 5TT
Circulation812,106 (as of December 2022)[4]
ISSN0307-7578
OCLC number16310567
Websitewww.dailymail.co.uk

The paper is owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust.[9] Jonathan Harmsworth, 4th Viscount Rothermere, a great-grandson of one of the original co-founders, is the current chairman and controlling shareholder of the Daily Mail and General Trust, while day-to-day editorial decisions for the newspaper are usually made by a team led by the editor, Ted Verity, who succeeded Geordie Greig on 17 November 2021.

A survey in 2014 found the average age of its readers was 58, and it had the lowest demographic for 15- to 44-year-olds among the major British dailies.[10] Uniquely for a British daily newspaper, it has a majority female readership, with women making up 52–55% of its readers.[11] It had an average daily circulation of 1.13 million copies in February 2020.[12] Between April 2019 and March 2020 it had an average daily readership of approximately 2.18 million, of whom approximately 1.41 million were in the ABC1 demographic and 0.77 million in the C2DE demographic.[13] Its website has more than 218 million unique visitors per month.[14]

The Daily Mail has won several awards, including receiving the National Newspaper of the Year award from The Press Awards eight times since 1995, winning again in 2019.[15] The Society of Editors selected it as the 'Daily Newspaper of the Year' for 2020.[16] The Daily Mail has also been criticised for its unreliability, its printing of sensationalist and inaccurate scare stories of science and medical research,[17][18][19][20] and for instances of plagiarism and copyright infringement.[21][22][23][24] In February 2017, editors on the English Wikipedia banned the use of the Daily Mail as a source.[25][26][27]

Overview

The Mail was originally a broadsheet but switched to a compact format on 3 May 1971, the 75th anniversary of its founding.[28] On this date it also absorbed the Daily Sketch, which had been published as a tabloid by the same company. The publisher of the Mail, the Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT), is listed on the London Stock Exchange.

Circulation figures according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations in February 2020 show gross daily sales of 1,134,184 for the Daily Mail.[12] According to a December 2004 survey, 53% of Daily Mail readers voted for the Conservative Party, compared to 21% for Labour and 17% for the Liberal Democrats.[29] The main concern of Viscount Rothermere, the current chairman and main shareholder, is that the circulation be maintained. He testified before a House of Lords select committee that "we need to allow editors the freedom to edit", and therefore the newspaper's editor was free to decide editorial policy, including its political allegiance.[30] On 17 November 2021, Ted Verity began a new seven-day role as editor of Mail newspapers, with responsibility for the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday and You magazine.[31]

History

Early history

 
Advertisement by the Daily Mail for insurance against Zeppelin attacks during the First World War

The Daily Mail, devised by Alfred Harmsworth (later Viscount Northcliffe) and his brother Harold (later Viscount Rothermere), was first published on 4 May 1896. It was an immediate success.[32]: 28  It cost a halfpenny at a time when other London dailies cost one penny, and was more populist in tone and more concise in its coverage than its rivals. The planned issue was 100,000 copies, but the print run on the first day was 397,215, and additional printing facilities had to be acquired to sustain a circulation that rose to 500,000 in 1899. Lord Salisbury, 19th-century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, dismissed the Daily Mail as "a newspaper produced by office boys for office boys."[33]: 590–591  By 1902, at the end of the Boer Wars, the circulation was over a million, making it the largest in the world.[34][35]

With Harold running the business side of the operation and Alfred as editor, the Mail from the start adopted an imperialist political stance, taking a patriotic line in the Second Boer War, leading to claims that it was not reporting the issues of the day objectively.[36] The Mail also set out to entertain its readers with human interest stories, serials, features and competitions.[37]: 5  It was the first newspaper to recognize the potential market of the female reader with a women's interest section[38][37]: 16  and hired one of the first female war correspondents Sarah Wilson who reported during the Second Boer War.[39][37]: 27 

In 1900 the Daily Mail began printing simultaneously in both Manchester and London, the first national newspaper to do so (in 1899, the Daily Mail had organised special trains to bring the London-printed papers north). The same production method was adopted in 1909 by the Daily Sketch, in 1927 by the Daily Express and eventually by virtually all the other national newspapers. Printing of the Scottish Daily Mail was switched from Edinburgh to the Deansgate plant in Manchester in 1968 and, for a while, The People was also printed on the Mail presses in Deansgate. In 1987, printing at Deansgate ended, and the northern editions were thereafter printed at other Associated Newspapers plants.

For a time in the early 20th century, the paper championed vigorously against the "Yellow Peril", warning of the alleged dangers said to be posted by Chinese immigration to the United Kingdom.[40] The "Yellow Peril" theme came to be abandoned because the Anglo-German naval race led to a more plausible threat to the British empire to be presented.[40] In common with other Conservative papers, the Daily Mail used the Anglo-German naval race as a way of criticising the Liberal governments that were in power from 1906 onward, claiming that the Liberals were too pusillanimous in their response to the Tirpitz plan.

In 1906 the paper offered £10,000 for the first flight from London to Manchester, followed by a £1,000 prize for the first flight across the English Channel.[32]: 29  Punch magazine thought the idea preposterous and offered £10,000 for the first flight to Mars, but by 1910 both the Mail's prizes had been won. The paper continued to award prizes for aviation sporadically until 1930.[41] Virginia Woolf criticised the Daily Mail as an unreliable newspaper, citing the statement published in the Daily Mail in July 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion that "every one of the Europeans was put to the sword in a most atrocious manner" as the Daily Mail maintained that the entire European community in Beijing had been massacred.[42] A month later in August 1900 the Daily Mail published a story about the relief of the western Legations in Beijing, where the westerners in Beijing together with the thousands of Chinese Christians had been under siege by the Boxers.[42]

Before the outbreak of the First World War, the paper was accused of warmongering when it reported that Germany was planning to crush the British Empire.[32]: 29  When war began, Northcliffe's call for conscription was seen by some as controversial, although he was vindicated when conscription was introduced in 1916.[43] On 21 May 1915, Northcliffe criticised Lord Kitchener, the Secretary of State for War, regarding weapons and munitions. Kitchener was considered by some to be a national hero. The paper's circulation dropped from 1,386,000 to 238,000. Fifteen hundred members of the London Stock Exchange burned unsold copies and called for a boycott of the Harmsworth Press. Prime Minister H. H. Asquith accused the paper of being disloyal to the country.

When Kitchener died, the Mail reported it as a great stroke of luck for the British Empire.[32]: 32  The paper was critical of Asquith's conduct of the war, and he resigned on 5 December 1916.[44] His successor David Lloyd George asked Northcliffe to be in his cabinet, hoping it would prevent him from criticising the government. Northcliffe declined.[45]

According to Piers Brendon:

Northcliffe's methods made the Mail the most successful newspaper hitherto seen in the history of journalism. But by confusing gewgaws with pearls, by selecting the paltry at the expense of the significant, by confirming atavistic prejudices, by oversimplifying the complex, by dramatizing the humdrum, by presenting stories as entertainment and by blurring the difference between news and views, Northcliffe titillated, if he did not debouch, the public mind; he polluted, if he did not poison, the wells of knowledge.[46]

Inter-war period

1919 to 1930

 
Bundles of newspapers loaded into the back of a Daily Mail van in the early hours for delivery to newsagents

Light-hearted stunts enlivened Northcliffe, such as the 'Hat campaign' in the winter of 1920. This was a contest with a prize of £100 for a new design of hat – a subject in which Northcliffe took a particular interest. There were 40,000 entries and the winner was a cross between a top hat and a bowler christened the Daily Mail Sandringham Hat. The paper subsequently promoted the wearing of it but without much success.[47]

In 1919, Alcock and Brown made the first flight across the Atlantic, winning a prize of £10,000 from the Daily Mail. In 1930 the Mail made a great story of another aviation stunt, awarding another prize of £10,000 to Amy Johnson for making the first solo flight from England to Australia.[48]

The Daily Mail had begun the Ideal Home Exhibition in 1908. At first, Northcliffe had disdained this as a publicity stunt to sell advertising and he refused to attend. But his wife exerted pressure upon him and he changed his view, becoming more supportive. By 1922 the editorial side of the paper was fully engaged in promoting the benefits of modern appliances and technology to free its female readers from the drudgery of housework.[49] The Mail maintained the event until selling it to Media 10 in 2009.[50] As Lord Northcliffe aged, his grip on the paper slackened and there were periods when he was not involved. His physical and mental health declined rapidly in 1921, and he died in August 1922 at age 57. His brother Lord Rothermere took full control of the paper.[32]: 33 

In the Chanak Crisis of 1922, Britain almost went to war with Turkey. The Prime Minister David Lloyd George, supported by the War Secretary Winston Churchill, were determined to go to war over the Turkish demand that the British leave their occupation zone with Churchill sending out telegrams asking for Canada, Australia and New Zealand to all send troops for the expected war. George Ward Price, the "extra-special correspondent" of The Daily Mail was sympathetic towards the beleaguered British garrison at Chanak, but was also sympathetic towards the Turks.[51] Ward Price wrote in his articles that Mustafa Kemal did not have wider ambitions to restore the lost frontiers of the Ottoman empire and only wanted the Allies to leave Asia Minor.[51] The Daily Mail ran a huge banner headline on 21 September 1922 that stated "Get Out Of Chanak!"[51] In a leader (editorial), the Daily Mail wrote that the views of Churchill-who very much favored going to war with Turkey-were "bordering on insanity".[51] The same leader noted that Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King of Canada had rejected Churchill's request for troops, which led the leader to warn that Churchill's efforts to call upon the Dominions for help for the expected war were endangering the unity of the British empire.[51] Britain was governed by a Liberal-Conservative coalition, and the opposition of the Daily Mail, which normally supported the Conservatives, caused many Tories to reconsider continuing the coalition government of Lloyd George. The Chanek crisis ended with the Conservatives pulling out of the coalition, causing Lloyd George's downfall and with Britain backing down as the British agreed to pull their troops out of Turkey.[citation needed]

Rothermere had a fundamentally elitist conception of politics, believing that the natural leaders of Britain were upper class men like himself, and he strongly disapproved of the decision to grant women the right to vote together with the end of the franchise requirements that disfranchised lower-class men.[52] Feeling that British women and lower-class men were not really capable of understanding the issues, Rothermere started to lose faith in democracy.[52] In October 1922, the Daily Mail approved of the Fascist "March on Rome" as the newspaper argued that democracy had failed in Italy, thus requiring Benito Mussolini to set up his Fascist dictatorship to save the social order.[52] In 1923, Rothermere published a leader in The Daily Mail entitled "What Europe Owes Mussolini", where he wrote about his "profound admiration" for Mussolini, whom he praised for "in saving Italy he stopped the inroads of Bolshevism which would had left Europe in ruins...in my judgment he saved the entire Western world. It was because Mussolini overthrew Bolshevism in Italy that it collapsed in Hungary and ceased to gain adherents in Bavaria and Prussia".[53] In 1923, the newspaper supported the Italian occupation of Corfu and condemned the British government for at least rhetorically opposing the Italian attack on Greece.[54]

On 25 October 1924, the Daily Mail published the Zinoviev letter, which indicated Moscow was directing British Communists toward violent revolution. It was later proven to be a hoax. At the time many on the left blamed the letter for the defeat of Ramsay MacDonald's Labour Party in the 1924 general election, held four days later.[55]

Unlike most newspapers, the Mail quickly took up an interest on the new medium of radio. In 1928, the newspaper established an early example of an offshore radio station aboard a yacht, both as a means of self-promotion and as a way to break the BBC's monopoly. However, the project failed as the equipment was not able to provide a decent signal from overboard, and the transmitter was replaced by a set of speakers. The yacht spent the summer entertaining beach-goers with gramophone records interspersed with publicity for the newspaper and its insurance fund. The Mail was also a frequent sponsor on continental commercial radio stations targeted towards Britain throughout the 1920s and 1930s and periodically voiced support for the legalisation of private radio, something that would not happen until 1973.

From 1923 Lord Rothermere and the Daily Mail formed an alliance with the other great press baron, Lord Beaverbrook. Their opponent was the Conservative Party politician and leader Stanley Baldwin. Rothermere in a leader conceded that Fascist methods were "not suited to a country like our own", but qualified his remark with the statement, "if our northern cities became Bolshevik we would need them".[56] In an article in 1927 celebrating five years of Fascism in Italy, it was argued that there were parallels between modern Britain and Italy in the last years of the Liberal era as it was argued Italy had a series of weak liberal and conservative governments that made concessions to the Italian Socialist Party such as granting universal male suffrage in 1912 whose "only result was to hasten the arrival of disorder".[56] In the same article, Baldwin was compared to the Italian prime ministers of the Liberal era as the article argued that the General Strike of 1926 should never have been allowed to occur and the Baldwin government was condemned "for the feebleness which it tries to placate opposition by being more Socialist than the Socialists".[56] In 1928, the Daily Mail in a leader praised Mussolini as "the great figure of the age. Mussolini will probably dominate the history of the twentieth century as Napoleon dominated the early nineteen century".[57]

By 1929 George Ward Price was writing in the Mail that Baldwin should be deposed and Beaverbrook elected as leader. In early 1930 the two Lords launched the United Empire Party, which the Daily Mail supported enthusiastically.[32]: 35  Like Lord Beaverbrook, Rothemere was outraged by Baldwin's centre-right style of Conservatism and his decision to respond to almost universal suffrage by expanding the appeal of the Conservative Party.[58] Far from seeing giving women the right to vote as the disaster Rothermere believed that it was, Baldwin set out to appeal to female voters, a tactic that was politically successful, but led Rothermere to accuse Baldwing of "feminising" the Conservative Party.[58]

The rise of the new party dominated the newspaper, and, even though Beaverbrook soon withdrew, Rothermere continued to campaign. Vice Admiral Ernest Augustus Taylor fought the first by-election for the United Empire Party in October, defeating the official Conservative candidate by 941 votes. Baldwin's position was now in doubt, but in 1931 Duff Cooper won the key by-election at St George's, Westminster, beating the United Empire Party candidate, Sir Ernest Petter, supported by Rothermere, and this broke the political power of the press barons.[59]

In 1927, the celebrated picture of the year Morning by Dod Procter was bought by the Daily Mail for the Tate Gallery.[60]

In 1927, Rothermere, under the influence of his Hungarian mistress, Countess Stephanie von Hohenlohe, took up the cause of Hungary as his own, publishing a leader on 21 June 1927 entitled "Hungary's Place in the Sun".[61] In "Hungary's Place in the Sun", he approvingly noted that Hungary was dominated both politically and economically by its "chivalrous and warlike aristocracy", whom he noted in past centuries had battled the Ottoman Empire, leading him to conclude that all of Europe owned a profound debt to the Hungarian aristocracy which had been "Europe's bastion against which the forces of Mahomet [the Prophet Mohammed] vainly hurled themselves against".[62] Rothemere argued that it was unjust that the "noble" Hungarians should be under the rule of "cruder and more barbaric races", by which he meant the peoples of Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.[62] In his leader, he advocated that Hungary retake all of the lands lost under the Treaty of Trianon, which caused immediate concern in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Romania, where it was believed that his leader reflected British government policy.[61] Additionally, he took up the cause of the Sudeten Germans, stating that the Sudetenland should go to Germany.[62] The Czechoslovak Foreign Minister Edvard Beneš was so concerned that he visited London to meet King George V, a man who detested Rothermere and used language that was so crude, vulgar and "unkingy" that Beneš had to report to Prague that he could not possibly repeat the king's remarks.[62] In fact, Rothermere's "Justice for Hungary" campaign, which he continued until February 1939, was a source of disquiet for the Foreign Office, which complained that British relations with Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania were constantly stained as the leaders of those nations continued to harbor the belief that Rothermere was in some way speaking for the British government.[63]

