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Gǀui dialect

January 01, 1970

Gǀui or Gǀwi (pronounced /ˈɡwiː/ GWEE in English, and also spelled ǀGwi, Dcui, Gcwi, or Cgui) is a Khoe dialect of Botswana with 2,500 speakers (2004 Cook). It is part of the Gǁana dialect cluster, and is closely related to Naro. It has a number of loan words from ǂʼAmkoe. Gǀui, ǂʼAmkoe, and Taa form the core of the Kalahari Basin sprachbund, and share a number of characteristic features, including extremely large consonant inventories.

Gǀui
Pronunciationᶢǀúi
Native toBotswana
Ethnicity1,500 Gǀui (2013)[1]
Native speakers
1,500 (2013)[1]
1,500 all Gǁana dialects (2011)[2]
Khoe–Kwadi
Language codes
ISO 639-3gwj
Glottologgwii1239
ELP|Gui
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phonology edit

Gǀui has 93 consonants (with 56 clicks) or 52 consonants (and 20 clicks), depending on analysis. There are ten vowels, and two to six tones, again depending on analysis.

Clicks edit

Gǀui has 24 simple click consonants, plus complex clicks variously analyzed as consonant clusters or airstream contours. As with many of the Tshu–Khwe languages, clicks have lost some of their importance under the influence of neighboring Bantu languages. Many words which previously began with clicks (as shown by cognates in related languages) have lost them over the past few centuries in Gǀui. Nonetheless, Gǀui has the largest known inventory of clicks of any Khoe language.

Gǀui has been described with a contrast between velar and uvular clicks. However, all Gǀui clicks are uvular (or pharyngeal); the 'uvular' part of the latter is part of an airstream contour, a transition from a click to a non-click release: effectively, the click transitions into a non-click consonant. (See Nǁng language for a similar situation in another language.) Nakagawa proposes that the contour and glottalized clicks are not single sounds, but sequences of a click and a uvular or glottal consonant, though Miller (2011) notes that such an analysis creates problems when extended to other languages with clicks.

Altogether there are thirteen such series, or "accompaniments", and all 52 possible combinations are found. Except for the lack of bilabial clicks, the inventory is nearly identical to that of some speakers of ǂʼAmkoe, which is in intense contact with Gǀui and may have borrowed some of its clicks from Gǀui, and lost others not found in Gǀui.

Miller (2011), in a comparative study with other languages, interprets Nakagawa's description as follows. (Nakagawa's ⟨kǃʔ⟩ and ⟨ǃqxʼ⟩ are analyzed as [ᵑǃˀ] and [ǃ͡kxʼ], respectively.)[3]

affricated clicks 'sharp' clicks
dental lateral alveolar palatal
Simple clicks
 voiced ᶢǀ ᶢǁ ᶢǃ ᶢǂ
tenuis ᵏǀ ᵏǁ ᵏǃ ᵏǂ
aspirated ᵏǀʰ ᵏǁʰ ᵏǃʰ ᵏǂʰ
glottalized oral ᵏǀʼ ᵏǁʼ ᵏǃʼ ᵏǂʼ
nasal ᵑǀ ᵑǁ ᵑǃ ᵑǂ
voiceless aspirated nasal ᵑ̊ǀʰ ᵑ̊ǁʰ ᵑ̊ǃʰ ᵑ̊ǂʰ
glottalized nasal ᵑǀˀ ᵑǁˀ ᵑǃˀ ᵑǂˀ
(prenasalized) voiced ᶢǀ͡ɢ ᶢǁ͡ɢ ᶢǃ͡ɢ ᶢǂ͡ɢ
tenuis ǀ͡q ǁ͡q ǃ͡q ǂ͡q
aspirated ǀ͡qʰ ǁ͡qʰ ǃ͡qʰ ǂ͡qʰ
voiceless fricative ǀ͡χ ǁ͡χ ǃ͡χ ǂ͡χ
ejective ǀ͡qʼ ǁ͡qʼ ǃ͡qʼ ǂ͡qʼ
uvular affricate ǀ͡qχ ǁ͡qχ ǃ͡qχ ǂ͡qχ
uvular ejective affricate ǀ͡qχʼ ǁ͡qχʼ ǃ͡qχʼ ǂ͡qχʼ

