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Early life and military career of John McCain

October 24, 2023

The early life and military career of John Sidney McCain III spans the first forty-five years of his life (1936–1981). McCain's father and grandfather were admirals in the United States Navy. McCain was born on August 29, 1936, in the Panama Canal Zone, and attended many schools growing up as his family moved among naval facilities. McCain graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1958. He married the former Carol Shepp in 1965; he adopted two children from her previous marriage and they had another child together.

As a naval aviator, McCain flew attack aircraft from carriers. During the Vietnam War, he narrowly escaped death in the 1967 Forrestal fire. On his twenty-third bombing mission during Operation Rolling Thunder in October 1967, he was shot down over Hanoi and badly injured. He subsequently endured five and a half years as a prisoner of war, including periods of torture. In 1968, he refused a North Vietnamese offer of early release, because it would have meant leaving before other prisoners who had been held longer. He was released in 1973 after the Paris Peace Accords.

Upon his return, McCain studied at the National War College, commanded a large training squadron in Florida, and was appointed the Navy liaison to the U.S. Senate. He divorced his wife Carol in 1980 and married the former Cindy Hensley shortly thereafter. He retired from the Navy in 1981 as a captain.

Early years and education Edit

Family heritage Edit

 
McCain's grandfather "Slew" (left) and father "Jack" on board a U.S. Navy ship in Tokyo Bay, c. September 2, 1945

John Sidney McCain III was born on August 29, 1936,[1] at a United States Navy hospital[2][3][4] at Coco Solo Naval Air Station[5][6] in the Panama Canal Zone, which at that time was considered to be among the unincorporated territories of the United States.[7] His parents were Navy officer John S. "Jack" McCain, Jr. (1911–1981) and Roberta (Wright) McCain (1912-2020). McCain was of Scots-Irish and English ancestry.[8]

John McCain's grandparents were natives of Arkansas, Mississippi, and Texas, and much of his ancestry was Southern on both his mother's side and father's side.[8] The McCain family's patrilineal ancestral home is in Mississippi's Carroll County;[9][10] they owned and ran a 2,000-acre (8.1 km2) plantation in Teoc from 1848 until 1952.[9][11] The plantation had slaves before the American Civil War – some of whose descendants share the surname and call themselves the "black McCains"[12] – and sharecroppers afterward; influential blues guitarist Mississippi John Hurt was born on the plantation to one of the latter.[9]

The McCain family tree has a long heritage of American military service, with ancestors fighting as soldiers in the Indian Wars,[13] American Revolutionary War[14] (due to which McCain maintained a membership with the Sons of the American Revolution),[15] War of 1812,[16] for the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War,[9] and in World War I.[13] The tree also includes roguish behavior and economic success. John McCain's maternal grandfather, Archibald Wright (1875–1971),[17] was a Mississippi native who migrated to Muskogee, Oklahoma, in his twenties, ran afoul of the law with several gambling and bootlegging charges,[17] then became a strong-willed wildcatter who prospered on land deals during the early statehood years and struck oil in the Southwest.[17][18] Rich by age forty, he never worked again and became a stay-at-home father.[19][18] Raising a family in Oklahoma and Southern California, he instilled in Roberta and her twin sister Rowena a lifelong habit of travel and adventure.[20] There is also independent-minded behavior in the family tree: Jack McCain and Roberta Wright eloped and married in a bar in Tijuana, Mexico, when Archibald Wright's wife Myrtle objected to Roberta's association with a sailor.[21]

McCain's father and paternal grandfather eventually became Navy admirals, and were the first father–son pair to achieve four-star admiral rank.[22] His grandfather, Admiral John S. "Slew" McCain, Sr. (1884–1945), was a pioneer of aircraft carrier operations[23] who in 1942 commanded all land-based air operations in support of the Guadalcanal Campaign, and who ultimately in 1944–1945 aggressively led the Fast Carrier Task Force in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. His operations off the Philippines and Okinawa, and air strikes against Formosa and the Japanese home islands, caused tremendous destruction of Japanese naval and air forces in the closing period of the war.[24] His death four days after the Japanese surrender ceremony in Tokyo Bay was front-page news.[23] Jack McCain was a submarine commander in several theaters of operation in World War II and was decorated with both the Silver Star Medal and Bronze Star Medal.[24]

Early life Edit

 
From left: McCain in 1951 with his mother Roberta, his brother Joe, and his father John S. McCain Jr.

