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German literature

April 23, 2023

German literature (German: Deutschsprachige Literatur) comprises those literary texts written in the German language. This includes literature written in Germany, Austria, the German parts of Switzerland and Belgium, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, South Tyrol in Italy and to a lesser extent works of the German diaspora. German literature of the modern period is mostly in Standard German, but there are some currents of literature influenced to a greater or lesser degree by dialects (e.g. Alemannic).

Medieval German literature is literature written in Germany, stretching from the Carolingian dynasty; various dates have been given for the end of the German literary Middle Ages, the Reformation (1517) being the last possible cut-off point. The Old High German period is reckoned to run until about the mid-11th century; the most famous works are the Hildebrandslied and a heroic epic known as the Heliand. Middle High German starts in the 12th century; the key works include The Ring (ca. 1410) and the poems of Oswald von Wolkenstein and Johannes von Tepl. The Baroque period (1600 to 1720) was one of the most fertile times in German literature. Modern literature in German begins with the authors of the Enlightenment (such as Herder). The Sensibility movement of the 1750s–1770s ended with Goethe's best-selling The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774). The Sturm und Drang and Weimar Classicism movements were led by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. German Romanticism was the dominant movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Biedermeier refers to the literature, music, the visual arts and interior design in the period between the years 1815 (Vienna Congress), the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and 1848, the year of the European revolutions. Under the Nazi regime, some authors went into exile (Exilliteratur) and others submitted to censorship ("internal emigration", Innere Emigration). The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to German language authors fourteen times (as of 2020), or the second most often, tying with French language authors, after English language authors (with 32 laureates) with winners including Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Günter Grass, and Peter Handke.

Periodization

Periodization is not an exact science but the following list contains movements or time periods typically used in discussing German literature. It seems worth noting that the periods of medieval German literature span two or three centuries, those of early modern German literature span one century, and those of modern German literature each span one or two decades. The closer one nears the present, the more debated the periodizations become.

 
Graph of works listed in Frenzel, Daten deutscher Dichtung (1953). Visible is medieval literature overlapping with Renaissance up to the 1540s, modern literature beginning 1720, and baroque-era works (1570 to 1730) in between; there is a 20-year gap, 1545–1565, separating the Renaissance from the Baroque era.
The Diagram was first published in Olaf Simons, Marteaus Europa, oder Der Roman, bevor er Literatur wurde (Amsterdam/ Atlanta: Rodopi, 2001), p. 12. It does not give a picture of the actual production of German literature, but the selection and classification of literary works by Herbert Alfred and Elizabeth Frenzel.[1]

Middle Ages

Medieval German literature refers to literature written in Germany, stretching from the Carolingian dynasty; various dates have been given for the end of the German literary Middle Ages, the Reformation (1517) being the last possible cut-off point.

Old High German

Main article: Old High German literature

The Old High German period is reckoned to run until about the mid-11th century, though the boundary to Early Middle High German (second half of the 11th century) is not clear-cut.

The most famous work in OHG is the Hildebrandslied, a short piece of Germanic alliterative heroic verse which besides the Muspilli is the sole survivor of what must have been a vast oral tradition. Another important work, in the northern dialect of Old Saxon, is a life of Christ in the style of a heroic epic known as the Heliand.

Middle High German

Main article: Middle High German literature

Middle High German proper runs from the beginning of the 12th century, and in the second half of the 12th century, there was a sudden intensification of activity, leading to a 60-year "golden age" of medieval German literature referred to as the mittelhochdeutsche Blütezeit (1170–1230). This was the period of the blossoming of MHG lyric poetry, particularly Minnesang (the German variety of the originally French tradition of courtly love). One of the most important of these poets was Walther von der Vogelweide. The same sixty years saw the composition of the most important courtly romances. These are written in rhyming couplets, and again draw on French models such as Chrétien de Troyes, many of them relating Arthurian material, for example, Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach. The third literary movement of these years was a new revamping of the heroic tradition, in which the ancient Germanic oral tradition can still be discerned, but tamed and Christianized and adapted for the court. These high medieval heroic epics are written in rhymed strophes, not the alliterative verse of Germanic prehistory (for example, the Nibelungenlied).

The Middle High German period is conventionally taken to end in 1350, while the Early New High German is taken to begin with the German Renaissance, after the invention of movable type in the mid-15th century. Therefore, the literature of the late 14th and the early 15th century falls, as it were, in the cracks between Middle and New High German, and can be classified as either. Works of this transitional period include The Ring (c. 1410), the poems of Oswald von Wolkenstein and Johannes von Tepl, the German versions of Pontus and Sidonia, and arguably the works of Hans Folz and Sebastian Brant (Ship of Fools, 1494), among others. The Volksbuch (chapbook) tradition which would flourish in the 16th century also finds its origin in the second half of the 15th century.