The voiced contour ('uvular') clicks tend to be prenasalized, [ɴǃɢ]. As in the majority of languages with clicks, the glottalized nasal series /ᵑǃˀ/ are pronounced with a glottal release [ǃˀ] in initial position, and prenasalized [ᵑˀǃ] after a vowel. The contrast between glottalized oral and glottalized nasal clicks is unusual, but has also been reported from ǂʼAmkoe and Yeyi since Nakagawa announced its discovery in Gǀui. The Khute dialect of Gǀui also has preglottalized nasal clicks allophonically. They developed from glottalized nasal clicks before pharyngealized vowels, perhaps under ǂʼAmkoe influence:

Preglottalized nasal clicks in Khute dialect[4]
Khute Gǀui other Gǀui English
[ˀᵑǂúˤrī] [ᵑǂˀúˤrī] "adam's apple" (pharyngealized vowel)
[ᵑǂˀúbī] [ᵑǂˀúbī] "egg" (modal vowel)

Other consonants edit

Most words are of the form CV, CVV, CVCV, CVN, where C stands for a consonant, V for a vowel, and N for a nasal consonant /m, n/. In CVCV words, only a limited set of consonants /b m ɾ n j w/ may occur in medial position (the second syllable). Of these, two /n, ɾ/ may not occur at the beginning of a word, and due to restrictions with nasal vowels may be argued to be allophonic. The /n, ɾ/ is pronounced [l] after a lateral click or a pharyngeal vowel. /ŋ/ only occurs in mimesis. /tʼ/ occurs in a single word, t'aa 'to carve', which is not widely known.

The palatals, which are unique among Khoisan languages to Gǁana-Gǀui, derive historically from the alveolars before non-pharyngealized vowels. In Gǁana this shift has only partly occurred.

/tqχʼ/ and /tsqχʼ/ have also been analyzed as /tχʼ/ and /tsχʼ/, the ejective homologues of /tχ/ and /tsχ/. However, their pronunciation is [tqχʼ] and [tsqχʼ].

Vowels edit

Gǀui has five modal vowels, /a e i o u/, three nasal vowels, /ã ẽ õ/, and two pharyngeal vowels, /aˤ oˤ/. There are diphthongs [o͜a] and [o͜aˤ], but they are allophones of /o/. Gǀui also has breathy-voice vowels, but they are described as part of the tone system.

Only the five modal vowels /a e i o u/ occur in monomoraic (CV or V) roots, which except for the noun χò 'thing, place, case' are all grammatical morphemes. These are reduced to three nasal vowels /ã ẽ õ/ after nasal consonants, including the glottalized nasal clicks.

The modal vowels and the pharyngeal vowels, /aˤ oˤ/o͜aˤ/, occur as the first vowel (V1) of bimoraic roots, CVCV, CVV, and CVN, though the modal vowels are reduced to /a e i o͜a/ before a nasal coda, CVN. This [o͜a] corresponds to /o/ in Gǁana. Pharyngeal /oˤ/ and [o͜aˤ] are also in complementary distribution: [oˤ] in CVV words and [o͜aˤ] in CVCV and CVN words; some speakers use [o͜aˤ] in CVV roots too, so that their pharyngeal vowels are reduced to [aˤ o͜aˤ].

The modal and nasal vowels (but not the pharyngeals) occur as the second vowel (V2) of bimoraic roots, CVCV or CVV, though only modal vowels may follow the medial consonants /b ɾ/, and only nasal vowels follow the medial consonants /m n/. Either oral or nasal vowels may follow /j w/ or null (CVV roots). That is, medial /m n/ may be seen as allophones of /b ɾ/.

The initial consonant (C1) may be any but /n ɾ/. The medial consonant (C2) may be /b ɾ m n j w/. N may be /m n/.