For his first ten years, "Johnny" McCain (the nickname he was given as part of a family tradition of distinguishing the generations)[2] was frequently uprooted as his family, including older sister Sandy (1934–2019)[25] and younger brother Joe (born 1942),[19][21] followed his father to New London, Connecticut, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and other stations in the Pacific Ocean.[26] Summer vacations were sometimes spent at the family's Teoc plantation,[11] but McCain always felt his heritage was military, not Southern.[9] McCain attended whatever naval base school was available,[26] often to the detriment of his education, as schools were sometimes substandard and their curricula often erratic.[26] After the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, his father was absent for long stretches.[27] His formal education was supplemented by the efforts of his mother, who took advantage of the family's many long-distance travels to expose him to historical and cultural sites.[20][28] He later wrote, "She taught me to find so much pleasure in life that misfortune could not rob me of the joy of living."[28] A Republican, she also made sure that he followed current events, although his parents avoided outward partisan affiliations due to his father's military career.[29]

After World War II ended, his father stayed in the Navy, sometimes working political liaison posts.[27] The family settled in Northern Virginia, and McCain attended the educationally stronger St. Stephen's School in Alexandria from 1946 to 1949.[30] To his family, McCain had long been quiet, dependable, and courteous,[31] while at St. Stephen's he began to develop an unruly, defiant streak.[32] Another two years were then spent following his father to naval stations;[33] altogether he attended about twenty schools during his youth.[34] He was frequently disciplined in school for fighting.[35] He later wrote, "The repeated farewells to friends rank among the saddest regrets of a childhood constantly disrupted by the demands of my father's career... At each new school I arrived eager to make, by means of my insolent attitude, new friends to compensate for the loss of others. At each new school I grew more determined to assert my crude individualism. At each new school I became a more unrepentant pain in the neck."[36]

 
John Sidney McCain III at Episcopal High School, 1953

In 1951, McCain enrolled at Episcopal High School in Alexandria, an academically superior, all-male private boarding school with a rigorous honor code, tradition of hazing, and spartan living environment.[37][38] Most of the children there were sons of wealthy Southerners, from whom McCain got a glimpse of life and career aspirations outside the Navy culture.[39] Nicknamed "Punk" and "McNasty" due to his combative, fiery disposition, McCain enjoyed and cultivated a tough guy image; he also made a few friends.[40][32][41][42] McCain earned two varsity letters in wrestling, excelling in the lighter weight classes.[43] He also played on the junior varsity football team and the tennis team, and participated in the student newspaper, yearbook, and drama club.[44] English teacher William Bee Ravenel III, who was also his football coach, became a great influence towards his sense of learning, honor, and self-image.[45] With what he later termed an "undistinguished, but acceptable" academic record,[46] McCain graduated from high school in 1954.[32]

Naval Academy Edit

 
John McCain at the U.S. Naval Academy, mid-1950s

Having done well on its entrance exams,[47] McCain entered the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, in June 1954, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather.[48] He had neither been ordered to go there by his parents nor discussed alternatives; as he later wrote, "I remember simply recognizing my eventual enrollment at the Academy as an immutable fact of life, and accepting it without comment."[49]

Ambivalent about his presence there,[48] McCain chose not to conform to the Academy's rules and some of its traditions.[50] Each year he was given over a hundred demerits – earning him membership in the "Century Club"[22] – for offenses such as shoes not being shined, formation faults, room in disorder, and talking out of place.[51] His father came to the Academy to reprimand him on his behavior a number of times.[38] He hated "plebe year", the trial by ordeal and hazing of entering midshipmen that would eventually weed out one quarter of the class.[52] He did not take well to those of higher rank arbitrarily wielding power over him – "It was bullshit, and I resented the hell out of it"[51] – and occasionally intervened when he saw it being done to others.[22][38] At 5-foot 7 inches[14] and 127 pounds[53] (1.70 m and 58 kg), he competed as a lightweight boxer for three years, where he lacked skills but was fearless and "didn't have a reverse gear".[53] In his final year, he managed the battalion boxing team to a brigade championship.[54]

