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Death to America

May 19, 2023

Death to America (Persian: مرگ بر آمریکا, romanized: Marg bar Āmrikā; Arabic: الموت لأمريكا, romanized: al-mawt li-Amrīkā) is an anti-American political slogan. It is used in Iran,[1] Afghanistan,[2] Lebanon,[3] Yemen,[4] Iraq,[5][6] and Pakistan.[7][8] It has been used in Iran since the inception of the Iranian Revolution in 1979.[9] Ruhollah Khomeini, the first Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, popularized the term.[10] He opposed the chant for radio and television, but not for protests and other occasions.[1]

Iranian protesters burning the flag of the United States in Tehran, November 2018
Two protesters in Iran tearing an American flag at an anti-American rally.

The literal meaning of the Persian phrase "Marg bar Āmrikā" is "Death to America". In most official Iranian translations, the phrase is translated into English as the less crude "Down with America".[11][12] The chant "Death to America" has come to be employed by various anti-American groups and protesters worldwide.[13]

Iranian officials generally explain that the slogan in its historical context has been provoked by U.S. government's hostile policies towards Iran and expresses outrage at those policies, and does not wish for literal death for American people themselves.[14] In a speech to university students, Iran's Supreme Leader, Khamenei, interpreted the slogan as "death to the U.S.'s policies, death to arrogance".[15] Following a meeting with Army and Air Force commanders, Khamenei declared that the Iranian people are not against American people, but that "Death to America" means down with American leaders, in this case Donald Trump, John Bolton, and Mike Pompeo.[16][17]

History

See also: Iran–United States relations
 
A conference named "Long Live Death to America" held on November 3, 2015, at Tehran University explores historical reasons for chanting the slogan.[18]

Following the fall of the pro-American Pahlavi dynasty in early 1979, Iranian protesters regularly shouted "Death to America" and "Death to the Shah" outside the U.S. embassy in Tehran, including the day the embassy was seized on November 4, 1979, which commenced the Iran hostage crisis.[19] Throughout the crisis, Iranians surrounding the embassy chanted "Death to America" and "Death to Carter."[20] When Iran released the remaining 52 American hostages on January 20, 1981, they were led through a gauntlet of students forming parallel lines that shouted "Death to America" as they boarded the airplane that would fly them out of Tehran.[21] "Death to the Soviet Union" and "Death to England" also became popular. A similar slogan "Death to Israel" (Persian: مرگ بر اسرائیل) is also used, and regularly chanted in Iranian and Pakistani political rallies.[7] It is the best-known variation.[22]

Throughout the existence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the slogan has formed a pillar of its revolutionary values.[11] It is regularly chanted at Friday prayers and other public events, which is often accompanied by a burning of the flag of the United States.[12] These events include the November 4 anniversary of the U.S. embassy seizure, which Iranian leaders declared in 1987 as a national holiday, called "Death to America Day."[23] State-sponsored murals that feature the slogan "Death to America" are common in Iranian cities, particularly Tehran.[24]

However, according to Hashemi Rafsanjani, Khomeini agreed in principle to drop the usage of the slogan in 1984. Rafsanjani's statement was rejected by his hard line opponents who said that "The Imam throughout his life called America 'the Great Satan'. He believed that all the Muslims' problems were caused by America."[25]

According to Politico magazine, following the September 11 attacks, Sayyed Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of Iran, "suspended the usual 'Death to America' chants at Friday prayers" temporarily.[26]

On March 21, 2015, Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei backed and shouted the phrase 'Death to America' while addressing a public gathering in Iran, during the holiday of Nowruz, the Persian New Year.[27][28][29] In a statement published on his website on November 3, 2015, Khamenei said: "It goes without saying that the slogan does not mean death to the American nation; this slogan means death to the U.S.'s policies, death to arrogance."[30][31]

On June 23, 2017, during Quds Day, protestors chanted "Death to America" and "Death to Israel".[32] On April 25, 2018, Iran announced that a "Death to America" emoji would be included in a domestically produced messaging app.[33] On May 9, 2018, an American flag was burned in the Iranian Parliament amidst chants of 'Death to America' after President Donald Trump withdrew from the nuclear deal with Iran.[34] On November 4, 2018, Louis Farrakhan, the leader of the religious group Nation of Islam, led a "Death to America" chant during a solidarity trip to Iran, ahead of sanctions expected to be imposed by the Trump administration.[35][36]