Early Modern period

Further information: Early Modern literature, Early Modern history of Germany, and Early New High German

German Renaissance and Reformation

Main article: Early New High German literature
Further information: German Renaissance, Humanism in Germany, and Protestant Reformation
Further information: Early New High German

Baroque period

The Baroque period (1600 to 1720) was one of the most fertile times in German literature. Many writers reflected the horrible experiences of the Thirty Years' War, in poetry and prose. Grimmelshausen's adventures of the young and naïve Simplicissimus, in the eponymous book Simplicius Simplicissimus,[2] became the most famous novel of the Baroque period. Martin Opitz established rules for the "purity" of language, style, verse and rhyme. Andreas Gryphius and Daniel Caspar von Lohenstein wrote German language tragedies, or Trauerspiele, often on Classical themes and frequently quite violent. Erotic, religious and occasional poetry appeared in both German and Latin. Sibylle Ursula von Braunschweig-Lüneburg wrote part of a novel, Die Durchlauchtige Syrerin Aramena (Aramena, the noble Syrian lady), which when complete would be the most famous courtly novel in German Baroque literature; it was finished by her brother Anton Ulrich and edited by Sigmund von Birken.[3][4]

18th century

The Enlightenment

Further information: The Enlightenment

Sensibility

Empfindsamkeit / Sensibility (1750s–1770s) Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock (1724–1803), Christian Fürchtegott Gellert (1715–1769), Sophie de La Roche (1730–1807). The period culminates and ends in Goethe's best-selling Die Leiden des jungen Werthers (1774).

Sturm und Drang

Main article: Sturm und Drang

Sturm und Drang (the conventional translation is "Storm and Stress"; a more literal translation, however, might be storm and urge, storm and longing, or storm and impulse) is the name of a movement in German literature and music taking place from the late 1760s through the early 1780s in which individual subjectivity and, in particular, extremes of emotion were given free expression in response to the confines of rationalism imposed by the Enlightenment and associated aesthetic movements. The philosopher Johann Georg Hamann is considered to be the ideologue of Sturm und Drang, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a notable proponent of the movement, though he and Friedrich Schiller ended their period of association with it, initiating what would become Weimar Classicism.

19th century

German Classicism

Main article: Weimar Classicism

Weimar Classicism (German “Weimarer Klassik” and “Weimarer Klassizismus”) is a cultural and literary movement of Europe, and its central ideas were originally propounded by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller during the period 1786 to 1805.

Romanticism

German Romanticism was the dominant movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. German Romanticism developed relatively late compared to its English counterpart, coinciding in its early years with the movement known as German Classicism or Weimar Classicism, which it opposed. In contrast to the seriousness of English Romanticism, the German variety is notable for valuing humor and wit as well as beauty. The early German romantics tried to create a new synthesis of art, philosophy, and science, looking to the Middle Ages as a simpler, more integrated period. As time went on, however, they became increasingly aware of the tenuousness of the unity they were seeking. Later German Romanticism emphasized the tension between the everyday world and the seemingly irrational and supernatural projections of creative genius. Heinrich Heine in particular criticized the tendency of the early romantics to look to the medieval past for a model of unity in art and society.

Biedermeier and Vormärz

Biedermeier refers to work in the fields of literature, music, the visual arts and interior design in the period between the years 1815 (Vienna Congress), the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and 1848, the year of the European revolutions and contrasts with the Romantic era which preceded it. Typical Biedermeier poets are Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, Adelbert von Chamisso, Eduard Mörike, and Wilhelm Müller, the last three named having well-known musical settings by Robert Schumann, Hugo Wolf and Franz Schubert respectively.

Young Germany (Junges Deutschland) was a loose group of Vormärz writers which existed from about 1830 to 1850. It was essentially a youth movement (similar to those that had swept France and Ireland and originated in Italy). Its main proponents were Karl Gutzkow, Heinrich Laube, Theodor Mundt and Ludolf Wienbarg; Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Börne and Georg Büchner were also considered part of the movement. The wider circle included Willibald Alexis, Adolf Glassbrenner and Gustav Kühne.