One of the major themes of The Daily Mail was the opposition to the Indian independence movement and much of Rothermere's opposition to Baldwin was based upon the belief that Baldwin was not sufficiently opposed to Indian independence. In 1930, Rothermere wrote a series of leaders under the title "If We Lose India!", claiming that granting India independence would be the end of Britain as a great power.[64] In addition, Rothermere predicted that Indian independence would end worldwide white supremacy as inevitably, the peoples of the other British colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas would also demand independence. The decision of the Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald to open the Round Table Conferences in 1930 was greeted by The Daily Mail as the beginning of the end of Britain as a great power.[65] As part of its crusade against Indian independence, The Daily Mail published a series of articles portraying the peoples of India as ignorant, barbarous, filthy and fanatical, arguing that the Raj was necessary to save India from the Indians, whom The Daily Mail argued were not capable of handling independence.[65]

Support of fascism: 1930–1934

Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, and directed the Mail's editorial stance towards them in the early 1930s.[66][67] Lord Rothermere took an extreme anti-Communist line, which led him to own an estate in Hungary to which he might escape to in case Britain was conquered by the Soviet Union.[68] Shortly after the Nazis scored their breakthrough in the Reichstag elections on 14 September 1930, winning 107 seats, Rothermere went to Munich to interview Hitler.[69] In an article published in Daily Mail on 24 September 1930, Rothemere wrote: "These young Germans have discovered, as I am glad to note that the young men and women of England are discovering, that is no good trusting the old politicians. Accordingly, they have formed, as I should like to see our British youth form, a parliamentary party of their own...We can do nothing to check this movement [the Nazis], and I believe it would be a blunder for the British people to take up an attitude of hostility towards it."[69] Starting in December 1931, Rothermere opened up talks with Oswald Mosley under which terms the Daily Mail would support his party.[70] The talks were drawn out largely because Mosley understood that Rothermere was a megalomaniac who wanted to use the New Party for his own purposes as he sought to impose terms and conditions in exchange for the support of the Daily Mail.[70] Mosley, who was equally egoistical, wanted Rothermere's support, but only on his own terms.[70]

Rothermere's 1933 leader "Youth Triumphant" praised the new Nazi regime's accomplishments, and was subsequently used as propaganda by them.[71] In it, Rothermere predicted that "The minor misdeeds of individual Nazis would be submerged by the immense benefits the new regime is already bestowing upon Germany". Journalist John Simpson, in a book on journalism, suggested that Rothermere was referring to the violence against Jews and Communists rather than the detention of political prisoners.[72][page needed] Alongside his support for Nazi Germany as the "bulwark against Bolshevism", Rothermere used The Daily Mail as a forum to champion his pet cause, namely a stronger Royal Air Force (RAF).[73] Rothermere had decided that aerial war was the technology of the future, and throughout the 1930s The Daily Mail was described as "obsessional" in pressing for more spending on the RAF.[74]

Rothermere and the Mail were also editorially sympathetic to Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists.[75] Rothermere wrote an article titled "Hurrah for the Blackshirts" published in the Daily Mail on 15 January 1934, praising Mosley for his "sound, commonsense, Conservative doctrine",[76] and pointing out that: "Young men may join the British Union of Fascists by writing to the Headquarters, King's Road, Chelsea, London, S.W."[77] The Spectator condemned Rothermere's article commenting that, "... the Blackshirts, like the Daily Mail, appeal to people unaccustomed to thinking. The average Daily Mail reader is a potential Blackshirt ready made. When Lord Rothermere tells his clientele to go and join the Fascists some of them pretty certainly will."[78] In April 1934, the Daily Mail ran a competition entitled "Why I Like The Blackshirts" under which it awarded one pound every week for the best letter from its readers explaining why they liked the BUF.[70] The paper's support ended after violence at a BUF rally in Kensington Olympia in June 1934.[79] Mosley and many others thought Rothermere had responded to pressure from Jewish businessmen who it was believed had threatened to stop advertising in the paper if it continued to back an anti-Semitic party.[80] The paper editorially continued to oppose the arrival of Jewish refugees escaping Germany, describing their arrival as "a problem to which the Daily Mail has repeatedly pointed."[81]

In December 1934, Rothermere visited Berlin as the guest of Joachim von Ribbentrop.[82] During his visit, Rothermere was publicly thanked in a speech by Josef Goebbels for the Daily Mails pro-German coverage of the Saarland referendum, under which the people of the Saarland had the choices of voting to remain under the rule of the League of Nations, join France, or rejoin Germany.[82] In March 1935, impressed by the arguments put forward by Ribbentrop for the return of the former German colonies in Africa, Rothermere published a leader entitled "Germany Must Have Elbow Room".[83] In his leader, Rothermere argued that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh towards the Reich and claimed that the German economy was being crippled by the loss of the German colonial empire in Africa as he argued that without African colonies to exploit that the German economic recovery from the Great Depression was fragile and shallow.[83]

During the Spanish Civil War, the Daily Mail ran a photo-essay on 27 July 1936 by Ferdinand Touchy entitled "The Red Carmens, the women who burn churches".[84] Touchy took a series of photographs of Spanish women who joined the Worker's Militia marching up to the front with rifles and ammunition poaches over their shoulders.[84] In an essay that has been widely criticised as misogynistic, Touchy wrote: "The Spanish women has been a creature to admire or make work domestically, to marry or let slip away into a religious order...65 percent were illiterate".[85] Touchy declared his horror at the young Spanish women had rejected the traditional patriarchal system, writing with disgust that the "direct action girls" of the Worker's Militia do not want to be like their mothers, submissive and obedient to men.[85] Touchy called these young women "Red Carmens", associating them with the destructive heroine of the opera Carmen and with Communism, writing the "Red Carmens" proved the amorality of the Spanish Republic, which had preached gender equality.[85] For Touchy, women to fight in a war was to reject their femininity, leading him to label these women as monstrous as he accused the "Red Carmens" of "sexual depravity", writing with utter horror at the possibility of these women engaging in premarital sex, which for him marked the beginning of the end of "civilisation" itself.[86] The British historian Caroline Brothers wrote that Touchy's article said much about the gender politics of The Daily Mail, which ran his photo-essay and presumably of The Daily Mail's readers who were expected to approve of the article.[87]

In a 1937 article, George Ward Price, the special correspondent of The Daily Mail, approvingly wrote: "The sense of national unity-the Volkgemeinschaft-to which the Führer constantly appeals in his speeches is not a rhetorical invention, but a reality".[88] Ward Price was one of the most controversial British journalists of the 1930s, who was one of the few British journalists allowed to interview both Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler because both fascist leaders knew that Ward Price could be trusted to take a favorable tone and ask "soft" questions.[88] Wickham Steed called Ward Price "the lackey of Mussolini, Hitler and Rothermere".[88] The British historian Daniel Stone called Ward Price's reporting from Berlin and Rome "a mixture of snobbery, name dropping and obsequious pro-fascism of a most genteel 'English' type".[88] In the 1938 crisis over the Sudetenland, The Daily Mail was very hostile in its picture of President Edvard Beneš, whom Rothermere noted disapprovingly in a leader in July 1938 had signed an alliance with the Soviet Union in 1935, leading him to accuse Beneš of turning "Czechoslovakia into a corridor for Russia against Germany".[89] Rothermere concluded his leader: "If Czechoslovakia becomes involved in a war, the British nation will say to the Prime Minister with one voice: 'Keep out of it!'"[89]

During the Danzig crisis, the Daily Mail was inadvertently used by the German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop to persuade Hitler that Britain would not go to war for the defense of Poland. Ribbentrop had the German Embassy in London headed by Herbert von Dirksen provide translations from pro-appeasement newspapers like the Daily Mail and the Daily Express for Hitler's benefit, which had the effect of making it seem that British public opinion was more strongly against going to war for Poland than was actually the case.[90][91] The British historian Victor Rothwell wrote that the newspapers that Ribbentrop used to provide his press summaries for Hitler such as the Daily Express and the Daily Mail, were out of touch not only with British public opinion, but also with British government policy in regards to the Danzig crisis.[91] The press summaries Ribbentrop provided were particularly important as Ribbentrop had managed to convince Hitler that the British government secretly controlled the British press, and just as in Germany, nothing appeared in the British press that the British government did not want to appear.[92]

Post-war history

 
Sub-editor's room at the offices of the Daily Mail newspaper in 1944

On 5 May 1946, the Daily Mail celebrated its Golden Jubilee. Winston Churchill was the chief guest at the banquet and toasted it with a speech.[93] Newsprint rationing in the Second World War had forced the Daily Mail to cut its size to four pages, but the size gradually increased through the 1950s.[93] In 1947, when the Raj ended, the Daily Mail featured a banner headline reading "India: 11 words mark the end of an empire".[94] During the Suez crisis of 1956, the Daily Mail consistently took a hardline against President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, taking the viewpoint that Britain was justified in invading Egypt to retake control of the Suez canal and topple Nasser.[95]

The Daily Mail was transformed by its editor during the 1970s and 1980s, David English. He had been editor of the Daily Sketch from 1969 to 1971, when it closed. Part of the same group from 1953, the Sketch was absorbed by its sister title, and English became editor of the Mail, a post in which he remained for more than 20 years.[96] English transformed it from a struggling newspaper selling half as many copies as its mid-market rival, the Daily Express, to a formidable publication, whose circulation rose to surpass that of the Express by the mid-1980s.[97] English was knighted in 1982.[98]

The paper enjoyed a period of journalistic success in the 1980s, employing Fleet Street writers such as gossip columnist Nigel Dempster, Lynda Lee-Potter and sportswriter Ian Wooldridge (who unlike some of his colleagues – the paper generally did not support sporting boycotts of white-minority-ruled South Africa – strongly opposed apartheid). In 1982 a Sunday title, the Mail on Sunday, was launched (the Scottish Sunday Mail, now owned by the Mirror Group, was founded in 1919 by the first Lord Rothermere, but later sold).[99]

Knighted in 1982, Sir David English became editor-in-chief and chairman of Associated Newspapers in 1992 after Rupert Murdoch had attempted to hire Evening Standard editor Paul Dacre as editor of The Times. The Evening Standard was then part of the Associated Newspapers group, and Dacre was appointed to succeed English at the Daily Mail as a means of dealing with Murdoch's offer.[100] Dacre retired as editor of the Daily Mail but remains editor-in-chief of the group.

In late 2013, the paper moved its London printing operation from the city's Docklands area to a new £50 million plant in Thurrock, Essex.[101] There are Scottish editions of both the Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday, with different articles and columnists.

In August 2016, the Daily Mail began a partnership with The People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party.[102][103] This partnership included publishing articles in the MailOnline produced by The People's Daily. The agreement appeared to observers to give the paper an edge in publishing news stories sourced out of China, but it also led to questions of censorship regarding politically sensitive topics.[104] In November 2016, Lego ended a series of promotions in the paper which had run for years, following a campaign from the group 'Stop Funding Hate', who were unhappy with the Mail's coverage of migrant issues and the EU referendum.[105]

In September 2017, the Daily Mail partnered with Stage 29 Productions to launch DailyMailTV, an international news program produced by Stage 29 Productions in its studios based in New York City with satellite studios in London, Sydney, DC and Los Angeles.[106][107] Dr. Phil McGraw (Stage 29 Productions) was named as executive producer.[108] The program was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment News Program in 2018.[109]

In May 2020, the Daily Mail ended The Sun's 42-year reign as the United Kingdom's highest-circulation newspaper. The Daily Mail recorded average daily sales of 980,000 copies, with the Mail on Sunday recording weekly sales of 878,000.[7]

In August 2022, the Daily Mail wrote in support of Liz Truss in the July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election,[110] calling her chancellor's mini-budget "a true Tory budget" that September.[111]

Scottish, Irish, Continental, and Indian editions

Scottish Daily Mail

 
The Scottish Daily Mail header

The Scottish Daily Mail was published as a separate title from Edinburgh[112] starting in December 1946. The circulation was poor though, falling to below 100,000 and the operation was rebased to Manchester in December 1968.[113] In 1995 the Scottish Daily Mail was relaunched, and is printed in Glasgow. It had an average circulation of 67,900 in the area of Scotland in December 2019.[114]

Irish Daily Mail

Main article: Irish Daily Mail

The Daily Mail officially entered the Irish market with the launch of a local version of the paper on 6 February 2006; free copies of the paper were distributed on that day in some locations to publicise the launch. Its masthead differed from that of UK versions by having a green rectangle with the word "IRISH", instead of the Royal Arms, but this was later changed, with "Irish Daily Mail" displayed instead. The Irish version includes stories of Irish interest alongside content from the UK version. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, the Irish edition had a circulation of 63,511 for July 2007,[115] falling to an average of 49,090 for the second half of 2009.[116] Since 24 September 2006 Ireland on Sunday, the Irish Sunday newspaper acquired by Associated in 2001, was replaced by an Irish edition of the Mail on Sunday (the Irish Mail on Sunday), to tie in with the weekday newspaper.

Continental and Overseas Daily Mail

Two foreign editions were begun in 1904 and 1905; the former titled the Overseas Daily Mail, covering the world, and the latter titled the Continental Daily Mail, covering Europe and North Africa.[117]

Mail Today

Main article: Mail Today

The newspaper entered India on 16 November 2007 with the launch of Mail Today,[118] a 48-page compact size newspaper printed in Delhi, Gurgaon and Noida with a print run of 110,000 copies. Based around a subscription model, the newspaper has the same fonts and feel as the Daily Mail and was set up with investment from Associated Newspapers and editorial assistance from the Daily Mail newsroom.[119] The paper alternated between supporting the Congress-led UPA regime as well as the BJP-led NDA regime. Between 2010 and 2014, it supported the Kapil Sibal–led reforms to change the undergraduate structure at the University of Delhi.[120] In 2016, it was the first newspaper to break the controversial story about terror slogans being raised in favour of the hanged terrorist Afzal Guru on his death anniversary at the Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi.[121]

Editorial stance

As a right-wing tabloid,[1][2][3] the Mail is traditionally a supporter of the Conservative Party. It has endorsed the party in every UK general election since 1945, with the one exception of the October 1974 UK general election, where it endorsed a Liberal and Conservative coalition.[122][123][124][125] While the paper retained its support for the Conservative Party at the 2015 general election, the paper urged conservatively inclined voters to support UKIP in the constituencies of Heywood and Middleton, Dudley North, and Great Grimsby where UKIP was the main challenger to the Labour Party.[citation needed]

The paper is generally critical of the BBC, which it says is biased to the left.[126] The Mail has published pieces by Joanna Blythman opposing the growing of genetically modified crops in the United Kingdom.[127]

On international affairs, the Mail broke with the establishment media consensus over the 2008 South Ossetia war between Russia and Georgia. The Mail accused the British government of dragging Britain into an unnecessary confrontation with Russia and of hypocrisy regarding its protests over Russian recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia's independence, citing the British government's own recognition of Kosovo's independence from Russia's ally Serbia.[128]

Awards

The Daily Mail has been awarded the National Newspaper of the Year in 1995, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2011, 2016 and 2019[129] by the British Press Awards.