Many anti-Iranian government protesters, both within Iran and abroad, used similar phrases to demonstrate against the theocratic government. Slogans such as "Death to Khamenei", "Death to the Dictator" and "Death to Islamic Republic" have been chanted in those occasions, the latest being the Mahsa Amini protests, which began in September 2022.[37][38] Protesters also refused to trample over giant U.S. and Israeli flags that had been painted on the ground of the universities,[39] which was praised by President Donald Trump in 2020.[40]

At the funeral of Qasem Soleimani, the chant "Death to America" could be heard from many mourners across Baghdad, Islamabad, Karachi and many other cities.[6][7][8]

Usage in the Middle East

 
The slogan on the flag of the Houthis in Yemen reads, "Allah is the greatest. Death to America. Death to Israel. A curse upon the Jews. Victory to Islam."

Supporters of Hezbollah, the Shi'a Islamic militant group based in Lebanon that is closely aligned to Iran, regularly chant "Death to America" in street demonstrations.[41] A week before the March 20, 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah declared, "In the past, when the Marines were in Beirut, we screamed, 'Death to America!' Today, when the region is being filled with hundreds of thousands of American soldiers, 'Death to America!' was, is and will stay our slogan."[3]

The slogan of the Houthis, a Shiite rebel group in Yemen also supported by Iran,[42] is "God is Great, Death to America, Death to Israel, A curse upon the Jews, Victory to Islam."[4]

Interpretation and meaning

Mohammad Nahavandian, chief of staff for Iranian (former) President Hassan Rouhani has said that:

If you go and ask anyone who uses that slogan [...] what he is against, it is interference in Iran's policies by overthrowing a nationally elected prime minister at the time of Mossadegh. For them, what they are against is the kind of government who shoots an airplane full of innocent passengers. For them, it's not the people of America, per se. For them, they are opposed to that sort of policy, that sort of attitude, that sort of arrogance. It's not a nation. It's a system of behavior."[14]

"Regarding the words 'Death to America', we mean American politics, not the American people", says Hussein al Hamran, head of Foreign Relations for Ansar Allah (Houthis).[43] Ali al-Bukhayti, a former spokesperson and official media face of the Houthis, has said: "We do not really want death to anyone. The slogan is simply against the interference of those governments [i.e. US, and Israel]".[44]

Iranian president Hassan Rouhani has also dismissed the literal interpretation of the slogan, stating that the slogan is to express opposition to US intrusive policies rather than hatred against American people.[45]

On 8 February 2019, Ali Khamenei stated "Death to America means death to Trump, Bolton and Pompeo. We criticize American politicians who are managing that country. Iranian nation are not against American people."[16]