Realism and Naturalism

Poetic Realism (1848–1890): Theodor Fontane, Gustav Freitag, Gottfried Keller, Wilhelm Raabe, Adalbert Stifter, Theodor Storm

Naturalism (1880–1900): Gerhart Hauptmann

20th century

1900 to 1933

Well known writers of the 20th century

A well-known writer of German literature was Franz Kafka. A Kafka novel, The Trial, was ranked #3 on Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century.[5] Kafka's iconic writing style that captures themes of bureaucracy and existentialism resulted in the coining of the term “Kafkaesque.”[6] Kafka's writing allowed a peek into his melancholic life, one where he felt isolated from all human beings, one of his inspirations for writing.[7]

Nazi Germany

Under the Nazi regime, some authors went into exile (Exilliteratur) and others submitted to censorship ("inner emigration", Innere Emigration)

1945 to 1989

21st century

 
Frankfurt book fair 2016

Much of contemporary poetry in the German language is published in literary magazines. DAS GEDICHT, for instance, has featured German poetry from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Luxemburg for the last twenty years.

Nobel Prize laureates

Further information: Nobel Prize in Literature

The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to German-language authors fourteen times (as of 2020), tying with French-language authors, or the second most often after English-language authors (with 32).

The following writers are from Germany unless stated otherwise:

Thomas Mann
(1875–1955) 		Hermann Hesse
(1877–1962)
   

See also

References

  1. ^ The Frenzels' work remains standard as defining a modern canon of German literature; however, the selection of authors especially for the Nazi era has been criticized as "grotesque" or as exhibiting "bizarre gaps" (viz. omitting Jewish authors); see Volker Weidermann, Ein grotesker Kanon, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 11 May 2009. Daten deutscher Dichtung was reprinted in 35 editions, but was discontinued in 2009.
  2. ^ Grimmelshausen, H. J. Chr. (1669). Der abentheurliche Simplicissimus [The adventurous Simplicissimus] (in German). Nuremberg: J. Fillion. OCLC 22567416.
  3. ^ Hilary Brown (2012). Luise Gottsched the Translator. Camden House. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-1-57113-510-0.
  4. ^ Jo Catling (23 March 2000). A History of Women's Writing in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–. ISBN 978-0-521-65628-3.
  5. ^ "Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century by Le Monde - The Greatest Books". thegreatestbooks.org. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  6. ^ "Why Kafka Still Matters | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  7. ^ "Franz Kafka Biography". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  8. ^ Cuadra, P. V. (2010). "Las traducciones al español de literatura intercultural alemana". Revista de Filología Alemana: 301–309.
  9. ^ Twenty-Third Annual Bibliography, 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Max Kade Center for Contemporary German Literature at the Washington University, in St. Louis, Missouri, Retrieved 13 December 2011

Literature

English

  • Cambridge History of German Literature. Watanabe-O’Kelly, Helen, ed. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Konzett, Matthias Piccolruaz. Encyclopedia of German Literature. Routledge, 2000.
  • The Oxford Companion to German Literature, ed. by Mary Garland and Henry Garland, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 1997
  • Grange, William, ed. Historical dictionary of German literature to 1945 (2011) online
  • Van Cleve, John W. (1986). The Merchant in German Literature of the Enlightenment. Chapel Hill.
  • Van Cleve, John W. (1991). The Problem of Wealth in the Literature of Luther's Germany. Camden House.

German

  • Bernd Lutz, Benedikt Jeßing (eds.): Metzler Lexikon Autoren: Deutschsprachige Dichter und Schriftsteller vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, Stuttgart und Weimar: 4., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage 2010
  • Theo Breuer, Aus dem Hinterland. Lyrik nach 2000, Sistig/Eifel : Edition YE, 2005, ISBN 3-87512-186-4
  • Theo Breuer, Kiesel & Kastanie (ed.): Von neuen Gedichten und Geschichten, Sistig/Eifel : Edition YE, 2008, ISBN 3-87512-347-6
  • Jürgen Brocan, Jan Kuhlbrodt (eds.), Umkreisungen. 25 Auskünfte zum Gedicht, Leipzig: Poetenladen Literaturverlag, 2010
  • Manfred Enzensperger (ed.), Die Hölderlin-Ameisen: Vom Finden und Erfinden der Poesie, Cologne: Dumont, 2005
  • Peter von Matt, Die verdächtige Pracht. Über Dichter und Gedichte, Munich [etc.] : Hanser, 1998
  • Joachim Sartorius (ed.), Mimima Poetica. Für eine Poetik des zeitgenössischen Gedichts, Cologne : Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1999

