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Germany in the early modern period

January 01, 1970

The German-speaking states of the early modern period (c. 1500–1800) were divided politically and religiously. Religious tensions between the states comprising the Holy Roman Empire had existed during the preceding period of the Late Middle Ages (c. 1250–1500), notably erupting in Bohemia with the Hussite Wars (1419–1434). The defining religious movement of this period, the Reformation, led to unprecedented levels of violence and political upheaval for the region.

Map of the empire following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

Usually considered to have begun with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses (1517) by Martin Luther in the city of Wittenberg (then within the Electorate of Saxony, now located within the modern German state of Saxony-Anhalt), the progression of the Reformation would divide the German states among new religious lines: the north, the east, and many of the major cities—Strasbourg, Frankfurt, and Nuremberg—becoming Protestant while the southern and western regions largely remained Catholic. Compromises and reforms would be made in an effort to promote internal stability within the Holy Roman Empire, importantly with the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, but these efforts would ultimately fall short and culminate in one of the most destructive conflicts the European continent had yet seen, the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) which ended with the adoption of the incredibly consequential Peace of Westphalia.

This period also saw the emergence of the Kingdom of Prussia as the primary competitor to the previously hegemonic Habsburg monarchy. After the close of early modern period in Europe following the Age of Enlightenment and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars, this Austria-Prussia rivalry would prove to be the driving internal force behind the Unification of Germany in 1871.

The 16th century edit

German Renaissance edit

Main article: German Renaissance
 
The empire in 1705 from L'Empire d'Allemagne, a map by Nicolas de Fer

The German Renaissance, part of the Northern Renaissance, was a cultural and artistic movement that spread among German thinkers in the 15th and 16th centuries, which originated with the Italian Renaissance in Italy. This was a result of German artists who had traveled to Italy to learn more and become inspired by the Renaissance movement. Many areas of the arts and sciences were influenced, notably by the spread of humanism to the various German states and principalities. There were many advances made in the development of new techniques in the fields of architecture, the arts, and the sciences. This also marked the time within Germany of a rise of power, independent city states, and spread of Franciscan humanism.

German Reformation edit

Main article: German Reformation

The German Reformation initiated by Martin Luther led to the German Peasants' War in 1524–1525. Luther, along with his colleague Philipp Melanchthon, emphasized this point in his plea for the Reformation at the Imperial Diet of 1529 amid charges of heresy, but the edict by the Diet of Worms (1521) prohibited all innovations. With efforts to be understood as Catholic reformer as opposed to a heretical revolutionary, and to appeal to German princes with his religious condemnation of the peasant revolts backed up by the Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms, Luther's growing conservatism would provoke more radical reformers. At a religious conference with the Zwinglians in 1529, Melanchthon joined with Luther in opposing a union with Zwingli. With the protestation of the Lutheran princes at the Diet of Speyer (1529) and rejection of the Lutheran "Augsburg Confession" at Augsburg (1530), a separate Lutheran church finally emerged.

In Northern Europe, Luther appealed to the growing national consciousness of the German states because he denounced the Pope for involvement in politics as well as religion. Moreover, he backed the nobility, which was now justified to crush the Great Peasant Revolt of 1525 and to confiscate church property by Luther's Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms. This explains the attraction of some territorial princes to Lutheranism. However, the Elector of Brandenburg, Joachim I, blamed Lutheranism for the revolt and so did others. In Brandenburg, it was only under his successor Joachim II that Lutheranism was established, and the old religion was not formally extinct in Brandenburg until the death of the last Catholic bishop there, Georg von Blumenthal, who was Bishop of Lebus and sovereign Prince-Bishop of Ratzeburg.

Although Charles V fought the Reformation, it is no coincidence either that the reign of his nationalistic predecessor Maximilian I saw the beginning of the Reformation. While the centralized states of western Europe had reached accords with the Vatican permitting them to draw on the rich property of the church for government expenditures, enabling them to form state churches that were greatly autonomous of Rome, similar moves on behalf of the Empire were unsuccessful so long as princes and prince bishops fought reforms to drop the pretension of the secular universal empire.