Travel writer Rick Steves recorded a taxi driver in Tehran exclaiming "Death to traffic!" in English, explaining that "when something frustrates us and we have no control over it, this is what we say". Steves compares the phrase to non-literal use of the word damn in American English.[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Arash Karami: Khomeini Orders Media to End 'Death to America' Chant 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Iran Pulse, October 13, 2013
  2. ^ "Protestors Chant 'Death to America' Amid Leaflet Outcry". TOLOnews. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  3. ^ a b "Hezbollah Vows Anew to Target Americans". Los Angeles Times. 17 April 2003.
  4. ^ a b "Yemen's 'Death to America' rebels bring calm to northern Yemen". The Christian Science Monitor. 28 October 2012.
  5. ^ Hassan, Falih; Hubbard, Ben; Rubin, Alissa J. (2019-12-31). "Protesters Attack U.S. Embassy in Iraq, Chanting 'Death to America'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  6. ^ a b "Mourners shout 'Death to America' at funeral for Iranian general". ITV News. 4 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-04.
  7. ^ a b c Peshimam, Syed Raza Hassan, Gibran Naiyyar (2020-01-05). "Thousands protest in Pakistan over U.S. killing of Iranian commander". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  8. ^ a b "Pakistan Stress Neutrality, Big Rally Protests Killing of Soleimani | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  9. ^ Vanessa Martin (2003). Creating An Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran. p. 152. ISBN 9781860649004.
  10. ^ Philip Herbst (2003). Talking Terrorism: A Dictionary of the Loaded Language of Political Violence. p. 6. ISBN 9780313324864.
  11. ^ a b "The politics of 'Death to America'". The Washington Post. 8 October 2013.
  12. ^ a b "Iran's hardliners planning 'Death to America' rally on anniversary of US Embassy attack". The National. 22 October 2013.
  13. ^ Herbst, p. 6-7
  14. ^ a b ""Death to America" and the Iran Deal". New Yorker. 30 July 2015.
  15. ^ Melvin, Don (5 November 2015). "Iranian leader: 'Death to America' refers to policies, not the nation". CNN. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  16. ^ a b Erdbrink, Thomas (8 February 2019). "'Death to America' Means 'Death to Trump'". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  17. ^ "Down with USA' means down with Trump, Bolton, and Pompeo". english.khamenei. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  18. ^ "عکس/سعید جلیلی در همایش زنده باد مرگ بر آمریکا | مرگ بر آمریکا | قرارگاه سایبری صیانت از شعار مردمی مرگ بر آمریکا". margbaramerica.net. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
  19. ^ David Patrick Houghton (2001). US Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis. p. 51. ISBN 9780521805094.
  20. ^ Mark Bowden (2006). Guests of the Ayatollah: The First Battle in America's War with Militant Islam. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 221, 245. ISBN 9780871139252. death to america.
  21. ^ Bowden, p. 584
  22. ^ Taylor, Adam (4 November 2015). "Why 'Death to America' won't go away". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  23. ^ "Millions Of Iranians Demonstrate Against U.S." Associated Press News. 3 November 1987.
  24. ^ Lina Khatib (2012). Image Politics in the Middle East: The Role of the Visual in Political Struggle. pp. 81–83. ISBN 9781848852822.
  25. ^ Khomeini 'sought to drop Death to America chant', Guardian, Robert Tait, 20 August 2007
  26. ^ 34 Years of Getting to No with Iran. Politico Magazine. Barbara Slavin. November 19, 2013. . at WebCite. Retrieved and archived on July 4th, 2016.
  27. ^ "'Death to America': Iran's Supreme Leader accuses the US of 'bullying'". Euronews. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  28. ^ "Iran's supreme leader screams 'Death to America' amid ongoing nuclear talks". New York Post. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  29. ^ "Obama downplays Iran 'death to America' remarks, toes hard line on Benjamin Netanyahu". The Washington Times. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  30. ^ Dehghan, Saeed (November 3, 2015). "Iran's Ayatollah clarifies that 'death to America' slogan refers to policies". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  31. ^ Vinograd, Cassandra (3 November 2015). "Iran's Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Explains 'Death to America' Slogan". NBC News. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  32. ^ "'Death to Israel.', 'Death to America' at Iranian parade". Arutz Sheva. June 23, 2017.
  33. ^ "'Death to America' emoji reportedly included in Iran messaging app". CNBC. April 25, 2018.
  34. ^ Iran lawmakers shout 'death to America,' burn U.S. flag after Trump nixes nuclear deal usatoday.com
  35. ^ Parke, Caleb (November 5, 2018). "Louis Farrakhan, Nation of Islam leader, leads 'Death to America' chant in Iran". Fox News.
  36. ^ Renowned antisemite louis farrakhan chants death to america on solidarity trip to Iran algemeiner.com
  37. ^ 'Death to Khamenei': After Protests, Iran's President Apologizes Over Power Blackouts
  38. ^ 'Death to the Dictator' - Iran protests rage on
  39. ^ Iran protests: Crowds in Tehran refuse to walk on U.S. and Israeli flags
  40. ^ Trump hails Iran protesters for not trampling US flag, Hurriyet Daily News
  41. ^ Wistrich, Robert (5 January 2010). A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad. p. 974. ISBN 9781588368997.
  42. ^ "With Arms for Yemen Rebels, Iran Seeks Wider Mideast Role". The New York Times. 15 March 2012.
  43. ^ "Yemen in crisis". Esquire. 4 Jun 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  44. ^ "Photo Essay: Rise of the Houthis". Newsweek. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  45. ^ "'Death to America' chants not personal, Rouhani says". Retrieved 2017-10-15.
  46. ^ Steves, Rick (2018). Travel as a Political Act. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8133-5116-2.