Anthologies

  • German poetry from 1750 to 1900, ed. by Robert M. Browning. Foreword by Michael Hamburger, New York : Continuum, 1984, 281 pp. (German Library), ISBN 0-8264-0283-6
  • Twentieth-Century German Poetry: An Anthology, edited by Michael Hofmann, New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2008 (Paperback Edition), 544 pp., ISBN 0-374-53093-9
  • Heinz Ludwig Arnold (ed.), TEXT+KRITIK: Lyrik des 20. Jahrhunderts (1999).
  • Verena Auffermann, Hubert Winkels (ed.), Beste Deutsche Erzähler (2000–)
  • Hans Bender (ed.), In diesem Lande leben wir. Deutsche Gedichte der Gegenwart (1978)
  • Hans Bender, Was sind das für Zeiten. Deutschsprachige Gedichte der achtziger Jahre (1988)
  • Christoph Buchwald, Uljana Wolf (ed.), Jahrbuch der Lyrik 2009 (2009)
  • Karl Otto Conrady (ed.), Der Große Conrady. Das Buch deutscher Gedichte. Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart (2008).
  • Hugo von Hofmannsthal (ed.), Deutsche Erzähler I (1912, 1979)
  • Marie Luise Kaschnitz (ed.), Deutsche Erzähler II (1971, 1979)
  • Boris Kerenski & Sergiu Stefanescu, Kaltland Beat. Neue deutsche Szene (1999)
  • Axel Kutsch (ed.), Versnetze. Deutschsprachige Lyrik der Gegenwart (2009)
  • Andreas Neumeister, Marcel Hartges (ed.), Poetry! Slam! Texte der Pop-Fraktion (1996)