There are other vowel restrictions. V1 is always /i/ in CVCV words when C1 is non-click palatal, for example. (This is because those sounds arose historically from alveolars followed by /i/, which are still found in Naro.) Uvular(ized) consonants cause vowel lowering.

Tone edit

Gǀui may be analyzed as having two abstract phonemic tones, plus breathy voice, which is covered here rather than under vowels.

Monosyllabic morphemes carry one of two tones, high and low. Bimoraic roots carry one of six tones: high-level, high-mid (or "high falling"), mid-low (or "mid"), low-mid dipping/rising, high falling (or "falling"), and low falling (or "low"). Low falling and low-mid are accompanied by a breathy voice phonation, the other four with a clear phonation. The high and low falling tones form a natural class, triggering for example a high tone on the suffix -si, whereas the other four root tones trigger a low tone on -si.

That is, there are two tones on CV and V roots; two tones on bimoraic roots with breathy vowels, one of them falling; and four tones on bimoraic roots with other vowels, one of them falling. Thus there are four phonemic tones on CVCV, CVV, and CVN roots, the number expected if there are two possible tones on each mora, with moraic N carrying tone, though their contours are not simple juxtapositions of high/low + high/low.

Dialect edit

  • Khute

References edit

  1. ^ a b Gǀui at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)  
  2. ^ Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  3. ^ Amanda Miller, 2011. "The Representation of Clicks". In Oostendorp et al. eds., The Blackwell Companion to Phonology.
  4. ^ Gerlach 2015: 362, from Nakagawa 2006: 172
  5. ^ Nakagawa, Hirosi. (1996). "An Outline of ǀGui Phonology". African Study Monographs, Suppl. 22, 101–124.
  • Nakagawa, Hirosi. 1995. "A Preliminary Report on the Click Accompaniments in ǀGui". Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25.2, 49–63.
  • Nakagawa, Hirosi. 1996. "An Outline of ǀGui Phonology". African Study Monographs, Suppl. 22, 101–124.
  • Nakagawa, Hirosi. 2006. Aspects of the phonetic and phonological structure of the Gǀui language. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Witwatersrand.