Daily Mail journalists have won a range of British Press Awards, including:

  • "Campaign of the Year" (Murder of Stephen Lawrence, 2012)
  • "Website of the Year" (Mail Online, 2012)
  • "News Team of the Year" (Daily Mail, 2012)
  • "Critic of the Year" (Quentin Letts, 2010)[130]
  • "Political Journalist of the Year" (Quentin Letts, 2009)
  • "Specialist Journalist of the Year" (Stephen Wright, 2009)[131]
  • "Showbiz Reporter of the Year" (Benn Todd, 2012)
  • "Feature Writer of the Year – Popular" (David Jones, 2012)
  • "Columnist of the Year – Popular" (Craig Brown, 2012) (Peter Oborne, 2016)
  • "Best of Humour" – (Craig Brown, 2012)
  • "Columnist – Popular" (Craig Brown, 2012)
  • "Sports Reporter of the Year" (Jeff Powell, 2005)
  • "Sports Photographer of the Year" (Mike Egerton, 2012; Andy Hooper, 2008, 2010, 2016)
  • "Cartoonist of the Year" (Stanley 'MAC' McMurtry, 2016)
  • "Interviewer of the Year – Popular" (Jan Moir, 2019)[132]
  • "Columnist of the Year – Popular " (Sarah Vine, 2019)
  • "The Hugh McIlvanney Award for Sports Journalist of the Year" (Laura Lambert, 2019)
  • "Sports News Story" (Saracens, 2019)
  • "News Reporter of the Year" (Tom Kelly; jointly with Claire Newell of The Daily Telegraph, 2019)

Other awards include:

Stories

Suffragette

The term "suffragette" was first used in 1906, as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E. Hands in the Mail to describe activists in the movement for women's suffrage, in particular members of the WSPU.[134][135][136] However, the women he intended to ridicule embraced the term, saying "suffraGETtes" (hardening the 'g'), implying not only that they wanted the vote, but that they intended to 'get' it.[137]

Holes in the road

On 17 January 1967, the Mail published a story, "The holes in our roads", about potholes, giving the examples of Blackburn where it said there were 4,000 holes. This detail was then immortalised by John Lennon in The Beatles song "A Day in the Life", along with an account of the death of 21-year-old socialite Tara Browne in a car crash on 18 December 1966, which also appeared in the same issue.[138]

Unification Church

In 1981, the Daily Mail ran an investigation into the Unification Church, nicknamed the Moonies, accusing them of ending marriages and brainwashing converts.[97] The Unification Church, which always denied these claims, sued for libel but lost heavily. A jury awarded the Mail a then record-breaking £750,000 libel payout (equivalent to £3,058,294 in 2021). In 1983 the paper won a special British Press Award for a "relentless campaign against the malignant practices of the Unification Church."[139]

Gay gene controversy

On 16 July 1993, the Mail ran the headline "Abortion hope after 'gay genes' finding".[140][141] Of the tabloid headlines which commented on the Xq28 gene, the Mail's was criticised as "perhaps the most infamous and disturbing headline of all".[142]

Stephen Lawrence

The Mail campaigned vigorously for justice over the murder of Stephen Lawrence in 1993. On 14 February 1997, the Mail front page pictured the five men accused of Lawrence's murder with the headline "MURDERERS", stating "if we are wrong, let them sue us".[143] This attracted praise from Paul Foot and Peter Preston.[144] Some journalists contended the Mail had belatedly changed its stance on the Lawrence murder, with the newspaper's earlier focus being the alleged opportunistic behaviour of anti-racist groups ("How Race Militants Hijacked a Tragedy", 10 May 1993) and alleged insufficient coverage of the case (20 articles in three years).[145][146]

Two men who the Mail had featured in their "Murderers" headline were found guilty in 2012 of murdering Lawrence. After the verdict, Lawrence's parents and numerous political figures thanked the newspaper for taking the potential financial risk involved with the 1997 headline.[147]

Stephen Gately

On 16 October 2009, a Jan Moir article criticised aspects of the life and death of Stephen Gately. It was published six days after his death and before his funeral. The Press Complaints Commission received over 25,000 complaints, a record number, regarding the timing and content of the article. It was criticised as insensitive, inaccurate and homophobic.[148][149] The Press Complaints Commission did not uphold complaints about the article.[150][151] Major advertisers, such as Marks & Spencer, had their adverts removed from the Mail Online webpage containing Moir's article.[152]

Cannabis use

On 13 June 2011, a study by Dr Matt Jones and Michal Kucewicz[153] on the effects of cannabinoid receptor activation in the brain was published in The Journal of Neuroscience[153][154][155] and the British medical journal The Lancet.[156] The study was used in articles by CBS News,[157] Le Figaro,[158] and Bild[159] among others.

In October 2011, the Daily Mail printed an article citing the research, titled "Just ONE cannabis joint can bring on schizophrenia as well as damaging memory." The group Cannabis Law Reform (CLEAR), which campaigns for ending drug prohibition, criticised the Daily Mail report.[160] Dr Matt Jones, co-author of the study, said he was "disappointed but not surprised" by the article, and stated: "This study does NOT say that one spliff will bring on schizophrenia".[160] Dorothy Bishop, professor of neuroscience at Oxford University, in her blog awarded the Daily Mail the "Orwellian Prize for Journalistic Misrepresentation",[161][162] The Mail later changed the article's headline to: "Just ONE cannabis joint 'can cause psychiatric episodes similar to schizophrenia' as well as damaging memory."[163]

Ralph Miliband article

In September 2013, the Mail was criticised for an article on Ralph Miliband (father of then Labour-leader Ed Miliband and prominent Marxist sociologist), titled "The Man Who Hated Britain".[164][165] Ed Miliband said that the article was "ludicrously untrue", that he was "appalled" and "not willing to see my father's good name be undermined in this way". Ralph Miliband had arrived in the UK from Belgium as a Jewish refugee from the Holocaust. The Jewish Chronicle described the article as "a revival of the 'Jews can't be trusted because of their divided loyalties' genre of antisemitism."[166] Conservative MP Zac Goldsmith linked the article to the Nazi sympathies of the 1st Viscount Rothermere, whose family remain the paper's owners.[165][164][167]

The paper defended the article's general content in an editorial, but described its use of a picture of Ralph Miliband's grave as an "error of judgement".[168] In the editorial, the paper further remarked that "We do not maintain, like the jealous God of Deuteronomy, that the iniquity of the fathers should be visited on the sons. But when a son with prime ministerial ambitions swallows his father's teachings, as the younger Miliband appears to have done, the case is different."[169] A spokesman for the paper also described claims that the article continued its history of anti-Semitism as "absolutely spurious."[170] However, the reference to "the jealous God of Deuteronomy" was criticised by Jonathan Freedland, who said that "In the context of a piece about a foreign-born Jew, [the remark] felt like a subtle, if not subterranean hint to the reader, a reminder of the ineradicable alienness of this biblically vengeful people"[171] and that "those ready to acquit the Mail because there was no bald, outright statement of antisemitism were probably using the wrong measure."[172]

Gawker Media lawsuit

In March 2015, James King, a former contract worker at the Mail's New York office, wrote an article for Gawker titled 'My Year Ripping Off the Web With the Daily Mail Online'. In the article, King alleged that the Mail's approach was to rewrite stories from other news outlets with minimal credit in order to gain advertising clicks, and that staffers had published material they knew to be false. He also suggested that the paper preferred to delete stories from its website rather than publish corrections or admit mistakes.[173]

In September 2015, the Mail's US company Mail Media filed a $1 million lawsuit against King and Gawker Media for libel.[174] Eric Wemple at The Washington Post questioned the value of the lawsuit, stating that "Whatever the merits of King's story, it didn't exactly upend conventional wisdom" about the website's strategy.[175] In November 2016, Lawyers for Gawker filed a motion to resolve the lawsuit. Under the terms of the motion, Gawker was not required to pay any financial compensation, but agreed to add an Editor's Note at the beginning of the King article, remove an illustration in the post which incorporated the Daily Mail's logo, and publish a statement by DailyMail.com in the same story.[176][177]

Anti-refugee cartoon

Following the November 2015 Paris attacks,[178] a cartoon in the Daily Mail by Stanley McMurtry ("Mac") linked the European migrant crisis (with a focus on Syria in particular[179]) to the terrorist attacks, and criticised the European Union immigration laws for allowing Islamist radicals to gain easy access into the United Kingdom.[180] Despite being compared to Nazi propaganda ,[181] and criticised as racist, the cartoon received praise on the Mail Online website.[182] A Daily Mail spokesperson told The Independent: "We are not going to dignify these absurd comments which wilfully misrepresent this cartoon apart from to say that we have not received a single complaint from any reader".[178] Kate Allen, director of Amnesty International UK, criticised the Daily Mail's cartoon for being "reckless xenophobia".[183]

Anthony Weiner scandal

In September 2016, the Mail Online published a lengthy interview and screenshots from a 15-year-old girl who claimed that the American politician Anthony Weiner had sent her sexually explicit images and messages. The revelation led to Weiner and his wife Huma Abedin – an aide of Hillary Clinton – separating.[184] Weiner pleaded guilty in May 2017 to sending obscene material to a minor, and in September he was jailed for 21 months.[185]

Campaigns against plastic pollution

The paper has campaigned against plastic pollution in various forms since 2008. The paper called for a levy on single use plastic bags.[18] The Daily Mail's work in highlighting the issue of plastic pollution was praised by the head of the United Nations Environment Program, Erik Solheim at a conference in Kenya in 2017.[186] Emily Maitlis, the newscaster, asked Green Party leader Caroline Lucas on Newsnight, 'Is the biggest friend to the Environment at the moment the Daily Mail?' in reference to the paper's call for a ban on plastic microbeads and other plastic pollution, and suggested it had done more for the environment than the Green Party. Environment group ClientEarth has also highlighted the paper's role in drawing attention to the plastic pollution problem along with the Blue Planet II documentary.[187][188]

Gary McKinnon deportation

Attempts by the United States government to extradite Gary McKinnon, a British computer hacker, were campaigned against by the paper. In 2002, McKinnon was accused of perpetrating the "biggest military computer hack of all time"[189] although McKinnon himself states that he was merely looking for evidence of free energy suppression and a cover-up of UFO activity and other technologies potentially useful to the public. The Daily Mail began to support McKinnon's campaign in 2009 – with a series of front-page stories protesting against his deportation.[190]

On 16 October 2012, after a series of legal proceedings in Britain, Home Secretary Theresa May withdrew her extradition order to the United States. Gary McKinnon's mother Janis Sharp praised the paper's contribution to saving her son from deportation in her book in which she said: 'Thanks to Theresa May, David Cameron and the support of David Burrowes and so many others – notably the Daily Mail – my son was safe, he was going to live.'[191][192]

Abd Ali Hameed al-Waheed

In December 2017 the Daily Mail published a front-page story entitled "Another human rights fiasco!", with the subheading "Iraqi 'caught red-handed with bomb' wins £33,000 – because our soldiers kept him in custody for too long". The story related to a judge's decision to award money to Abd Ali Hameed al-Waheed after he had been unlawfully imprisoned. The headline was printed despite the fact that during the trial itself the judge concluded that claims that al-Waheed had been caught with a bomb were "pure fiction".

In July 2018 the Independent Press Standards Organisation ordered the paper to publish a front-page correction after finding the newspaper had breached rules on accuracy in its reporting of the case. The Daily Mail reported that a major internal investigation was conducted following the decision to publish the story, and as a result, "strongly worded disciplinary notes were sent to seven senior members of staff", which made it clear "that if errors of the same nature were to happen again, their careers would be at risk".[193]

Libel lawsuits

  • 2017, Daily Mail editor Paul Dacre threatened the website Byline Investigates with legal action and insisted on the removal of three articles about the Daily Mail's use of private investigator Steve Whittamore.[194][195]
  • On 15 November 2019, Byline Investigates published court documents of a lawsuit filed by Meghan Markle against the Daily Mail in which she accused the newspaper of a campaign of "untrue" stories.[196][197][198][199]

Successful lawsuits against the Mail

  • 2001, February: Businessman Alan Sugar was awarded £100,000 in damages following a story commenting on his stewardship of Tottenham Hotspur Football Club.[200]
  • 2003, October: Actress Diana Rigg was awarded £30,000 in damages over a story commenting on aspects of her personality.[201]
  • 2006, May: Musician Elton John received £100,000 damages following false accusations concerning his manners and behaviour.[202]
  • 2009, January: £30,000 award to Dr Austen Ivereigh, who had worked for Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, following false accusations made by the newspaper concerning abortion.[203]
  • 2010, July: £47,500 award to Parameswaran Subramanyam for falsely claiming that he secretly sustained himself with hamburgers during a 23-day hunger strike in Parliament Square to draw attention to the protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009.[204]
  • 2011, November: the former lifestyle adviser Carole Caplin received damages over claims in the Mail that she would reveal intimate details about former clients.[205]
  • 2014, May: Author J. K. Rowling received "substantial damages" and the Mail printed an apology. The newspaper had made a false claim about Rowling's story written for the website of Gingerbread, a single parents' charity.[206]
  • 2017, April: First Lady of the United States, Melania Trump, received an undisclosed settlement over claims in the Mail that she had worked as an escort in the 1990s.[207] In September 2016, she began litigation against the Daily Mail for an article which discussed escort allegations. The article included rebuttals and said that there was no evidence to support the allegations. The Mail regretted any misinterpretation that could have come from reading the article, and retracted it from its website.[208] Melania Trump filed a lawsuit in Maryland, suing for $150 million.[209] On 7 February 2017, the lawsuit was re-filed in the correct jurisdiction, New York, where the Daily Mail's parent company has offices, seeking damages of at least $150 million.[210]
  • 2018, June: Earl Spencer accepted undisclosed libel damages from Associated Newspapers over a claim that he acted in an "unbrotherly, heartless and callous way" towards his sister Diana, Princess of Wales.[211]
  • 2019, June: Associated Newspapers paid £120,000 in damages plus costs to Interpal, a UK-based charity which the Mail falsely accused of funding a "hate festival" in Palestine which acted out the murder of Jews.[212]
  • 2020, November: The Mail agreed to pay libel damages of £25,000 and apologised for distress caused to University of Cambridge professor Priyamvada Gopal, who they had falsely claimed "was attempting to incite an aggressive and potentially violent race war".[213]
  • 2020, December: The Mail paid businessman James Dyson and his wife Lady Deirdre Dyson £100,000 in libel damages after suggesting they had behaved badly towards their former housekeeper.[214]
  • 2021, January: Associated Newspapers paid damages and apologised to a British Pakistani couple about whom they had made false allegations in relation to their work as counter-extremism experts.[215]
  • 2021, May: Associated Newspapers paid substantial damages and apologised after revealing the identity of a complainant in a rape case against film director Luc Besson.[216]