External links

April 23, 2023
german, literature, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, june, 2022, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, . This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations June 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message German literature German Deutschsprachige Literatur comprises those literary texts written in the German language This includes literature written in Germany Austria the German parts of Switzerland and Belgium Liechtenstein Luxembourg South Tyrol in Italy and to a lesser extent works of the German diaspora German literature of the modern period is mostly in Standard German but there are some currents of literature influenced to a greater or lesser degree by dialects e g Alemannic The Frankfurt Book Fair Medieval German literature is literature written in Germany stretching from the Carolingian dynasty various dates have been given for the end of the German literary Middle Ages the Reformation 1517 being the last possible cut off point The Old High German period is reckoned to run until about the mid 11th century the most famous works are the Hildebrandslied and a heroic epic known as the Heliand Middle High German starts in the 12th century the key works include The Ring ca 1410 and the poems of Oswald von Wolkenstein and Johannes von Tepl The Baroque period 1600 to 1720 was one of the most fertile times in German literature Modern literature in German begins with the authors of the Enlightenment such as Herder The Sensibility movement of the 1750s 1770s ended with Goethe s best selling The Sorrows of Young Werther 1774 The Sturm und Drang and Weimar Classicism movements were led by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller German Romanticism was the dominant movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries Biedermeier refers to the literature music the visual arts and interior design in the period between the years 1815 Vienna Congress the end of the Napoleonic Wars and 1848 the year of the European revolutions Under the Nazi regime some authors went into exile Exilliteratur and others submitted to censorship internal emigration Innere Emigration The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to German language authors fourteen times as of 2020 or the second most often tying with French language authors after English language authors with 32 laureates with winners including Thomas Mann Hermann Hesse Gunter Grass and Peter Handke Contents 1 Periodization 2 Middle Ages 2 1 Old High German 2 2 Middle High German 3 Early Modern period 3 1 German Renaissance and Reformation 3 2 Baroque period 4 18th century 4 1 The Enlightenment 4 2 Sensibility 4 3 Sturm und Drang 5 19th century 5 1 German Classicism 5 2 Romanticism 5 3 Biedermeier and Vormarz 5 4 Realism and Naturalism 6 20th century 6 1 1900 to 1933 6 2 Well known writers of the 20th century 6 3 Nazi Germany 6 4 1945 to 1989 7 21st century 8 Nobel Prize laureates 9 See also 10 References 11 Literature 11 1 English 11 2 German 11 3 Anthologies 12 External linksPeriodization EditPeriodization is not an exact science but the following list contains movements or time periods typically used in discussing German literature It seems worth noting that the periods of medieval German literature span two or three centuries those of early modern German literature span one century and those of modern German literature each span one or two decades The closer one nears the present the more debated the periodizations become Graph of works listed in Frenzel Daten deutscher Dichtung 1953 Visible is medieval literature overlapping with Renaissance up to the 1540s modern literature beginning 1720 and baroque era works 1570 to 1730 in between there is a 20 year gap 1545 1565 separating the Renaissance from the Baroque era The Diagram was first published in Olaf Simons Marteaus Europa oder Der Roman bevor er Literatur wurde Amsterdam Atlanta Rodopi 2001 p 12 It does not give a picture of the actual production of German literature but the selection and classification of literary works by Herbert Alfred and Elizabeth Frenzel 1 Medieval German literature Old High German literature 750 1050 Middle High German literature 1050 1350 Late medieval Renaissance 1350 1500 Early Modern German literature see Early Modern literature Humanism and Protestant Reformation 1500 1650 Baroque 1600 1720 Enlightenment 1680 1789 Modern German literature 18th and 19th century German literature Empfindsamkeit Sensibility 1750s 1770s Sturm und Drang Storm and Stress 1760s 1780s German Classicism 1729 1832 Weimar Classicism 1788 1805 or 1788 1832 depending on Schiller s 1805 or Goethe s 1832 death German Romanticism 1790s 1880s Biedermeier 1815 1848 Young Germany 1830 1850 Poetic Realism 1848 1890 Naturalism 1880 1900 20th century German literature 1900 1933 Fin de siecle c 1900 Symbolism Expressionism 1910 1920 Dada 1914 1924 New Objectivity Neue Sachlichkeit Well Known Writers of the 20th Century 1933 1945 National Socialist literature Exile literature 1945 1989 By country Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic Austria Switzerland Other By thematic or group Post war literature 1945 1967 Group 47 Holocaust literature Contemporary German literature 1989 Middle Ages EditMedieval German literature refers to literature written in Germany stretching from the Carolingian dynasty various dates have been given for the end of the German literary Middle Ages the Reformation 1517 being the last possible cut off point Old High German Edit Main article Old High German literature The Old High German period is reckoned to run until about the mid 11th century though the boundary to Early Middle High German second half of the 11th century is not clear