The printing press and literacy edit

The Reformation and printing press combined to mark a major breakthrough in the spread of literacy. From 1517 onward religious pamphlets flooded Germany and much of Europe. By 1530, over 10,000 publications are known, with a total of ten million copies. The Reformation was thus a media revolution. Luther strengthened his attacks on Rome by depicting a "good" against "bad" church. From there, it became clear that print could be used for propaganda in the Reformation for particular agendas. Reformist writers used pre-Reformation styles, clichés, and stereotypes and changed items as needed for their own purposes.[1]

Illustrations in the newly translated Bible and in many tracts popularized Luther's ideas. Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472–1553), the great painter patronized by the electors of Wittenberg, was a close friend of Luther, and illustrated Luther's theology for a popular audience. He dramatized Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery.[2]

Baroque period and Thirty Years' War edit

Further information: Protestant Union and Catholic League (German)

The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was a religious war principally fought in Germany, where it involved most of the European powers.[3][4] The conflict began between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, but gradually developed into a general, political war involving most of Europe.[5] The Thirty Years' War was a continuation of the France-Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence, and in turn led to further warfare between France and the Habsburg powers.

The major impact of the Thirty Years' War, fought mostly by mercenary armies, was the extensive destruction of entire regions, denuded by the foraging armies. Episodes of famine and disease significantly decreased the populace of the German states and the Low Countries and Italy, while bankrupting most of the combatant powers. Some of the quarrels that provoked the war went unresolved for a much longer time. The Thirty Years' War was ended with the Peace of Westphalia.[6]

The Baroque period (1600 to 1720) was one of the most fertile times in German literature. Many writers reflected the horrible experiences of the Thirty Years' War, in poetry and prose. Grimmelshausen's adventures of the young and naïve Simplicissimus, in the eponymous book Simplicius Simplicissimus, became the most famous novel of the Baroque period. Andreas Gryphius and Daniel Caspar von Lohenstein wrote German language tragedies, or Trauerspiele, often on Classical themes and frequently quite violent. Erotic, religious and occasional poetry appeared in both German and Latin.

Rise of Prussia and the end of the Holy Roman Empire edit

The 18th century history of Germany sees the ascendancy of the Kingdom of Prussia and the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars which lead to the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.

Silesia edit

When Emperor Charles VI failed to produce a male heir, he bequeathed lands to his daughter Maria Theresa by the "Pragmatic sanction" of 1713. After his death in 1740 the Prussian king Frederick the Great attacked Austria and invaded Silesia in the First Silesian War (1740–1742). Austria lost and in the Treaty of Berlin (1742) Prussia acquired nearly all of Silesia. Prussia's victory weakened Austria's prestige and Maria Theresa, and gave Prussia an effective equality with Austria within the Holy Roman Empire" for the next century.[7][8]

French Revolutionary Wars and final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire edit

Further information: 19th century history of Germany

From 1792 onwards, revolutionary France was at war with various parts of the Empire intermittently. The German Mediatisation was the series of mediatisations and secularisations that occurred in 1795–1814, during the latter part of the era of the French Revolution and then the Napoleonic Era.

Mediatisation was the process of annexing the lands of one sovereign monarchy to another, often leaving the annexed some rights. Secularisation was the redistribution to secular states of the secular lands held by an ecclesiastical ruler such as a bishop or an abbot.

The Empire was formally dissolved on 6 August 1806 when the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (from 1804, Emperor Francis I of Austria) abdicated, following a military defeat by the French under Napoleon (see Treaty of Pressburg). Napoleon reorganized much of the Empire into the Confederation of the Rhine, a French satellite. Francis' House of Habsburg-Lorraine survived the demise of the Empire, continuing to reign as Emperors of Austria and Kings of Hungary until the Habsburg empire's final dissolution in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I.

The Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine was replaced by a new union, the German Confederation, in 1815, following the end of the Napoleonic Wars. It lasted until 1866 when Prussia founded the North German Confederation, a forerunner of the German Empire which united the German-speaking territories outside of Austria and Switzerland under Prussian leadership in 1871. This later served as the predecessor-state of modern Germany.