May 19, 2023
death, america, persian, مرگ, بر, آمریکا, romanized, marg, Āmrikā, arabic, الموت, لأمريكا, romanized, mawt, amrīkā, anti, american, political, slogan, used, iran, afghanistan, lebanon, yemen, iraq, pakistan, been, used, iran, since, inception, iranian, revolut. Death to America Persian مرگ بر آمریکا romanized Marg bar Amrika Arabic الموت لأمريكا romanized al mawt li Amrika is an anti American political slogan It is used in Iran 1 Afghanistan 2 Lebanon 3 Yemen 4 Iraq 5 6 and Pakistan 7 8 It has been used in Iran since the inception of the Iranian Revolution in 1979 9 Ruhollah Khomeini the first Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran popularized the term 10 He opposed the chant for radio and television but not for protests and other occasions 1 Iranian protesters burning the flag of the United States in Tehran November 2018 Two protesters in Iran tearing an American flag at an anti American rally The literal meaning of the Persian phrase Marg bar Amrika is Death to America In most official Iranian translations the phrase is translated into English as the less crude Down with America 11 12 The chant Death to America has come to be employed by various anti American groups and protesters worldwide 13 Iranian officials generally explain that the slogan in its historical context has been provoked by U S government s hostile policies towards Iran and expresses outrage at those policies and does not wish for literal death for American people themselves 14 In a speech to university students Iran s Supreme Leader Khamenei interpreted the slogan as death to the U S s policies death to arrogance 15 Following a meeting with Army and Air Force commanders Khamenei declared that the Iranian people are not against American people but that Death to America means down with American leaders in this case Donald Trump John Bolton and Mike Pompeo 16 17 Contents 1 History 2 Usage in the Middle East 3 Interpretation and meaning 4 See also 5 ReferencesHistory EditSee also Iran United States relations A conference named Long Live Death to America held on November 3 2015 at Tehran University explores historical reasons for chanting the slogan 18 Following the fall of the pro American Pahlavi dynasty in early 1979 Iranian protesters regularly shouted Death to America and Death to the Shah outside the U S embassy in Tehran including the day the embassy was seized on November 4 1979 which commenced the Iran hostage crisis 19 Throughout the crisis Iranians surrounding the embassy chanted Death to America and Death to Carter 20 When Iran released the remaining 52 American hostages on January 20 1981 they were led through a gauntlet of students forming parallel lines that shouted Death to America as they boarded the airplane that would fly them out of Tehran 21 Death to the Soviet Union and Death to England also became popular A similar slogan Death to Israel Persian مرگ بر اسرائیل is also used and regularly chanted in Iranian and Pakistani political rallies 7 It is the best known variation 22 Throughout the existence of the Islamic Republic of Iran the slogan has formed a pillar of its revolutionary values 11 It is regularly chanted at Friday prayers and other public events which is often accompanied by a burning of the flag of the United States 12 These events include the November 4 anniversary of the U S embassy seizure which Iranian leaders declared in 1987 as a national holiday called Death to America Day 23 State sponsored murals that feature the slogan Death to America are common in Iranian cities particularly Tehran 24 However according to Hashemi Rafsanjani Khomeini agreed in principle to drop the usage of the slogan in 1984 Rafsanjani s statement was rejected by his hard line opponents who said that The Imam throughout his life called America the Great Satan He believed that all the Muslims problems were caused by America 25 According to Politico magazine following the September 11 attacks Sayyed Ali Khamenei the Supreme Leader of Iran suspended the usual Death to America chants at Friday prayers temporarily 26 On March 21 2015 Iran s Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei backed and shouted the phrase Death to America while addressing a public gathering in Iran during the holiday of Nowruz the Persian New Year 27 28 29 In a statement published on his website on November 3 2015 Khamenei said It goes without saying that the slogan does not mean death to the American nation this slogan means death