cut The most famous work in OHG is the Hildebrandslied a short piece of Germanic alliterative heroic verse which besides the Muspilli is the sole survivor of what must have been a vast oral tradition Another important work in the northern dialect of Old Saxon is a life of Christ in the style of a heroic epic known as the Heliand Middle High German Edit Main article Middle High German literature Middle High German proper runs from the beginning of the 12th century and in the second half of the 12th century there was a sudden intensification of activity leading to a 60 year golden age of medieval German literature referred to as the mittelhochdeutsche Blutezeit 1170 1230 This was the period of the blossoming of MHG lyric poetry particularly Minnesang the German variety of the originally French tradition of courtly love One of the most important of these poets was Walther von der Vogelweide The same sixty years saw the composition of the most important courtly romances These are written in rhyming couplets and again draw on French models such as Chretien de Troyes many of them relating Arthurian material for example Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach The third literary movement of these years was a new revamping of the heroic tradition in which the ancient Germanic oral tradition can still be discerned but tamed and Christianized and adapted for the court These high medieval heroic epics are written in rhymed strophes not the alliterative verse of Germanic prehistory for example the Nibelungenlied The Middle High German period is conventionally taken to end in 1350 while the Early New High German is taken to begin with the German Renaissance after the invention of movable type in the mid 15th century Therefore the literature of the late 14th and the early 15th century falls as it were in the cracks between Middle and New High German and can be classified as either Works of this transitional period include The Ring c 1410 the poems of Oswald von Wolkenstein and Johannes von Tepl the German versions of Pontus and Sidonia and arguably the works of Hans Folz and Sebastian Brant Ship of Fools 1494 among others The Volksbuch chapbook tradition which would flourish in the 16th century also finds its origin in the second half of the 15th century Early Modern period EditFurther information Early Modern literature Early Modern history of Germany and Early New High German German Renaissance and Reformation Edit Main article Early New High German literature Further information German Renaissance Humanism in Germany and Protestant Reformation Further information Early New High German Sebastian Brant 1457 1521 Thomas Murner 1475 1537 Martin Luther 1483 1546 Philipp Melanchthon 1497 1560 Sebastian Franck 1500 1543 Baroque period Edit The Baroque period 1600 to 1720 was one of the most fertile times in German literature Many writers reflected the horrible experiences of the Thirty Years War in poetry and prose Grimmelshausen s adventures of the young and naive Simplicissimus in the eponymous book Simplicius Simplicissimus 2 became the most famous novel of the Baroque period Martin Opitz established rules for the purity of language style verse and rhyme Andreas Gryphius and Daniel Caspar von Lohenstein wrote German language tragedies or Trauerspiele often on Classical themes and frequently quite violent Erotic religious and occasional poetry appeared in both German and Latin Sibylle Ursula von Braunschweig Luneburg wrote part of a novel Die Durchlauchtige Syrerin Aramena Aramena the noble Syrian lady which when complete would be the most famous courtly novel in German Baroque literature it was finished by her brother Anton Ulrich and edited by Sigmund von Birken 3 4 18th century EditThe Enlightenment Edit Further information The Enlightenment August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome Johann Gottfried Herder Paul Heinrich Dietrich von Holbach Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel Immanuel Kant Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Moses Mendelssohn Carl Leonhard Reinhold Christian Thomasius Christian Jacob Wagenseil Christian Felix Weisse Christoph Martin Wieland Christian Wolff Friedrich Nicolai Christian GarveSensibility Edit Empfindsamkeit Sensibility 1750s 1770s Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock 1724 1803 Christian Furchtegott Gellert 1715 1769 Sophie de La Roche 1730 1807 The period culminates and ends in Goethe s best selling Die Leiden des jungen Werthers 1774 Sturm und Drang Edit Main article Sturm und Drang Sturm und Drang the conventional translation is Storm and Stress a more literal translation however might be storm and urge storm and longing or storm and impulse is the name of a movement in German literature and music taking place from the late 1760s through the early 1780s in which individual subjectivity and in particular extremes of emotion were given free expression in response to the confines of rationalism imposed by the Enlightenment and associated aesthetic movements The philosopher Johann Georg Hamann is considered to be the ideologue of Sturm und Drang and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a notable proponent of the movement though he and Friedrich Schiller ended their period of association with it initiating what would become Weimar Classicism 19th century EditGerman Classicism Edit Main article Weimar Classicism Weimar Classicism German Weimarer Klassik and Weimarer Klassizismus is a cultural and literary movement of Europe and its central ideas were originally propounded by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller during the period 1786 to 1805 Romanticism Edit German Romanticism was the dominant movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries German Romanticism developed relatively late compared to its English counterpart coinciding in its early years with the movement known as German Classicism or Weimar Classicism which it opposed In contrast to the seriousness of English Romanticism the German variety is notable for valuing humor and wit as well as beauty The early German romantics tried to create a new synthesis of art philosophy and science looking to the Middle Ages as a simpler more integrated period As time went on however they became increasingly aware of the tenuousness of the unity they were seeking Later German Romanticism emphasized the tension between the everyday world and the seemingly irrational and supernatural projections of creative genius Heinrich Heine in particular criticized the tendency of the early romantics to look to the medieval past for a model of unity in art and society G W F Hegel E T A Hoffmann Friedrich Holderlin Heinrich von Kleist Novalis Friedrich von Hardenberg Friedrich Schlegel August Wilhelm Schlegel Friedrich Schleiermacher Ludwig Tieck Ludwig Uhland Arthur Schopenhauer Joseph von EichendorffBiedermeier and Vormarz Edit Biedermeier refers to work in the fields of literature music the visual arts and interior design in the period between the years 1815 Vienna Congress the end of the Napoleonic Wars and 1848 the year of the European revolutions and contrasts with the Romantic era which preceded it Typical Biedermeier poets are Annette von Droste Hulshoff Adelbert von Chamisso Eduard Morike and Wilhelm Muller the last three named having well known musical settings by Robert Schumann Hugo Wolf and Franz Schubert respectively Young Germany Junges Deutschland was a loose group of Vormarz writers which existed from about 1830 to 1850 It was essentially a youth movement similar to those that had swept France and Ireland and originated in Italy Its main proponents were Karl Gutzkow Heinrich Laube Theodor Mundt and Ludolf Wienbarg Heinrich Heine Ludwig Borne and Georg Buchner were also considered part of the movement The wider circle included Willibald Alexis Adolf Glassbrenner and Gustav Kuhne Realism and Naturalism Edit Poetic Realism 1848 1890 Theodor Fontane Gustav Freitag Gottfried Keller Wilhelm Raabe Adalbert Stifter Theodor StormNaturalism 1880 1900 Gerhart Hauptmann20th century Edit1900 to 1933 Edit Fin de siecle c 1900 Weimar literature 1919 1933 Symbolism Expressionism 1910 1920 Dada 1914 1924 New Objectivity Neue Sachlichkeit Well known writers of the 20th century Edit A well known writer of German literature was Franz Kafka A Kafka novel The Trial was ranked 3 on Le Monde s 100 Books of the Century 5 Kafka s iconic writing style that captures themes of bureaucracy and existentialism resulted in the coining of the term Kafkaesque 6 Kafka s writing allowed a peek into his melancholic life one where he felt isolated from all human beings one of his inspirations for writing 7 Nazi Germany Edit National Socialist literature see Blut und Boden Nazi propagandaUnder the Nazi regime some authors went into exile Exilliteratur and others submitted to censorship inner emigration Innere Emigration Inner Emigration Gottfried Benn Werner Bergengruen Hans Bluher Hans Heinrich Ehrler Hans Fallada Werner Finck Gertrud Fussenegger Ricarda Huch Ernst Junger Erich Kastner Volker Lachmann Oskar Loerke Erika Mitterer Walter von Molo Friedrich Reck Malleczewen Richard Riemerschmid Reinhold Schneider Frank Thiess Carl von Ossietzky Ernst Wiechert in exile Ernst Bloch Bertolt Brecht Hermann Broch Alfred Doblin Lion Feuchtwanger Bruno Frank A M Frey Anna Gmeyner Oskar Maria Graf Hermann Hesse Heinrich Eduard Jacob Hermann Kesten Annette Kolb Siegfried Kracauer Emil Ludwig Heinrich Mann Klaus Mann Thomas Mann Balder Olden Rudolf Olden Robert Neumann Erich Maria Remarque Ludwig Renn Alice Ruhle Gerstel Otto Ruhle Alice Schwarz Gardos Anna Seghers B Traven Bodo Uhse Franz Werfel Arnold Zweig Stefan Zweig Joseph Roth 1945 to 1989 Edit Post war literature of West Germany 1945 1967 Heinrich Boll Gunter Grass Group 47 Holocaust literature Paul Celan Edgar Hilsenrath GDR Literature in East Germany Johannes R Becher Wolf Biermann Bertolt Brecht Sarah Kirsch Gunter Kunert Reiner Kunze Heiner Muller Anna Seghers Christa Wolf Further information Heinrich Mann Prize Postwar literature of Switzerland and Austria Ingeborg Bachmann Thomas Bernhard Friedrich Durrenmatt Max Frisch Elfriede Jelinek Peter Handke Postmodern literature Christian Kracht Hans Wollschlager Christoph Ransmayr Marlene Streeruwitz Rainald Goetz Clemens J Setz Oswald Wiener W G Sebald21st century Edit Frankfurt book fair 2016 Much of contemporary poetry in the German language is published in literary magazines DAS GEDICHT for instance has featured German poetry from Germany Austria Switzerland and Luxemburg for the last twenty years Science Fiction Fantasy Andreas Eschbach Frank Schatzing Wolfgang Hohlbein Bernhard Hennen Walter Moers Pop Literature Benjamin von Stuckrad Barre Migrant literature Wladimir Kaminer Feridun Zaimoglu Rafik Schami 8 Poetry Jurgen Becker Marcel Beyer Theo Breuer Rolf Dieter Brinkmann Marc Engelhard Hans Magnus Enzensberger Aldona Gustas Ernst Jandl Thomas Kling Uwe Kolbe Friederike Mayrocker Durs Grunbein Kurt Marti Karl Krolow Elke Erb Aphorists Hans Kruppa Thriller Ingrid Noll Novel Wilhelm Genazino Gunter Grass Herta Muller Siegfried Lenz Charlotte Link Rainald Goetz Anna Kaleri Norbert Scheuer Dietmar Dath Christian Kracht Kathrin Schmidt Burkhard Spinnen Robert Menasse Martin Walser Andreas Mand 9 Zsuzsa Bank Marc Degens Jenny Erpenbeck Klaus Modick Peter Handke Elfriede Jelinek Daniel Kehlmann Literaturport in German audio clips of contemporary literature many read out by the authors themselves German American