Science and philosophy edit

Further information: 17th century philosophy and Prussian Academy of Sciences
Further information: Age of Enlightenment, Pietism, and Sturm und Drang

List of emperors edit

Early Modern Holy Roman Emperors:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Mark U. Edwards, Jr., Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther (1994)
  2. ^ Christoph Weimer, "Luther and Cranach on Justification in Word and Image." Lutheran Quarterly 2004 18(4): 387-405. ISSN 0024-7499
  3. ^ . Western New England College. Archived from the original on 9 October 1999. Retrieved 24 May 2008.
  4. ^ "Thirty Years War  — Infoplease.com". www.infoplease.com. Retrieved 24 May 2008.
  5. ^ "Thirty Years' War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 May 2008.
  6. ^ Richard W. Rahn (21 December 2006). "Avoiding a Thirty Years War". The Washington Post. www.discovery.org. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  7. ^ Reed Browning, "New Views on the Silesian Wars," Journal of Military History, Apr 2005, Vol. 69#2 pp 521-534
  8. ^ Christopher Clark, The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947 (2006) pp 190-201

Further reading edit

  • Hughes, Michael. Early Modern Germany, 1477-1806 (1992) excerpt
  • Robisheaux, Thomas. Rural Society and the Search for Order in Early Modern Germany (2002)
  • Sabean, David. Power in the Blood: Popular Culture and Village Discourse in Early Modern Germany (1988)
  • Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History (2011), 862 pp; 35 essays by specialists; Germany since 1760 excerpt
  • Strauss, Gerald, ed. Pre-reformation Germany (1972) 452pp
  • Wilson, Peter H. The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy (2009)
  • Wunder, Heide. He Is the Sun, She Is the Moon: Women in Early Modern Germany (1998)

Religion edit

  • Bainton, Roland H. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (1978) excerpt and text search
  • Dickens, A. G. Martin Luther and the Reformation (1969), basic introduction by leading scholar
  • Gawthrop, Richard, and Gerald Strauss. "Protestantism and literacy in early modern Germany," Past & Present, 1984 #104 pp 31–55 online[dead link]
  • Junghans, Helmar [de]. Martin Luther: Exploring His Life and Times, 1483–1546. (book plus CD ROM) (1998)
  • Karant-Nunn, Susan C. The Reformation of Feeling: Shaping the Religious Emotions in Early Modern Germany (2012)
  • Midelfort, H. C. Erik. Witchcraft, Madness, Society, and Religion in Early Modern Germany: A Ship of Fools (2013)
  • Ranke, Leopold von. History of the Reformation in Germany (1847) 792 pp; by Germany's foremost scholar complete text online free
  • Smith, Preserved. The Life and Letters of Martin Luther. (1911) complete edition online free

Historiography edit

  • Brady, Thomas A. "From Revolution to the Long Reformation: Writings in English on the German Reformation, 1970-2005," Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 2009, Vol. 100, pp 48–64, in English
  • von Friedeburg, Robert. "Dickens, the German Reformation, and the issue of nation and fatherland in early modern German history," Historical Research, Feb 2004, Vol. 77 Issue 195, p79-97
  • Wilson, Peter H. "Historiographical Reviews: Still a Monstrosity? Some Reflections on Early Modern German Statehood," Historical Journal, June 2006, Vol. 49#2 pp 565–576 doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005334