Unsuccessful lawsuits

  • 1981, April: The Daily Mail won £750,000 from the Unification Church, which had sued for libel due to articles about the Church's recruitment methods. Margaret Singer, professor of Psychiatry at the University of California, Berkeley, testified that the Mail's accounts of these methods were accurate. The trial lasted over five months, one of Britain's longest-ever civil trials.[217]
  • 2012, February: Nathaniel Philip Rothschild lost his libel case against the Daily Mail, after the High Court agreed that he was indeed the "Puppet Master" for Peter Mandelson, that his conduct had been "inappropriate in a number of respects" and that the words used by the Daily Mail were "substantially true".[218][219]
  • 2012, May: Carina Trimingham, the partner of former Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Chris Huhne, was ordered to pay more than £400,000 after she lost her High Court claims for damages for alleged breach of privacy and harassment against the Daily Mail.[220] Huhne, whilst married, had an affair with Trimingham – who herself was in a lesbian civil partnership – and then later left his wife Vicky Pryce for Trimingham. This and a series of other events involving Pryce and Huhne led to his resignation from the Cabinet, and to both of them being arrested for perverting the course of justice and the criminal prosecution R v Huhne and Pryce.[221]
  • 2021: Former US congress representative Katie Hill was judicially ordered to reimburse the Daily Mail and others $220,000 for legal fees incurred defending themselves against baseless revenge porn claims raised by Hill.[222][223]

Legal action by the Daily Mail

In March 2021, Associated Newspapers issued a letter to ViacomCBS to remove an image of a purported Daily Mail headline from Oprah with Meghan and Harry. The headline seen was "Meghan's seed will taint our Royal Family", which had been edited to remove the context that it was a quotation by an unrelated politician.[224]

Criticism

Racism accusations

There have been accusations of racism against the Daily Mail.[225] In 2012, in an article for The New Yorker, former Mail reporter Brendan Montague criticised the Mail's content and culture, stating: "None of the front-line reporters I worked with were racist, but there's institutional racism [at the Daily Mail]".[18]

In August 2020 a group of Palm Islanders in Queensland, Australia, lodged a complaint with the Australian Human Rights Commission under Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 against the Daily Mail and 9News, alleging that they had broadcast and published reports that were inaccurate and racist about the Indigenous Australian recipients of compensation after the Palm Island Class Action.[226][227][228][229]

In 2021, IPSO ruled that it dishonestly published a headline falsely claiming to report on "British towns that are no-go areas for white people".[230] The town showcased was the wealthy Manchester suburb of Didsbury, which it had described the previous month as "posh and leafy" and a "property hotspot".[231]

Homophobia accusations

After High Court judges ruled in 2016 that parliamentary approval must be sought for activation of Article 50, the leading headline on the Mail's front page read "Enemies of the People".[232] The paper's front page and other coverage drew much criticism from the legal world, as well as from high-ranking politicians.[233] On its website, the Mail described one of the judges as "openly gay." Critics[who?] accused the Mail of unnecessarily highlighting the judge's sexual orientation due to anti-gay motives. The Mail later removed the description.[234] One law professor commented: "I have never seen this kind of invective against judges, either here or abroad, in the national media."[235]

Sexism accusations

In 2014, after Emma Watson spoke at the launch of the United Nations HeForShe campaign, the Mail was criticised for focusing its coverage on Watson's dress and appearance, rather than the content of her speech, in which Watson complained how media had sexualised her in their coverage from when she was 14.[236] The Mail was much criticised for running the front-page headline "Never mind Brexit, who won legs-it", accompanying a photograph of Theresa May meeting with Nicola Sturgeon in March 2017, running more than a page of coverage on the two leaders' appearance.[237] Jeremy Corbyn, the Leader of the Labour Party, tweeted "It's 2017. This sexism must be consigned to history. Shame on the Daily Mail."[238][237] The International Business Times quoted an unnamed Daily Mail staff member describing the headline as "moronic", and out of touch with the Daily Mail's largely female readership.[239]

Paying for footage under investigation

In 2015, following the November 2015 Paris attacks, the French police viewed the footage of the attacks from the CCTV system of La Casa Nostra. After making a copy on a USB flash drive, the police ordered a technician from the CCTV company that installed the system to encrypt the footage, saying 'this now falls under the confidentiality of the investigation, it must remain here'. Freelance journalist Djaffer Ait Aoudia told The Guardian that he secretly filmed a Daily Mail representative negotiating with the owner to sell the CCTV footage of the attacks. The café owner agreed to supply the footage for €50,000 and asked an IT technician to make the footage accessible again. The Daily Mail responded: "There is nothing controversial about the Mail's acquisition of this video, a copy of which the police already had in their possession." The Guardian also, briefly, embedded the footage on their own website before removing it.[240]

Byline removal

In 2017 evoke.ie, the Daily Mail's showbiz site, was reported to the internship program of Dublin City University after the bylines of hundreds of articles written by students were changed.[241]

Sensationalism

The Daily Mail is said to have an "ongoing project to divide all the inanimate objects in the world into ones that either cause or prevent cancer".[19] It has also been criticised for their extent of coverage of celebrities,[242] the children of celebrities,[243] property prices,[244] and the depiction of asylum seekers,[245] the latter of which was discussed in the Parliament's Joint Committee on Human Rights in 2007.[246][247]

Reliability

The Daily Mail's medical and science journalism has been criticised by some doctors and scientists, accusing it of using minor studies to generate scare stories or being misleading.[20][19][248] In 2011, the Daily Mail published an article titled "Just ONE cannabis joint 'can cause psychiatric episodes similar to schizophrenia' as well as damaging memory".[249] Dr. Matt Jones, the lead author of the study that is cited in the article was quoted by Cannabis Law Reform as saying: "This study does NOT say that one spliff will bring on schizophrenia".[250]

Carbon Brief complained to the Press Complaints Commission about an article published in the Daily Mail titled "Hidden green tax in fuel bills: How a £200 stealth charge is slipped on to your gas and electricity bills" because the £200 figure was unexplained, unreferenced and, according to Ofgem, incorrect. The Daily Mail quietly removed the article from their website.[251][252][253]

In 2013, the Met Office criticised an article about climate change in the Daily Mail by James Delingpole for containing "a series of factual inaccuracies".[254] The Daily Mail in response published a letter from the Met Office chairman on its letters page, as well as offering to append the letter to Delingpole's article.[255]

In February 2017, pursuant to a formal community discussion, editors on the English Wikipedia banned the use of the Daily Mail as a source.[25][26][27] Its use as a reference is now "generally prohibited, especially when other more reliable sources exist",[17][25][256] and it can no longer be used as proof of notability.[25] It can still be used in reference to an article about the Daily Mail itself.[257] Support for the ban centred on "the Daily Mail's reputation for poor fact checking, sensationalism, and flat-out fabrication".[17][25][26] Wikipedia's ban of the Daily Mail generated a significant amount of media attention, especially from the British media.[258] Though the Daily Mail strongly contested this decision by the community, Wikipedia's co-founder Jimmy Wales backed the community's choice, stating: "I think what [the Daily Mail has] done brilliantly in this ad funded world (is) they've mastered the art of click bait, they've mastered the art of hyped up headlines, they've also mastered the art of, I'm sad to say, of running stories that simply aren't true. And that's why Wikipedia decided not to accept them as a source anymore. It's very problematic, they get very upset when we say this, but it's just fact."[259] A February 2017 editorial in The Times commenting on the decision stated that "Newspapers make errors and have the responsibility to correct them. Wikipedia editors' fastidiousness, however, appears to reflect less a concern for accuracy than dislike of the Daily Mail's opinions."[260] In 2018, the Wikipedia community upheld the Daily Mail's deprecation as a source.[258]

In August 2018, the Mail Online deleted a lengthy news article titled "Powder Keg Paris" by journalist Andrew Malone which focused on "illegal migrants" living in the Paris suburb of Saint Denis, after a string of apparent inaccuracies were highlighted on social media by French activist Marwan Muhammad, including mistaking Saint-Denis, the city, for Seine-Saint-Denis, the department northeast of Paris. Local councillor Majid Messaoudene said that the article had set out to "stigmatise" and "harm" the area and its people. The journalist, Andrew Malone, subsequently deleted his Twitter account.[261][262] In 2019, the IPSO ruled against the Daily Mail and confirmed in its ruling that the article was inaccurate.[263][264]

In early 2019, the mobile version of the Microsoft Edge Internet browser started warning visitors to the MailOnline site, via its NewsGuard plugin, that "this website generally fails to maintain basic standards of accuracy and accountability" and "has been forced to pay damages in numerous high-profile cases".[265] In late January 2019, the status of the MailOnline was changed by the NewsGuard Plugin from Red to Green, updating its verdict to "this website generally maintains basic standards of accuracy and accountability". An Editor's Note from NewsGuard stated that "This label now has the benefit of the dailymail.co.uk's input and our view is that in some important respects their objections are right and we were wrong".[266]

Supplements and features

  • City & Finance: The business part of the Daily Mail, featuring City news and the results from the London Stock Exchange. It also has its own award-winning website called This is Money,[267] which describes itself as the "money section of the MailOnline."[268]
  • Travelmail: Contains travel articles, advertisements etc.
  • Femail: Femail is an extensive part of the Daily Mail's newspaper and website, being one of four main features on MailOnline others being News, TV & Showbiz and Sport. It is designed for women.
  • Weekend: The Daily Mail Weekend is a TV guide published by the Daily Mail, included free with the Mail every Saturday. Weekend magazine, launched in October 1993, is issued free with the Saturday Daily Mail. The guide does not use a magazine-type layout but chooses a newspaper style similar to the Daily Mail itself. In April 2007, the Weekend had a major revamp. A feature changed during the revamp was a dedicated Freeview channel page.

Regular cartoon strips

  • Garfield
  • I Don't Believe It (discontinued)
  • Odd Streak
  • The Strip Show
  • Chloe and Co. (by Knight Features)
  • Up and Running (by Knight Features)
  • Fred Basset

Up and Running is a strip distributed by Knight Features and Fred Basset has followed the life of the dog of the same name in a two-part strip in the Daily Mail since 8 July 1963.[269]

The long-running Teddy Tail cartoon strip, was first published on 5 April 1915 and was the first cartoon strip in a British newspaper.[270] It ran for over 40 years to 1960, spawning the Teddy Tail League Children's Club and many annuals from 1934 to 1942 and again from 1949 to 1962. Teddy Tail was a mouse, with friends Kitty Puss (a cat), Douglas Duck and Dr. Beetle. Teddy Tail is always shown with a knot in his tail.[271][272]

Year Book

The Daily Mail Year Book first appeared in 1901, summarizing the news of the past year in one volume of 200 to 400 pages. Among its editors were Percy L. Parker (1901–1905), David Williamson (1914–1951), G. B. Newman (1955–1977), Mary Jenkins (1978–1986), P.J. Failes (1987), and Michael and Caroline Fluskey (1991).

Online media

Main article: MailOnline

The majority of content appearing in the Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday printed newspapers also forms part of that included in the MailOnline website. MailOnline is free to read and funded by advertising. In 2011 MailOnline was the second most visited English-language newspaper website worldwide.[273][274] It has since then become the most visited newspaper website in the world,[275] with over 189.5 million visitors per month, and 11.7 million visitors daily, as of January 2014.[276]

Thailand's military junta blocked the MailOnline in May 2014 after the site revealed a video of Thailand's Crown Prince and his wife, Princess Srirasmi, partying. The video appears to show the allegedly topless princess, a former waitress, in a tiny G-string as she feeds her pet dog cake to celebrate its birthday.[277]

The Daily Mail in literature

The Daily Mail has appeared in several novels. These include Evelyn Waugh's 1938 novel Scoop which was based on Waugh's experiences as a writer for the Daily Mail. In the book the newspaper is renamed The Daily Beast.[278]

The newspaper appeared in Nicci French's 2008 novel The Memory Game, a psychological thriller.[279]

In 2015, it featured in Laurence Simpson's comic novel about the tabloid media, According to The Daily Mail.[280]

Editors

Source:[281]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b Stoegner, Karin; Wodak, Ruth (14 March 2016). "'The man who hated Britain' – the discursive construction of 'national unity' in the Daily Mail". Critical Discourse Studies. 13 (2): 193–209. doi:10.1080/17405904.2015.1103764. ISSN 1740-5904. S2CID 147469921.
  3. ^ a b Meyer, Anneke (1 March 2010). "Too Drunk To Say No". Feminist Media Studies. 10 (1): 19–34. doi:10.1080/14680770903457071. ISSN 1468-0777. S2CID 142036919. from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
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  5. ^ John Pilger Hidden Agendas 30 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, London: Vintage, 1998, p. 440
  6. ^ Peter Wilby "Paul Dacre of the Daily Mail: The man who hates liberal Britain" 2 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, New Statesman, 19 December 2013 (online version: 2 January 2014)
  7. ^ a b Sweney, Mark (19 June 2020). "Daily Mail eclipses the Sun to become UK's top-selling paper". The Guardian. from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
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Further reading

  • Addison, Adrian (2017). Mail Men: The Unauthorized Story of the Daily Mail (Atlantic Books).
  • Braber, Ben (2020). Changes in Attitudes to Immigrants in Britain, 1841–1921 From Foreigner to Alien. London: Anthem Press. ISBN 9781785276354.
  • Becker, Andreas (2021). Britain and Danubian Europe in the Era of World War II, 1933-1941. New York: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 9783030675103.
  • Bingham, Adrian (2013). "'The Paper That Foretold the War': The Daily Mail and the First World War". Daily Mail Historical Archive 1896–2004 (Cengage Learning).
  • Bingham, Adrian, and Martin Conboy (2015). Tabloid Century: The Popular Press in Britain, 1896 to the present.
  • Bingham, Adrian (2013). "The Voice of 'Middle England'? The Daily Mail and Public Life". Daily Mail Historical Archive 1896–2004 (Cengage Learning)
  • Bloch, Michael (1992). Ribbentrop. New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 0-517-59310-6..
  • Brothers, Caroline (2013). War and Photography A Cultural History. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135035297.
  • McKenzie, Fred Arthur (1921). The Mystery of the Daily Mail, 1896–1921.
  • Crozier, Andrew (1988). Appeasement and Germany's Last Bid for Colonies. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333447635.
  • "Lord Rothermere and Herr Hitler". The Spectator. 145: 397–398. 27 September 1930.
  • Hanson, Philip (2008). This Side of Despair How the Movies and American Life Intersected During the Great Depression. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 9780838641293.
  • Kaul, Chandrika (2010). ""At the Stoke of the Midnight Hour": Lord Mountbatten and the British Media at Independence". In Terry Barringer; Robert Holland; Susan Williams (eds.). The Iconography of Independence 'Freedoms at Midnight'. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 29–46. ISBN 9781317988656.
  • Mango, Andrew (2009). From the Sultan to Atatürk Turkey. London: Haus Publishing. ISBN 9781907822063.
  • Pugh, Martin (2013). Hurrah For The Blackshirts! Fascists and Fascism in Britain Between the Wars. New York: Random House. ISBN 9781448162871.
  • Orzoff, Andrea (2009). Battle for the Castle The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199709953.
  • Reid Gannon, Franklin (1971). The British Press and Germany, 1936-1939. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198214908.
  • Rothwell, Victor (2001). The Origins of the Second World War. Manchester University Press: Manchester. ISBN 0719059585.
  • Stockwell, A.J. (2016). "Suez 1956 and the Moral Disarmament of the British Empire". In Simon C Smith (ed.). Reassessing Suez 1956 New Perspectives on the Crisis and Its Aftermath. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 227–238. ISBN 9781317070696.
  • Stone, Daniel (2003). Responses to Nazism in Britain, 1933-1939 Before War and Holocaust. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230505537.
  • Taylor, S. J. (1996). The Great Outsiders: Northcliffe, Rothermere and the Daily Mail.
  • Watt, Donald Cameron (1989). How War Came The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–39. London: Heinemannm.
  • Woolf, Virginia (2020). Jacob's Room. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521846745.
  • Taylor, Miles (2018). Empress Queen Victoria and India. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300118094.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daily Mail.
  • Official website

