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Houthi movement

April 11, 2024

This article is about the Yemen-based Islamist political and military organization. For the Arab tribe in northern Yemen, see Houthi tribe. For the Tajik Islamist militant group, see Jamaat Ansarullah.
"Ansar Allah" redirects here. For other uses, see Ansar Allah (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Hutu.

The Houthi movement (/ˈhuːθi/; Arabic: الحوثيون al-Ḥūthiyūn [al.ħuː.θi.juːn]), officially known as Ansar Allah[a] (أنصار الله ʾAnṣār Allāh, lit. 'Supporters of God'), is a Shia Islamist political and military organization that emerged from Yemen in the 1990s. It is predominantly made up of Zaidi Shias, with their namesake leadership being drawn largely from the Houthi tribe.[87]

Houthis
الحوثيون‎
Ansar Allah
أنصار الله‎

Slogan of the Houthi movement (top-to-bottom):
God is the Greatest
Death to America
Death to Israel
A Curse Upon the Jews
Victory to Islam

Territory controlled by the Houthi movement shown in dark green
Leaders
SpokesmanMohammed Abdul Salam[1]
Dates of operation1994–present
Group(s)Houthi tribe and Zaidi Shias
HeadquartersSaada, Yemen (since 1994)
Sanaa, Yemen (since 2014)
Active regionsYemen (incl. Saudi Arabia–Yemen border)[2]
Ideology
Size100,000 (2011)[24][25]
200,000 (2020)[26]
AlliesState allies:
Non-state allies:
OpponentsState opponents:
Non-state opponents:
Battles and wars
Designated as a terrorist group by
  •  Yemen (Presidential Leadership Council)[80][81]
  •  Saudi Arabia[82]
  •  United Arab Emirates[83]
  •  United States[84]
  •  Malaysia[85]

Under the leadership of Zaidi religious leader Hussein al-Houthi, the Houthis emerged as an opposition movement to Yemen President Ali Abdullah Saleh, whom they accused of corruption and being backed by Saudi Arabia and the United States.[88][89] In 2003, influenced by the Lebanese Shia political and military organization Hezbollah, the Houthis adopted their official slogan against the United States, Israel, and the Jews.[90] Al-Houthi resisted Saleh's order for his arrest, and was afterwards killed by the Yemeni military in Saada in 2004, sparking the Houthi insurgency.[91][92] Since then, the movement has been mostly led by his brother Abdul-Malik al-Houthi.[91]

The organization took part in the Yemeni Revolution of 2011 by participating in street protests and coordinating with other Yemeni opposition groups. They joined Yemen's National Dialogue Conference but later rejected the 2011 reconciliation deal.[93][94] In late 2014, the Houthis repaired their relationship with Saleh, and with his help they took control of the capital city. The takeover prompted a Saudi-led military intervention to restore the internationally recognized government, leading to an ongoing civil war which included missile and drone attacks against Saudi Arabia and its ally United Arab Emirates.[95][96][97] Following the outbreak of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, the Houthis began to fire missiles at Israel and to attack ships off Yemen's coast in the Red Sea, which they say is in solidarity with the Palestinians and aiming to facilitate entry of humanitarian aid into the Gaza Strip.[98][99]

The Houthi movement attracts followers in Yemen by portraying themselves as fighting for economic development and the end of the political marginalization of Zaidi Shias,[94] as well as by promoting regional political–religious issues in its media. The Houthis have a complex relationship with Yemen's Sunnis; the movement has discriminated against Sunnis but has also allied with and recruited them.[100][101][93] The Houthis aim to govern all of Yemen and support external movements against the United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia.[102] Because of the Houthis' ideological background, the conflict in Yemen is widely seen as a front of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war.[103]

History

See also: History of Yemen, Houthi insurgency in Yemen, and Houthi takeover in Yemen
 
The September 2023 political and military control in the Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)
  Controlled by the Government of Yemen (under the Presidential Leadership Council since April 2022) and allies
  Controlled by Houthis-led Supreme Political Council
  Controlled by Al-Qaeda (AQAP) and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant-affiliated Ansar al-Sharia
  Controlled by the UAE-backed Southern Transitional Council

According to Ahmed Addaghashi, a professor at Sanaa University, the Houthis began as a moderate theological movement that preached tolerance and held a broad-minded view of all the Yemeni peoples.[104] Their first organization, "the Believing Youth" (BY), was founded in 1992 in Saada Governorate[105]: 1008  by either Mohammed al-Houthi,[106]: 98  or his brother Hussein al-Houthi.[107]

The Believing Youth established school clubs and summer camps[106]: 98  in order to "promote a Zaidi revival" in Saada.[107] By 1994–95, between 15,000 and 20,000 students had attended BY summer camps. The religious material included lectures by Mohammed Hussein Fadhlallah (a Lebanese Shia scholar) and Hassan Nasrallah (Secretary General of Hezbollah).[106]: 99 [108]

The formation of the Houthi organisations has been described by Adam Baron of the European Council on Foreign Relations as a reaction to foreign intervention. Their views include shoring up Zaydi support against the perceived threat of Saudi-influenced ideologies in Yemen and a general condemnation of the former Yemeni government's alliance with the United States, which, along with complaints regarding the government's corruption and the marginalisation of much of the Houthis' home areas in Saada, constituted the group's key grievances.[109]

Although Hussein al-Houthi, who was killed in 2004, had no official relation with Believing Youth (BY), according to Zaid, he contributed to the radicalisation of some Zaydis after the 2003 invasion of Iraq. BY-affiliated youth adopted anti-American and anti-Jewish slogans, which they chanted in the Al Saleh Mosque in Sanaa after Friday prayers. According to Zaid, the followers of Houthi's insistence on chanting the slogans attracted the authorities' attention, further increasing government worries over the extent of the Houthi movement's influence. "The security authorities thought that if today the Houthis chanted 'Death to America', tomorrow they could be chanting 'Death to the president [of Yemen]'".[citation needed]

In 2004, 800 BY supporters were arrested in Sanaa. President Ali Abdullah Saleh then invited Hussein al-Houthi to a meeting in Sanaa, but Hussein declined. On 18 June, Saleh sent government forces to arrest Hussein.[110] Hussein responded by launching an insurgency against the central government but was killed on 10 September.[111] The insurgency continued intermittently until a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2010.[104] During this prolonged conflict, the Yemeni army and air force were used to suppress the Houthi rebellion in northern Yemen. The Saudis joined these anti-Houthi campaigns, but the Houthis won against both Saleh and the Saudi army. According to the Brookings Institution, this particularly humiliated the Saudis, who spent tens of billions of dollars on their military.[59]

The Houthis participated in the 2011 Yemeni Revolution, as well as the ensuing National Dialogue Conference (NDC).[112] However, they rejected the provisions of the November 2011 Gulf Cooperation Council deal on the ground that "it divide[d] Yemen into poor and wealthy regions" and also in response to assassination of their representative at NDC.[113][114]

As the revolution went on, Houthis gained control of greater territory. By 9 November 2011, Houthis were said to be in control of two Yemeni governorates (Saada and Al Jawf) and close to taking over a third governorate (Hajjah),[115] which would enable them to launch a direct assault on the Yemeni capital of Sanaa.[116] In May 2012, it was reported that the Houthis controlled a majority of Saada, Al Jawf, and Hajjah governorates; they had also gained access to the Red Sea and started erecting barricades north of Sanaa in preparation for more conflict.[117]

 
Yemen's former president Ali Abdullah Saleh was allied with Houthis from 2014 until his death in 2017. The Houthis assassinated him on charges of treason.

By September 2014, Houthis were said to control parts of the Yemeni capital, Sanaa, including government buildings and a radio station.[118] While Houthi control expanded to the rest of Sanaa, as well as other towns such as Rada', this control was strongly challenged by Al-Qaeda. The Gulf States believed that the Houthis had accepted aid from Iran while Saudi Arabia was aiding their Yemeni rivals.[119]

On 20 January 2015, Houthi rebels seized the presidential palace in the capital. President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi was in the presidential palace during the takeover but was not harmed.[120] The movement officially took control of the Yemeni government on 6 February, dissolving parliament and declaring its Revolutionary Committee to be the acting authority in Yemen.[121] On 20 March the al-Badr and al-Hashoosh mosques came under suicide attack during midday prayers, and the Islamic State quickly claimed responsibility. The blasts killed 142 Houthi worshippers and wounded more than 351, making it the deadliest terrorist attack in Yemen's history.[122]

On 27 March 2015, in response to perceived Houthi threats to Sunni factions in the region, Saudi Arabia along with Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Sudan led a gulf coalition airstrike in Yemen.[123] The military coalition included the United States which helped in planning of airstrikes, as well as logistical and intelligence support.[124] The US Navy has actively participated in the Saudi-led naval blockade of Houthi-controlled territory in Yemen,[125] which humanitarian organizations argue has been the main contributing factor to the outbreak of famine in Yemen.[126]

According to a 2015 September report by Esquire magazine, the Houthis, once the outliers, are now one of the most stable and organised social and political movements in Yemen. The power vacuum created by Yemen's uncertain transitional period has drawn more supporters to the Houthis. Many of the formerly powerful parties, now disorganised with an unclear vision, have fallen out of favour with the public, making the Houthis—under their newly branded Ansar Allah name—all the more attractive.[18]

Houthi spokesperson Mohamed Abdel Salam stated that his group had spotted messages between the UAE and Saleh three months before his death. He told Al-Jazeera that there was communication between Saleh, UAE and a number of other countries such as Russia and Jordan through encrypted messages.[127] The alliance between Saleh and the Houthi broke down in late 2017,[128] with armed clashes occurring in Sanaa from 28 November.[129] Saleh declared the split in a televised statement on 2 December, calling on his supporters to take back the country[130] and expressed openness to a dialogue with the Saudi-led coalition.[128] On 4 December 2017, Saleh's house in Sanaa was assaulted by fighters of the Houthi movement, according to residents.[131] Saleh was killed by the Houthis on the same day.[132][133]

In January 2021, the United States designated the Houthis a terrorist organization, creating fears of an aid shortage in Yemen,[134] but this stance was reversed a month later after Joe Biden became president.[135] On 17 January 2022, Houthi missile and drone attacks on UAE industrial targets set fuel trucks on fire and killed three foreign workers. This was the first specific attack to which the Houthi admitted, and the first to result in deaths.[136] A response led by Saudi Arabia included a 21 January air strike on a detention centre in Yemen, resulting in at least 70 deaths.[137]

Following the outbreak of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, the Houthis began to fire missiles at Israel and to attack ships off Yemen's coast in the Red Sea, which they say is in solidarity with the Palestinians and aiming to facilitate entry of humanitarian aid into the Gaza Strip.[98][138][99] On 31 October Houthi forces launched ballistic missiles at Israel, which were shot down by Israel's Arrow missile defense system. Israeli officials claimed that this was the first ever combat to occur in space.[139] In order to end the attacks in the Red Sea,[140] the Houthis demanded a ceasefire in Gaza and an end to Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip.[141] In January 2024, the United States and the United Kingdom conducted airstrikes against multiple Houthi targets in Yemen.[142]

Membership and ranks

 
Ansar Allah fighters in Yemen, August 2009

There is a difference between the al-Houthi family[106]: 102  and the Houthi movement. The movement was called by their opponents and foreign media "Houthis". The name came from the surname of the early leader of the movement, Hussein al-Houthi, who died in 2004.[143]

Membership of the group had between 1,000 and 3,000 fighters as of 2005[144] and between 2,000 and 10,000 fighters as of 2009.[145] In 2010, the Yemen Post claimed that they had over 100,000 fighters.[146] According to Houthi expert Ahmed Al-Bahri, by 2010, the Houthis had a total of 100,000–120,000 followers, including both armed fighters and unarmed loyalists.[147] As of 2015, the group is reported to have attracted new supporters from outside their traditional demographics.[109][148]

Ideology

 
A map of Yemen's ethnoreligious groups, 2002

The Houthi movement follows a mixed ideology with religious, Yemeni nationalist, and big tent populist tenets, imitating Hezbollah. Outsiders have argued that their political views are often vague and contradictory and that many of their slogans do not accurately reflect their aims.[10][11][149] According to researcher Bernard Haykel, the movement's founder Hussein al-Houthi was influenced by a variety of different religious traditions and political ideologies, making it difficult to fit him or his followers into existing categories.[150] The Houthis have portrayed themselves as national resistance, defending all Yemenis from outside aggression and influences, as champions against corruption, chaos, and extremism, and as representative for the interests of marginalized tribal groups and the Zayidi sect.[10][11][149]

Haykel argues that the Houthi movement has two central religious-ideological tenets. The first is the "Quranic Way", and which encompasses the belief that the Quran does not allow for interpretation and contains everything needed to improve Muslim society. The second is the belief in the absolute, divine right of Ahl al-Bayt (Prophet's descendants) to rule,[151] a belief attributed to Jaroudism, a fundamentalist offshoot of Zaydism.[152]

The group has also exploited the popular discontent over corruption and reduction of government subsidies.[14][27] According to a February 2015 Newsweek report, Houthis are fighting "for things that all Yemenis crave: government accountability, the end to corruption, regular utilities, fair fuel prices, job opportunities for ordinary Yemenis and the end of Western influence".[153] In forging alliances, the Houthi movement has been opportunistic, at times allying with countries it later declared its enemy such as the United States.[11]

Religion

In general, the Houthi movement has centered its belief system on the Zaydi branch of Islam,[10][b] a sect of Islam almost exclusively present in Yemen.[154] Zaydis make up about 25 percent of the population, Sunnis make up 75 percent. Zaydi-led governments ruled Yemen for 1,000 years up until 1962.[110] Since its foundation, the Houthi movement has often acted as advocates for Zaydi revivalism in Yemen.[27][157]

 
A calligraphic logo of the Houthi movement reading "Oh ye who believe, be supporters of God" (Quran 61:14)[158][159] Religious motives play an important role in the Houthi movement, though to what extent is disputed.