January 01, 1970
germany, early, modern, period, german, speaking, states, early, modern, period, 1500, 1800, were, divided, politically, religiously, religious, tensions, between, states, comprising, holy, roman, empire, existed, during, preceding, period, late, middle, ages,. The German speaking states of the early modern period c 1500 1800 were divided politically and religiously Religious tensions between the states comprising the Holy Roman Empire had existed during the preceding period of the Late Middle Ages c 1250 1500 notably erupting in Bohemia with the Hussite Wars 1419 1434 The defining religious movement of this period the Reformation led to unprecedented levels of violence and political upheaval for the region Map of the empire following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Usually considered to have begun with the publication of the Ninety five Theses 1517 by Martin Luther in the city of Wittenberg then within the Electorate of Saxony now located within the modern German state of Saxony Anhalt the progression of the Reformation would divide the German states among new religious lines the north the east and many of the major cities Strasbourg Frankfurt and Nuremberg becoming Protestant while the southern and western regions largely remained Catholic Compromises and reforms would be made in an effort to promote internal stability within the Holy Roman Empire importantly with the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 but these efforts would ultimately fall short and culminate in one of the most destructive conflicts the European continent had yet seen the Thirty Years War 1618 1648 which ended with the adoption of the incredibly consequential Peace of Westphalia This period also saw the emergence of the Kingdom of Prussia as the primary competitor to the previously hegemonic Habsburg monarchy After the close of early modern period in Europe following the Age of Enlightenment and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars this Austria Prussia rivalry would prove to be the driving internal force behind the Unification of Germany in 1871 Contents 1 The 16th century 1 1 German Renaissance 1 2 German Reformation 1 3 The printing press and literacy 2 Baroque period and Thirty Years War 3 Rise of Prussia and the end of the Holy Roman Empire 3 1 Silesia 3 2 French Revolutionary Wars and final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 4 Science and philosophy 5 List of emperors 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8 1 Religion 8 2 HistoriographyThe 16th century editGerman Renaissance edit Main article German Renaissance nbsp The empire in 1705 from L Empire d Allemagne a map by Nicolas de Fer The German Renaissance part of the Northern Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement that spread among German thinkers in the 15th and 16th centuries which originated with the Italian Renaissance in Italy This was a result of German artists who had traveled to Italy to learn more and become inspired by the Renaissance movement Many areas of the arts and sciences were influenced notably by the spread of humanism to the various German states and principalities There were many advances made in the development of new techniques in the fields of architecture the arts and the sciences This also marked the time within Germany of a rise of power independent city states and spread of Franciscan humanism German Reformation edit Main article German Reformation The German Reformation initiated by Martin Luther led to the German Peasants War in 1524 1525 Luther along with his colleague Philipp Melanchthon emphasized this point in his plea for the Reformation at the Imperial Diet of 1529 amid charges of heresy but the edict by the Diet of Worms 1521 prohibited all innovations With efforts to be understood as Catholic reformer as opposed to a heretical revolutionary and to appeal to German princes with his religious condemnation of the peasant revolts backed up by the Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms Luther s growing conservatism would provoke more radical reformers At a religious conference with the Zwinglians in 1529 Melanchthon joined with Luther in opposing a union with Zwingli With the protestation of the Lutheran princes at the Diet of Speyer 1529 and rejection of the Lutheran Augsburg Confession at Augsburg 1530 a separate Lutheran church finally emerged In Northern Europe Luther appealed to the growing national consciousness of the German states because he denounced the Pope for involvement in politics as well as religion Moreover he backed the nobility which was now justified to crush the Great Peasant Revolt of 1525 and to confiscate church property by Luther s Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms This explains the attraction of some territorial princes to Lutheranism However the Elector of Brandenburg Joachim I blamed Lutheranism for the revolt and so did others In Brandenburg it was only under his successor Joachim II that Lutheranism was established and the old religion was not formally extinct in Brandenburg until the death of the last Catholic bishop there Georg von Blumenthal who was Bishop of Lebus and sovereign Prince Bishop of Ratzeburg Although Charles V fought the Reformation it is no coincidence either that the reign of his nationalistic predecessor Maximilian I saw the beginning of the Reformation While the centralized states