Possessed of a strong intelligence,[55] McCain did well in a few subjects that interested him, such as English literature, history, and government.[22][51] There was a fixed Bachelor of Science curriculum taken by all midshipmen;[56][57][58] McCain's classmates were impressed by his cramming abilities on mathematics, science, and engineering courses[59] and thought his low grades were by inclination and not ability,[22] while McCain would later acknowledge that those courses were a struggle for him.[60] His class rank was further lowered by poor grades for conduct and leadership, which reflected his sloppy appearance, rebellious attitude, and poor relations with his company officer.[59][61] Despite his low standing, McCain was popular and a leader among his fellow midshipmen, in what writer Robert Timberg, in his acclaimed 1995 work The Nightingale's Song, called a "manic, intuitive, highly idiosyncratic way".[48] Good at attracting women,[22] McCain was famed for organizing off-Yard activities with a group who called themselves "the Bad Bunch";[38] one classmate said that "being on liberty with John McCain was like being in a train wreck."[62] Other midshipmen were annoyed by his behavior.[38] A June 1957 training cruise aboard the destroyer USS Hunt[63] found McCain showing good skills at the conn,[64] and the destination stop in Rio de Janeiro led to a dream-like romance with Brazilian fashion model and ballerina Maria Gracinda that persisted through a Christmastime reunion.[65][66]

McCain graduated from the Naval Academy in June 1958; he was fifth from the bottom in class rank, 894th out of 899.[48] Despite his difficulties, McCain later wrote that he never defamed the more compelling traditions of the Academy – courage, resilience, honor, and sacrifice for one's country – and he never wavered in his desire to show his father and family that he was of the same mettle as his naval forebears.[67] Indeed, Slew and Jack McCain had not had sterling records at the Academy themselves, finishing in the bottom third and bottom twentieth respectively.[68] McCain realized later that the Academy had taught him that "to sustain my self-respect for a lifetime it would be necessary for me to have the honor of serving something greater than my self-interest", a lesson that he would need to carry him through a "desperate and uncertain" time a decade later.[67]

Military career Edit

Naval training, early assignments, first marriage, and children Edit

John Sidney McCain III
BornAugust 29, 1936
DiedAugust 25, 2018 (aged 81)
AllegianceUnited States of America
Service/branchUnited States Navy
Years of service1958–1981
Rank  Captain
UnitUSS Intrepid (CV-11) VA-65
USS Enterprise (CVN-65) VA-65
USS Forrestal (CV-59) VA-46
USS Oriskany (CV-34) VA-163
Office of Legislative Affairs
Commands heldVA-174
Battles/warsVietnam War  (POW)
AwardsSilver Star Medal
Legion of Merit (2) w/ Combat "V"
Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star Medal (3) w/ Combat "V"
Purple Heart Medal (2)
others
Other workUnited States Senator from Arizona
U.S. presidential candidate

McCain was commissioned an ensign on June 4, 1958.[69] He spent two years as a naval aviator in training, first at Naval Air Station Pensacola in Florida through September 1959, and then at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in Texas, during which time he was promoted to lieutenant, junior grade.[69][70] He earned a reputation as a party man, as he drove a Corvette, dated an exotic dancer named "Marie the Flame of Florida", spent all his free time on the beach or in a Bachelor Officer Quarters room turned bar and friendly gambling den, and, as he later said, "generally misused my good health and youth".[34][71] He began as a sub-par flier: he had limited patience for studying aviation manuals, and spent study time reading history books instead.[38][71] He was not assigned to the elite units flying fighter aircraft, and instead became a pilot of attack aircraft.[38] During a March 1960 practice run in Texas, he lost track of his altitude and speed, and his single-seat, single-engine, piston-driven AD-6 Skyraider crashed into Corpus Christi Bay and sank to the bottom.[72] Although momentarily knocked unconscious by the impact, he squeezed out of the cockpit and swam ten feet to the surface, escaping without major injuries.[70][72] He graduated from flight school at Corpus Christi[70] in May 1960.[69] He joined squadron VA-42 at Naval Air Station Oceana in Virginia for five months of further training on the Skyraider.[69]

Starting in November 1960, McCain flew Skyraiders with the VA-65 "World Famous Fighting Tigers" squadron[69][73] on the aircraft carriers USS Intrepid and USS Enterprise.[74] The carriers were based at Naval Station Norfolk[73] and cruised in the Caribbean and in several deployments to the Mediterranean.[71] His aviation skills improved,[71][72] but around December 1961 he collided with power lines while flying recklessly low over southern Spain.[72] The area suffered a power outage, but McCain was able to return his damaged Skyraider to Intrepid.[72]