Although they have framed their struggle in religious terms and put great importance in their Zaydi roots, the Houthis are not an exclusively Zaydi group. In fact, they have rejected their portrayal by others as a faction which is purportedly only interested in Zaydi-related issues. They have not publicly advocated for the restoration of the old Zaydi imamate,[10] although analysts have argued that they might plan to restore it in the future.[14][152] Most Yemenis have a low opinion of the old imamate, and Hussein al-Houthi also did not advocate the imamate's restoration. Instead, he proposed a "Guiding Eminence" (alam al-huda), an individual descended from the Prophet who would act as a "universal leader for the world", though never defined this position's prerogatives or how they should be appointed.[160]

The movement has also recruited and allied with Sunni Muslims;[161][10][162][14][149] according to researcher Ahmed Nagi, several themes of the Houthi ideology "such as Muslim unity, prophetic lineages, and opposition to corruption [...] allowed the Houthis to mobilize not only northern Zaydis, but also inhabitants of predominantly Shafi'i areas."[14] However, the group is known to have discriminated against Sunni Muslims as well, closing Sunni mosques and primarily placing Zaydis in leadership positions in Houthi-controlled areas.[10][162][163][14][149] The Houthis lost significant support among Sunni tribes after killing ex-President Saleh.[164]

Many Zaydis also oppose the Houthis, regarding them as Iranian proxies and the Houthis' form of Zaydi revivalism an attempt to "establish Shiite rule in the north of Yemen".[155] In addition, Haykel argued that the Houthis follow a "a highly politicised, revolutionary, and intentionally simplistic, even primitivist interpretation of [Zaydism]'s teachings". Their view of Islam is largely based on the teachings of Hussein al-Houthi, collected after his death in a book titled Malazim (Fascicles), a work treated by Houthis as more important than older Zaydi theological traditions, resulting in repeated disputes with established Zaydi religious leaders.[165]

The Malazim reflect a number of different religious and ideological influences, including by Khomeinism and revolutionary Sunni Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood. Hussein al-Houthi believed that the "last exemplary" Zaydi scholar and leader was Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya; later Zaydi imams were regarded as having deviated from the original form of Islam.[150] The Houthis' belief in the "Quranic Way" also includes the rejection of tafsir (Quranic interpretations) as being derivative and divisive, meaning that they have a low opinion of most existing Islamic theological and juridical schools,[151] including Zaydi traditionalists based in Sanaa with whom they often clash.[166]

The Houthis claim that their actions are to fight against the alleged expansion of Salafism in Yemen, and for the defence of their community from discrimination.[155][14][167] In the years before the rise of the Houthi movement, state-supported Salafis had harassed Zaydis and destroyed Zaydi sites in Yemen.[168] After their rise to power in 2014, the Houthis consequently "crushed" the Salafi community in Saada Governorate[168] and mostly eliminated the al-Qaeda presence in the areas under their control;[167] the Houthis view al-Qaeda as "Salafi jihadists" and thus "mortal enemies".[169] On the other side, between 2014 and 2019, the Houthi leadership have signed multiple co-existence agreements with the Salafi community; pursuing Shia-Salafi reconciliation.[170] The Yemeni government has often accused the Houthis of collaborating with al-Qaeda to undermine its control of southern Yemen.[78][171]

Governance

In general, the Houthis' political ideology has gradually shifted from "heavily-religious mobilisation and activism under Husayn to the more assertive and statesmanlike rhetoric under Abdulmalik", its current leader.[157] With strong support received by Houthis from the predominantly Zaydi northern tribes, the Houthi movement has often been described as tribalist or monarchist faction in opposition to republicanism.[11][152] Regardless, they have managed to rally many people outside of their traditional bases to their cause, and became a major nationalist force.[11]

 
Victims of Saudi-led airstrikes on a university used as a detention center by the Houthis in Dhamar, 2 September 2019

When armed conflict for the first time erupted back in 2004 between the Yemeni government and Houthis, the President Ali Abdullah Saleh accused the Houthis and other Islamic opposition parties of trying to overthrow the government and the republican system. However, Houthi leaders, for their part, rejected the accusation by saying that they had never rejected the president or the republican system, but were only defending themselves against government attacks on their community.[172] After their takeover of northern Yemen in 2014, the Houthis remained committed to republicanism and continued to celebrate republican holidays.[160] The Houthis have an ambivalent stance on the possible transformation of Yemen into a federation or the separation into two fully independent countries to solve the country's crisis. Though not opposed to these plans per se, they have declined any plans which would in their eyes marginalize the northern tribes politically.[10][14]

Meanwhile, their opponents have asserted that the Houthis desire to institute Zaydi religious law,[173] destabilising the government and stirring anti-American sentiment.[174] In contrast, Hassan al-Homran, a former Houthi spokesperson, has said that "Ansar Allah supports the establishment of a civil state in Yemen. We want to build a striving modern democracy. Our goals are to fulfil our people's democratic aspirations in keeping with the Arab Spring movement."[175] In an interview with Yemen Times, Hussein al-Bukhari, a Houthi insider, said that Houthis' preferable political system is a republic with elections where women can also hold political positions, and that they do not seek to form a cleric-led government after the model of Islamic Republic of Iran, for "we cannot apply this system in Yemen because the followers of the Shafi (Sunni) doctrine are bigger in number than the Zaydis".[176] In 2018, the Houthi leadership proposed the establishment of a non-partisan transitional government composed of technocrats.[177]

Ali Akbar Velayati, International Affairs Advisor to Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, stated in October 2014 that "We are hopeful that Ansar-Allah has the same role in Yemen as Hezbollah has in eradicating the terrorists in Lebanon".[178] Mohammed Ali al-Houthi criticized the Trump-brokered Abraham Accords between Israel and the United Arab Emirates as "betrayal" against the Palestinians and the cause of pan-Arabism.[179]

Women's rights and freedom of expression

The Houthis' treatment of women and their restrictions on the arts has been subject of debate. On one side, the movement has stated that it defends women's rights to vote and take public offices,[176] and some feminists have fled from government-held areas into Houthi territories as the latter at least disempower more radical jihadists.[167] The Houthis field their own women security force[163] and have a Girl Scouts wing.[167] However, it has been also been reported that Houthis harass women and restrict their freedoms of movement and expression.[152][163]

In regards to culture, the Houthis try to spread their views through propaganda[167] using mainstream media, social media, and poetry as well as the "Houthification" of the education system to "instil Huthi values and mobilise the youth to join the fight against the coalition forces".[157] However, the Houthis have been inconsistent in regards how to deal with forms of artistic expression which they disapprove of. The movement has allowed radio stations to continue broadcast music and content which the Houthis view as too Western,[167] but also banned certain songs and harassed artists such as wedding musicians. In one instance which generated much publicity, Houthi policemen conditioned that music could be played at a wedding party if it was not broadcast by loadspeakers. When the party guests did not conform to this demand, the main wedding singer was arrested.[180] Journalist Robert F. Worth stated that "many secular-minded Yemenis seem unsure whether to view the Houthis as oppressors or potential allies." In general, the Houthis' policies are often decided on a local basis, and high-ranking Houthi officials are often incapable of checking regional officers' powers, making the treatment of civilians dependent on the area.[167]

Slogan and controversies

Main article: Slogan of the Houthi movement
 
 
Houthis protest against airstrikes by the Saudi-led coalition on Sanaa in September 2015, carrying placards with the movement's slogans (upper image) as well as the flag of Yemen (below).

The group's slogan reads as following: "God Is Great, Death to America, Death to Israel, Curse on the Jews, Victory to Islam".[181] This motto is partially modelled on the motto of revolutionary Iran, which reads "Death to U.S., and death to Israel".[182]

Some Houthi supporters stress that their ire for the U.S. and Israel is directed toward the governments of America and Israel. Ali al-Bukhayti, the spokesperson and official media face of the Houthis, rejected the literal interpretation of the slogan by stating in one of his interviews that "We do not really want death to anyone. The slogan is simply against the interference of those governments [i. e., U.S. and Israel]".[183] In the Arabic Houthi-affiliated TV and radio stations they use religious connotations associated with jihad against Israel and the US.[184]

Persecution of the Yemenite Jewish community

The Houthis have been accused of expelling or restricting members of the rural Yemeni Jewish community, which had about 50 remaining members.[185] Reports of abuse include Houthi supporters bullying or attacking the country's Jews.[186][187] Houthi officials have denied any involvement in the harassment, asserting that under Houthi control, Jews in Yemen would be able to live and operate freely as any other Yemeni citizen. "Our problems are with Zionism and the occupation of Palestine, but Jews here have nothing to fear", said Fadl Abu Taleb, a spokesman for the Houthis.[187]

Despite insistence by Houthi leaders that the movement is not sectarian, a Yemeni Jewish rabbi has reportedly said that many Jews remain terrified by the movement's slogan.[187] As a result, Yemeni Jews reportedly retain a negative sentiment towards the Houthis, who they allege have committed persecutions against them.[21] According to Israeli Druze politician Ayoob Kara, Houthi militants had given an ultimatum telling Jews to "convert to Islam or leave Yemen".[188]

In March 2016, a UAE-based newspaper reported that one of the Yemeni Jews, who emigrated to Israel in 2016, was fighting with the Houthis. In the same month a Kuwaiti newspaper, al-Watan, reported that a Yemeni Jew named Haroun al-Bouhi was killed in Najran while fighting with the Houthis against Saudi Arabia. The Kuwaiti newspaper added that the Yemeni Jews had a good relationship with Ali Abdullah Salah, who was at that time allied with the Houthis and were fighting in different fronts with the Houthis.[189][190]

Al-Houthi has said through his fascicles: "Arab countries and all Islamic countries will not be safe from Jews except through their eradication and the elimination of their entity."[191] A New York Times journalist reported being asked why they were speaking to a "dirty Jew" and that the Jews in the village were unable to communicate with their neighbors.[192]

Persecution of the Baháʼí community

The Houthis have been accused of detaining, torturing, arresting, and holding incommunicado Baháʼí Faith members on charges of espionage and apostasy, which are punishable by death.[193][194] Houthi leader Abdel-Malek al-Houthi has targeted Baháʼís in public speeches, and accused the followers of Baháʼí Faith of being "satanic"[195] and agents for the western countries, citing a 2013 fatwa issued by Iran's supreme leader.[193]

Leaders

Activism and tactics

Political

During their campaigns against both the Saleh and Hadi governments, Houthis used civil disobedience. Following the Yemeni government's decision on 13 July 2014 to increase fuel prices, Houthi leaders succeeded in organising massive rallies in the capital Sanaa to protest the decision and to demand resignation of the incumbent government of Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi for "state-corruption".[199] These protests developed into the 2014–2015 phase of the insurgency. Similarly, following 2015 Saudi-led airstrikes against Houthis which claimed civilians lives, Yemenis responded to the Abdul-Malik al-Houthi's call and took to streets of the capital, Sanaa, in tens of thousands to voice their anger at the Saudi invasion.[200]

The movement's expressed goals include combating economic underdevelopment and political marginalization in Yemen while seeking greater autonomy for Houthi-majority regions of the country.[201] One of its spokesperson Mohammed al-Houthi claimed in 2018 that he supports a democratic republic in Yemen.[59][177] The Houthis have made fighting corruption the centerpiece of their political program.[59]

Cultural

The Houthis have also held a number of mass gatherings since the revolution. On 24 January 2013, thousands gathered in Dahiyan, Sa'dah and Heziez, just outside Sanaa, to celebrate Mawlid al-Nabi, the birth of Mohammed. A similar event took place on 13 January 2014 at the main sports' stadium in Sanaa. On this occasion, men and women were completely segregated: men filled the open-air stadium and football field in the centre, guided by appointed Houthi safety officials wearing bright vests and matching hats; women poured into the adjacent indoor stadium, led inside by security women distinguishable only by their purple sashes and matching hats. The indoor stadium held at least five thousand women—ten times as many attendees as the 2013 gathering.[18]

Media

The Houthis are said to have "a huge and well-oiled propaganda machine". They have established "a formidable media arm" with the Lebanese Hezbollah's technical support. The format and content of the group's leader, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi's televised speeches are said to have been modeled after those of Hezbollah's Secretary General, Hassan Nasrallah. Following the peaceful youth uprising in 2011, the group launched its official TV channel, Almasirah. "The most impressive part" of Houthi propaganda, though, is their media print which includes 25 print and electronic publications.[184]