of western Europe had reached accords with the Vatican permitting them to draw on the rich property of the church for government expenditures enabling them to form state churches that were greatly autonomous of Rome similar moves on behalf of the Empire were unsuccessful so long as princes and prince bishops fought reforms to drop the pretension of the secular universal empire The printing press and literacy edit The Reformation and printing press combined to mark a major breakthrough in the spread of literacy From 1517 onward religious pamphlets flooded Germany and much of Europe By 1530 over 10 000 publications are known with a total of ten million copies The Reformation was thus a media revolution Luther strengthened his attacks on Rome by depicting a good against bad church From there it became clear that print could be used for propaganda in the Reformation for particular agendas Reformist writers used pre Reformation styles cliches and stereotypes and changed items as needed for their own purposes 1 Illustrations in the newly translated Bible and in many tracts popularized Luther s ideas Lucas Cranach the Elder 1472 1553 the great painter patronized by the electors of Wittenberg was a close friend of Luther and illustrated Luther s theology for a popular audience He dramatized Luther s views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments while remaining mindful of Luther s careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery 2 Baroque period and Thirty Years War editFurther information Protestant Union and Catholic League German The Thirty Years War 1618 1648 was a religious war principally fought in Germany where it involved most of the European powers 3 4 The conflict began between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire but gradually developed into a general political war involving most of Europe 5 The Thirty Years War was a continuation of the France Habsburg rivalry for European political pre eminence and in turn led to further warfare between France and the Habsburg powers The major impact of the Thirty Years War fought mostly by mercenary armies was the extensive destruction of entire regions denuded by the foraging armies Episodes of famine and disease significantly decreased the populace of the German states and the Low Countries and Italy while bankrupting most of the combatant powers Some of the quarrels that provoked the war went unresolved for a much longer time The Thirty Years War was ended with the Peace of Westphalia 6 The Baroque period 1600 to 1720 was one of the most fertile times in German literature Many writers reflected the horrible experiences of the Thirty Years War in poetry and prose Grimmelshausen s adventures of the young and naive Simplicissimus in the eponymous book Simplicius Simplicissimus became the most famous novel of the Baroque period Andreas Gryphius and Daniel Caspar von Lohenstein wrote German language tragedies or Trauerspiele often on Classical themes and frequently quite violent Erotic religious and occasional poetry appeared in both German and Latin Rise of Prussia and the end of the Holy Roman Empire editThe 18th century history of Germany sees the ascendancy of the Kingdom of Prussia and the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars which lead to the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 Silesia edit When Emperor Charles VI failed to produce a male heir he bequeathed lands to his daughter Maria Theresa by the Pragmatic sanction of 1713 After his death in 1740 the Prussian king Frederick the Great attacked Austria and invaded Silesia in the First Silesian War 1740 1742 Austria lost and in the Treaty of Berlin 1742 Prussia acquired nearly all of Silesia Prussia s victory weakened Austria s prestige and Maria Theresa and gave Prussia an effective equality with Austria within the Holy Roman Empire for the next century 7 8 French Revolutionary Wars and final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire edit Further information 19th century history of Germany From 1792 onwards revolutionary France was at war with various parts of the Empire intermittently The German Mediatisation was the series of mediatisations and secularisations that occurred in 1795 1814 during the latter part of the era of the French Revolution and then the Napoleonic Era Mediatisation was the process of annexing the lands of one sovereign monarchy to another often leaving the annexed some rights Secularisation was the redistribution to secular states of the secular lands held by an ecclesiastical ruler such as a bishop or an abbot The Empire was formally dissolved on 6 August 1806 when the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II from 1804 Emperor Francis I of Austria abdicated following a military defeat by the French under Napoleon see Treaty of Pressburg Napoleon reorganized much of the Empire into the Confederation of the Rhine a French satellite Francis House of Habsburg Lorraine survived the demise of the Empire continuing to reign as Emperors of Austria and Kings of Hungary until the Habsburg empire s final dissolution in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I The Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine was replaced by a new union the German Confederation in 1815 following the end of the Napoleonic Wars It lasted until 1866 when Prussia founded the North German Confederation a forerunner of the German Empire