On board for Enterprise's maiden voyage in January 1962, McCain gained visibility with the captain and shipboard publicity that fellow sailors and aviators attributed to his famous last name.[72] McCain was made a lieutenant in June 1962,[69] and was on alert duty on Enterprise when it helped enforce the naval quarantine of Cuba during the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.[75] In November 1963, he was rotated back to shore duty, serving nine months on the staff of the Naval Air Basic Training Command at Pensacola.[69][76] In September 1964, he became a flight instructor with the VT-7 training squadron at Naval Air Station Meridian in Mississippi,[69][77] where McCain Field had been named for his grandfather.[78]

During the 1964 stint at Pensacola, McCain began a relationship with Carol Shepp, a successful swimwear and runway model[79] originally from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[70][71] They had known each other at the Naval Academy and she had married and then divorced one of his classmates.[70][80] McCain told her he wanted to do something important with his life, so he would be recorded in history.[81] On July 3, 1965, McCain married Shepp in Philadelphia.[82] She already had two children, Douglas and Andrew, born in 1959 and 1962 respectively;[83] he adopted them in 1966.[84] Carol and he then had a daughter named Sidney in September 1966.[85]

In the summer of 1965, McCain appeared as a contestant on the television quiz show Jeopardy! (during the Art Fleming era).[86] McCain won the first day, but lost on the second day.[86] He later recalled Final Jeopardy making the difference, where the clue was "Cathy loves him, but she married Edgar Linton instead". McCain knew the novel in question, writing down "What is Wuthering Heights?", but the clue was looking for the specific character, "Who is Heathcliff?"[87][88]

 
McCain (front right) with his squadron and T-2 Buckeye trainer, in 1965

In November 1965, he had his third accident when apparent engine failure in his T-2 Buckeye trainer jet over the Eastern Shore of Virginia led to his ejecting safely before his plane crashed.[72] While at Meridian, McCain requested a combat assignment.[89] In October 1966, he was slated for upcoming Vietnam War duty, and so reported to the VA-44 Replacement Air Group squadron at Naval Air Station Cecil Field in Florida for training on the A-4 Skyhawk, a single-seat jet attack aircraft.[69][89][90] There McCain was seen as a good pilot, albeit one who tended to "push the envelope" in his flying.[72] Promoted to lieutenant commander in January 1967,[69] McCain joined the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal by May 1967,[69] flying Skyhawks with the VA-46 "Clansmen" squadron.[91] Forrestal conducted training exercises in the Atlantic early in the year, then set sail for the Pacific in June.[92] By this time, Jack McCain had risen in the ranks, making rear admiral in 1958 and vice admiral in 1963;[93] in May 1967, he was promoted to four-star admiral, and became Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Europe, stationed in London.[27]

Vietnam operations Edit

On July 25, 1967, Forrestal reached Yankee Station in the Gulf of Tonkin[92] and joined Operation Rolling Thunder, the 1965–68 air interdiction and strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam.[94][95] By the end of 1966, Rolling Thunder was not meeting its most important goals.[96] Accordingly, for 1967 an emphasized focus was placed on strategic industrial and resupply targets such as power plants, port facilities, and the like, including some targets that had previously been deemed too politically sensitive to attack.[97] In particular, the alpha strikes flown from Forrestal were against specific, pre-selected targets such as arms depots, factories, and bridges.[98] The flights were quite dangerous, due to the strength of the North Vietnamese air defenses, which used Soviet-designed and -supplied surface-to-air missiles, anti-aircraft artillery, and MiG jet interceptors.[99] McCain's first five attack missions over North Vietnam went without incident,[100] and while still unconcerned with minor Navy regulations, McCain had garnered the reputation of a serious aviator.[75] McCain and his fellow pilots were frustrated by the micromanagement of Rolling Thunder from Washington;[98] he later wrote, "The target list was so restricted that we had to go back and hit the same targets over and over again... Most of our pilots flying the missions believed that our targets were virtually worthless. In all candor, we thought our civilian commanders were complete idiots who didn't have the least notion of what it took to win the war."[95]