Houthis also utilize radios as an effective means of spreading influence, storming radio stations and confiscating equipment of radio stations that do not adhere to what they're allowed to broadcast by the Houthis.[202] A Houthi fundraising campaign through a radio station affiliated with Iran-backed Houthi rebels has collected 73.5 million Yemeni rials ($132,000) for the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah.[203]

Another western-based media, "Uprising Today", is also known to be extensively pro-Houthi.[204]

Military

In 2009, U.S. Embassy sources have reported that Houthis used increasingly more sophisticated tactics and strategies in their conflict with the government as they gained more experience, and that they fought with religious fervor.[205]

Armed strength

 
The situation in March 2012
See also: Houthi insurgency in Yemen
 
The situation in March 2015

Late in 2015, Houthis announced the local production of short-range ballistic missile Qaher-1 on Al-Masirah TV. On 19 May 2017 Saudi Arabia intercepted a Houthi-fired ballistic missile targeting a deserted area south of the Saudi capital and most populous city Riyadh. The Houthi militias have captured dozens of tanks and masses of heavy weaponry from the Yemeni Armed Forces.[206][207][208]

In June 2019, the Saudi-led coalition stated that the Houthis had launched 226 ballistic missiles during the insurgency so far.[209]

The 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack targeted the Saudi Aramco oil processing facilities at Abqaiq and Khurais in eastern Saudi Arabia on 14 September 2019. The Houthi movement claimed responsibility, though the United States has asserted that Iran was behind the attack. Iranian President Hassan Rouhani said that "Yemeni people are exercising their legitimate right of defence ... the attacks were a reciprocal response to aggression against Yemen for years."[210]

Naval warfare capabilities

In course of the Yemeni Civil War, the Houthis developed tactics to combat their opponents' navies. At first, their anti-ship operations were unsophisticated and limited to rocket-propelled grenades being shot at vessels close to the shore.[211] In the fight to secure the port city of Aden in 2015, the Yemeni Navy was largely destroyed, including all missile-carrying vessels. A number of smaller patrol craft, landing craft, and Mi-14 and Ka-28 ASW helicopters did survive. Their existence under Houthi control would be brief, as the majority of them were destroyed in air attacks during the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen in 2015. As a result, the Houthis were left with AShMs (anti-ship missiles) stored ashore, but no launchers, and a smattering of small patrol ships. These, along with a number of locally manufactured small craft and miscellaneous vessels, were to form the foundation of the new naval warfare capabilities.[211][212]

Soon after the Houthis took over Yemen in 2015, Iran sought to strengthen the Houthis' naval capabilities, allowing the Houthis, and thus Iran, to intercept Coalition shipping off the Red Sea coast, by providing additional AShMs and constructing truck-based launchers that could easily be hidden after a launch. Iran also anchored the Saviz intelligence vessel, disguised as a regular cargo vessel, off the coast of Eritrea, that provided intelligence and updates on Coalition ship movements to the Houthis.[213] The Saviz served in this capacity until it was damaged in an Israeli limpet mine attack in April 2021, when it was replaced by the Behshad.[214] The Behshad, like the Saviz, is based on a cargo ship.[215]

Meanwhile, in Yemen, the Houthis, presumably with the assistance of Iranian engineers, converted a number of 10-meter-long patrol craft donated by the UAE to the Yemeni Coast Guard in the early 2010s into WBIEDs (water born improvised explosive devices). In 2017, one of these was used to attack the Saudi frigate Al Madinah.[216] In the years since, three more WBIED designs have been built: the Tawfan-1, Tawfan-2, and Tawfan-3. 15 different types of naval mines were also produced.[217] These are being increasingly deployed in the Red Sea, but have yet to be successful against naval vessels.[218] The delivery of 120 km-ranged Noor and 200 km-ranged Qader AShMs, 300 km-ranged Khalij Fars ASBMs, and Fajr-4CL and "Al-Bahr Al-Ahmar" anti-ship rockets by Iran, which were unveiled during a 2022 Houthi parade, was arguably the most significant escalation in support. They combine long range, low cost, and high mobility with various types of guidance to create a weapon well-suited to the Houthi Navy.[219]

Though the Houthis' ASBM arsenal has yet to be tested, the Houthi Navy has had notable success with AShMs.[220] On October 1, 2016, it was able to hit the UAE Navy's HSV-2 Swift hybrid catamaran with a single C-801/C-802 AShM fired from a shore battery.[221] Although the ship managed to stay afloat, the damage was so severe that it had to be decommissioned.[221] The US Navy then sent two destroyers and an amphibious transport dock to the area to ensure that shipping could continue unabated. These vessels were then attacked with AShMs on three separate occasions, with no success.[222]

Though these attacks demonstrated the Houthis' limited ability to threaten vessels in Yemen's surrounding seas, the threat posed by them has since evolved significantly.[220] Armed with a variety of anti-ship ballistic missiles and rockets that can be notoriously difficult to intercept and cover large areas, the next round of maritime clashes with the navies of the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and the United States could have a completely different outcome.[220] The Houthis have also hinted at using their extensive arsenal of loitering munitions against commercial shipping in the Red Sea, a tactic similar to recent Iranian tactics in the Persian Gulf.[223]

Patrol boats were fitted with anti-tank guided missiles, about 30 coast-watcher stations were set up, disguised "spy dhows" were constructed, and the maritime radar of docked ships used to create targeting solutions for attacks.[212] One of the most notable features of the Houthis' naval arsenal became its remote-controlled drone boats which carry explosives and ram enemy warships.[211][218][220] Among these, the self-guiding Shark-33 explosive drone boats originated as patrol boats of the old Yemeni coast guard.[218] In addition, the Houthis have begun to train combat divers on the Zuqar and Bawardi islands.[212]

Alleged Iranian and North Korean support

See also: Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh had accused the Houthis of having ties to external backers, in particular the Iranian government; Saleh stated in an interview with The New York Times,

The real reason they received unofficial support from Iran was because they repeat same slogan that is raised by Iran – death to America, death to Israel. We have another source for such accusations. The Iranian media repeats statements of support for these [Houthi] elements. They are all trying to take revenge against the USA on Yemeni territories.[224]

Such backing has been reported by diplomatic correspondents of major news outlets (e.g., Patrick Wintour of The Guardian), and has been the reported perspective of Yemeni governmental leaders militarily and politically opposing Houthi efforts (e.g., as of 2017, the UN-recognized, deposed Yemeni President Abd Rabbu Mansour Hadi, who referred to the "Houthi rebels... as 'Iranian militias'".[225][226]

The Houthis in turn accused the Saleh government of being backed by Saudi Arabia and of using Al-Qaeda to repress them.[227] Under the next President Hadi, Gulf Arab states accused Iran of backing the Houthis financially and militarily, though Iran denied this, and they were themselves backers of President Hadi.[228] Despite confirming statements by Iranian and Yemeni officials in regards to Iranian support in the form of trainers, weaponry, and money, the Houthis denied reception of substantial financial or arm support from Iran.[27][229] Joost Hiltermann of Foreign Policy wrote that whatever little material support the Houthis may have received from Iran, the intelligence and military support by US and UK for the Saudi Arabian-led coalition exceed that by many factors.[230]

In April 2015, the United States National Security Council spokesperson Bernadette Meehan remarked that "It remains our assessment that Iran does not exert command and control over the Houthis in Yemen".[231] Joost Hiltermann wrote that Iran does not control the Houthis' decision-making as evidenced by Houthis' flat rejection of Iran's demand not to take over Sanaa in 2015.[230] Thomas Juneau, writing in the journal, International Affairs, states that even though Iran's support for Houthis has increased since 2014, it remains far too limited to have a significant impact in the balance of power in Yemen.[232] The Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft argues that Teheran's influence over the movement has been "greatly exaggerated" by "the Saudis, their coalition partners (mainly the United Arab Emirates), and their [lobbyists] in Washington."[233]

A December 2009 cable between Sanaa and various intelligence agencies in the US diplomatic cables leak states that US State Dept. analysts believed the Houthis obtained weapons from the Yemeni black market and corrupt members of the Yemenis Republican Guard.[citation needed] On the edition of 8 April 2015 of PBS Newshour, Secretary of State John Kerry stated that the US knew Iran was providing military support to the Houthi rebels in Yemen, adding that Washington "is not going to stand by while the region is destabilised".[234]

Phillip Smyth of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy told Business Insider that Iran views Shia groups in the Middle East as "integral elements to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)". Smyth claimed that there is a strong bond between Iran and the Houthi uprising working to overthrow the government in Yemen. According to Smyth, in many cases Houthi leaders go to Iran for ideological and religious education, and Iranian and Hezbollah leaders have been spotted on the ground advising the Houthi troops, and these Iranian advisers are likely responsible for training the Houthis to use the type of sophisticated guided missiles fired at the US Navy.[235]

To some commentators (e.g., Alex Lockie of Business Insider), Iran's support for the revolt in Yemen is "a good way to bleed the Saudis", a recognized regional and ideological rival of Iran. Essentially, from that perspective, Iran is backing the Houthis to fight against a Saudi-led coalition of Gulf States whose aim is to maintain control of Yemen.[226] The discord has led some commentators to fear that further confrontations may lead to an all-out Sunni-Shia war.[236][page needed]

In early 2013, photographs released by the Yemeni government show the United States Navy and Yemen's security forces seizing a class of "either modern Chinese- or Iranian-made" shoulder-fired, heat-seeking anti-aircraft missiles "in their standard packaging", missiles "not publicly known to have been out of state control", raising concerns of Iran's arming of the rebels.[237] In April 2016, the U.S. Navy intercepted a large Iranian arms shipment, seizing thousands of AK-47 rifles, rocket-propelled grenade launchers, and 0.50-caliber machine guns, a shipment described as likely headed to Yemen by the Pentagon.[238][239] Based on 2019 reporting from The Jerusalem Post, the Houthis have also repeatedly used a drone nearly identical to Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company's Ababil-T drone in strikes against Saudi Arabia.[240] In late October 2023, Israel stated that it had intercepted a "surface-to-surface long-range ballistic missile and two cruise missiles that were fired by the Houthi rebels in Yemen"; per reporting from Axios.com, this "was Israel's first-ever operational use of the Arrow system for intercepting ballistic missiles since the war began".[241]

The continuing interceptions and seizures of weapons at sea, attributed to Iranian origins, is a matter tracked by the United States Institute of Peace.[242]

Iranian IRGC involvement

In 2013, an Iranian vessel was seized and discovered to be carrying Katyusha rockets, heat-seeking surface-to-air missiles, RPG-7s, Iranian-made night vision goggles and artillery systems that track land and navy targets 40 km away. That was en route to the Houthis.[243]

In March 2017, Qasem Soleimani, the head of Iran's Quds Force, met with Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) to look for ways to what was described as "empowering" the Houthis. Soleimani was quoted as saying, "At this meeting, they agreed to increase the amount of help, through training, arms and financial support." Despite the Iranian government, and Houthis both officially denying Iranian support for the group. Brigadier General Ahmad Asiri, the spokesman of the Saudi-led coalition told Reuters that evidence of Iranian support was manifested in the Houthi use of Kornet anti-tank guided missiles which had never been in use with the Yemeni military or with the Houthis and that the arrival of Kornet missiles had only come at a later time.[244] In the same month the IRGC had altered the routes used in transporting equipment to the Houthis by spreading out shipments to smaller vessels in Kuwaiti territorial waters in order to avoid naval patrols in the Gulf of Oman due to sanctions imposed, shipments reportedly included parts of missiles, launchers, and drugs.[245]

In May 2018, the United States imposed sanctions on Iran's IRGC, which was also listed as a designated terrorist organization by the US over its role in providing support for the Houthis, including help with manufacturing ballistic missiles used in attacks targeting cities and oil fields in Saudi Arabia.[246]

In August 2018, despite previous Iranian denial of military support for the Houthis, IRGC commander Nasser Shabani was quoted by the Iranian Fars News Agency as saying, "We (IRGC) told Yemenis [Houthi rebels] to strike two Saudi oil tankers, and they did it", on 7 August 2018. In response to Shabani's account, the IRGC released a statement saying that the quote was a "Western lie" and that Shabani was a retired commander, despite no actual reports of his retirement after 37 years in the IRGC, and media linked to the Iranian government confirming he was still enlisted with the IRGC.[247] Furthermore, while the Houthis and the Iranian government have previously denied any military affiliation,[248] Iranian supreme leader Ali Khamenei openly announced his "spiritual" support of the movement in a personal meeting with the Houthi spokesperson Mohammed Abdul Salam in Tehran, in the midst of ongoing conflicts in Aden in 2019.[249][250]

In 2024, commanders from IRGC and Hezbollah were reported to be actively involved on the ground in Yemen, overseeing and directing Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping, according to a report by Reuters.[251]

North Korean involvement

In August 2018, Reuters reported that a confidential United Nations investigation had found the North Korean government had failed to discontinue its nuclear and missile delivery programs, and in conjunction, was "cooperating militarily with Syria" and was "trying to sell weapons to Yemen's Houthis".[252][32][33]

In January 2024, South Korea's Yonhap News Agency reported that North Korea had evidently shipped weapons to Houthis via Iran, based on the writings in Hangul script that were found on missiles launched towards Israel.[253]

North Korea considers the Houthis as a "resistance force".[254][255]