March 20, 2023
daily, mail, this, article, about, british, national, daily, newspaper, other, uses, disambiguation, british, daily, middle, market, tabloid, newspaper, news, website, published, london, founded, 1896, united, kingdom, highest, circulated, daily, newspaper, si. This article is about the British national daily newspaper For other uses see Daily Mail disambiguation The Daily Mail is a British daily middle market tabloid newspaper and news website 5 6 published in London Founded in 1896 it is the United Kingdom s highest circulated daily newspaper 7 Its sister paper The Mail on Sunday was launched in 1982 while Scottish and Irish editions of the daily paper were launched in 1947 and 2006 respectively Content from the paper appears on the MailOnline website although the website is managed separately and has its own editor 8 Daily MailDaily Mail front page on 11 July 2021TypeDaily newspaperFormatTabloidOwner s Daily Mail and General TrustFounder s Alfred Harmsworth and Harold HarmsworthPublisherDMG MediaEditorTed VerityFounded4 May 1896 126 years ago 1896 05 04 Political alignmentRight wing 1 2 3 Eurosceptic ConservativeLanguageEnglishHeadquartersNorthcliffe House 2 Derry Street London W8 5TTCirculation812 106 as of December 2022 4 ISSN0307 7578OCLC number16310567Websitewww wbr dailymail wbr co wbr ukThe paper is owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust 9 Jonathan Harmsworth 4th Viscount Rothermere a great grandson of one of the original co founders is the current chairman and controlling shareholder of the Daily Mail and General Trust while day to day editorial decisions for the newspaper are usually made by a team led by the editor Ted Verity who succeeded Geordie Greig on 17 November 2021 A survey in 2014 found the average age of its readers was 58 and it had the lowest demographic for 15 to 44 year olds among the major British dailies 10 Uniquely for a British daily newspaper it has a majority female readership with women making up 52 55 of its readers 11 It had an average daily circulation of 1 13 million copies in February 2020 12 Between April 2019 and March 2020 it had an average daily readership of approximately 2 18 million of whom approximately 1 41 million were in the ABC1 demographic and 0 77 million in the C2DE demographic 13 Its website has more than 218 million unique visitors per month 14 The Daily Mail has won several awards including receiving the National Newspaper of the Year award from The Press Awards eight times since 1995 winning again in 2019 15 The Society of Editors selected it as the Daily Newspaper of the Year for 2020 16 The Daily Mail has also been criticised for its unreliability its printing of sensationalist and inaccurate scare stories of science and medical research 17 18 19 20 and for instances of plagiarism and copyright infringement 21 22 23 24 In February 2017 editors on the English Wikipedia banned the use of the Daily Mail as a source 25 26 27 Contents 1 Overview 2 History 2 1 Early history 2 2 Inter war period 2 2 1 1919 to 1930 2 2 2 Support of fascism 1930 1934 2 3 Post war history 3 Scottish Irish Continental and Indian editions 3 1 Scottish Daily Mail 3 2 Irish Daily Mail 3 3 Continental and Overseas Daily Mail 3 4 Mail Today 4 Editorial stance 5 Awards 6 Stories 6 1 Suffragette 6 2 Holes in the road 6 3 Unification Church 6 4 Gay gene controversy 6 5 Stephen Lawrence 6 6 Stephen Gately 6 7 Cannabis use 6 8 Ralph Miliband article 6 9 Gawker Media lawsuit 6 10 Anti refugee cartoon 6 11 Anthony Weiner scandal 6 12 Campaigns against plastic pollution 6 13 Gary McKinnon deportation 6 14 Abd Ali Hameed al Waheed 7 Libel lawsuits 7 1 Successful lawsuits against the Mail 7 2 Unsuccessful lawsuits 7 3 Legal action by the Daily Mail 8 Criticism 8 1 Racism accusations 8 2 Homophobia accusations 8 3 Sexism accusations 8 4 Paying for footage under investigation 8 5 Byline removal 8 6 Sensationalism 8 7 Reliability 9 Supplements and features 9 1 Regular cartoon strips 9 2 Year Book 9 3 Online media 10 The Daily Mail in literature 11 Editors 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksOverviewThe Mail was originally a broadsheet but switched to a compact format on 3 May 1971 the 75th anniversary of its founding 28 On this date it also absorbed the Daily Sketch which had been published as a tabloid by the same company The publisher of the Mail the Daily Mail and General Trust DMGT is listed on the London Stock Exchange Circulation figures according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations in February 2020 show gross daily sales of 1 134 184 for the Daily Mail 12 According to a December 2004 survey 53 of Daily Mail readers voted for the Conservative Party compared to 21 for Labour and 17 for the Liberal Democrats 29 The main concern of Viscount Rothermere the current chairman and main shareholder is that the circulation be maintained He testified before a House of Lords select committee that we need to allow editors the freedom to edit and therefore the newspaper s editor was free to decide editorial policy including its political allegiance 30 On 17 November 2021 Ted Verity began a new seven day role as editor of Mail newspapers with responsibility for the Daily Mail The Mail on Sunday and You magazine 31 HistoryEarly history Advertisement by the Daily Mail for insurance against Zeppelin attacks during the First World War The Daily Mail devised by Alfred Harmsworth later Viscount Northcliffe and his brother Harold later Viscount Rothermere was first published on 4 May 1896 It was an immediate success 32 28 It cost a halfpenny at a time when other London dailies cost one penny and was more populist in tone and more concise in its coverage than its rivals The planned issue was 100 000 copies but the print run on the first day was 397 215 and additional printing facilities had to be acquired to sustain a circulation that rose to 500 000 in 1899 Lord Salisbury 19th century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom dismissed the Daily Mail as a newspaper produced by office boys for office boys 33 590 591 By 1902 at the end of the Boer Wars the circulation was over a million making it the largest in the world 34 35 With Harold running the business side of the operation and Alfred as editor the Mail from the start adopted an imperialist political stance taking a patriotic line in the Second Boer War leading to claims that it was not reporting the issues of the day objectively 36 The Mail also set out to entertain its readers with human interest stories serials features and competitions 37 5 It was the first newspaper to recognize the potential market of the female reader with a women s interest section 38 37 16 and hired one of the first female war correspondents Sarah Wilson who reported during the Second Boer War 39 37 27 In 1900 the Daily Mail began printing simultaneously in both Manchester and London the first national newspaper to do so in 1899 the Daily Mail had organised special trains to bring the London printed papers north The same production method was adopted in 1909 by the Daily Sketch in 1927 by the Daily Express and eventually by virtually all the other national newspapers Printing of the Scottish Daily Mail was switched from Edinburgh to the Deansgate plant in Manchester in 1968 and for a while The People was also printed on the Mail presses in Deansgate In 1987 printing at Deansgate ended and the northern editions were thereafter printed at other Associated Newspapers plants For a time in the early 20th century the paper championed vigorously against the Yellow Peril warning of the alleged dangers said to be posted by Chinese immigration to the United Kingdom 40 The Yellow Peril theme came to be abandoned because the Anglo German naval race led to a more plausible threat to the British empire to be presented 40 In common with other Conservative papers the Daily Mail used the Anglo German naval race as a way of criticising the Liberal governments that were in power from 1906 onward claiming that the Liberals were too pusillanimous in their response to the Tirpitz plan In 1906 the paper offered 10 000 for the first flight from London to Manchester followed by a 1 000 prize for the first flight across the English Channel 32 29 Punch magazine thought the idea preposterous and offered 10 000 for the first flight to Mars but by 1910 both the Mail s prizes had been won The paper continued to award prizes for aviation sporadically until 1930 41 Virginia Woolf criticised the Daily Mail as an unreliable newspaper citing the statement published in the Daily Mail in July 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion that every one of the Europeans was put to the sword in a most atrocious manner as the Daily Mail maintained that the entire European community in Beijing had been massacred 42 A month later in August 1900 the Daily Mail published a story about the relief of the western Legations in Beijing where the westerners in Beijing together with the thousands of Chinese Christians had been under siege by the Boxers 42 Before the outbreak of the First World War the paper was accused of warmongering when it reported that Germany was planning to crush the British Empire 32 29 When war began Northcliffe s call for conscription was seen by some as controversial although he was vindicated when conscription was introduced in 1916 43 On 21 May 1915 Northcliffe criticised Lord Kitchener the Secretary of State for War regarding weapons and munitions Kitchener was considered by some to be a national hero The paper s circulation dropped from 1 386 000 to 238 000 Fifteen hundred members of the London Stock Exchange burned unsold copies and called for a boycott of the Harmsworth Press Prime Minister H H Asquith accused the paper of being disloyal to the country When Kitchener died the Mail reported it as a great stroke of luck for the British Empire 32 32 The paper was critical of Asquith s conduct of the war and he resigned on 5 December 1916 44 His successor David Lloyd George asked Northcliffe to be in his cabinet hoping it would prevent him from criticising the government Northcliffe declined 45 According to Piers Brendon Northcliffe s methods made the Mail the most successful newspaper hitherto seen in the history of journalism But by confusing gewgaws with pearls by selecting the paltry at the expense of the significant by confirming atavistic prejudices by oversimplifying the complex by dramatizing the humdrum by presenting stories as entertainment and by blurring the difference between news and views Northcliffe titillated if he did not debouch the public mind he polluted if he did not poison the wells of knowledge 46 Inter war period 1919 to 1930 Bundles of newspapers loaded into the back of a Daily Mail van in the early hours for delivery to newsagents Light hearted stunts enlivened Northcliffe such as the Hat campaign in the winter of 1920 This was a contest with a prize of 100 for a new design of hat a subject in which Northcliffe took a particular interest There were 40 000 entries and the winner was a cross between a top hat and a bowler christened the Daily Mail Sandringham Hat The paper subsequently promoted the wearing of it but without much success 47 In 1919 Alcock and Brown made the first flight across the Atlantic winning a prize of 10 000 from the Daily Mail In 1930 the Mail made a great story of another aviation stunt awarding another prize of 10 000 to Amy Johnson for making the first solo flight from England to Australia 48 The Daily Mail had begun the Ideal Home Exhibition in 1908 At first Northcliffe had disdained this as a publicity stunt to sell advertising and he refused to attend But his wife exerted pressure upon him and he changed his view becoming more supportive By 1922 the editorial side of the paper was fully engaged in promoting the benefits of modern appliances and technology to free its female readers from the drudgery of housework 49 The Mail maintained the event until selling it to Media 10 in 2009 50 As Lord Northcliffe aged his grip on the paper slackened and there were periods when he was not involved His physical and mental health declined rapidly in 1921 and he died in August 1922 at age 57 His brother Lord Rothermere took full control of the paper 32 33 In the Chanak Crisis of 1922 Britain almost went to war with Turkey The Prime Minister David Lloyd George supported by the War Secretary Winston Churchill were determined to go to war over the Turkish demand that the British leave their occupation zone with Churchill sending out telegrams asking for Canada Australia and New Zealand to all send troops for the expected war George Ward Price the extra special correspondent of The Daily Mail was sympathetic towards the beleaguered British garrison at Chanak but was also sympathetic towards the Turks 51 Ward Price wrote in his articles that Mustafa Kemal did not have wider ambitions to restore the lost frontiers of the Ottoman empire and only wanted the Allies to leave Asia Minor 51 The Daily Mail ran a huge banner headline on 21 September 1922 that stated Get Out Of Chanak 51 In a leader editorial the Daily Mail wrote that the views of Churchill who very much favored going to war with Turkey were bordering on insanity 51 The same leader noted that Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King of Canada had rejected Churchill s request for troops which led the leader to warn that Churchill s efforts to call upon the Dominions for help for the expected war were endangering the unity of the British empire 51 Britain was governed by a Liberal Conservative coalition and the opposition of the Daily Mail which normally supported the Conservatives caused many Tories to reconsider continuing the coalition government of Lloyd George The Chanek crisis ended with the Conservatives pulling out of the coalition causing Lloyd George s downfall and with Britain backing down as the British agreed to pull their troops out of Turkey citation needed Rothermere had a fundamentally elitist conception of politics believing that the natural leaders of Britain were upper class men like himself and he strongly disapproved of the decision to grant women the right to vote together with the end of the franchise requirements that disfranchised lower class men 52 Feeling that British women and lower class men were not really capable of understanding the issues Rothermere started to lose faith in democracy 52 In October 1922 the Daily Mail approved of the Fascist March on Rome as the newspaper argued that democracy had failed in Italy thus requiring Benito Mussolini to set up his Fascist dictatorship to save the social order 52 In 1923 Rothermere published a leader in The Daily Mail entitled What Europe Owes Mussolini where he wrote about his profound admiration for Mussolini whom he praised for in saving Italy he stopped the inroads of Bolshevism which would had left Europe in ruins in my judgment he saved the entire Western world It was because Mussolini overthrew Bolshevism in Italy that it collapsed in Hungary and ceased to gain adherents in Bavaria and Prussia 53 In 1923 the newspaper supported the Italian occupation of Corfu and condemned the British government for at least rhetorically opposing the Italian attack on Greece 54 On 25 October 1924 the Daily Mail published the Zinoviev letter which indicated Moscow was directing British Communists toward violent revolution It was later proven to be a hoax At the time many on the left blamed the letter for the defeat of Ramsay MacDonald s Labour Party in the 1924 general election held four days later 55 Unlike most newspapers the Mail quickly took up an interest on the new medium of radio In 1928 the newspaper established an early example of an offshore radio station aboard a yacht both as a means of self promotion and as a way to break the BBC s monopoly However the project failed as the equipment was not able to provide a decent signal from overboard and the transmitter was replaced by a set of speakers The yacht spent the summer entertaining beach goers with gramophone records interspersed with publicity for the newspaper and its insurance fund The Mail was also a frequent sponsor on continental commercial radio stations targeted towards Britain throughout the 1920s and 1930s and periodically voiced support for the legalisation of private radio something that would not happen until 1973 From 1923 Lord Rothermere and the Daily Mail formed an alliance with the other great press baron Lord Beaverbrook Their opponent was the Conservative Party politician and leader Stanley Baldwin Rothermere in a leader conceded that Fascist methods were not suited to a country like our own but qualified his remark with the statement if our northern cities became Bolshevik we would need them 56 In an article in 1927 celebrating five years of Fascism in Italy it was argued that there were parallels between modern Britain and Italy in the last years of the Liberal era as it was argued Italy had a series of weak liberal and conservative governments that made concessions to the Italian Socialist Party such as granting universal male suffrage in 1912 whose only result was to hasten the arrival of disorder 56 In the same article Baldwin was compared to the Italian prime ministers of the Liberal era as the article argued that the General Strike of 1926 should never have been allowed to occur and the Baldwin government was condemned for the feebleness which it tries to placate opposition by being more Socialist than the Socialists 56 In 1928 the Daily Mail in a leader praised Mussolini as the great figure of the age Mussolini will probably dominate the history of the twentieth century as Napoleon dominated the early nineteen century 57 By 1929 George Ward Price was writing in the Mail that Baldwin should be deposed and Beaverbrook elected as leader In early 1930 the two Lords launched the United Empire Party which the Daily Mail supported enthusiastically 32 35 Like Lord Beaverbrook Rothemere was outraged by Baldwin s centre right style of Conservatism and his decision to respond to almost universal suffrage by expanding the appeal of the Conservative Party 58 Far from seeing giving women