 
Crew members fighting the 1967 USS Forrestal fire

McCain was almost killed on board Forrestal on July 29, 1967. While the air wing was preparing to launch attacks, a Zuni rocket from an F-4 Phantom accidentally fired across the carrier's deck.[101] The rocket struck either McCain's A-4E Skyhawk or one near it.[92] The impact ruptured the Skyhawk's fuel tank, which ignited the fuel and knocked two bombs loose.[102] McCain later said, "I thought my aircraft exploded. Flames were everywhere."[92] McCain escaped from his jet by climbing out of the cockpit, working himself to the nose of the jet, and jumping off its refueling probe onto the burning deck.[102] His flight suit caught on fire as he rolled through the flames, but he was able to put it out.[102] He went to help another pilot trying to escape the fire when the first bomb exploded; McCain was thrown backwards ten feet (three meters)[103] and suffered minor wounds when struck in the legs and chest by fragments.[72][92][104] McCain helped crewmen throw unexploded bombs overboard off the hangar deck elevator, then went to Forrestal's ready room and with other pilots watched the ensuing fire and the fire-fighting efforts on the room's closed-circuit television.[105] The fire killed 134 sailors, injured scores of others, destroyed at least 20 aircraft, and took 24 hours to control.[92][106][107] In Saigon a day after the conflagration, McCain praised the heroism of enlisted men who gave their lives trying to save the pilots on deck,[103] and told The New York Times reporter R. W. Apple Jr., "It's a difficult thing to say. But now that I've seen what the bombs and the napalm did to the people on our ship, I'm not so sure that I want to drop any more of that stuff on North Vietnam."[108] But such a change of course was unlikely; as McCain added, "I always wanted to be in the Navy. I was born into it and I never really considered another profession. But I always had trouble with the regimentation."[108]

 
An A-4E Skyhawk, similar to the one McCain flew (from a different Oriskany squadron) in 1967

As Forrestal headed to port for repairs, McCain volunteered to join the undermanned VA-163 "Saints" squadron on board the USS Oriskany.[109] This carrier had earlier endured its own deck fire disaster[110] and its squadrons had suffered some of the heaviest losses during Rolling Thunder. The Saints had a reputation for aggressive, daring attacks, but paid the price:[111] in 1967, one-third of their pilots were killed or captured, and all of their original fifteen A-4s had been destroyed.[111] After taking some leave in Europe and back home in Orange Park, Florida,[112] McCain joined Oriskany on September 30, 1967,[111] for a tour he expected would finish early the next summer.[113] He volunteered to fly the squadron's most dangerous missions right away, rather than work his way up to them.[114] During October 1967, the pilots operated in constant twelve-hour on, twelve-hour off shifts.[115] McCain would be awarded a Navy Commendation Medal for leading his air section through heavy enemy fire during an October 18 raid on the Lac Trai shipyard in Haiphong.[116] On October 25, McCain successfully attacked the Phúc Yên Air Base north of Hanoi through a barrage of anti-aircraft artillery and surface-to-air missile fire; credited with destroying one aircraft on the ground and damaging two, the raid would garner him the Air Medal.[116] Air defenses around Hanoi were at this point the strongest they would be during the entire war.[117]

Prisoner of war Edit

External video
  "Vietnam Revisited with Senator John McCain", C-SPAN, September 1, 1992[118]

Arrival Edit

 
The A-4E (BuNo 149959) six days before McCain was shot down with it, landed by another pilot aboard Oriskany

On October 26, 1967, McCain was flying his twenty-third mission, part of a twenty-plane strike force against the Yen Phu thermal power plant in central Hanoi[119][120] that previously had almost always been off-limits to U.S. raids due to the possibility of collateral damage.[117] Arriving just before noon, McCain dove from 9,000 to 4,000 feet on his approach;[121] as he neared the target, warning systems in McCain's A-4E Skyhawk alerted him that he was being tracked by enemy fire-control radar.[122] Like other U.S. pilots in similar situations, he did not break off the bombing run,[72] and he held his dive until he released his bombs at about 3,500 feet (1,000 m).[123] As he started to pull up, the Skyhawk's wing was blown off by a Soviet-made SA-2 anti-aircraft missile fired by the North Vietnamese Air Defense Command's 61st Battalion,[117][121] commanded by Captain Nguyen Lan[121] assisted by fire control officer Lieutenant Nguyen Xuan Dai.[117][121] (McCain was later awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for this day,[116] while Nguyen Xuan Dai was awarded the title Hero of the People's Armed Forces.[117] Decades later, Soviet Army Lieutenant Yuri Trushechkin claimed that he had been the missile guidance officer who had shot McCain down.[124] In any case, the raid was a failure, as the power plant was not damaged and three of the attacking planes were shot down.[121])

 
McCain being pulled out of Trúc Bạch Lake in Hanoi and about to become a prisoner of war,[125] on October 26, 1967