Alleged human rights violations

According to the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140, the Houthis have carried out a wide range of human rights violations, including violations of international humanitarian law and abuse of women and children. Children as young as 13 have been arrested for "indecent acts" for alleged homosexual orientation or "political cases" when their families do not comply with Houthi ideology or regulations. Minors share cells with adult prisoners, and according to credible reports[which?], boys held in Al-Shahid Al-Ahmar police station in Sana'a are systematically raped.[256][257] The houthi movement has been accused of restoring slavery in Yemen.[258]

Child soldiers and human shields

Houthis have been accused of violations of international humanitarian law such as using child soldiers,[259][260][261] shelling civilian areas,[262] forced evacuations and executions.[263] According to Human Rights Watch, Houthis intensified their recruitment of children in 2015. The UNICEF mentioned that children with the Houthis and other armed groups in Yemen comprise up to a third of all fighters in Yemen.[264] Human Rights Watch has further accused Houthi forces of using landmines in Yemen's third-largest city of Taizz which has caused many civilian casualties and prevent the return of families displaced by the fighting.[265] HRW has also accused the Houthis of interfering with the work of Yemen's human rights advocates and organizations.[266]

In 2009, HRW researcher Christoph Wilcke said that although the Republic of Yemen Government accused the Houthis of using civilians as human shields, HRW did not have enough evidence to conclude that the Houthis were intentionally doing so but Wilcke admitted there may have been cases HRW was not able to document.[205] Akram Al Walidi, one of four journalists detained by the Houthis on spying charges[267] and then released in April 2023 as part of a prisoner exchange deal between the former and the internationally recognized government of Yemen, said he felt like the four were human shields after the Houthis moved them to one of their military camps at Sanaa in October 2020 since it was an expected target of Saudi airstrikes.[268]

Hostage-taking

According to the Human Rights Watch, the Houthis also use hostage taking as a tactic to generate profit. Human Rights Watch documented 16 cases in which Houthi authorities held people unlawfully, in large part to extort money from relatives or to exchange them for people held by opposing forces.[269]

Diversion of international aid

The United Nations World Food Programme has accused the Houthis of diverting food aid and illegally removing food lorries from distribution areas, with rations sold on the open market or given to those not entitled to it.[270] The WFP has also warned that aid could be suspended to areas of Yemen under the control of Houthi rebels due to "obstructive and uncooperative" Houthi leaders that have hampered the independent selection of beneficiaries.[271] WFP spokesman Herve Verhoosel stated "The continued blocking by some within the Houthi leadership of the biometric registration ... is undermining an essential process that would allow us to independently verify that food is reaching ... people on the brink of famine". The WFP has warned that "unless progress is made on previous agreements we will have to implement a phased suspension of aid". The Norwegian Refugee Council has stated that they share the WPF frustrations and reiterate to the Houthis to allow humanitarian agencies to distribute food.[272][273]

Abuse of women and girls

The United Nations Human Rights Council published a report covering the period July 2019 to June 2020, which contained evidence of the Houthis' recruitment of boys as young as seven years old and the recruitment of 34 girls aged between 13 and 17 years of age, to act as spies, recruiters of other children, guards, medics, and members of a female fighting force. Twelve girls suffered sexual violence, arranged marriages, and child marriages as a result of their recruitment.[274]

Under Houthi controlled areas women have been blocked from travelling without a mahram (male guardian) even for essential healthcare. This also affected humanitarian operations by the United Nations in Yemen forcing female staff to office jobs. The Houthis use allegations of prostitution as a tool for public defamation against Yemeni women including those in the diaspora engaged in politics, civil society or human rights activism alongside threats to individuals and families. Women in detention are sexually assaulted and have been subjected to virginity tests and are often blocked from access to essential goods. Torture of female detainees is also carried out by the Zaynabiyat, the Female police wing of the Houthis.[256][non-primary source needed]

UN Panel of Experts on Yemen discovered instances of Houthi rape of female detainees to "purify" them, as a punishment, or to coerce confessions. The Panel documented cases where Houthis forced detained women to become sex workers that also collect information for the Houthis. Documented instances include in 2021 where a female detainee was forced to have sexual intercourse with multiple men at Houthi detention centers as part of her preparation to be forced as a sex worker for important clients while also obtaining information. The Panel also received information of another detainee who was forced to become a prostitute to gather information for the Houthis in return for their release and another similar instance had been documented in 2019. This have also resulted in women who had been detained by Houthis being ostracized by society and one instance where the woman was killed by her family for bringing shame upon the family.[257][non-primary source needed]

Anadolu Agency reported of Yemen-based rights groups documenting 1,181 violations against women committed by Houthis from 2017 to 2020.[275] Yemeni activist Samira Abdullah al-Houry was held in a Houthi jail for three months and gave numerous interviews after her release on alleged torture and rape by Houthi guards.[276] Her testimony contributed to UN Security Council sanctions being imposed on two Houthi security officials in February 2021. It was later alleged that she admitted some of her testimony was untrue and she had embellished claims at the request of Saudi officials.[277]

Abuse of LGBTI people

According to Amnesty International on 9 February 2024, two Houthi-run courts in Yemen sentenced 48 individuals either to death, flogging or prison over charges related to same-sex conduct in the past month.[278]

Abuse of migrants

According to Human Rights Watch, Houthi militias have "beaten, raped, and tortured detained migrants and asylum seekers from the Horn of Africa."[279] UN experts have warned that female migrants face sexual violence, forced labor, and forced drug trafficking by smugglers who collaborate with the Houthi-controlled Yemen Immigration, Passport and Nationality Authority (IPNA).[280]

Governance

According to a 2009 leaked US Embassy cable, Houthis have reportedly established courts and prisons in areas they control. They impose their own laws on local residents, demand protection money, and dispense rough justice by ordering executions. AP's reporter, Ahmad al-Haj argued that the Houthis were winning hearts and minds by providing security in areas long neglected by the Yemeni government while limiting the arbitrary and abusive power of influential sheikhs. According to the Civic Democratic Foundation, Houthis help resolve conflicts between tribes and reduce the number of revenge killings in areas they control. The US ambassador believed that the reports that explain Houthi role as arbitrating local disputes were likely.[205]

Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen

The Houthis exert de facto authority over the bulk of North Yemen.[281] As of 28 April 2020, they control all of North Yemen except for Marib Governorate.[282][283]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The group rejects the term "Houthi".[86]
  2. ^ The Houthis have been accused, even by many fellow Zaydis, of secretly being converts or followers of the Twelver sect, which is the official religion of Iran.[154][155][156]

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Works cited

  • Haykel, Bernard (2022). "The Huthi Movement's religious and political ideology and its relationship to Zaydism in Yemen". In Hamidaddin, Abdullah (ed.). The Huthi Movement in Yemen: Ideology, Ambition and Security in the Arab Gulf. London: I.B.Tauris. pp. 17–36. ISBN 978-0755644285.
  • Knights, Michael (September 2018). (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 11 (8). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 15–23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

External links

  • Brandt, Marieke (15 November 2017). Tribes and Politics in Yemen: A History of the Houthi Conflict. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190911454.
  • . Counterpunch. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2015.