literature Paul Henri Campbell Walter AbishNobel Prize laureates EditFurther information Nobel Prize in Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to German language authors fourteen times as of 2020 tying with French language authors or the second most often after English language authors with 32 The following writers are from Germany unless stated otherwise Thomas Mann 1875 1955 Hermann Hesse 1877 1962 1902 Theodor Mommsen 1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken 1910 Paul Heyse 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann 1919 Carl Spitteler Swiss 1929 Thomas Mann 1946 Hermann Hesse 1966 Nelly Sachs 1972 Heinrich Boll 1981 Elias Canetti Bulgarian later British 1999 Gunter Grass 2004 Elfriede Jelinek Austrian 2009 Herta Muller Romanian by birth later naturalized in West Germany 2019 Peter Handke Austrian See also Edit Poetry portal Germany portal European Union portalGoethe Institut German speaking Europe Swiss literature Austrian literature Stiftung Lesen History of German List of German language authors List of German language playwrights List of German language poets List of German language philosophers History of literature Sophie digital lib Luso Germanic Literature Kindler literature encyclopedia Media of Germany Books in GermanyReferences Edit The Frenzels work remains standard as defining a modern canon of German literature however the selection of authors especially for the Nazi era has been criticized as grotesque or as exhibiting bizarre gaps viz omitting Jewish authors see Volker Weidermann Ein grotesker Kanon Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 11 May 2009 Daten deutscher Dichtung was reprinted in 35 editions but was discontinued in 2009 Grimmelshausen H J Chr 1669 Der abentheurliche Simplicissimus The adventurous Simplicissimus in German Nuremberg J Fillion OCLC 22567416 Hilary Brown 2012 Luise Gottsched the Translator Camden House pp 27 ISBN 978 1 57113 510 0 Jo Catling 23 March 2000 A History of Women s Writing in Germany Austria and Switzerland Cambridge University Press pp 42 ISBN 978 0 521 65628 3 Le Monde s 100 Books of the Century by Le Monde The Greatest Books thegreatestbooks org Retrieved 23 August 2021 Why Kafka Still Matters Psychology Today www psychologytoday com Retrieved 23 August 2021 Franz Kafka Biography Encyclopedia Britannica Cuadra P V 2010 Las traducciones al espanol de literatura intercultural alemana Revista de Filologia Alemana 301 309 Twenty Third Annual Bibliography Archived 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Max Kade Center for Contemporary German Literature at the Washington University in St Louis Missouri Retrieved 13 December 2011Literature EditEnglish Edit Cambridge History of German Literature Watanabe O Kelly Helen ed Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press 1997 Konzett Matthias Piccolruaz Encyclopedia of German Literature Routledge 2000 The Oxford Companion to German Literature ed by Mary Garland and Henry Garland 3rd edition Oxford University Press 1997 Grange William ed Historical dictionary of German literature to 1945 2011 online Van Cleve John W 1986 The Merchant in German Literature of the Enlightenment Chapel Hill Van Cleve John W 1991 The Problem of Wealth in the Literature of Luther s Germany Camden House German Edit Bernd Lutz Benedikt Jessing eds Metzler Lexikon Autoren Deutschsprachige Dichter und Schriftsteller vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart Stuttgart und Weimar 4 aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage 2010 Theo Breuer Aus dem Hinterland Lyrik nach 2000 Sistig Eifel Edition YE 2005 ISBN 3 87512 186 4 Theo Breuer Kiesel amp Kastanie ed Von neuen Gedichten und Geschichten Sistig Eifel Edition YE 2008 ISBN 3 87512 347 6 Jurgen Brocan Jan Kuhlbrodt eds Umkreisungen 25 Auskunfte zum Gedicht Leipzig Poetenladen Literaturverlag 2010 Manfred Enzensperger ed Die Holderlin Ameisen Vom Finden und Erfinden der Poesie Cologne Dumont 2005 Peter von Matt Die verdachtige Pracht Uber Dichter und Gedichte Munich etc Hanser 1998 Joachim Sartorius ed Mimima Poetica Fur eine Poetik des zeitgenossischen Gedichts Cologne Kiepenheuer amp Witsch 1999Anthologies Edit German poetry from 1750 to 1900 ed by Robert M Browning Foreword by Michael Hamburger New York Continuum 1984 281 pp German Library ISBN 0 8264 0283 6 Twentieth Century German Poetry An Anthology edited by Michael Hofmann New York Farrar Straus and Giroux 2008 Paperback Edition 544 pp ISBN 0 374 53093 9 Heinz Ludwig Arnold ed TEXT KRITIK Lyrik des 20 Jahrhunderts 1999 Verena Auffermann Hubert Winkels ed Beste Deutsche Erzahler 2000 Hans Bender ed In diesem Lande leben wir Deutsche Gedichte der Gegenwart 1978 Hans Bender Was sind das fur Zeiten Deutschsprachige Gedichte der achtziger Jahre 1988 Christoph Buchwald Uljana Wolf ed Jahrbuch der Lyrik 2009 2009 Karl Otto Conrady ed Der Grosse Conrady Das Buch deutscher Gedichte Von den Anfangen bis zur Gegenwart 2008 Hugo von Hofmannsthal ed Deutsche Erzahler I 1912 1979 Marie Luise Kaschnitz ed Deutsche Erzahler II 1971 1979 Boris Kerenski amp Sergiu Stefanescu Kaltland Beat Neue deutsche Szene 1999 Axel Kutsch ed Versnetze Deutschsprachige Lyrik der Gegenwart 2009 Andreas Neumeister Marcel Hartges ed Poetry Slam Texte der Pop Fraktion 1996 External links EditRobertson John George 1911 German Literature Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 11 11th ed pp 783 800 Sophie A digital library of works by German speaking women Germany Language and Literature of The American Cyclopaedia 1879 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title German literature amp oldid 1146103640, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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