to the U S s policies death to arrogance 30 31 On June 23 2017 during Quds Day protestors chanted Death to America and Death to Israel 32 On April 25 2018 Iran announced that a Death to America emoji would be included in a domestically produced messaging app 33 On May 9 2018 an American flag was burned in the Iranian Parliament amidst chants of Death to America after President Donald Trump withdrew from the nuclear deal with Iran 34 On November 4 2018 Louis Farrakhan the leader of the religious group Nation of Islam led a Death to America chant during a solidarity trip to Iran ahead of sanctions expected to be imposed by the Trump administration 35 36 Many anti Iranian government protesters both within Iran and abroad used similar phrases to demonstrate against the theocratic government Slogans such as Death to Khamenei Death to the Dictator and Death to Islamic Republic have been chanted in those occasions the latest being the Mahsa Amini protests which began in September 2022 37 38 Protesters also refused to trample over giant U S and Israeli flags that had been painted on the ground of the universities 39 which was praised by President Donald Trump in 2020 40 At the funeral of Qasem Soleimani the chant Death to America could be heard from many mourners across Baghdad Islamabad Karachi and many other cities 6 7 8 Usage in the Middle East Edit The slogan on the flag of the Houthis in Yemen reads Allah is the greatest Death to America Death to Israel A curse upon the Jews Victory to Islam Supporters of Hezbollah the Shi a Islamic militant group based in Lebanon that is closely aligned to Iran regularly chant Death to America in street demonstrations 41 A week before the March 20 2003 U S invasion of Iraq Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah declared In the past when the Marines were in Beirut we screamed Death to America Today when the region is being filled with hundreds of thousands of American soldiers Death to America was is and will stay our slogan 3 The slogan of the Houthis a Shiite rebel group in Yemen also supported by Iran 42 is God is Great Death to America Death to Israel A curse upon the Jews Victory to Islam 4 Interpretation and meaning EditMohammad Nahavandian chief of staff for Iranian former President Hassan Rouhani has said that If you go and ask anyone who uses that slogan what he is against it is interference in Iran s policies by overthrowing a nationally elected prime minister at the time of Mossadegh For them what they are against is the kind of government who shoots an airplane full of innocent passengers For them it s not the people of America per se For them they are opposed to that sort of policy that sort of attitude that sort of arrogance It s not a nation It s a system of behavior 14 Regarding the words Death to America we mean American politics not the American people says Hussein al Hamran head of Foreign Relations for Ansar Allah Houthis 43 Ali al Bukhayti a former spokesperson and official media face of the Houthis has said We do not really want death to anyone The slogan is simply against the interference of those governments i e US and Israel 44 Iranian president Hassan Rouhani has also dismissed the literal interpretation of the slogan stating that the slogan is to express opposition to US intrusive policies rather than hatred against American people 45 On 8 February 2019 Ali Khamenei stated Death to America means death to Trump Bolton and Pompeo We criticize American politicians who are managing that country Iranian nation are not against American people 16 Travel writer Rick Steves recorded a taxi driver in Tehran exclaiming Death to traffic in English explaining that when something frustrates us and we have no control over it this is what we say Steves compares the phrase to non literal use of the word damn in American English 46 See also EditGreat Satan Global arrogance Iran United States relations Slogans of the 1979 Iranian Revolution American Islam term References Edit a b Arash Karami Khomeini Orders Media to End Death to America Chant Archived 2016 03 04 at the Wayback Machine Iran Pulse October 13 2013 Protestors Chant Death to America Amid Leaflet Outcry TOLOnews Retrieved 2021 07 29 a b Hezbollah Vows Anew to Target Americans Los Angeles Times 17 April 2003 a b Yemen s Death to America rebels bring calm to northern Yemen The Christian Science Monitor 28 October 2012 Hassan Falih Hubbard Ben Rubin Alissa J 2019 12 31 Protesters Attack U S Embassy