April 11, 2024
houthi, movement, this, article, about, yemen, based, islamist, political, military, organization, arab, tribe, northern, yemen, houthi, tribe, tajik, islamist, militant, group, jamaat, ansarullah, ansar, allah, redirects, here, other, uses, ansar, allah, disa. This article is about the Yemen based Islamist political and military organization For the Arab tribe in northern Yemen see Houthi tribe For the Tajik Islamist militant group see Jamaat Ansarullah Ansar Allah redirects here For other uses see Ansar Allah disambiguation Not to be confused with Hutu The Houthi movement ˈ h uː 8 i Arabic الحوثيون al Ḥuthiyun al ħuː 8i juːn officially known as Ansar Allah a أنصار الله ʾAnṣar Allah lit Supporters of God is a Shia Islamist political and military organization that emerged from Yemen in the 1990s It is predominantly made up of Zaidi Shias with their namesake leadership being drawn largely from the Houthi tribe 87 Houthisالحوثيون Ansar Allahأنصار الله Slogan of the Houthi movement top to bottom God is the GreatestDeath to AmericaDeath to IsraelA Curse Upon the JewsVictory to Islam Territory controlled by the Houthi movement shown in dark greenLeadersHussein al Houthi 1994 2004 Abdul Malik al Houthi since 2004 SpokesmanMohammed Abdul Salam 1 Dates of operation1994 presentGroup s Houthi tribe and Zaidi ShiasHeadquartersSaada Yemen since 1994 Sanaa Yemen since 2014 Active regionsYemen incl Saudi Arabia Yemen border 2 IdeologyZaidi revivalism 3 Shia Islamism 4 5 6 Qutbism 7 Khomeinism 4 5 8 Pan Islamism 9 10 Arab nationalism 9 10 11 Pan Arabism 9 Yemeni nationalism 10 11 Populism 10 Sectarianism alleged 12 13 denied 14 Anti Sunni sentiment 15 16 17 Shia Sunni unity claimed 10 14 Anti imperialism 4 18 Anti Western sentiment 18 Anti Americanism 19 20 Antisemitism 21 Anti Zionism 18 Anti Bahaʼi sentiment 22 Anti LGBT sentiment 23 Size100 000 2011 24 25 200 000 2020 26 AlliesState allies Iran alleged denied by Iran 27 Syria 28 until 2023 29 North Korea alleged 30 31 32 33 34 Oman alleged 35 36 denied by Oman 37 38 Libya until 2011 alleged 39 Non state allies Supreme Political Council 40 Houthi Popular Committees 41 General People s Congress pro Saleh faction 2014 2017 27 42 pro Houthi faction since 2017 43 Hezbollah alleged 44 45 Harakat Hezbollah al Nujaba 46 Liwa Fatemiyoun alleged 47 Hamas since 2021 48 49 OpponentsState opponents Yemen Presidential Leadership Council Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates 50 Egypt 50 51 Jordan 50 Sudan until 2019 50 Bahrain 50 Morocco 50 Kosovo 52 Somalia 53 54 Senegal 50 Belgium 55 France 56 57 Netherlands 58 United States 59 60 United Kingdom 61 Canada 62 Australia 63 Israel 64 Seychelles 65 Germany New Zealand 66 South Korea 67 India 68 Sri Lanka 69 Malaysia Italy Denmark Norway Greece Singapore Pakistan disputed 70 China disputed 71 Non state opponents Southern Transitional Council 72 Muslim Brotherhood 73 Hamas until 2021 74 Al Islah 75 76 Al Qaeda intermittent 77 78 Islamic State 79 Battles and warsIran Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Houthi insurgency Yemeni Revolution Yemeni Crisis Yemeni Civil War Houthi Saudi Arabian conflict Arab Israeli conflict 2023 Israel Hamas war Aerial attacks on American targets in Iraq and Syria Red Sea crisis US amp UK missile strikes in YemenDesignated as a terrorist group by Yemen Presidential Leadership Council 80 81 Saudi Arabia 82 United Arab Emirates 83 United States 84 Malaysia 85 Under the leadership of Zaidi religious leader Hussein al Houthi the Houthis emerged as an opposition movement to Yemen President Ali Abdullah Saleh whom they accused of corruption and being backed by Saudi Arabia and the United States 88 89 In 2003 influenced by the Lebanese Shia political and military organization Hezbollah the Houthis adopted their official slogan against the United States Israel and the Jews 90 Al Houthi resisted Saleh s order for his arrest and was afterwards killed by the Yemeni military in Saada in 2004 sparking the Houthi insurgency 91 92 Since then the movement has been mostly led by his brother Abdul Malik al Houthi 91 The organization took part in the Yemeni Revolution of 2011 by participating in street protests and coordinating with other Yemeni opposition groups They joined Yemen s National Dialogue Conference but later rejected the 2011 reconciliation deal 93 94 In late 2014 the Houthis repaired their relationship with Saleh and with his help they took control of the capital city The takeover prompted a Saudi led military intervention to restore the internationally recognized government leading to an ongoing civil war which included missile and drone attacks against Saudi Arabia and its ally United Arab Emirates 95 96 97 Following the outbreak of the 2023 Israel Hamas war the Houthis began to fire missiles at Israel and to attack ships off Yemen s coast in the Red Sea which they say is in solidarity with the Palestinians and aiming to facilitate entry of humanitarian aid into the Gaza Strip 98 99 The Houthi movement attracts followers in Yemen by portraying themselves as fighting for economic development and the end of the political marginalization of Zaidi Shias 94 as well as by promoting regional political religious issues in its media The Houthis have a complex relationship with Yemen s Sunnis the movement has discriminated against Sunnis but has also allied with and recruited them 100 101 93 The Houthis aim to govern all of Yemen and support external movements against the United States Israel and Saudi Arabia 102 Because of the Houthis ideological background the conflict in Yemen is widely seen as a front of the Iran Saudi Arabia proxy war 103 Contents 1 History 2 Membership and ranks 3 Ideology 3 1 Religion 3 2 Governance 3 3 Women s rights and freedom of expression 3 4 Slogan and controversies 3 4 1 Persecution of the Yemenite Jewish community 3 4 2 Persecution of the Bahaʼi community 4 Leaders 5 Activism and tactics 5 1 Political 5 2 Cultural 5 3 Media 5 4 Military 6 Armed strength 6 1 Naval warfare capabilities 7 Alleged Iranian and North Korean support 7 1 Iranian IRGC involvement 7 2 North Korean involvement 8 Alleged human rights violations 8 1 Child soldiers and human shields 8 2 Hostage taking 8 3 Diversion of international aid 8 4 Abuse of women and girls 8 5 Abuse of LGBTI people 8 6 Abuse of migrants 9 Governance 10 Houthi controlled areas of Yemen 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13 1 Works cited 14 External linksHistorySee also History of Yemen Houthi insurgency in Yemen and Houthi takeover in Yemen nbsp The September 2023 political and military control in the Yemeni Civil War 2014 present Controlled by the Government of Yemen under the Presidential Leadership Council since April 2022 and allies Controlled by Houthis led Supreme Political Council Controlled by Al Qaeda AQAP and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant affiliated Ansar al Sharia Controlled by the UAE backed Southern Transitional CouncilAccording to Ahmed Addaghashi a professor at Sanaa University the Houthis began as a moderate theological movement that preached tolerance and held a broad minded view of all the Yemeni peoples 104 Their first organization the Believing Youth BY was founded in 1992 in Saada Governorate 105 1008 by either Mohammed al Houthi 106 98 or his brother Hussein al Houthi 107 The Believing Youth established school clubs and summer camps 106 98 in order to promote a Zaidi revival in Saada 107 By 1994 95 between 15 000 and 20 000 students had attended BY summer camps The religious material included lectures by Mohammed Hussein Fadhlallah a Lebanese Shia scholar and Hassan Nasrallah Secretary General of Hezbollah 106 99 108 The formation of the Houthi organisations has been described by Adam Baron of the European Council on Foreign Relations as a reaction to foreign intervention Their views include shoring up Zaydi support against the perceived threat of Saudi influenced ideologies in Yemen and a general condemnation of the former Yemeni government s alliance with the United States which along with complaints regarding the government s corruption and the marginalisation of much of the Houthis home areas in Saada constituted the group s key grievances 109 Although Hussein al Houthi who was killed in 2004 had no official relation with Believing Youth BY according to Zaid he contributed to the radicalisation of some Zaydis after the 2003 invasion of Iraq BY affiliated youth adopted anti American and anti Jewish slogans which they chanted in the Al Saleh Mosque in Sanaa after Friday prayers According to Zaid the followers of Houthi s insistence on chanting the slogans attracted the authorities attention further increasing government worries over the extent of the Houthi movement s influence The security authorities thought that if today the Houthis chanted Death to America tomorrow they could be chanting Death to the president of Yemen citation needed In 2004 800 BY supporters were arrested in Sanaa President Ali Abdullah Saleh then invited Hussein al Houthi to a meeting in Sanaa but Hussein declined On 18 June Saleh sent government forces to arrest Hussein 110 Hussein responded by launching an insurgency against the central government but was killed on 10 September 111 The insurgency continued intermittently until a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2010 104 During this prolonged conflict the Yemeni army and air force were used to suppress the Houthi rebellion in northern Yemen The Saudis joined these anti Houthi campaigns but the Houthis won against both Saleh and the Saudi army According to the Brookings Institution this particularly humiliated the Saudis who spent tens of billions of dollars on their military 59 The Houthis participated in the 2011 Yemeni Revolution as well as the ensuing National Dialogue Conference NDC 112 However they rejected the provisions of the November 2011 Gulf Cooperation Council deal on the ground that it divide d Yemen into poor and wealthy regions and also in response to assassination of their representative at NDC 113 114 As the revolution went on Houthis gained control of greater territory By 9 November 2011 Houthis were said to be in control of two Yemeni governorates Saada and Al Jawf and close to taking over a third governorate Hajjah 115 which would enable them to launch a direct assault on the Yemeni capital of Sanaa 116 In May 2012 it was reported that the Houthis controlled a majority of Saada Al Jawf and Hajjah governorates they had also gained access to the Red Sea and started erecting barricades north of Sanaa in preparation for more conflict 117 nbsp Yemen s former president Ali Abdullah Saleh was allied with Houthis from 2014 until his death in 2017 The Houthis assassinated him on charges of treason By September 2014 Houthis were said to control parts of the Yemeni capital Sanaa including government buildings and a radio station 118 While Houthi control expanded to the rest of Sanaa as well as other towns such as Rada this control was strongly challenged by Al Qaeda The Gulf States believed that the Houthis had accepted aid from Iran while Saudi Arabia was aiding their Yemeni rivals 119 On 20 January 2015 Houthi rebels seized the presidential palace in the capital President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi was in the presidential palace during the takeover but was not harmed 120 The movement officially took control of the Yemeni government on 6 February dissolving parliament and declaring its Revolutionary Committee to be the acting authority in Yemen 121 On 20 March the al Badr and al Hashoosh mosques came under suicide attack during midday prayers and the Islamic State quickly claimed responsibility The blasts killed 142 Houthi worshippers and wounded more than 351 making it the deadliest terrorist attack in Yemen s history 122 On 27 March 2015 in response to perceived Houthi threats to Sunni factions in the region Saudi Arabia along with Bahrain Qatar Kuwait UAE Egypt Jordan Morocco and Sudan led a gulf coalition airstrike in Yemen 123 The military coalition included the United States which helped in planning of airstrikes as well as logistical and intelligence support 124 The US Navy has actively participated in the Saudi led naval blockade of Houthi controlled territory in Yemen 125 which humanitarian organizations argue has been the main contributing factor to the outbreak of famine in Yemen 126 According to a 2015 September report by Esquire magazine the Houthis once the outliers are now one of the most stable and organised social and political movements in Yemen The power vacuum created by Yemen s uncertain transitional period has drawn more supporters to the Houthis Many of the formerly powerful parties now disorganised with an unclear vision have fallen out of favour with the public making the Houthis under their newly branded Ansar Allah name all the more attractive 18 Houthi spokesperson Mohamed Abdel Salam stated that his group had spotted messages between the UAE and Saleh three months before his death He told Al Jazeera that there was communication between Saleh UAE and a number of other countries such as Russia and Jordan through encrypted messages 127 The alliance between Saleh and the Houthi broke down in late 2017 128 with armed clashes occurring in Sanaa from 28 November 129 Saleh declared the split in a televised statement on 2 December calling on his supporters to take back the country 130 and expressed openness to a dialogue with the Saudi led coalition 128 On 4 December 2017 Saleh s house in Sanaa was assaulted by fighters of the Houthi movement according to residents 131 Saleh was killed by the Houthis on the same day 132 133 In January 2021 the United States designated the Houthis a terrorist organization creating fears of an aid shortage in Yemen 134 but this stance was reversed a month later after Joe Biden became president 135 On 17 January 2022 Houthi missile and drone attacks on UAE industrial targets set fuel trucks on fire and killed three foreign workers This was the first specific attack to which the Houthi admitted and the first to result in deaths 136 A response led by Saudi Arabia included a 21 January air strike on a detention centre in Yemen resulting in at least 70 deaths 137 Following the outbreak of the 2023 Israel Hamas war the Houthis began to fire missiles at Israel and to attack ships off Yemen s coast in the Red Sea which they say is in solidarity with the Palestinians and aiming to facilitate entry of humanitarian aid into the Gaza Strip 98 138 99 On 31 October Houthi forces launched ballistic missiles at Israel which were shot down by Israel s Arrow missile defense system Israeli officials claimed that this was the first ever combat to occur in space 139 In order to end the attacks in the Red Sea 140 the Houthis demanded a ceasefire in Gaza and an end to Israel s blockade of the Gaza Strip 141 In January 2024 the United States and the United Kingdom conducted airstrikes against multiple Houthi targets in Yemen 142 Membership and ranks nbsp Ansar Allah fighters in Yemen August 2009There is a difference between the al Houthi family 106 102 and the Houthi movement The movement was called by their opponents and foreign media Houthis The name came from the surname of the early leader of the movement Hussein al Houthi who died in 2004 143 Membership of the group had between 1 000 and 3 000 fighters as of 2005 144 and between 2 000 and 10 000 fighters as of 2009 145 In 2010 the Yemen Post claimed that they had over 100 000 fighters 146 According to Houthi expert Ahmed Al Bahri by 2010 the Houthis had a total of 100 000 120 000 followers including both armed fighters and unarmed loyalists 147 As of 2015 the group is reported to have attracted new supporters from outside their traditional demographics 109 148 Ideology nbsp A map of Yemen s ethnoreligious groups 2002The Houthi movement follows a mixed ideology with religious Yemeni nationalist and big tent populist tenets imitating Hezbollah Outsiders have argued that their political views are often vague and contradictory and that many of their slogans do not accurately reflect their aims 10 11 149 According to researcher Bernard Haykel the movement s founder Hussein al Houthi was influenced by a variety of different religious traditions and political ideologies making it difficult to fit him or his followers into existing categories 150 The Houthis have portrayed themselves as national resistance defending all Yemenis from outside aggression and influences as champions against corruption chaos and extremism and as representative for the interests of marginalized tribal groups and the Zayidi sect 10 11 149 Haykel argues that the Houthi movement has two central religious ideological tenets The first is the Quranic Way and which encompasses the belief that the Quran does not allow for interpretation and contains everything needed to improve Muslim society The second is the belief in the absolute divine right of Ahl al Bayt Prophet s descendants to rule 151 a belief attributed to Jaroudism a fundamentalist offshoot of Zaydism 152 The group has also exploited the popular discontent over corruption and reduction of government subsidies 14 27 According to a February 2015 