McCain's plane went into a vertical inverted spin.[126] McCain bailed out upside down at high speed;[127] the force of the ejection fractured his right arm in three places, his left arm, and his right leg at the knee, and knocked him unconscious.[127][128] McCain nearly drowned after parachuting into Trúc Bạch Lake in Hanoi; the weight of his equipment was pulling him down, and as he regained consciousness, he could not use his arms.[122] Eventually, he was able to inflate his life vest using his teeth.[122] Several Vietnamese, possibly led by Department of Industry clerk Mai Van On, pulled him ashore.[129] A mob gathered around, spat on him, kicked him, and stripped him of his clothes; his left shoulder was crushed with the butt of a rifle and he was bayoneted in his left foot and left groin area.[122][127][128] He was then transported to Hanoi's main Hỏa Lò Prison, nicknamed the "Hanoi Hilton" by American POWs.[130]

McCain reached Hỏa Lò in as bad a physical condition as any prisoner during the war.[130] His captors refused to give him medical care unless he gave them military information; they beat and interrogated him, but McCain only offered his name, rank, serial number, and date of birth[131][132] (the only information he was required to provide under the Geneva Conventions and permitted to give under the U.S. Code of Conduct).[121] Soon thinking he was near death, McCain said he would give them more information if taken to the hospital,[131] hoping he could then put his interrogators off once he was treated.[133] A prison doctor came and said it was too late, as McCain was about to die anyway.[131] Only when the North Vietnamese discovered that his father was a high-ranking admiral did they give him medical care,[131] calling him "the crown prince".[130] Two days after McCain's plane went down, that event and his status as a POW made the front pages of The New York Times[108] and The Washington Post.[134] Interrogation and beatings resumed in the hospital; McCain gave the North Vietnamese his ship's name, squadron's name, and the attack's intended target.[135] This information, along with personal details of McCain's life and purported statements by McCain about the war's progress, would appear over the next two weeks in the North Vietnamese official newspaper Nhân Dân[121] as well as in dispatches from outlets such as the Cuban news agency Prensa Latina.[136] Disclosing the military information was in violation of the Code of Conduct, which McCain later wrote he regretted, although he saw the information as being of no practical use to the North Vietnamese.[137] Further coerced to give future targets, he named cities that had already been bombed, and responding to demands for the names of his squadron's members, he supplied instead the names of the Green Bay Packers' offensive line.[135][138]

 
Decades later, McCain's flight suit and gear were put on display at a museum in the remaining portion of Hỏa Lò Prison.

McCain spent six weeks in the hospital,[119] receiving marginal care in a dirty, wet environment.[139] A prolonged attempt to set the fractures on his right arm, done without anesthetic, was unsuccessful;[140] he received an operation on his broken leg but no treatment for his broken left arm.[141] He was temporarily taken to a clean room and interviewed by a French journalist, François Chalais, whose report was carried on the French television program Panorama in January 1968[142] and later in the U.S. on the CBS Evening News.[143] The film footage of McCain lying in the bed, in a cast, smoking cigarettes and speaking haltingly,[144] would become one of the most widely distributed images of McCain's imprisonment.[142] McCain was observed by a variety of North Vietnamese, including renowned Vietnamese writer Nguyễn Tuân and Defense Minister and Army commander-in-chief General Võ Nguyên Giáp.[121][145] Many of the North Vietnamese observers assumed that McCain must be part of America's political-military-economic elite.[146] Now having lost fifty pounds (twenty-three kilograms), in a chest cast, covered in grime and eyes full of fever, and with his hair turned white,[119] in early December 1967 McCain was sent to a prisoner-of-war camp on the outskirts of Hanoi nicknamed "the Plantation".[121][147] He was placed in a cell with George "Bud" Day, a badly injured and tortured Air Force pilot (later awarded the Medal of Honor) and Norris Overly, another Air Force pilot; they did not expect McCain to live another week.[148][149] Overly, and subsequently Day, nursed McCain and kept him alive;[150] Day later recalled that McCain had "a fantastic will to live".[151]