the right to vote as the disaster Rothermere believed that it was Baldwin set out to appeal to female voters a tactic that was politically successful but led Rothermere to accuse Baldwing of feminising the Conservative Party 58 The rise of the new party dominated the newspaper and even though Beaverbrook soon withdrew Rothermere continued to campaign Vice Admiral Ernest Augustus Taylor fought the first by election for the United Empire Party in October defeating the official Conservative candidate by 941 votes Baldwin s position was now in doubt but in 1931 Duff Cooper won the key by election at St George s Westminster beating the United Empire Party candidate Sir Ernest Petter supported by Rothermere and this broke the political power of the press barons 59 In 1927 the celebrated picture of the year Morning by Dod Procter was bought by the Daily Mail for the Tate Gallery 60 In 1927 Rothermere under the influence of his Hungarian mistress Countess Stephanie von Hohenlohe took up the cause of Hungary as his own publishing a leader on 21 June 1927 entitled Hungary s Place in the Sun 61 In Hungary s Place in the Sun he approvingly noted that Hungary was dominated both politically and economically by its chivalrous and warlike aristocracy whom he noted in past centuries had battled the Ottoman Empire leading him to conclude that all of Europe owned a profound debt to the Hungarian aristocracy which had been Europe s bastion against which the forces of Mahomet the Prophet Mohammed vainly hurled themselves against 62 Rothemere argued that it was unjust that the noble Hungarians should be under the rule of cruder and more barbaric races by which he meant the peoples of Romania Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia 62 In his leader he advocated that Hungary retake all of the lands lost under the Treaty of Trianon which caused immediate concern in Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia and Romania where it was believed that his leader reflected British government policy 61 Additionally he took up the cause of the Sudeten Germans stating that the Sudetenland should go to Germany 62 The Czechoslovak Foreign Minister Edvard Benes was so concerned that he visited London to meet King George V a man who detested Rothermere and used language that was so crude vulgar and unkingy that Benes had to report to Prague that he could not possibly repeat the king s remarks 62 In fact Rothermere s Justice for Hungary campaign which he continued until February 1939 was a source of disquiet for the Foreign Office which complained that British relations with Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia and Romania were constantly stained as the leaders of those nations continued to harbor the belief that Rothermere was in some way speaking for the British government 63 One of the major themes of The Daily Mail was the opposition to the Indian independence movement and much of Rothermere s opposition to Baldwin was based upon the belief that Baldwin was not sufficiently opposed to Indian independence In 1930 Rothermere wrote a series of leaders under the title If We Lose India claiming that granting India independence would be the end of Britain as a great power 64 In addition Rothermere predicted that Indian independence would end worldwide white supremacy as inevitably the peoples of the other British colonies in Asia Africa and the Americas would also demand independence The decision of the Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald to open the Round Table Conferences in 1930 was greeted by The Daily Mail as the beginning of the end of Britain as a great power 65 As part of its crusade against Indian independence The Daily Mail published a series of articles portraying the peoples of India as ignorant barbarous filthy and fanatical arguing that the Raj was necessary to save India from the Indians whom The Daily Mail argued were not capable of handling independence 65 Support of fascism 1930 1934 Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler and directed the Mail s editorial stance towards them in the early 1930s 66 67 Lord Rothermere took an extreme anti Communist line which led him to own an estate in Hungary to which he might escape to in case Britain was conquered by the Soviet Union 68 Shortly after the Nazis scored their breakthrough in the Reichstag elections on 14 September 1930 winning 107 seats Rothermere went to Munich to interview Hitler 69 In an article published in Daily Mail on 24 September 1930 Rothemere wrote These young Germans have discovered as I am glad to note that the young men and women of England are discovering that is no good trusting the old politicians Accordingly they have formed as I should like to see our British youth form a parliamentary party of their own We can do nothing to check this movement the Nazis and I believe it would be a blunder for the British people to take up an attitude of hostility towards it 69 Starting in December 1931 Rothermere opened up talks with Oswald Mosley under which terms the Daily Mail would support his party 70 The talks were drawn out largely because Mosley understood that Rothermere was a megalomaniac who wanted to use the New Party for his own purposes as he sought to impose terms and conditions in exchange for the support of the Daily Mail 70 Mosley who was equally egoistical wanted Rothermere s support but only on his own terms 70 Rothermere s 1933 leader Youth Triumphant praised the new Nazi regime s accomplishments and was subsequently used as propaganda by them 71 In it Rothermere predicted that The minor misdeeds of individual Nazis would be submerged by the immense benefits the new regime is already bestowing upon Germany Journalist John Simpson in a book on journalism suggested that Rothermere was referring to the violence against Jews and Communists rather than the detention of political prisoners 72 page needed Alongside his support for Nazi Germany as the bulwark against Bolshevism Rothermere used The Daily Mail as a forum to champion his pet cause namely a stronger Royal Air Force RAF 73 Rothermere had decided that aerial war was the technology of the future and throughout the 1930s The Daily Mail was described as obsessional in pressing for more spending on the RAF 74 Rothermere and the Mail were also editorially sympathetic to Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists 75 Rothermere wrote an article titled Hurrah for the Blackshirts published in the Daily Mail on 15 January 1934 praising Mosley for his sound commonsense Conservative doctrine 76 and pointing out that Young men may join the British Union of Fascists by writing to the Headquarters King s Road Chelsea London S W 77 The Spectator condemned Rothermere s article commenting that the Blackshirts like the Daily Mail appeal to people unaccustomed to thinking The average Daily Mail reader is a potential Blackshirt ready made When Lord Rothermere tells his clientele to go and join the Fascists some of them pretty certainly will 78 In April 1934 the Daily Mail ran a competition entitled Why I Like The Blackshirts under which it awarded one pound every week for the best letter from its readers explaining why they liked the BUF 70 The paper s support ended after violence at a BUF rally in Kensington Olympia in June 1934 79 Mosley and many others thought Rothermere had responded to pressure from Jewish businessmen who it was believed had threatened to stop advertising in the paper if it continued to back an anti Semitic party 80 The paper editorially continued to oppose the arrival of Jewish refugees escaping Germany describing their arrival as a problem to which the Daily Mail has repeatedly pointed 81 In December 1934 Rothermere visited Berlin as the guest of Joachim von Ribbentrop 82 During his visit Rothermere was publicly thanked in a speech by Josef Goebbels for the Daily Mails pro German coverage of the Saarland referendum under which the people of the Saarland had the choices of voting to remain under the rule of the League of Nations join France or rejoin Germany 82 In March 1935 impressed by the arguments put forward by Ribbentrop for the return of the former German colonies in Africa Rothermere published a leader entitled Germany Must Have Elbow Room 83 In his leader Rothermere argued that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh towards the Reich and claimed that the German economy was being crippled by the loss of the German colonial empire in Africa as he argued that without African colonies to exploit that the German economic recovery from the Great Depression was fragile and shallow 83 During the Spanish Civil War the Daily Mail ran a photo essay on 27 July 1936 by Ferdinand Touchy entitled The Red Carmens the women who burn churches 84 Touchy took a series of photographs of Spanish women who joined the Worker s Militia marching up to the front with rifles and ammunition poaches over their shoulders 84 In an essay that has been widely criticised as misogynistic Touchy wrote The Spanish women has been a creature to admire or make work domestically to marry or let slip away into a religious order 65 percent were illiterate 85 Touchy declared his horror at the young Spanish women had rejected the traditional patriarchal system writing with disgust that the direct action girls of the Worker s Militia do not want to be like their mothers submissive and obedient to men 85 Touchy called these young women Red Carmens associating them with the destructive heroine of the opera Carmen and with Communism writing the Red Carmens proved the amorality of the Spanish Republic which had preached gender equality 85 For Touchy women to fight in a war was to reject their femininity leading him to label these women as monstrous as he accused the Red Carmens of sexual depravity writing with utter horror at the possibility of these women engaging in premarital sex which for him marked the beginning of the end of civilisation itself 86 The British historian Caroline Brothers wrote that Touchy s article said much about the gender politics of The Daily Mail which ran his photo essay and presumably of The Daily Mail s readers who were expected to approve of the article 87 In a 1937 article George Ward Price the special correspondent of The Daily Mail approvingly wrote The sense of national unity the Volkgemeinschaft to which the Fuhrer constantly appeals in his speeches is not a rhetorical invention but a reality 88 Ward Price was one of the most controversial British journalists of the 1930s who was one of the few British journalists allowed to interview both Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler because both fascist leaders knew that Ward Price could be trusted to take a favorable tone and ask soft questions 88 Wickham Steed called Ward Price the lackey of Mussolini Hitler and Rothermere 88 The British historian Daniel Stone called Ward Price s reporting from Berlin and Rome a mixture of snobbery name dropping and obsequious pro fascism of a most genteel English type 88 In the 1938 crisis over the Sudetenland The Daily Mail was very hostile in its picture of President Edvard Benes whom Rothermere noted disapprovingly in a leader in July 1938 had signed an alliance with the Soviet Union in 1935 leading him to accuse Benes of turning Czechoslovakia into a corridor for Russia against Germany 89 Rothermere concluded his leader If Czechoslovakia becomes involved in a war the British nation will say to the Prime Minister with one voice Keep out of it 89 During the Danzig crisis the Daily Mail was inadvertently used by the German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop to persuade Hitler that Britain would not go to war for the defense of Poland Ribbentrop had the German Embassy in London headed by Herbert von Dirksen provide translations from pro appeasement newspapers like the Daily Mail and the Daily Express for Hitler s benefit which had the effect of making it seem that British public opinion was more strongly against going to war for Poland than was actually the case 90 91 The British historian Victor Rothwell wrote that the newspapers that Ribbentrop used to provide his press summaries for Hitler such as the Daily Express and the Daily Mail were out of touch not only with British public opinion but also with British government policy in regards to the Danzig crisis 91 The press summaries Ribbentrop provided were particularly important as Ribbentrop had managed to convince Hitler that the British government secretly controlled the British press and just as in Germany nothing appeared in the British press that the British government did not want to appear 92 Post war history Sub editor s room at the offices of the Daily Mail newspaper in 1944 On 5 May 1946 the Daily Mail celebrated its Golden Jubilee Winston Churchill was the chief guest at the banquet and toasted it with a speech 93 Newsprint rationing in the Second World War had forced the Daily Mail to cut its size to four pages but the size gradually increased through the 1950s 93 In 1947 when the Raj ended the Daily Mail featured a banner headline reading India 11 words mark the end of an empire 94 During the Suez crisis of 1956 the Daily Mail consistently took a hardline against President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt taking the viewpoint that Britain was justified in invading Egypt to retake control of the Suez canal and topple Nasser 95 The Daily Mail was transformed by its editor during the 1970s and 1980s David English He had been editor of the Daily Sketch from 1969 to 1971 when it closed Part of the same group from 1953 the Sketch was absorbed by its sister title and English became editor of the Mail a post in which he remained for more than 20 years 96 English transformed it from a struggling newspaper selling half as many copies as its mid market rival the Daily Express to a formidable publication whose circulation rose to surpass that of the Express by the mid 1980s 97 English was knighted in 1982 98 The paper enjoyed a period of journalistic success in the 1980s employing Fleet Street writers such as gossip columnist Nigel Dempster Lynda Lee Potter and sportswriter Ian Wooldridge who unlike some of his colleagues the paper generally did not support sporting boycotts of white minority ruled South Africa strongly opposed apartheid In 1982 a Sunday title the Mail on Sunday was launched the Scottish Sunday Mail now owned by the Mirror Group was founded in 1919 by the first Lord Rothermere but later sold 99 Knighted in 1982 Sir David English became editor in chief and chairman of Associated Newspapers in 1992 after Rupert Murdoch had attempted to hire Evening Standard editor Paul Dacre as editor of The Times The Evening Standard was then part of the Associated Newspapers group and Dacre was appointed to succeed English at the Daily Mail as a means of dealing with Murdoch s offer 100 Dacre retired as editor of the Daily Mail but remains editor in chief of the group In late 2013 the paper moved its London printing operation from the city s Docklands area to a new 50 million plant in Thurrock Essex 101 There are Scottish editions of both the Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday with different articles and columnists In August 2016 the Daily Mail began a partnership with The People s Daily the official newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party 102 103 This partnership included publishing articles in the MailOnline produced by The People s Daily The agreement appeared to observers to give the paper an edge in publishing news stories sourced out of China but it also led to questions of censorship regarding politically sensitive topics 104 In November 2016 Lego ended a series of promotions in the paper which had run for years following a campaign from the group Stop Funding Hate who were unhappy with the Mail s coverage of migrant issues and the EU referendum 105 In September 2017 the Daily Mail partnered with Stage 29 Productions to launch DailyMailTV an international news program produced by Stage 29 Productions in its studios based in New York City with satellite studios in London Sydney DC and Los Angeles 106 107 Dr Phil McGraw Stage 29 Productions was named as executive producer 108 The program was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment News Program in 2018 109 In May 2020 the Daily Mail ended The Sun s 42 year reign as the United Kingdom s highest circulation newspaper The Daily Mail recorded average daily sales of 980 000 copies with the Mail on Sunday recording weekly sales of 878 000 7 In August 2022 the Daily Mail wrote in support of Liz Truss in the July September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election 110 calling her chancellor s mini budget a true Tory budget that September 111 Scottish Irish Continental and Indian editionsScottish Daily Mail The Scottish Daily Mail header The Scottish Daily Mail was published as a separate title from Edinburgh 112 starting in December 1946 The circulation was poor though falling to below 100 000 and the operation was rebased to Manchester in December 1968 113 In 1995 the Scottish Daily Mail was relaunched and is printed in Glasgow It had an average circulation of 67 900 in the area of Scotland in December 2019 114 Irish Daily Mail Main article Irish Daily Mail The Daily Mail officially entered the Irish market with the launch of a local version of the paper on 6 February 2006 free copies of the paper were distributed on that day in some locations to publicise the launch Its masthead differed from that of UK versions by having a green rectangle with the word IRISH instead of the Royal Arms but this was later changed with Irish Daily Mail displayed instead The Irish version includes stories of Irish interest alongside content from the UK version According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations the Irish edition had a circulation of 63 511 for July 2007 115 falling to an average of 49 090 for the second half of 2009 116 Since 24 September 2006 Ireland on Sunday the Irish Sunday newspaper acquired by Associated in 2001 was replaced by an Irish edition of the Mail on Sunday the Irish Mail on Sunday to tie