Consonant clusters are /pl, bl, ml, ɲv, hv, hm, hn, hɲ, hj/ (hv and hm may be allophones). /ɲv/ is pronounced [ŋβ]. There are no coda consonants apart from [ŋ].
/k,ɡ,ŋ/ do occur in Dusö dialect. They correspond to /ɦ/ or zero in Dumo.
Dumo syllables may have either a 'high' or a 'long' tone. There is strict syllable timing, a 'long'-toned syllable takes the entire time allotted for a syllable, whereas with a high-tone or atonic syllable, there is a slight gap between it and the following syllable. Ross writes high tone with a grave accent, and long tone with an acute accent. A syllable with a nasal vowel / coda [ŋ] is not necessarily long, it may have any of the three tones.
Vocabularyedit
The majority of Vanimo words contain either one, two, three, or four syllables.
Personal Pronounsedit
The pronoun system in Vanimo accommodates its grammatical gender system. The "masculine" and "feminine" 2nd and 3rd person pronouns, along with their primary uses for referring to people, can also be used for non-animate nouns or common nouns in correspondance with their grammatical gender. An example of this would be the pronoun ébu, which can be used both to mean you (in which all three members of the group being referred to as you are female), or to mean you ( in which the group being referred to as you, is made up of three common nouns that are all grammatically female). In the table below ? is used to represent unknown or undocumented words.
Singular
Dual
Trial
Plural
1st exc.
né
nimi
nihò
ni
1st inc.
?
nimivo
nihò
nivo
2nd (masc.)
mi
?
éhò
é/évo
2nd (fem.)
mi
?
ébu
é/évo
3rd (masc.)
hé
déhé
déhò
dé
3rd (fem.)
bé
débé
débu
dé
Referencesedit
^Vanimo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Malcolm Ross, 1980, "Some elements of Vanimo, a New Guinea tone language"
Further readingedit
Clifton, John M. (1995). "Organised Phonology Data" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
January 01, 1970
vanimo, language, vanimo, wanimo, manimo, skou, language, papua, guinea, which, extends, from, leitre, wutung, papua, guinea, indonesian, border, vanimonative, topapua, guinearegionsandaun, provinceethnicitydumo, people, dusurnative, speakers2, 2000, census, l. Vanimo Wanimo Manimo is a Skou language of Papua New Guinea which extends from Leitre to Wutung on the Papua New Guinea Indonesian border VanimoNative toPapua New GuineaRegionSandaun ProvinceEthnicityDumo people DusurNative speakers2 700 2000 census 1 Language familySkou WesternVanimoDialectsDusur Duso Dumo Vanimo Language codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code vam class extiw title iso639 3 vam vam a Glottologvani1248ELPVanimo Contents 1 Phonology 2 Vocabulary 2 1 Personal Pronouns 3 References 4 Further readingPhonology editThe Duso dialect of Vanimo is unusual in not having any phonemic velar consonants though it does have phonetic ŋ 2 The vowels Dumo dialect are Front Central Back Close i u Close mid e eɪ o o Open mid ɛ ae ɔ Open a All occur nasalized varying phonetically between a nasal vowel and a vowel followed by consonantal ŋ Nasal u may be realized as a syllabic ŋ In Dumo there are no velar consonants apart from this ŋ and also as noted below The other consonants are Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Stop p b t d Fricative ɸ b s ɦ Approximant j dʲ dʒ w Lateral Approximant l Consonant clusters are pl bl ml ɲv hv hm hn hɲ hj hv and hm may be allophones ɲv is pronounced ŋb There are no coda consonants apart from ŋ k ɡ ŋ do occur in Duso dialect They correspond to ɦ or zero in Dumo Dumo syllables may have either a high or a long tone There is strict syllable timing a long toned syllable takes the entire time allotted for a syllable whereas with a high tone or atonic syllable there is a slight gap between it and the following syllable Ross writes high tone with a grave accent and long tone with an acute accent A syllable with a nasal vowel coda ŋ is not necessarily long it may have any of the three tones Vocabulary editThe majority of Vanimo words contain either one two three or four syllables Personal Pronouns edit The pronoun system in Vanimo accommodates its grammatical gender system The masculine and feminine 2nd and 3rd person pronouns along with their primary uses for referring to people can also be used for non animate nouns or common nouns in correspondance with their grammatical gender An example of this would be the pronoun ebu which can be used both to mean you in which all three members of the group being referred to as you are female or to mean you in which the group being referred to as you is made up of three common nouns that are all grammatically female In the table below is used to represent unknown or undocumented words Singular Dual Trial Plural 1st exc ne nimi niho ni 1st inc nimivo niho nivo 2nd masc mi eho e evo 2nd fem mi ebu e evo 3rd masc he dehe deho de 3rd fem be debe debu deReferences edit Vanimo at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Malcolm Ross 1980 Some elements of Vanimo a New Guinea tone language Further reading editClifton John M 1995 Organised Phonology Data PDF a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vanimo language amp oldid 1214424865, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