in Iraq Chanting Death to America The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2021 07 28 a b Mourners shout Death to America at funeral for Iranian general ITV News 4 January 2020 Retrieved 2020 01 04 a b c Peshimam Syed Raza Hassan Gibran Naiyyar 2020 01 05 Thousands protest in Pakistan over U S killing of Iranian commander Reuters Retrieved 2021 07 28 a b Pakistan Stress Neutrality Big Rally Protests Killing of Soleimani Voice of America English www voanews com Retrieved 2021 07 28 Vanessa Martin 2003 Creating An Islamic State Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran p 152 ISBN 9781860649004 Philip Herbst 2003 Talking Terrorism A Dictionary of the Loaded Language of Political Violence p 6 ISBN 9780313324864 a b The politics of Death to America The Washington Post 8 October 2013 a b Iran s hardliners planning Death to America rally on anniversary of US Embassy attack The National 22 October 2013 Herbst p 6 7 a b Death to America and the Iran Deal New Yorker 30 July 2015 Melvin Don 5 November 2015 Iranian leader Death to America refers to policies not the nation CNN Retrieved 9 December 2015 a b Erdbrink Thomas 8 February 2019 Death to America Means Death to Trump The New York Times Retrieved 8 February 2019 Down with USA means down with Trump Bolton and Pompeo english khamenei Retrieved 8 February 2019 عکس سعید جلیلی در همایش زنده باد مرگ بر آمریکا مرگ بر آمریکا قرارگاه سایبری صیانت از شعار مردمی مرگ بر آمریکا margbaramerica net Retrieved 2017 06 24 David Patrick Houghton 2001 US Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis p 51 ISBN 9780521805094 Mark Bowden 2006 Guests of the Ayatollah The First Battle in America s War with Militant Islam Atlantic Monthly Press p 221 245 ISBN 9780871139252 death to america Bowden p 584 Taylor Adam 4 November 2015 Why Death to America won t go away The Washington Post Retrieved 5 February 2018 Millions Of Iranians Demonstrate Against U S Associated Press News 3 November 1987 Lina Khatib 2012 Image Politics in the Middle East The Role of the Visual in Political Struggle pp 81 83 ISBN 9781848852822 Khomeini sought to drop Death to America chant Guardian Robert Tait 20 August 2007 34 Years of Getting to No with Iran Politico Magazine Barbara Slavin November 19 2013 Permanent Archived Link Permanent Archived Link at WebCite Retrieved and archived on July 4th 2016 Death to America Iran s Supreme Leader accuses the US of bullying Euronews Retrieved 21 March 2015 Iran s supreme leader screams Death to America amid ongoing nuclear talks New York Post Retrieved 23 March 2015 Obama downplays Iran death to America remarks toes hard line on Benjamin Netanyahu The Washington Times Retrieved 23 March 2015 Dehghan Saeed November 3 2015 Iran s Ayatollah clarifies that death to America slogan refers to policies The Guardian Retrieved 6 November 2015 Vinograd Cassandra 3 November 2015 Iran s Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Explains Death to America Slogan NBC News Retrieved 6 November 2015 Death to Israel Death to America at Iranian parade Arutz Sheva June 23 2017 Death to America emoji reportedly included in Iran messaging app CNBC April 25 2018 Iran lawmakers shout death to America burn U S flag after Trump nixes nuclear deal usatoday com Parke Caleb November 5 2018 Louis Farrakhan Nation of Islam leader leads Death to America chant in Iran Fox News Renowned antisemite louis farrakhan chants death to america on solidarity trip to Iran algemeiner com Death to Khamenei After Protests Iran s President Apologizes Over Power Blackouts Death to the Dictator Iran protests rage on Iran protests Crowds in Tehran refuse to walk on U S and Israeli flags Trump hails Iran protesters for not trampling US flag Hurriyet Daily News Wistrich Robert 5 January 2010 A Lethal Obsession Anti Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad p 974 ISBN 9781588368997 With Arms for Yemen Rebels Iran Seeks Wider Mideast Role The New York Times 15 March 2012 Yemen in crisis Esquire 4 Jun 2015 Retrieved 5 September 2015 Photo Essay Rise of the Houthis Newsweek 9 February 2015 Retrieved 27 March 2015 Death to America chants not personal Rouhani says Retrieved 2017 10 15 Steves Rick 2018 Travel as a Political Act Avalon Publishing ISBN 978 0 8133 5116 2 Death to America at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Death to America amp oldid 1154723354, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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