Newsweek report Houthis are fighting for things that all Yemenis crave government accountability the end to corruption regular utilities fair fuel prices job opportunities for ordinary Yemenis and the end of Western influence 153 In forging alliances the Houthi movement has been opportunistic at times allying with countries it later declared its enemy such as the United States 11 Religion In general the Houthi movement has centered its belief system on the Zaydi branch of Islam 10 b a sect of Islam almost exclusively present in Yemen 154 Zaydis make up about 25 percent of the population Sunnis make up 75 percent Zaydi led governments ruled Yemen for 1 000 years up until 1962 110 Since its foundation the Houthi movement has often acted as advocates for Zaydi revivalism in Yemen 27 157 nbsp A calligraphic logo of the Houthi movement reading Oh ye who believe be supporters of God Quran 61 14 158 159 Religious motives play an important role in the Houthi movement though to what extent is disputed Although they have framed their struggle in religious terms and put great importance in their Zaydi roots the Houthis are not an exclusively Zaydi group In fact they have rejected their portrayal by others as a faction which is purportedly only interested in Zaydi related issues They have not publicly advocated for the restoration of the old Zaydi imamate 10 although analysts have argued that they might plan to restore it in the future 14 152 Most Yemenis have a low opinion of the old imamate and Hussein al Houthi also did not advocate the imamate s restoration Instead he proposed a Guiding Eminence alam al huda an individual descended from the Prophet who would act as a universal leader for the world though never defined this position s prerogatives or how they should be appointed 160 The movement has also recruited and allied with Sunni Muslims 161 10 162 14 149 according to researcher Ahmed Nagi several themes of the Houthi ideology such as Muslim unity prophetic lineages and opposition to corruption allowed the Houthis to mobilize not only northern Zaydis but also inhabitants of predominantly Shafi i areas 14 However the group is known to have discriminated against Sunni Muslims as well closing Sunni mosques and primarily placing Zaydis in leadership positions in Houthi controlled areas 10 162 163 14 149 The Houthis lost significant support among Sunni tribes after killing ex President Saleh 164 Many Zaydis also oppose the Houthis regarding them as Iranian proxies and the Houthis form of Zaydi revivalism an attempt to establish Shiite rule in the north of Yemen 155 In addition Haykel argued that the Houthis follow a a highly politicised revolutionary and intentionally simplistic even primitivist interpretation of Zaydism s teachings Their view of Islam is largely based on the teachings of Hussein al Houthi collected after his death in a book titled Malazim Fascicles a work treated by Houthis as more important than older Zaydi theological traditions resulting in repeated disputes with established Zaydi religious leaders 165 The Malazim reflect a number of different religious and ideological influences including by Khomeinism and revolutionary Sunni Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood Hussein al Houthi believed that the last exemplary Zaydi scholar and leader was Al Hadi ila l Haqq Yahya later Zaydi imams were regarded as having deviated from the original form of Islam 150 The Houthis belief in the Quranic Way also includes the rejection of tafsir Quranic interpretations as being derivative and divisive meaning that they have a low opinion of most existing Islamic theological and juridical schools 151 including Zaydi traditionalists based in Sanaa with whom they often clash 166 The Houthis claim that their actions are to fight against the alleged expansion of Salafism in Yemen and for the defence of their community from discrimination 155 14 167 In the years before the rise of the Houthi movement state supported Salafis had harassed Zaydis and destroyed Zaydi sites in Yemen 168 After their rise to power in 2014 the Houthis consequently crushed the Salafi community in Saada Governorate 168 and mostly eliminated the al Qaeda presence in the areas under their control 167 the Houthis view al Qaeda as Salafi jihadists and thus mortal enemies 169 On the other side between 2014 and 2019 the Houthi leadership have signed multiple co existence agreements with the Salafi community pursuing Shia Salafi reconciliation 170 The Yemeni government has often accused the Houthis of collaborating with al Qaeda to undermine its control of southern Yemen 78 171 Governance In general the Houthis political ideology has gradually shifted from heavily religious mobilisation and activism under Husayn to the more assertive and statesmanlike rhetoric under Abdulmalik its current leader 157 With strong support received by Houthis from the predominantly Zaydi northern tribes the Houthi movement has often been described as tribalist or monarchist faction in opposition to republicanism 11 152 Regardless they have managed to rally many people outside of their traditional bases to their cause and became a major nationalist force 11 nbsp Victims of Saudi led airstrikes on a university used as a detention center by the Houthis in Dhamar 2 September 2019When armed conflict for the first time erupted back in 2004 between the Yemeni government and Houthis the President Ali Abdullah Saleh accused the Houthis and other Islamic opposition parties of trying to overthrow the government and the republican system However Houthi leaders for their part rejected the accusation by saying that they had never rejected the president or the republican system but were only defending themselves against government attacks on their community 172 After their takeover of northern Yemen in 2014 the Houthis remained committed to republicanism and continued to celebrate republican holidays 160 The Houthis have an ambivalent stance on the possible transformation of Yemen into a federation or the separation into two fully independent countries to solve the country s crisis Though not opposed to these plans per se they have declined any plans which would in their eyes marginalize the northern tribes politically 10 14 Meanwhile their opponents have asserted that the Houthis desire to institute Zaydi religious law 173 destabilising the government and stirring anti American sentiment 174 In contrast Hassan al Homran a former Houthi spokesperson has said that Ansar Allah supports the establishment of a civil state in Yemen We want to build a striving modern democracy Our goals are to fulfil our people s democratic aspirations in keeping with the Arab Spring movement 175 In an interview with Yemen Times Hussein al Bukhari a Houthi insider said that Houthis preferable political system is a republic with elections where women can also hold political positions and that they do not seek to form a cleric led government after the model of Islamic Republic of Iran for we cannot apply this system in Yemen because the followers of the Shafi Sunni doctrine are bigger in number than the Zaydis 176 In 2018 the Houthi leadership proposed the establishment of a non partisan transitional government composed of technocrats 177 Ali Akbar Velayati International Affairs Advisor to Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei stated in October 2014 that We are hopeful that Ansar Allah has the same role in Yemen as Hezbollah has in eradicating the terrorists in Lebanon 178 Mohammed Ali al Houthi criticized the Trump brokered Abraham Accords between Israel and the United Arab Emirates as betrayal against the Palestinians and the cause of pan Arabism 179 Women s rights and freedom of expression The Houthis treatment of women and their restrictions on the arts has been subject of debate On one side the movement has stated that it defends women s rights to vote and take public offices 176 and some feminists have fled from government held areas into Houthi territories as the latter at least disempower more radical jihadists 167 The Houthis field their own women security force 163 and have a Girl Scouts wing 167 However it has been also been reported that Houthis harass women and restrict their freedoms of movement and expression 152 163 In regards to culture the Houthis try to spread their views through propaganda 167 using mainstream media social media and poetry as well as the Houthification of the education system to instil Huthi values and mobilise the youth to join the fight against the coalition forces 157 However the Houthis have been inconsistent in regards how to deal with forms of artistic expression which they disapprove of The movement has allowed radio stations to continue broadcast music and content which the Houthis view as too Western 167 but also banned certain songs and harassed artists such as wedding musicians In one instance which generated much publicity Houthi policemen conditioned that music could be played at a wedding party if it was not broadcast by loadspeakers When the party guests did not conform to this demand the main wedding singer was arrested 180 Journalist Robert F Worth stated that many secular minded Yemenis seem unsure whether to view the Houthis as oppressors or potential allies In general the Houthis policies are often decided on a local basis and high ranking Houthi officials are often incapable of checking regional officers powers making the treatment of civilians dependent on the area 167 Slogan and controversies Main article Slogan of the Houthi movement nbsp nbsp Houthis protest against airstrikes by the Saudi led coalition on Sanaa in September 2015 carrying placards with the movement s slogans upper image as well as the flag of Yemen below The group s slogan reads as following God Is Great Death to America Death to Israel Curse on the Jews Victory to Islam 181 This motto is partially modelled on the motto of revolutionary Iran which reads Death to U S and death to Israel 182 Some Houthi supporters stress that their ire for the U S and Israel is directed toward the governments of America and Israel Ali al Bukhayti the spokesperson and official media face of the Houthis rejected the literal interpretation of the slogan by stating in one of his interviews that We do not really want death to anyone The slogan is simply against the interference of those governments i e U S and Israel 183 In the Arabic Houthi affiliated TV and radio stations they use religious connotations associated with jihad against Israel and the US 184 Persecution of the Yemenite Jewish community The Houthis have been accused of expelling or restricting members of the rural Yemeni Jewish community which had about 50 remaining members 185 Reports of abuse include Houthi supporters bullying or attacking the country s Jews 186 187 Houthi officials have denied any involvement in the harassment asserting that under Houthi control Jews in Yemen would be able to live and operate freely as any other Yemeni citizen Our problems are with Zionism and the occupation of Palestine but Jews here have nothing to fear said Fadl Abu Taleb a spokesman for the Houthis 187 Despite insistence by Houthi leaders that the movement is not sectarian a Yemeni Jewish rabbi has reportedly said that many Jews remain terrified by the movement s slogan 187 As a result Yemeni Jews reportedly retain a negative sentiment towards the Houthis who they allege have committed persecutions against them 21 According to Israeli Druze politician Ayoob Kara Houthi militants had given an ultimatum telling Jews to convert to Islam or leave Yemen 188 In March 2016 a UAE based newspaper reported that one of the Yemeni Jews who emigrated to Israel in 2016 was fighting with the Houthis In the same month a Kuwaiti newspaper al Watan reported that a Yemeni Jew named Haroun al Bouhi was killed in Najran while fighting with the Houthis against Saudi Arabia The Kuwaiti newspaper added that the Yemeni Jews had a good relationship with Ali Abdullah Salah who was at that time allied with the Houthis and were fighting in different fronts with the Houthis 189 190 Al Houthi has said through his fascicles Arab countries and all Islamic countries will not be safe from Jews except through their eradication and the elimination of their entity 191 A New York Times journalist reported being asked why they were speaking to a dirty Jew and that the Jews in the village were unable to communicate with their neighbors 192 Persecution of the Bahaʼi community The Houthis have been accused of detaining torturing arresting and holding incommunicado Bahaʼi Faith members on charges of espionage and apostasy which are punishable by death 193 194 Houthi leader Abdel Malek al Houthi has targeted Bahaʼis in public speeches and accused the followers of Bahaʼi Faith of being satanic 195 and agents for the western countries citing a 2013 fatwa issued by Iran s supreme leader 193 LeadersHussein Badreddin al Houthi former leader killed 2004 Abdul Malik Badreddin al Houthi leader Yahia Badreddin al Houthi senior leader Abdul Karim Badreddin al Houthi high ranking commander Badr Eddin al Houthi spiritual leader died 2010 Abdullah al Ruzami former military commander Abu Ali Abdullah al Hakem al Houthi military commander Saleh Habra political leader 196 Fares Mana a Houthi appointed governor of Sa dah 197 and former head of Saleh s presidential committee 198 Activism and tacticsPolitical During their campaigns against both the Saleh and Hadi governments Houthis used civil disobedience Following the Yemeni government s decision on 13 July 2014 to increase fuel prices Houthi leaders succeeded in organising massive rallies in the capital Sanaa to protest the decision and to demand resignation of the incumbent government of Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi for state corruption 199 These protests developed into the 2014 2015 phase of the insurgency Similarly following 2015 Saudi led airstrikes against Houthis which claimed civilians lives Yemenis responded to the Abdul Malik al Houthi s call and took to streets of the capital Sanaa in tens of thousands to voice their anger at the Saudi invasion 200 The movement s expressed goals include combating economic underdevelopment and political marginalization in Yemen while seeking greater autonomy for Houthi majority regions of the country 201 One of its spokesperson Mohammed al Houthi claimed in 2018 that he supports a democratic republic in Yemen 59 177 The Houthis have made fighting corruption the centerpiece of their political program 59 Cultural The Houthis have also held a number of mass gatherings since the revolution On 24 January 2013 thousands gathered in Dahiyan Sa dah and Heziez just outside Sanaa to celebrate Mawlid al Nabi the birth of Mohammed A similar event took place on 13 January 2014 at the main sports stadium in Sanaa On this occasion men and women were completely segregated men filled the open air stadium and football field in the centre guided by appointed Houthi safety officials wearing bright vests and matching hats women poured into the adjacent indoor stadium led inside by security women distinguishable only by their purple sashes and matching hats The indoor stadium held at least five thousand women ten times as many attendees as the 2013 gathering 18 Media The Houthis are said to have a huge and well oiled propaganda machine They have established a formidable media arm with the Lebanese Hezbollah s technical support The format and content of the group s leader Abdul Malik al Houthi s televised speeches are said to have been modeled after those of Hezbollah s Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah Following the peaceful youth uprising in 2011 the group launched its official TV channel Almasirah The most impressive part of Houthi propaganda though is their media print which includes 25 print and electronic publications 184 Houthis also utilize radios as an effective means of spreading influence storming radio stations and confiscating equipment of radio stations that do not adhere to what they re allowed to broadcast by the Houthis 202 A Houthi fundraising campaign through a radio station affiliated with Iran backed Houthi rebels has collected 73 5 million Yemeni rials 132 000 for the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah 203 Another western based media Uprising Today is also known to be extensively pro Houthi 204 Military In 2009 U S Embassy sources have reported that Houthis used increasingly more sophisticated tactics and strategies in their conflict with the government as they gained more experience and that they fought with religious fervor 205 Armed strength nbsp The situation in March 2012See also Houthi insurgency in Yemen nbsp The situation in March 2015Late in 2015 Houthis announced the local production of short range ballistic missile Qaher 1 on Al Masirah TV On 19 May 2017 Saudi Arabia intercepted a Houthi fired ballistic missile targeting a deserted area south of the Saudi capital and most populous city Riyadh The Houthi militias have captured dozens of tanks and masses of heavy weaponry from the Yemeni Armed Forces 206 207 208 In June 2019 the Saudi led coalition stated that the Houthis had launched 226 ballistic missiles during the