in with the weekday newspaper Continental and Overseas Daily Mail Two foreign editions were begun in 1904 and 1905 the former titled the Overseas Daily Mail covering the world and the latter titled the Continental Daily Mail covering Europe and North Africa 117 Mail Today Main article Mail Today The newspaper entered India on 16 November 2007 with the launch of Mail Today 118 a 48 page compact size newspaper printed in Delhi Gurgaon and Noida with a print run of 110 000 copies Based around a subscription model the newspaper has the same fonts and feel as the Daily Mail and was set up with investment from Associated Newspapers and editorial assistance from the Daily Mail newsroom 119 The paper alternated between supporting the Congress led UPA regime as well as the BJP led NDA regime Between 2010 and 2014 it supported the Kapil Sibal led reforms to change the undergraduate structure at the University of Delhi 120 In 2016 it was the first newspaper to break the controversial story about terror slogans being raised in favour of the hanged terrorist Afzal Guru on his death anniversary at the Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi 121 Editorial stanceAs a right wing tabloid 1 2 3 the Mail is traditionally a supporter of the Conservative Party It has endorsed the party in every UK general election since 1945 with the one exception of the October 1974 UK general election where it endorsed a Liberal and Conservative coalition 122 123 124 125 While the paper retained its support for the Conservative Party at the 2015 general election the paper urged conservatively inclined voters to support UKIP in the constituencies of Heywood and Middleton Dudley North and Great Grimsby where UKIP was the main challenger to the Labour Party citation needed The paper is generally critical of the BBC which it says is biased to the left 126 The Mail has published pieces by Joanna Blythman opposing the growing of genetically modified crops in the United Kingdom 127 On international affairs the Mail broke with the establishment media consensus over the 2008 South Ossetia war between Russia and Georgia The Mail accused the British government of dragging Britain into an unnecessary confrontation with Russia and of hypocrisy regarding its protests over Russian recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia s independence citing the British government s own recognition of Kosovo s independence from Russia s ally Serbia 128 AwardsThe Daily Mail has been awarded the National Newspaper of the Year in 1995 1996 1998 2001 2003 2011 2016 and 2019 129 by the British Press Awards Daily Mail journalists have won a range of British Press Awards including Campaign of the Year Murder of Stephen Lawrence 2012 Website of the Year Mail Online 2012 News Team of the Year Daily Mail 2012 Critic of the Year Quentin Letts 2010 130 Political Journalist of the Year Quentin Letts 2009 Specialist Journalist of the Year Stephen Wright 2009 131 Showbiz Reporter of the Year Benn Todd 2012 Feature Writer of the Year Popular David Jones 2012 Columnist of the Year Popular Craig Brown 2012 Peter Oborne 2016 Best of Humour Craig Brown 2012 Columnist Popular Craig Brown 2012 Sports Reporter of the Year Jeff Powell 2005 Sports Photographer of the Year Mike Egerton 2012 Andy Hooper 2008 2010 2016 Cartoonist of the Year Stanley MAC McMurtry 2016 Interviewer of the Year Popular Jan Moir 2019 132 Columnist of the Year Popular Sarah Vine 2019 The Hugh McIlvanney Award for Sports Journalist of the Year Laura Lambert 2019 Sports News Story Saracens 2019 News Reporter of the Year Tom Kelly jointly with Claire Newell of The Daily Telegraph 2019 Other awards include Orwell Prize Toby Harnden 2012 Hugh Cudlipp Award 2012 Stephen Wright Richard Pendlebury 2009 2007 133 StoriesSuffragette The term suffragette was first used in 1906 as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E Hands in the Mail to describe activists in the movement for women s suffrage in particular members of the WSPU 134 135 136 However the women he intended to ridicule embraced the term saying suffraGETtes hardening the g implying not only that they wanted the vote but that they intended to get it 137 Holes in the road On 17 January 1967 the Mail published a story The holes in our roads about potholes giving the examples of Blackburn where it said there were 4 000 holes This detail was then immortalised by John Lennon in The Beatles song A Day in the Life along with an account of the death of 21 year old socialite Tara Browne in a car crash on 18 December 1966 which also appeared in the same issue 138 Unification Church In 1981 the Daily Mail ran an investigation into the Unification Church nicknamed the Moonies accusing them of ending marriages and brainwashing converts 97 The Unification Church which always denied these claims sued for libel but lost heavily A jury awarded the Mail a then record breaking 750 000 libel payout equivalent to 3 058 294 in 2021 In 1983 the paper won a special British Press Award for a relentless campaign against the malignant practices of the Unification Church 139 Gay gene controversy On 16 July 1993 the Mail ran the headline Abortion hope after gay genes finding 140 141 Of the tabloid headlines which commented on the Xq28 gene the Mail s was criticised as perhaps the most infamous and disturbing headline of all 142 Stephen Lawrence The Mail campaigned vigorously for justice over the murder of Stephen Lawrence in 1993 On 14 February 1997 the Mail front page pictured the five men accused of Lawrence s murder with the headline MURDERERS stating if we are wrong let them sue us 143 This attracted praise from Paul Foot and Peter Preston 144 Some journalists contended the Mail had belatedly changed its stance on the Lawrence murder with the newspaper s earlier focus being the alleged opportunistic behaviour of anti racist groups How Race Militants Hijacked a Tragedy 10 May 1993 and alleged insufficient coverage of the case 20 articles in three years 145 146 Two men who the Mail had featured in their Murderers headline were found guilty in 2012 of murdering Lawrence After the verdict Lawrence s parents and numerous political figures thanked the newspaper for taking the potential financial risk involved with the 1997 headline 147 Stephen Gately On 16 October 2009 a Jan Moir article criticised aspects of the life and death of Stephen Gately It was published six days after his death and before his funeral The Press Complaints Commission received over 25 000 complaints a record number regarding the timing and content of the article It was criticised as insensitive inaccurate and homophobic 148 149 The Press Complaints Commission did not uphold complaints about the article 150 151 Major advertisers such as Marks amp Spencer had their adverts removed from the Mail Online webpage containing Moir s article 152 Cannabis use On 13 June 2011 a study by Dr Matt Jones and Michal Kucewicz 153 on the effects of cannabinoid receptor activation in the brain was published in The Journal of Neuroscience 153 154 155 and the British medical journal The Lancet 156 The study was used in articles by CBS News 157 Le Figaro 158 and Bild 159 among others In October 2011 the Daily Mail printed an article citing the research titled Just ONE cannabis joint can bring on schizophrenia as well as damaging memory The group Cannabis Law Reform CLEAR which campaigns for ending drug prohibition criticised the Daily Mail report 160 Dr Matt Jones co author of the study said he was disappointed but not surprised by the article and stated This study does NOT say that one spliff will bring on schizophrenia 160 Dorothy Bishop professor of neuroscience at Oxford University in her blog awarded the Daily Mail the Orwellian Prize for Journalistic Misrepresentation 161 162 The Mail later changed the article s headline to Just ONE cannabis joint can cause psychiatric episodes similar to schizophrenia as well as damaging memory 163 Ralph Miliband article In September 2013 the Mail was criticised for an article on Ralph Miliband father of then Labour leader Ed Miliband and prominent Marxist sociologist titled The Man Who Hated Britain 164 165 Ed Miliband said that the article was ludicrously untrue that he was appalled and not willing to see my father s good name be undermined in this way Ralph Miliband had arrived in the UK from Belgium as a Jewish refugee from the Holocaust The Jewish Chronicle described the article as a revival of the Jews can t be trusted because of their divided loyalties genre of antisemitism 166 Conservative MP Zac Goldsmith linked the article to the Nazi sympathies of the 1st Viscount Rothermere whose family remain the paper s owners 165 164 167 The paper defended the article s general content in an editorial but described its use of a picture of Ralph Miliband s grave as an error of judgement 168 In the editorial the paper further remarked that We do not maintain like the jealous God of Deuteronomy that the iniquity of the fathers should be visited on the sons But when a son with prime ministerial ambitions swallows his father s teachings as the younger Miliband appears to have done the case is different 169 A spokesman for the paper also described claims that the article continued its history of anti Semitism as absolutely spurious 170 However the reference to the jealous God of Deuteronomy was criticised by Jonathan Freedland who said that In the context of a piece about a foreign born Jew the remark felt like a subtle if not subterranean hint to the reader a reminder of the ineradicable alienness of this biblically vengeful people 171 and that those ready to acquit the Mail because there was no bald outright statement of antisemitism were probably using the wrong measure 172 Gawker Media lawsuit In March 2015 James King a former contract worker at the Mail s New York office wrote an article for Gawker titled My Year Ripping Off the Web With the Daily Mail Online In the article King alleged that the Mail s approach was to rewrite stories from other news outlets with minimal credit in order to gain advertising clicks and that staffers had published material they knew to be false He also suggested that the paper preferred to delete stories from its website rather than publish corrections or admit mistakes 173 In September 2015 the Mail s US company Mail Media filed a 1 million lawsuit against King and Gawker Media for libel 174 Eric Wemple at The Washington Post questioned the value of the lawsuit stating that Whatever the merits of King s story it didn t exactly upend conventional wisdom about the website s strategy 175 In November 2016 Lawyers for Gawker filed a motion to resolve the lawsuit Under the terms of the motion Gawker was not required to pay any financial compensation but agreed to add an Editor s Note at the beginning of the King article remove an illustration in the post which incorporated the Daily Mail s logo and publish a statement by DailyMail com in the same story 176 177 Anti refugee cartoon Following the November 2015 Paris attacks 178 a cartoon in the Daily Mail by Stanley McMurtry Mac linked the European migrant crisis with a focus on Syria in particular 179 to the terrorist attacks and criticised the European Union immigration laws for allowing Islamist radicals to gain easy access into the United Kingdom 180 Despite being compared to Nazi propaganda 181 and criticised as racist the cartoon received praise on the Mail Online website 182 A Daily Mail spokesperson told The Independent We are not going to dignify these absurd comments which wilfully misrepresent this cartoon apart from to say that we have not received a single complaint from any reader 178 Kate Allen director of Amnesty International UK criticised the Daily Mail s cartoon for being reckless xenophobia 183 Anthony Weiner scandal In September 2016 the Mail Online published a lengthy interview and screenshots from a 15 year old girl who claimed that the American politician Anthony Weiner had sent her sexually explicit images and messages The revelation led to Weiner and his wife Huma Abedin an aide of Hillary Clinton separating 184 Weiner pleaded guilty in May 2017 to sending obscene material to a minor and in September he was jailed for 21 months 185 Campaigns against plastic pollution The paper has campaigned against plastic pollution in various forms since 2008 The paper called for a levy on single use plastic bags 18 The Daily Mail s work in highlighting the issue of plastic pollution was praised by the head of the United Nations Environment Program Erik Solheim at a conference in Kenya in 2017 186 Emily Maitlis the newscaster asked Green Party leader Caroline Lucas on Newsnight Is the biggest friend to the Environment at the moment the Daily Mail in reference to the paper s call for a ban on plastic microbeads and other plastic pollution and suggested it had done more for the environment than the Green Party Environment group ClientEarth has also highlighted the paper s role in drawing attention to the plastic pollution problem along with the Blue Planet II documentary 187 188 Gary McKinnon deportation Attempts by the United States government to extradite Gary McKinnon a British computer hacker were campaigned against by the paper In 2002 McKinnon was accused of perpetrating the biggest military computer hack of all time 189 although McKinnon himself states that he was merely looking for evidence of free energy suppression and a cover up of UFO activity and other technologies potentially useful to the public The Daily Mail began to support McKinnon s campaign in 2009 with a series of front page stories protesting against his deportation 190 On 16 October 2012 after a series of legal proceedings in Britain Home Secretary Theresa May withdrew her extradition order to the United States Gary McKinnon s mother Janis Sharp praised the paper s contribution to saving her son from deportation in her book in which she said Thanks to Theresa May David Cameron and the support of David Burrowes and so many others notably the Daily Mail my son was safe he was going to live 191 192 Abd Ali Hameed al Waheed In December 2017 the Daily Mail published a front page story entitled Another human rights fiasco with the subheading Iraqi caught red handed with bomb wins 33 000 because our soldiers kept him in custody for too long The story related to a judge s decision to award money to Abd Ali Hameed al Waheed after he had been unlawfully imprisoned The headline was printed despite the fact that during the trial itself the judge concluded that claims that al Waheed had been caught with a bomb were pure fiction In July 2018 the Independent Press Standards Organisation ordered the paper to publish a front page correction after finding the newspaper had breached rules on accuracy in its reporting of the case The Daily Mail reported that a major internal investigation was conducted following the decision to publish the story and as a result strongly worded disciplinary notes were sent to seven senior members of staff which made it clear that if errors of the same nature were to happen again their careers would be at risk 193 Libel lawsuits2017 Daily Mail editor Paul Dacre threatened the website Byline Investigates with legal action and insisted on the removal of three articles about the Daily Mail s use of private investigator Steve Whittamore 194 195 On 15 November 2019 Byline Investigates published court documents of a lawsuit filed by Meghan Markle against the Daily Mail in which she accused the newspaper of a campaign of untrue stories 196 197 198 199 Successful lawsuits against the Mail 2001 February Businessman Alan Sugar was awarded 100 000 in damages following a story commenting on his stewardship of Tottenham Hotspur Football Club 200 2003 October Actress Diana Rigg was awarded 30 000 in damages over a story commenting on aspects of her personality 201 2006 May Musician Elton John received 100 000 damages following false accusations concerning his manners and behaviour 202 2009 January 30 000 award to Dr Austen Ivereigh who had worked for Cardinal Cormac Murphy O Connor following false accusations made by the newspaper concerning abortion 203 2010 July 47 500 award to Parameswaran Subramanyam for falsely claiming that he secretly sustained himself with hamburgers during a 23 day hunger strike in Parliament Square to draw attention to the protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 204 2011 November the former lifestyle adviser Carole Caplin received damages over claims in the Mail that she would reveal intimate details about former clients 205 2014 May Author J K Rowling received substantial damages and the Mail printed an apology The newspaper had made a false claim about Rowling s story written for the website of Gingerbread a single parents charity 206 2017 April First Lady of the United States Melania Trump received an undisclosed settlement over claims in the Mail that she had worked as an escort in the 1990s 207 In September 2016 she began litigation against the Daily Mail for an article which discussed escort allegations The article included rebuttals and said that there was no evidence to support the allegations The Mail regretted any misinterpretation that could have come from reading the article and retracted it from its website 208 Melania Trump filed a lawsuit in Maryland suing for 150 million 209 On 7 February 2017 the lawsuit was re filed in the correct jurisdiction New York where the Daily Mail s parent company has offices seeking damages of at least 150 million 210 2018 June Earl Spencer accepted undisclosed libel damages from Associated Newspapers over a claim that he acted in an unbrotherly heartless and callous way towards his sister Diana Princess of Wales 211 2019 June Associated Newspapers paid 120 000 in damages plus costs to Interpal a UK based charity which the Mail falsely accused of funding a hate festival in Palestine which acted out the murder of Jews 212 2020 November The Mail agreed to pay libel damages of 25 000 and apologised for distress caused to University of Cambridge professor Priyamvada Gopal who they had falsely claimed was attempting to incite an aggressive and potentially violent