which united the German speaking territories outside of Austria and Switzerland under Prussian leadership in 1871 This later served as the predecessor state of modern Germany Science and philosophy editFurther information 17th century philosophy and Prussian Academy of Sciences Further information Age of Enlightenment Pietism and Sturm und Drang Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa 1486 1535 Paracelsus 1493 1541 Georg Pictorius c 1500 1569 Johann Weyer 1516 1588 Judah Loew ben Bezalel 1525 1609 Jan Baptist van Helmont 1577 1644 Franz Kessler 1580 1650 Otto von Guericke 1602 1686 Adrian von Mynsicht 1603 1638 Johann Friedrich Schweitzer 1625 1709 Gottfried Leibniz 1646 1716 Christian Thomasius 1655 1728 Christian Wolff 1679 1754 Hermann Samuel Reimarus 1694 1768 Johann Christoph Gottsched 1700 1766 Leonhard Euler 1707 1783 Christian August Crusius 1715 1775 Johann Bernhard Basedow 1723 1790 Immanuel Kant 1724 1804 Johann Heinrich Lambert 1728 1777 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 1729 1781 Moses Mendelssohn 1729 1786 Johann Georg Hamann 1730 1788 Johannes Nikolaus Tetens 1736 1807 Thomas Abbt 1738 1766 Johann Augustus Eberhard 1739 1809 Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi 1743 1819 Johann Gottfried von Herder 1744 1803 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1749 1832 List of emperors editEarly Modern Holy Roman Emperors Maximilian I 1508 1519 emperor elect Charles V 1530 1556 emperor elect 1519 1530 Ferdinand I 1558 1564 emperor elect Maximilian II 1564 1576 emperor elect Rudolf II 1576 1612 emperor elect enumerated as successor of Rudolf I who was German King 1273 1291 but not Emperor Matthias 1612 1619 emperor elect Ferdinand II 1619 1637 emperor elect Ferdinand III 1637 1657 emperor elect Leopold I 1658 1705 emperor elect Joseph I 1705 1711 emperor elect Charles VI 1711 1740 emperor elect Charles VII Albert 1742 1745 emperor elect House of Wittelsbach Francis I 1745 1765 emperor elect Joseph II 1765 1790 emperor elect Leopold II 1790 1792 emperor elect Francis II 1792 1806 emperor elect See also editEarly Modern High German Baroque period German literature 18th century German literature Brandenburg Prussia House of Hohenzollern Electorate of Bavaria Kingdom of Bohemia 1526 1648 Kingdom of Bohemia 1648 1867 Dutch Republic Early Modern Switzerland Royal Hungary 1541 1699 Croatia in the Habsburg EmpireReferences edit Mark U Edwards Jr Printing Propaganda and Martin Luther 1994 Christoph Weimer Luther and Cranach on Justification in Word and Image Lutheran Quarterly 2004 18 4 387 405 ISSN 0024 7499 The Thirty Years War Western New England College Archived from the original on 9 October 1999 Retrieved 24 May 2008 Thirty Years War Infoplease com www infoplease com Retrieved 24 May 2008 Thirty Years War Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 24 May 2008 Richard W Rahn 21 December 2006 Avoiding a Thirty Years War The Washington Post www discovery org Retrieved 25 May 2008 Reed Browning New Views on the Silesian Wars Journal of Military History Apr 2005 Vol 69 2 pp 521 534 Christopher Clark The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600 1947 2006 pp 190 201Further reading editHughes Michael Early Modern Germany 1477 1806 1992 excerpt Robisheaux Thomas Rural Society and the Search for Order in Early Modern Germany 2002 Sabean David Power in the Blood Popular Culture and Village Discourse in Early Modern Germany 1988 Smith Helmut Walser ed The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History 2011 862 pp 35 essays by specialists Germany since 1760 excerpt Strauss Gerald ed Pre reformation Germany 1972 452pp Wilson Peter H The Thirty Years War Europe s Tragedy 2009 Wunder Heide He Is the Sun She Is the Moon Women in Early Modern Germany 1998 Religion edit Bainton Roland H Here I Stand A Life of Martin Luther 1978 excerpt and text search Dickens A G Martin Luther and the Reformation 1969 basic introduction by leading scholar Gawthrop Richard and Gerald Strauss Protestantism and literacy in early modern Germany Past amp Present 1984 104 pp 31 55 online dead link Junghans Helmar de Martin Luther Exploring His Life and Times 1483 1546 book plus CD ROM 1998 Karant Nunn Susan C The Reformation of Feeling Shaping the Religious Emotions in Early Modern Germany 2012 Midelfort H C Erik Witchcraft Madness Society and Religion in Early Modern Germany A Ship of Fools 2013 Ranke Leopold von History of the Reformation in Germany 1847 792 pp by Germany s foremost scholar complete text online free Smith Preserved The Life and Letters of Martin Luther 1911 complete edition online free Historiography edit Brady Thomas A From Revolution to the Long Reformation Writings in English on the German Reformation 1970 2005 Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte 2009 Vol 100 pp 48 64 in English von Friedeburg Robert Dickens the German Reformation and the issue of nation and fatherland in early modern German history Historical Research Feb 2004 Vol 77 Issue 195 p79 97 Wilson Peter H Historiographical Reviews Still a Monstrosity Some Reflections on Early Modern German Statehood Historical Journal June 2006 Vol 49 2 pp 565 576 doi 10 1017 S0018246X06005334 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Germany in the early modern period amp oldid 1200200458, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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