insurgency so far 209 The 2019 Abqaiq Khurais attack targeted the Saudi Aramco oil processing facilities at Abqaiq and Khurais in eastern Saudi Arabia on 14 September 2019 The Houthi movement claimed responsibility though the United States has asserted that Iran was behind the attack Iranian President Hassan Rouhani said that Yemeni people are exercising their legitimate right of defence the attacks were a reciprocal response to aggression against Yemen for years 210 Naval warfare capabilities In course of the Yemeni Civil War the Houthis developed tactics to combat their opponents navies At first their anti ship operations were unsophisticated and limited to rocket propelled grenades being shot at vessels close to the shore 211 In the fight to secure the port city of Aden in 2015 the Yemeni Navy was largely destroyed including all missile carrying vessels A number of smaller patrol craft landing craft and Mi 14 and Ka 28 ASW helicopters did survive Their existence under Houthi control would be brief as the majority of them were destroyed in air attacks during the Saudi led intervention in Yemen in 2015 As a result the Houthis were left with AShMs anti ship missiles stored ashore but no launchers and a smattering of small patrol ships These along with a number of locally manufactured small craft and miscellaneous vessels were to form the foundation of the new naval warfare capabilities 211 212 Soon after the Houthis took over Yemen in 2015 Iran sought to strengthen the Houthis naval capabilities allowing the Houthis and thus Iran to intercept Coalition shipping off the Red Sea coast by providing additional AShMs and constructing truck based launchers that could easily be hidden after a launch Iran also anchored the Saviz intelligence vessel disguised as a regular cargo vessel off the coast of Eritrea that provided intelligence and updates on Coalition ship movements to the Houthis 213 The Saviz served in this capacity until it was damaged in an Israeli limpet mine attack in April 2021 when it was replaced by the Behshad 214 The Behshad like the Saviz is based on a cargo ship 215 Meanwhile in Yemen the Houthis presumably with the assistance of Iranian engineers converted a number of 10 meter long patrol craft donated by the UAE to the Yemeni Coast Guard in the early 2010s into WBIEDs water born improvised explosive devices In 2017 one of these was used to attack the Saudi frigate Al Madinah 216 In the years since three more WBIED designs have been built the Tawfan 1 Tawfan 2 and Tawfan 3 15 different types of naval mines were also produced 217 These are being increasingly deployed in the Red Sea but have yet to be successful against naval vessels 218 The delivery of 120 km ranged Noor and 200 km ranged Qader AShMs 300 km ranged Khalij Fars ASBMs and Fajr 4CL and Al Bahr Al Ahmar anti ship rockets by Iran which were unveiled during a 2022 Houthi parade was arguably the most significant escalation in support They combine long range low cost and high mobility with various types of guidance to create a weapon well suited to the Houthi Navy 219 Though the Houthis ASBM arsenal has yet to be tested the Houthi Navy has had notable success with AShMs 220 On October 1 2016 it was able to hit the UAE Navy s HSV 2 Swift hybrid catamaran with a single C 801 C 802 AShM fired from a shore battery 221 Although the ship managed to stay afloat the damage was so severe that it had to be decommissioned 221 The US Navy then sent two destroyers and an amphibious transport dock to the area to ensure that shipping could continue unabated These vessels were then attacked with AShMs on three separate occasions with no success 222 Though these attacks demonstrated the Houthis limited ability to threaten vessels in Yemen s surrounding seas the threat posed by them has since evolved significantly 220 Armed with a variety of anti ship ballistic missiles and rockets that can be notoriously difficult to intercept and cover large areas the next round of maritime clashes with the navies of the United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia and the United States could have a completely different outcome 220 The Houthis have also hinted at using their extensive arsenal of loitering munitions against commercial shipping in the Red Sea a tactic similar to recent Iranian tactics in the Persian Gulf 223 Patrol boats were fitted with anti tank guided missiles about 30 coast watcher stations were set up disguised spy dhows were constructed and the maritime radar of docked ships used to create targeting solutions for attacks 212 One of the most notable features of the Houthis naval arsenal became its remote controlled drone boats which carry explosives and ram enemy warships 211 218 220 Among these the self guiding Shark 33 explosive drone boats originated as patrol boats of the old Yemeni coast guard 218 In addition the Houthis have begun to train combat divers on the Zuqar and Bawardi islands 212 Alleged Iranian and North Korean supportSee also Iran Saudi Arabia proxy conflictFormer Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh had accused the Houthis of having ties to external backers in particular the Iranian government Saleh stated in an interview with The New York Times The real reason they received unofficial support from Iran was because they repeat same slogan that is raised by Iran death to America death to Israel We have another source for such accusations The Iranian media repeats statements of support for these Houthi elements They are all trying to take revenge against the USA on Yemeni territories 224 Such backing has been reported by diplomatic correspondents of major news outlets e g Patrick Wintour of The Guardian and has been the reported perspective of Yemeni governmental leaders militarily and politically opposing Houthi efforts e g as of 2017 the UN recognized deposed Yemeni President Abd Rabbu Mansour Hadi who referred to the Houthi rebels as Iranian militias 225 226 The Houthis in turn accused the Saleh government of being backed by Saudi Arabia and of using Al Qaeda to repress them 227 Under the next President Hadi Gulf Arab states accused Iran of backing the Houthis financially and militarily though Iran denied this and they were themselves backers of President Hadi 228 Despite confirming statements by Iranian and Yemeni officials in regards to Iranian support in the form of trainers weaponry and money the Houthis denied reception of substantial financial or arm support from Iran 27 229 Joost Hiltermann of Foreign Policy wrote that whatever little material support the Houthis may have received from Iran the intelligence and military support by US and UK for the Saudi Arabian led coalition exceed that by many factors 230 In April 2015 the United States National Security Council spokesperson Bernadette Meehan remarked that It remains our assessment that Iran does not exert command and control over the Houthis in Yemen 231 Joost Hiltermann wrote that Iran does not control the Houthis decision making as evidenced by Houthis flat rejection of Iran s demand not to take over Sanaa in 2015 230 Thomas Juneau writing in the journal International Affairs states that even though Iran s support for Houthis has increased since 2014 it remains far too limited to have a significant impact in the balance of power in Yemen 232 The Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft argues that Teheran s influence over the movement has been greatly exaggerated by the Saudis their coalition partners mainly the United Arab Emirates and their lobbyists in Washington 233 A December 2009 cable between Sanaa and various intelligence agencies in the US diplomatic cables leak states that US State Dept analysts believed the Houthis obtained weapons from the Yemeni black market and corrupt members of the Yemenis Republican Guard citation needed On the edition of 8 April 2015 of PBS Newshour Secretary of State John Kerry stated that the US knew Iran was providing military support to the Houthi rebels in Yemen adding that Washington is not going to stand by while the region is destabilised 234 Phillip Smyth of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy told Business Insider that Iran views Shia groups in the Middle East as integral elements to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps IRGC Smyth claimed that there is a strong bond between Iran and the Houthi uprising working to overthrow the government in Yemen According to Smyth in many cases Houthi leaders go to Iran for ideological and religious education and Iranian and Hezbollah leaders have been spotted on the ground advising the Houthi troops and these Iranian advisers are likely responsible for training the Houthis to use the type of sophisticated guided missiles fired at the US Navy 235 To some commentators e g Alex Lockie of Business Insider Iran s support for the revolt in Yemen is a good way to bleed the Saudis a recognized regional and ideological rival of Iran Essentially from that perspective Iran is backing the Houthis to fight against a Saudi led coalition of Gulf States whose aim is to maintain control of Yemen 226 The discord has led some commentators to fear that further confrontations may lead to an all out Sunni Shia war 236 page needed In early 2013 photographs released by the Yemeni government show the United States Navy and Yemen s security forces seizing a class of either modern Chinese or Iranian made shoulder fired heat seeking anti aircraft missiles in their standard packaging missiles not publicly known to have been out of state control raising concerns of Iran s arming of the rebels 237 In April 2016 the U S Navy intercepted a large Iranian arms shipment seizing thousands of AK 47 rifles rocket propelled grenade launchers and 0 50 caliber machine guns a shipment described as likely headed to Yemen by the Pentagon 238 239 Based on 2019 reporting from The Jerusalem Post the Houthis have also repeatedly used a drone nearly identical to Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company s Ababil T drone in strikes against Saudi Arabia 240 In late October 2023 Israel stated that it had intercepted a surface to surface long range ballistic missile and two cruise missiles that were fired by the Houthi rebels in Yemen per reporting from Axios com this was Israel s first ever operational use of the Arrow system for intercepting ballistic missiles since the war began 241 The continuing interceptions and seizures of weapons at sea attributed to Iranian origins is a matter tracked by the United States Institute of Peace 242 Iranian IRGC involvement In 2013 an Iranian vessel was seized and discovered to be carrying Katyusha rockets heat seeking surface to air missiles RPG 7s Iranian made night vision goggles and artillery systems that track land and navy targets 40 km away That was en route to the Houthis 243 In March 2017 Qasem Soleimani the head of Iran s Quds Force met with Iran s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps IRGC to look for ways to what was described as empowering the Houthis Soleimani was quoted as saying At this meeting they agreed to increase the amount of help through training arms and financial support Despite the Iranian government and Houthis both officially denying Iranian support for the group Brigadier General Ahmad Asiri the spokesman of the Saudi led coalition told Reuters that evidence of Iranian support was manifested in the Houthi use of Kornet anti tank guided missiles which had never been in use with the Yemeni military or with the Houthis and that the arrival of Kornet missiles had only come at a later time 244 In the same month the IRGC had altered the routes used in transporting equipment to the Houthis by spreading out shipments to smaller vessels in Kuwaiti territorial waters in order to avoid naval patrols in the Gulf of Oman due to sanctions imposed shipments reportedly included parts of missiles launchers and drugs 245 In May 2018 the United States imposed sanctions on Iran s IRGC which was also listed as a designated terrorist organization by the US over its role in providing support for the Houthis including help with manufacturing ballistic missiles used in attacks targeting cities and oil fields in Saudi Arabia 246 In August 2018 despite previous Iranian denial of military support for the Houthis IRGC commander Nasser Shabani was quoted by the Iranian Fars News Agency as saying We IRGC told Yemenis Houthi rebels to strike two Saudi oil tankers and they did it on 7 August 2018 In response to Shabani s account the IRGC released a statement saying that the quote was a Western lie and that Shabani was a retired commander despite no actual reports of his retirement after 37 years in the IRGC and media linked to the Iranian government confirming he was still enlisted with the IRGC 247 Furthermore while the Houthis and the Iranian government have previously denied any military affiliation 248 Iranian supreme leader Ali Khamenei openly announced his spiritual support of the movement in a personal meeting with the Houthi spokesperson Mohammed Abdul Salam in Tehran in the midst of ongoing conflicts in Aden in 2019 249 250 In 2024 commanders from IRGC and Hezbollah were reported to be actively involved on the ground in Yemen overseeing and directing Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping according to a report by Reuters 251 North Korean involvement In August 2018 Reuters reported that a confidential United Nations investigation had found the North Korean government had failed to discontinue its nuclear and missile delivery programs and in conjunction was cooperating militarily with Syria and was trying to sell weapons to Yemen s Houthis 252 32 33 In January 2024 South Korea s Yonhap News Agency reported that North Korea had evidently shipped weapons to Houthis via Iran based on the writings in Hangul script that were found on missiles launched towards Israel 253 North Korea considers the Houthis as a resistance force 254 255 Alleged human rights violationsAccording to the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140 the Houthis have carried out a wide range of human rights violations including violations of international humanitarian law and abuse of women and children Children as young as 13 have been arrested for indecent acts for alleged homosexual orientation or political cases when their families do not comply with Houthi ideology or regulations Minors share cells with adult prisoners and according to credible reports which boys held in Al Shahid Al Ahmar police station in Sana a are systematically raped 256 257 The houthi movement has been accused of restoring slavery in Yemen 258 Child soldiers and human shields Houthis have been accused of violations of international humanitarian law such as using child soldiers 259 260 261 shelling civilian areas 262 forced evacuations and executions 263 According to Human Rights Watch Houthis intensified their recruitment of children in 2015 The UNICEF mentioned that children with the Houthis and other armed groups in Yemen comprise up to a third of all fighters in Yemen 264 Human Rights Watch has further accused Houthi forces of using landmines in Yemen s third largest city of Taizz which has caused many civilian casualties and prevent the return of families displaced by the fighting 265 HRW has also accused the Houthis of interfering with the work of Yemen s human rights advocates and organizations 266 In 2009 HRW researcher Christoph Wilcke said that although the Republic of Yemen Government accused the Houthis of using civilians as human shields HRW did not have enough evidence to conclude that the Houthis were intentionally doing so but Wilcke admitted there may have been cases HRW was not able to document 205 Akram Al Walidi one of four journalists detained by the Houthis on spying charges 267 and then released in April 2023 as part of a prisoner exchange deal between the former and the internationally recognized government of Yemen said he felt like the four were human shields after the Houthis moved them to one of their military camps at Sanaa in October 2020 since it was an expected target of Saudi airstrikes 268 Hostage taking According to the Human Rights Watch the Houthis also use hostage taking as a tactic to generate profit Human Rights Watch documented 16 cases in which Houthi authorities held people unlawfully in large part to extort money from relatives or to exchange them for people held by opposing forces 269 Diversion of international aid The United Nations World Food Programme has accused the Houthis of diverting food aid and illegally removing food lorries from distribution areas with rations sold on the open market or given to those not entitled to it 270 The WFP has also warned that aid could be suspended to areas of Yemen under the control of Houthi rebels due to obstructive and uncooperative Houthi leaders that have hampered the independent selection of beneficiaries 271 WFP spokesman Herve Verhoosel stated The continued blocking by some within the Houthi leadership of the biometric registration is undermining an essential process that would allow us to independently verify that food is reaching people on the brink of famine The WFP has warned that unless progress is made on previous