External links edit

  • Gǀui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

January 01, 1970
gǀui, dialect, gǀui, gǀwi, pronounced, gwee, english, also, spelled, ǀgwi, dcui, gcwi, cgui, khoe, dialect, botswana, with, speakers, 2004, cook, part, gǁana, dialect, cluster, closely, related, naro, number, loan, words, from, ǂʼamkoe, gǀui, ǂʼamkoe, form, co. Gǀui or Gǀwi pronounced ˈ ɡ w iː GWEE in English and also spelled ǀGwi Dcui Gcwi or Cgui is a Khoe dialect of Botswana with 2 500 speakers 2004 Cook It is part of the Gǁana dialect cluster and is closely related to Naro It has a number of loan words from ǂʼAmkoe Gǀui ǂʼAmkoe and Taa form the core of the Kalahari Basin sprachbund and share a number of characteristic features including extremely large consonant inventories GǀuiPronunciationᶢǀuiNative toBotswanaEthnicity1 500 Gǀui 2013 1 Native speakers1 500 2013 1 1 500 all Gǁana dialects 2011 2 Language familyKhoe Kwadi KhoeKalahari Tshu Khwe WestGǁanaGǀuiLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code gwj class extiw title iso639 3 gwj gwj a Glottologgwii1239ELP GuiThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Clicks 1 2 Other consonants 1 3 Vowels 1 4 Tone 2 Dialect 3 References 4 External linksPhonology editGǀui has 93 consonants with 56 clicks or 52 consonants and 20 clicks depending on analysis There are ten vowels and two to six tones again depending on analysis Clicks edit Gǀui has 24 simple click consonants plus complex clicks variously analyzed as consonant clusters or airstream contours As with many of the Tshu Khwe languages clicks have lost some of their importance under the influence of neighboring Bantu languages Many words which previously began with clicks as shown by cognates in related languages have lost them over the past few centuries in Gǀui Nonetheless Gǀui has the largest known inventory of clicks of any Khoe language Gǀui has been described with a contrast between velar and uvular clicks However all Gǀui clicks are uvular or pharyngeal the uvular part of the latter is part of an airstream contour a transition from a click to a non click release effectively the click transitions into a non click consonant See Nǁng language for a similar situation in another language Nakagawa proposes that the contour and glottalized clicks are not single sounds but sequences of a click and a uvular or glottal consonant though Miller 2011 notes that such an analysis creates problems when extended to other languages with clicks Altogether there are thirteen such series or accompaniments and all 52 possible combinations are found Except for the lack of bilabial clicks the inventory is nearly identical to that of some speakers of ǂʼAmkoe which is in intense contact with Gǀui and may have borrowed some of its clicks from Gǀui and lost others not found in Gǀui Miller 2011 in a comparative study with other languages interprets Nakagawa s description as follows Nakagawa s kǃʔ and ǃqxʼ are analyzed as ᵑǃˀ and ǃ kxʼ respectively 3 affricated clicks sharp clicks dental lateral alveolar palatal Simple clicks voiced ᶢǀ ᶢǁ ᶢǃ ᶢǂ tenuis ᵏǀ ᵏǁ ᵏǃ ᵏǂ aspirated ᵏǀʰ ᵏǁʰ ᵏǃʰ ᵏǂʰ glottalized oral ᵏǀʼ ᵏǁʼ ᵏǃʼ ᵏǂʼ nasal ᵑǀ ᵑǁ ᵑǃ ᵑǂ voiceless aspirated nasal ᵑ ǀʰ ᵑ ǁʰ ᵑ ǃʰ ᵑ ǂʰ glottalized nasal ᵑǀˀ ᵑǁˀ ᵑǃˀ ᵑǂˀ Contours prenasalized voiced ᶢǀ ɢ ᶢǁ ɢ ᶢǃ ɢ ᶢǂ ɢ tenuis ǀ q ǁ q ǃ q ǂ q aspirated ǀ qʰ ǁ qʰ ǃ qʰ ǂ qʰ voiceless fricative ǀ x ǁ x ǃ x ǂ x ejective ǀ qʼ ǁ qʼ ǃ qʼ ǂ qʼ uvular affricate ǀ qx ǁ qx ǃ qx ǂ qx uvular ejective affricate ǀ qxʼ ǁ qxʼ ǃ qxʼ ǂ qxʼ The voiced contour uvular clicks tend to be prenasalized ɴǃɢ As in the majority of languages with clicks the glottalized nasal series ᵑǃˀ are pronounced with a glottal release ǃˀ in initial position and prenasalized ᵑˀǃ after a vowel The contrast between glottalized oral and glottalized nasal clicks is unusual but has also been reported from ǂʼAmkoe and Yeyi since Nakagawa announced its discovery in Gǀui The Khute dialect of Gǀui also has preglottalized nasal clicks allophonically They developed from glottalized nasal clicks before pharyngealized vowels perhaps under ǂʼAmkoe influence Preglottalized nasal clicks in Khute dialect 4 Khute Gǀui other Gǀui English ˀᵑǂuˤri ᵑǂˀuˤri adam s apple pharyngealized vowel ᵑǂˀubi ᵑǂˀubi egg modal vowel Other consonants edit Gǀui consonants 5 Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal plain affric Nasal m n ŋ Plosive voiceless p t ts c k q ʔ voiced b d dz ɟ g ɢ aspirated pʰ tʰ tsʰ cʰ kʰ qʰ ejective tʼ tsʼ cʼ kʼ kxʼ qʼ Uvularaffrication plain tx tsx ejective tqxʼ tsqxʼ Fricative s x h Approximant w ɾ l j Most words are of the form CV CVV CVCV CVN where C stands