race war 213 2020 December The Mail paid businessman James Dyson and his wife Lady Deirdre Dyson 100 000 in libel damages after suggesting they had behaved badly towards their former housekeeper 214 2021 January Associated Newspapers paid damages and apologised to a British Pakistani couple about whom they had made false allegations in relation to their work as counter extremism experts 215 2021 May Associated Newspapers paid substantial damages and apologised after revealing the identity of a complainant in a rape case against film director Luc Besson 216 Unsuccessful lawsuits 1981 April The Daily Mail won 750 000 from the Unification Church which had sued for libel due to articles about the Church s recruitment methods Margaret Singer professor of Psychiatry at the University of California Berkeley testified that the Mail s accounts of these methods were accurate The trial lasted over five months one of Britain s longest ever civil trials 217 2012 February Nathaniel Philip Rothschild lost his libel case against the Daily Mail after the High Court agreed that he was indeed the Puppet Master for Peter Mandelson that his conduct had been inappropriate in a number of respects and that the words used by the Daily Mail were substantially true 218 219 2012 May Carina Trimingham the partner of former Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Chris Huhne was ordered to pay more than 400 000 after she lost her High Court claims for damages for alleged breach of privacy and harassment against the Daily Mail 220 Huhne whilst married had an affair with Trimingham who herself was in a lesbian civil partnership and then later left his wife Vicky Pryce for Trimingham This and a series of other events involving Pryce and Huhne led to his resignation from the Cabinet and to both of them being arrested for perverting the course of justice and the criminal prosecution R v Huhne and Pryce 221 2021 Former US congress representative Katie Hill was judicially ordered to reimburse the Daily Mail and others 220 000 for legal fees incurred defending themselves against baseless revenge porn claims raised by Hill 222 223 Legal action by the Daily Mail In March 2021 Associated Newspapers issued a letter to ViacomCBS to remove an image of a purported Daily Mail headline from Oprah with Meghan and Harry The headline seen was Meghan s seed will taint our Royal Family which had been edited to remove the context that it was a quotation by an unrelated politician 224 CriticismThis article s Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article s neutrality by separating out potentially negative information Please integrate the section s contents into the article as a whole or rewrite the material August 2020 Racism accusations There have been accusations of racism against the Daily Mail 225 In 2012 in an article for The New Yorker former Mail reporter Brendan Montague criticised the Mail s content and culture stating None of the front line reporters I worked with were racist but there s institutional racism at the Daily Mail 18 In August 2020 a group of Palm Islanders in Queensland Australia lodged a complaint with the Australian Human Rights Commission under Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 against the Daily Mail and 9News alleging that they had broadcast and published reports that were inaccurate and racist about the Indigenous Australian recipients of compensation after the Palm Island Class Action 226 227 228 229 In 2021 IPSO ruled that it dishonestly published a headline falsely claiming to report on British towns that are no go areas for white people 230 The town showcased was the wealthy Manchester suburb of Didsbury which it had described the previous month as posh and leafy and a property hotspot 231 Homophobia accusations After High Court judges ruled in 2016 that parliamentary approval must be sought for activation of Article 50 the leading headline on the Mail s front page read Enemies of the People 232 The paper s front page and other coverage drew much criticism from the legal world as well as from high ranking politicians 233 On its website the Mail described one of the judges as openly gay Critics who accused the Mail of unnecessarily highlighting the judge s sexual orientation due to anti gay motives The Mail later removed the description 234 One law professor commented I have never seen this kind of invective against judges either here or abroad in the national media 235 Sexism accusations In 2014 after Emma Watson spoke at the launch of the United Nations HeForShe campaign the Mail was criticised for focusing its coverage on Watson s dress and appearance rather than the content of her speech in which Watson complained how media had sexualised her in their coverage from when she was 14 236 The Mail was much criticised for running the front page headline Never mind Brexit who won legs it accompanying a photograph of Theresa May meeting with Nicola Sturgeon in March 2017 running more than a page of coverage on the two leaders appearance 237 Jeremy Corbyn the Leader of the Labour Party tweeted It s 2017 This sexism must be consigned to history Shame on the Daily Mail 238 237 The International Business Times quoted an unnamed Daily Mail staff member describing the headline as moronic and out of touch with the Daily Mail s largely female readership 239 Paying for footage under investigation In 2015 following the November 2015 Paris attacks the French police viewed the footage of the attacks from the CCTV system of La Casa Nostra After making a copy on a USB flash drive the police ordered a technician from the CCTV company that installed the system to encrypt the footage saying this now falls under the confidentiality of the investigation it must remain here Freelance journalist Djaffer Ait Aoudia told The Guardian that he secretly filmed a Daily Mail representative negotiating with the owner to sell the CCTV footage of the attacks The cafe owner agreed to supply the footage for 50 000 and asked an IT technician to make the footage accessible again The Daily Mail responded There is nothing controversial about the Mail s acquisition of this video a copy of which the police already had in their possession The Guardian also briefly embedded the footage on their own website before removing it 240 Byline removal In 2017 evoke ie the Daily Mail s showbiz site was reported to the internship program of Dublin City University after the bylines of hundreds of articles written by students were changed 241 Sensationalism The Daily Mail is said to have an ongoing project to divide all the inanimate objects in the world into ones that either cause or prevent cancer 19 It has also been criticised for their extent of coverage of celebrities 242 the children of celebrities 243 property prices 244 and the depiction of asylum seekers 245 the latter of which was discussed in the Parliament s Joint Committee on Human Rights in 2007 246 247 Reliability The Daily Mail s medical and science journalism has been criticised by some doctors and scientists accusing it of using minor studies to generate scare stories or being misleading 20 19 248 In 2011 the Daily Mail published an article titled Just ONE cannabis joint can cause psychiatric episodes similar to schizophrenia as well as damaging memory 249 Dr Matt Jones the lead author of the study that is cited in the article was quoted by Cannabis Law Reform as saying This study does NOT say that one spliff will bring on schizophrenia 250 Carbon Brief complained to the Press Complaints Commission about an article published in the Daily Mail titled Hidden green tax in fuel bills How a 200 stealth charge is slipped on to your gas and electricity bills because the 200 figure was unexplained unreferenced and according to Ofgem incorrect The Daily Mail quietly removed the article from their website 251 252 253 In 2013 the Met Office criticised an article about climate change in the Daily Mail by James Delingpole for containing a series of factual inaccuracies 254 The Daily Mail in response published a letter from the Met Office chairman on its letters page as well as offering to append the letter to Delingpole s article 255 In February 2017 pursuant to a formal community discussion editors on the English Wikipedia banned the use of the Daily Mail as a source 25 26 27 Its use as a reference is now generally prohibited especially when other more reliable sources exist 17 25 256 and it can no longer be used as proof of notability 25 It can still be used in reference to an article about the Daily Mail itself 257 Support for the ban centred on the Daily Mail s reputation for poor fact checking sensationalism and flat out fabrication 17 25 26 Wikipedia s ban of the Daily Mail generated a significant amount of media attention especially from the British media 258 Though the Daily Mail strongly contested this decision by the community Wikipedia s co founder Jimmy Wales backed the community s choice stating I think what the Daily Mail has done brilliantly in this ad funded world is they ve mastered the art of click bait they ve mastered the art of hyped up headlines they ve also mastered the art of I m sad to say of running stories that simply aren t true And that s why Wikipedia decided not to accept them as a source anymore It s very problematic they get very upset when we say this but it s just fact 259 A February 2017 editorial in The Times commenting on the decision stated that Newspapers make errors and have the responsibility to correct them Wikipedia editors fastidiousness however appears to reflect less a concern for accuracy than dislike of the Daily Mail s opinions 260 In 2018 the Wikipedia community upheld the Daily Mail s deprecation as a source 258 In August 2018 the Mail Online deleted a lengthy news article titled Powder Keg Paris by journalist Andrew Malone which focused on illegal migrants living in the Paris suburb of Saint Denis after a string of apparent inaccuracies were highlighted on social media by French activist Marwan Muhammad including mistaking Saint Denis the city for Seine Saint Denis the department northeast of Paris Local councillor Majid Messaoudene said that the article had set out to stigmatise and harm the area and its people The journalist Andrew Malone subsequently deleted his Twitter account 261 262 In 2019 the IPSO ruled against the Daily Mail and confirmed in its ruling that the article was inaccurate 263 264 In early 2019 the mobile version of the Microsoft Edge Internet browser started warning visitors to the MailOnline site via its NewsGuard plugin that this website generally fails to maintain basic standards of accuracy and accountability and has been forced to pay damages in numerous high profile cases 265 In late January 2019 the status of the MailOnline was changed by the NewsGuard Plugin from Red to Green updating its verdict to this website generally maintains basic standards of accuracy and accountability An Editor s Note from NewsGuard stated that This label now has the benefit of the dailymail co uk s input and our view is that in some important respects their objections are right and we were wrong 266 Supplements and featuresCity amp Finance The business part of the Daily Mail featuring City news and the results from the London Stock Exchange It also has its own award winning website called This is Money 267 which describes itself as the money section of the MailOnline 268 Travelmail Contains travel articles advertisements etc Femail Femail is an extensive part of the Daily Mail s newspaper and website being one of four main features on MailOnline others being News TV amp Showbiz and Sport It is designed for women Weekend The Daily Mail Weekend is a TV guide published by the Daily Mail included free with the Mail every Saturday Weekend magazine launched in October 1993 is issued free with the Saturday Daily Mail The guide does not use a magazine type layout but chooses a newspaper style similar to the Daily Mail itself In April 2007 the Weekend had a major revamp A feature changed during the revamp was a dedicated Freeview channel page Regular cartoon strips Garfield I Don t Believe It discontinued Odd Streak The Strip Show Chloe and Co by Knight Features Up and Running by Knight Features Fred BassetUp and Running is a strip distributed by Knight Features and Fred Basset has followed the life of the dog of the same name in a two part strip in the Daily Mail since 8 July 1963 269 The long running Teddy Tail cartoon strip was first published on 5 April 1915 and was the first cartoon strip in a British newspaper 270 It ran for over 40 years to 1960 spawning the Teddy Tail League Children s Club and many annuals from 1934 to 1942 and again from 1949 to 1962 Teddy Tail was a mouse with friends Kitty Puss a cat Douglas Duck and Dr Beetle Teddy Tail is always shown with a knot in his tail 271 272 Year Book The Daily Mail Year Book first appeared in 1901 summarizing the news of the past year in one volume of 200 to 400 pages Among its editors were Percy L Parker 1901 1905 David Williamson 1914 1951 G B Newman 1955 1977 Mary Jenkins 1978 1986 P J Failes 1987 and Michael and Caroline Fluskey 1991 Online media Main article MailOnline The majority of content appearing in the Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday printed newspapers also forms part of that included in the MailOnline website MailOnline is free to read and funded by advertising In 2011 MailOnline was the second most visited English language newspaper website worldwide 273 274 It has since then become the most visited newspaper website in the world 275 with over 189 5 million visitors per month and 11 7 million visitors daily as of January 2014 276 Thailand s military junta blocked the MailOnline in May 2014 after the site revealed a video of Thailand s Crown Prince and his wife Princess Srirasmi partying The video appears to show the allegedly topless princess a former waitress in a tiny G string as she feeds her pet dog cake to celebrate its birthday 277 The Daily Mail in literatureThe Daily Mail has appeared in several novels These include Evelyn Waugh s 1938 novel Scoop which was based on Waugh s experiences as a writer for the Daily Mail In the book the newspaper is renamed The Daily Beast 278 The newspaper appeared in Nicci French s 2008 novel The Memory Game a psychological thriller 279 In 2015 it featured in Laurence Simpson s comic novel about the tabloid media According to The Daily Mail 280 EditorsSource 281 1896 S J Pryor 1899 Thomas Marlowe 1922 W G Fish 1930 Oscar Pulvermacher 1930 William McWhirter 1931 W L Warden 1935 Arthur 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French The Memory Game London Penguin Books 2008 Laurence Simpson According to The Daily Mail London Matador 2015 D Butler and A Sloman British Political Facts 1900 1975 p 378 Further readingAddison Adrian 2017 Mail Men The Unauthorized Story of the Daily Mail Atlantic Books Braber Ben 2020 Changes in Attitudes to Immigrants in Britain 1841 1921 From Foreigner to Alien London Anthem Press ISBN 9781785276354 Becker Andreas 2021 Britain and Danubian Europe in the Era of World War II 1933 1941 New York Springer International Publishing ISBN 9783030675103 Bingham Adrian 2013 The Paper That Foretold the War The Daily Mail and the First World War Daily Mail Historical Archive 1896 2004 Cengage Learning Bingham Adrian and Martin Conboy 2015 Tabloid Century The Popular Press in Britain 1896 to the present Bingham Adrian 2013 The Voice of Middle England The Daily Mail and Public Life Daily Mail Historical Archive 1896 2004 Cengage Learning Bloch Michael 1992 Ribbentrop New York Crown Publishing ISBN 0 517 59310 6 Brothers Caroline 2013 War and Photography A Cultural History London Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9781135035297 McKenzie Fred Arthur 1921 The Mystery of the Daily Mail 1896 1921 Crozier Andrew 1988 Appeasement and Germany s Last Bid for Colonies London Macmillan ISBN 9780333447635 Lord Rothermere and Herr Hitler The Spectator 145 397 398 27 September 1930 Hanson Philip 2008 This Side of Despair How the Movies and American Life Intersected During the Great Depression Madison Fairleigh Dickinson University Press ISBN 9780838641293 Kaul Chandrika 2010 At the Stoke of the Midnight Hour Lord Mountbatten and the British Media at Independence In Terry Barringer Robert Holland Susan Williams eds The Iconography of Independence Freedoms at Midnight London Taylor and Francis pp 29 46 ISBN 9781317988656 Mango Andrew 2009 From the Sultan to Ataturk Turkey London Haus Publishing ISBN 9781907822063 Pugh Martin 2013 Hurrah For The Blackshirts Fascists and Fascism in Britain Between the Wars New York Random House ISBN 9781448162871 Orzoff Andrea 2009 Battle for the Castle The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe 1914 1948 Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199709953 Reid Gannon Franklin 1971 The British Press and Germany 1936 1939 Oxford Clarendon Press ISBN 9780198214908 Rothwell Victor 2001 The Origins of the Second World War Manchester University Press Manchester ISBN 0719059585 Stockwell A J 2016 Suez 1956 and the Moral Disarmament of the British Empire In Simon C Smith ed Reassessing Suez 1956 New Perspectives on the Crisis and Its Aftermath London Taylor and Francis pp 227 238 ISBN 9781317070696 Stone Daniel 2003 Responses to Nazism in Britain 1933 1939 Before War and Holocaust London Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9780230505537 Taylor S J 1996 The Great Outsiders Northcliffe Rothermere and the Daily Mail Watt Donald Cameron 1989 How War Came The Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938 39 London Heinemannm Woolf Virginia 2020 Jacob s Room Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521846745 Taylor Miles 2018 Empress Queen Victoria and India New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 9780300118094 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daily Mail Official website Portals Journalism London Conservatism Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Daily Mail amp oldid 1144841428, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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