agreements we will have to implement a phased suspension of aid The Norwegian Refugee Council has stated that they share the WPF frustrations and reiterate to the Houthis to allow humanitarian agencies to distribute food 272 273 Abuse of women and girls The United Nations Human Rights Council published a report covering the period July 2019 to June 2020 which contained evidence of the Houthis recruitment of boys as young as seven years old and the recruitment of 34 girls aged between 13 and 17 years of age to act as spies recruiters of other children guards medics and members of a female fighting force Twelve girls suffered sexual violence arranged marriages and child marriages as a result of their recruitment 274 Under Houthi controlled areas women have been blocked from travelling without a mahram male guardian even for essential healthcare This also affected humanitarian operations by the United Nations in Yemen forcing female staff to office jobs The Houthis use allegations of prostitution as a tool for public defamation against Yemeni women including those in the diaspora engaged in politics civil society or human rights activism alongside threats to individuals and families Women in detention are sexually assaulted and have been subjected to virginity tests and are often blocked from access to essential goods Torture of female detainees is also carried out by the Zaynabiyat the Female police wing of the Houthis 256 non primary source needed UN Panel of Experts on Yemen discovered instances of Houthi rape of female detainees to purify them as a punishment or to coerce confessions The Panel documented cases where Houthis forced detained women to become sex workers that also collect information for the Houthis Documented instances include in 2021 where a female detainee was forced to have sexual intercourse with multiple men at Houthi detention centers as part of her preparation to be forced as a sex worker for important clients while also obtaining information The Panel also received information of another detainee who was forced to become a prostitute to gather information for the Houthis in return for their release and another similar instance had been documented in 2019 This have also resulted in women who had been detained by Houthis being ostracized by society and one instance where the woman was killed by her family for bringing shame upon the family 257 non primary source needed Anadolu Agency reported of Yemen based rights groups documenting 1 181 violations against women committed by Houthis from 2017 to 2020 275 Yemeni activist Samira Abdullah al Houry was held in a Houthi jail for three months and gave numerous interviews after her release on alleged torture and rape by Houthi guards 276 Her testimony contributed to UN Security Council sanctions being imposed on two Houthi security officials in February 2021 It was later alleged that she admitted some of her testimony was untrue and she had embellished claims at the request of Saudi officials 277 Abuse of LGBTI people According to Amnesty International on 9 February 2024 two Houthi run courts in Yemen sentenced 48 individuals either to death flogging or prison over charges related to same sex conduct in the past month 278 Abuse of migrants According to Human Rights Watch Houthi militias have beaten raped and tortured detained migrants and asylum seekers from the Horn of Africa 279 UN experts have warned that female migrants face sexual violence forced labor and forced drug trafficking by smugglers who collaborate with the Houthi controlled Yemen Immigration Passport and Nationality Authority IPNA 280 GovernanceAccording to a 2009 leaked US Embassy cable Houthis have reportedly established courts and prisons in areas they control They impose their own laws on local residents demand protection money and dispense rough justice by ordering executions AP s reporter Ahmad al Haj argued that the Houthis were winning hearts and minds by providing security in areas long neglected by the Yemeni government while limiting the arbitrary and abusive power of influential sheikhs According to the Civic Democratic Foundation Houthis help resolve conflicts between tribes and reduce the number of revenge killings in areas they control The US ambassador believed that the reports that explain Houthi role as arbitrating local disputes were likely 205 Houthi controlled areas of YemenThe Houthis exert de facto authority over the bulk of North Yemen 281 As of 28 April 2020 they control all of North Yemen except for Marib Governorate 282 283 See also nbsp Shia Islam portalOutline of the Yemeni Crisis revolution and civil war 2011 present Timeline of the Yemeni Crisis 2011 present United States conflict with Houthi militias 2023 present Houthi involvement in the 2023 Israel Hamas warNotes The group rejects the term Houthi 86 The Houthis have been accused even by many fellow Zaydis of secretly being converts or followers of the Twelver sect which is the official religion of Iran 154 155 156 References Mohammed Abdul Salam denies news in Saudi channel Yemen Press Archived from the original on 27 August 2018 Retrieved 28 August 2018 Infographic Yemen s war explained in maps and charts Al Jazeera Retrieved 9 February 2022 What is the Houthi Movement Tony Blair Faith Foundation 25 September 2014 Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 2 October 2014 a b c Mohammed Almahfali James Root 13 February 2020 How Iran s Islamic Revolution Does and Does Not Influence Houthi Rule in Northern Yemen Sana a Center For Strategic Studies Retrieved 4 April 2023 a b The World Almanac of Islamism Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers 27 October 2011 ISBN 9781442207158 Archived from the original on 17 January 2023 Retrieved 6 November 2021 The Islamist philosophy Qutbism could be entering America s national security vernacular The Hill 19 December 2017 Archived from the original on 17 August 2021 Retrieved 19 December 2017 McMaster s Qutbism comments are occurring simultaneously with U S ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Halley s proof of Iranian support for Houthi missiles The timing of the Trump administration s push connects the dots between Iran Houthis and Qutabists supported by Turkey and Qatar كيف تأثر أنصار الله بجماعة الإخوان المسلمين Al Nkkar in Arabic 25 August 2023 Yemen Civil War and Regional Intervention PDF Congressional Research 8 December 2020 Archived PDF from the original on 7 August 2021 Retrieved 13 February 2021 The Houthi movement formally known as Ansar Allahor Partisans of God is a predominantly Zaydi Shia revivalist political and insurgent movement formed in the northern Yemeni governorate of Saada under the leadership of members of the Houthi family a b c Houthis Sabwa Center 7 October 2022 Retrieved 18 September 2023 a b c d e f g h i j k l Cameron Glenn 29 May 2018 Who are Yemen s Houthis Wilson Center Archived from the original on 20 April 2019 Retrieved 20 April 2019 a b c d e f g Asher Orkaby 25 March 2015 Houthi Who A History of Unlikely Alliances in an Uncertain Yemen Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 12 August 2019 Retrieved 20 April 2019 Ahmad Majidyar New Houthi imposed university curriculum reportedly glorifies Iran promotes sectarianism Middle East Institute Retrieved 1 March 2018 Houthi Directives Sectarian Programs Mandated in Schools Across 3 Yemeni Provinces Asharq Al Awsat Retrieved 31 August 2023 a b c d e f g h i Ahmed Nagi 19 March 2019 Yemen s Houthis Used Multiple Identities to Advance Carnegie Middle East Center Archived from the original on 27 May 2022 Retrieved 12 February 2021 Refugees United Nations High Commissioner for Refworld Yemen Treatment of Sunni Muslims by Houthis in areas under Houthi control 2014 September 2017 Refworld Archived from the original on 17 June 2019 Retrieved 7 July 2019 a Research Associate at the London Middle East Institute at the University of London noted that most of the area controlled by the Houthis is inhabited by Zaydis But they also have many Sunni supporters in the areas they control Since the Houthis have effectively taken over the country they have been suspicious of Sunnis The group believes that those who do not swear allegiance to it are working with the Saudi led coalition As a result Sunnis have been discriminated against Sunnis face discrimination that those of the Zaydi persuasion to which the Huthis belong do not experience This includes women in issues such as education the curriculum has been changed by the Houthis to be more sectarian and intolerant Houthis revive Shiite festivals to strengthen grip on north Al Monitor 8 August 2021 Archived from the original on 15 August 2021 Since the Houthi seizure of Sanaa in 2014 the group has brought new sectarian pressure to Yemen s north forcing both Shiites and Sunnis to observe Shiite customs MAYSAA SHUJA AL DEEN Yemen s War torn Rivalries for Religious Education Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Retrieved 7 June 2021 a b c d e Plotter Alex 4 June 2015 Yemen in crisis Esquire Archived from the original on 23 July 2018 Retrieved 5 September 2015 Why Washington May Side With Yemen s New anti American Rulers Haaretz Archived from the original on 2 May 2022 Retrieved 13 March 2022 Yemeni embassy in DC condemns anti American anti Semitic Houthi ceremony english alarabiya net 7 November 2020 Archived from the original on 2 May 2022 Retrieved 13 March 2022 a b Persecution Defines Life for Yemen s Remaining Jews The New York Times 19 February 2015 Archived from the original on 15 October 2016 Retrieved 22 February 2017 Yemen Further information Arbitrarily detained Baha is must be released Amnesty International 20 December 2023 On 17 October 2023 the UN Human Rights Council passed a resolution calling on the Huthi de facto authorities to remove the obstacles that prevent access by relief and humanitarian aid to release kidnapped humanitarian workers and to end violence and discrimination against women and targeting based on religion or belief For Yemen s gay community social media is a saviour The Irish Times 22 August 2015 Almasmari Hakim Medics Militants raid Yemen town killing dozens Archived 29 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine CNN 27 November 2011 Houthis Kill 24 in North Yemen Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine 27 November 2011 The myth of stability Infighting and repression in Houthi controlled territories OCHA 10 February 2021 Retrieved 10 February 2021 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در برابر عربستان و امارات بایستید Euronews 14 August 2019 Archived from the original on 15 August 2019 Retrieved 21 September 2019 Iran s Khamenei backs Yemen s Houthi movement calls for dialogue Reuters 13 August 2019 Archived from the original on 21 September 2019 Retrieved 21 September 2019 Nakhoul Samia Hafezi Parisa 20 January 2024 Exclusive Iranian and Hezbollah commanders help direct Houthi attacks in Yemen sources say Reuters Retrieved 21 January 2024 Nichols Michelle 3 August 2018 North Korea Has Not Stopped Nuclear Missile Program Confidential U N Report Reuters com Archived from the original on 6 December 2018 Retrieved 9 November 2023 후티 반군이 이스라엘 향해 쏜 미사일 파편에 한글 표기 Yonhap in Korean 5 January 2024 예멘항쟁세력 미국과 이스라엘에 대한 보복공격 단행 Rodong Sinmun in Korean 24 March 2024 Yemeni resistance force attacks US vessels warships The Pyongyang Times Retrieved 14 March 2024 a b 2023 Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140 2014 PDF pp 31 33 Retrieved 1 January 2024 a b 2022 Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140 2014 Retrieved 1 January 2024 Exclusive Houthis Restore Slavery in Yemen Who Are the Houthis Part Two How Are They Fighting Archived from the original on 18 April 2015 Retrieved 17 April 2015 Checkpoint children Armed Houthis under 18 Yemen Times Archived from the original on 18 April 2015 Retrieved 17 April 2015 Q amp A on The Conflict in Yemen and International Law Human Rights Watch hrw org 7 April 2015 Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 Retrieved 4 December 2016 Al Haj Ahmed Youssef Nour Death toll from Yemen rebel shelling doubles to nearly 100 Yahoo News Archived from the original on 20 July 2015 Retrieved 21 July 2015 Yemen Houthi Rebels Execute 9 Over Senior Official s Killing VOA 18 September 2021 Retrieved 13 January 2024 HRW 12 May 2015 Yemen Houthis Send Children into Battle HRW Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 Retrieved 15 October 2016 HRW Yemen Houthi Landmines Claim Civilian Victims HRW HRW Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 Retrieved 14 October 2016 HRW Yemen Houthis Ban Rights Advocate s Travel HRW HRW Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 Retrieved 14 October 2016 Swart Mia 18 May 2020 International outcry over Yemeni journalists facing death penalty Al Jazeera When journalism is a case of life or death in Yemen Amnesty International 2 November 2023 Retrieved 25 March 2024 On 11 April 2020 I was sentenced to death along with three other journalists and in October we were moved to the Central Security Forces Camp in Sana a a military camp belonging to the militia and it was as if we were human shields because it was an expected target for Saudi airstrikes We thought we would die there When airstrikes hit the camp in 2020 we felt we had cheated death Yemen Houthi Hostage Taking Human Rights Watch 25 September 2018 Archived from the original on 27 September 2018 Retrieved 29 September 2018 Yemen war WFP accuses Houthi rebels of diverting food aid BBC 31 December 2018 Archived from the original on 26 July 2019 Retrieved 12 June 2019 World Food Programme to consider suspension of aid in Houthi controlled areas of Yemen Releifweb 20 May 2019 Archived from the original on 22 June 2019 Retrieved 12 June 2019 Yemen s Houthis and WFP dispute aid control as millions starve Reuters 4 June 2019 Archived from the original on 14 June 2019 Retrieved 12 June 2019 UN warns food aid to Yemen could be suspended Al Jazeera 20 May 2019 Archived from the original on 11 June 2019 Retrieved 12 June 2019 UN Houthi rebels in Yemen recruited teenage girls Al Jazeera 9 September 2020 Archived from the original on 14 September 2020 Retrieved 12 September 2020 Mohammed Alragawi 23 February 2021 Yemen Women captives recall ordeal in Houthi prisons Anadolu Agency Retrieved 19 March 2024 CJ Werleman 1 March 2021 Yemeni Torture Victim Speaks Out Against Iranian Backed Militias Byline Times Archived from the original on 11 December 2023 They have killed thousands of civilians including women and children alongside dozens of journalists and human rights activists One of those activists is 33 year old Samira Abdullah al Houry who was abducted from her home by armed soldiers on the night of 27 July 2019 and held in a Houthi prison for three months where she was tortured assaulted and raped Wintour Patrick 5 June 2023 Yemeni activist who revealed Houthi sexual abuses detained by Saudi Arabia The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 19 March 2024 Yemen Huthis must stop executions and release dozens facing LGBTI charges Amnesty International 9 February 2024 Retrieved 25 March 2024 CJ Werleman Reports of mass executions in Yemen blamed on Houthis TRT World Retrieved 19 March 2024 Houthi militias have been accused of war crimes and mass atrocities against civilians in Taiz since 2015 including using banned antipersonnel landmines firing artillery indiscriminately into populated areas denying crucial medical and humanitarian aid and have beaten raped and tortured detained migrants and asylum seekers from the Horn of Africa including women and children according to Human Rights Watch Warring Parties in Yemen Silent Amid Reports of Migrant Abuse Human Rights Watch 7 December 2022 Retrieved 19 March 2024 AlAhmad Safa 16 March 2015 Meeting the Houthis and their enemies BBC News Magazine Archived from the original on 5 April 2015 Audience Question Did Ansar Allah Liberated 95 of al Jawf Islamic World News 30 April 2020 Archived from the original on 15 April 2021 Retrieved 30 April 2020 Yemen Houthi army spokesman declares end of Jawf operation holds key to Marib Middle East Monitor Archived from the original on 21 November 2021 Retrieved 1 May 2020 Works cited Haykel Bernard 2022 The Huthi Movement s religious and political ideology and its relationship to Zaydism in Yemen In Hamidaddin Abdullah ed The Huthi Movement in Yemen Ideology Ambition and Security in the Arab Gulf London I B Tauris pp 17 36 ISBN 978 0755644285 Knights Michael September 2018 The Houthi War Machine From Guerrilla War to State Capture PDF CTC Sentinel 11 8 West Point New York Combating Terrorism Center 15 23 Archived from the original PDF on 24 March 2020 Retrieved 24 March 2020 External linksBrandt Marieke 15 November 2017 Tribes and Politics in Yemen A History of the Houthi Conflict Oxford University Press ISBN 9780190911454 Interview with exiled Houthi Counterpunch 3 February 2015 Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 Retrieved 26 March 2015 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Houthi movement amp oldid 1218124246, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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