for a consonant V for a vowel and N for a nasal consonant m n In CVCV words only a limited set of consonants b m ɾ n j w may occur in medial position the second syllable Of these two n ɾ may not occur at the beginning of a word and due to restrictions with nasal vowels may be argued to be allophonic The n ɾ is pronounced l after a lateral click or a pharyngeal vowel ŋ only occurs in mimesis tʼ occurs in a single word t aa to carve which is not widely known The palatals which are unique among Khoisan languages to Gǁana Gǀui derive historically from the alveolars before non pharyngealized vowels In Gǁana this shift has only partly occurred tqxʼ and tsqxʼ have also been analyzed as txʼ and tsxʼ the ejective homologues of tx and tsx However their pronunciation is tqxʼ and tsqxʼ Vowels edit Gǀui has five modal vowels a e i o u three nasal vowels a ẽ o and two pharyngeal vowels aˤ oˤ There are diphthongs o a and o aˤ but they are allophones of o Gǀui also has breathy voice vowels but they are described as part of the tone system Only the five modal vowels a e i o u occur in monomoraic CV or V roots which except for the noun xo thing place case are all grammatical morphemes These are reduced to three nasal vowels a ẽ o after nasal consonants including the glottalized nasal clicks The modal vowels and the pharyngeal vowels aˤ oˤ o aˤ occur as the first vowel V1 of bimoraic roots CVCV CVV and CVN though the modal vowels are reduced to a e i o a before a nasal coda CVN This o a corresponds to o in Gǁana Pharyngeal oˤ and o aˤ are also in complementary distribution oˤ in CVV words and o aˤ in CVCV and CVN words some speakers use o aˤ in CVV roots too so that their pharyngeal vowels are reduced to aˤ o aˤ The modal and nasal vowels but not the pharyngeals occur as the second vowel V2 of bimoraic roots CVCV or CVV though only modal vowels may follow the medial consonants b ɾ and only nasal vowels follow the medial consonants m n Either oral or nasal vowels may follow j w or null CVV roots That is medial m n may be seen as allophones of b ɾ The initial consonant C1 may be any but n ɾ The medial consonant C2 may be b ɾ m n j w N may be m n There are other vowel restrictions V1 is always i in CVCV words when C1 is non click palatal for example This is because those sounds arose historically from alveolars followed by i which are still found in Naro Uvular ized consonants cause vowel lowering Tone edit Gǀui may be analyzed as having two abstract phonemic tones plus breathy voice which is covered here rather than under vowels Monosyllabic morphemes carry one of two tones high and low Bimoraic roots carry one of six tones high level high mid or high falling mid low or mid low mid dipping rising high falling or falling and low falling or low Low falling and low mid are accompanied by a breathy voice phonation the other four with a clear phonation The high and low falling tones form a natural class triggering for example a high tone on the suffix si whereas the other four root tones trigger a low tone on si That is there are two tones on CV and V roots two tones on bimoraic roots with breathy vowels one of them falling and four tones on bimoraic roots with other vowels one of them falling Thus there are four phonemic tones on CVCV CVV and CVN roots the number expected if there are two possible tones on each mora with moraic N carrying tone though their contours are not simple juxtapositions of high low high low Dialect editKhuteReferences edit a b Gǀui at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 nbsp Brenzinger Matthias 2011 The twelve modern Khoisan languages In Witzlack Makarevich amp Ernszt eds Khoisan languages and linguistics proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium Riezlern Kleinwalsertal Research in Khoisan Studies 29 Cologne Rudiger Koppe Verlag Amanda Miller 2011 The Representation of Clicks In Oostendorp et al eds The Blackwell Companion to Phonology Gerlach 2015 362 from Nakagawa 2006 172 Nakagawa Hirosi 1996 An Outline of ǀGui Phonology African Study Monographs Suppl 22 101 124 Nakagawa Hirosi 1995 A Preliminary Report on the Click Accompaniments in ǀGui Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 2 49 63 Nakagawa Hirosi 1996 An Outline of ǀGui Phonology African Study Monographs Suppl 22 101 124 Nakagawa Hirosi 2006 Aspects of the phonetic and phonological structure of the Gǀui language Ph D dissertation University of Witwatersrand External links editGǀui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gǀui dialect amp oldid 1208301740, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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