Solitary Edit

In March 1968, McCain was put into solitary confinement, where he remained for two years.[152] Unknown to the POWs, in April 1968, Jack McCain was named Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC) effective in July, stationed in Honolulu and commander of all U.S. forces in the Vietnam theater.[153][154] In mid-June, Major Bai, commander of the North Vietnamese prison camp system,[155] offered McCain a chance to return home early.[153] The North Vietnamese wanted to score a worldwide propaganda coup by appearing merciful,[151] and also wanted to show other POWs that members of the elite like McCain were willing to be treated preferentially.[153] McCain turned down the offer of release, due to the POWs' "first in, first out" interpretation of the U.S. Code of Conduct:[156] he would only accept the offer if every man captured before him was released as well.[119][157] McCain's refusal to be released was remarked upon by North Vietnamese senior negotiator Lê Đức Thọ to U.S. envoy Averell Harriman, during the ongoing Paris Peace Talks.[158] Enraged by his declining of the offer, Bai and his assistant told McCain that things would get very bad for him.[157]

In late August 1968, a program of vigorous torture methods began on McCain.[159] The North Vietnamese used rope bindings to put him into prolonged, painful positions and severely beat him every two hours, all while he was suffering from dysentery.[159] His right leg was reinjured, his ribs were cracked, some teeth were broken at the gumline, and his left arm was re-fractured.[41][159] Lying in his own waste, his spirit was broken;[159] the beginnings of a suicide attempt were stopped by guards.[119] After four days of this, McCain signed and taped[160] an anti-American propaganda "confession" that said, in part, "I am a black criminal and I have performed the deeds of an air pirate. I almost died, and the Vietnamese people saved my life, thanks to the doctors."[119][159] He used stilted Communist jargon and ungrammatical language to signal that the statement was forced.[138] McCain was haunted then and since with the belief that he had dishonored his country, his family, his comrades and himself by his statement,[161][162] but as he later wrote, "I had learned what we all learned over there: Every man has his breaking point. I had reached mine."[126] Two weeks later his captors tried to force him to sign a second statement; his will to resist restored, he refused.[159] He sometimes received two to three beatings per week because of his continued resistance;[163] the sustained mistreatment went on for over a year.[151] His refusals to cooperate, laced with loud obscenities directed towards his guards, were often heard by other POWs.[164] His boxing experience from his Naval Academy days helped him withstand the battering,[53] and the North Vietnamese did not break him again.[159]

 
A map drawn by an American POW after the war shows the location of "the Plantation" and the "Hanoi Hilton", two of the camps where McCain spent his captivity.

Other American POWs were similarly tortured and maltreated in order to extract "confessions" and propaganda statements.[165][166] Many, especially among those who had been captured earlier and imprisoned longer – such as those in the "Alcatraz Gang" – endured even worse treatment than McCain.[167] Under extreme duress, virtually all the POWs eventually yielded something to their captors.[165][168] There were momentary exceptions: on one occasion, a guard surreptitiously loosened McCain's painful rope bindings for a night; when, months later, the guard later saw McCain on Christmas Day, he stood next to McCain and silently drew a cross in the dirt with his foot.[169] In October 1968, McCain's isolation was partly relieved when Ernest C. Brace was placed in the cell next to him;[170] he taught Brace the tap code the prisoners used to communicate.[171] On Christmas Eve 1968, a church service for the POWs was staged for photographers and film cameras; McCain defied North Vietnamese instructions to be quiet, speaking out details of his treatment then shouting "Fu-u-u-u-ck you, you son of a bitch!" and giving the finger whenever a camera was pointed at him.[172] McCain refused to meet with various anti-Vietnam War peace groups coming to Hanoi,[173] such as those led by David Dellinger, Tom Hayden, and Rennie Davis, not wanting to give either them or the North Vietnamese a propaganda victory based on his connection to his father.[126] McCain was still badly hobbled by his injuries, earning the nickname "Crip" among the other POWs,[174][175] but despite his physical condition, continued beatings and isolation, he was one of the key players in the Plantation's resistance efforts.[176]

In May 1969, U.S. Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird began publicly questioning North Vietnamese treatment of U.S. prisoners.[177] On June 6, 1969, a United Press International report described a Radio Hanoi broadcast, made on June 2, that denied any such mistreatment.[177][178] The transmission, one of a series of North Vietnamese propaganda broadcasts on the subject of prisoners, used excerpts from McCain's spoken, forced "confession" of a year before, including statements such as: "I have bombed the cities, towns and villages and caused injuries and even death for the people of North Vietnam. After I was captured, I was taken to a hospital in Hanoi where I received very good medical treatment. I was given an operation on my leg which enabled me to walk again and a cast on my right arm, which was badly broken in three places. The doctors are very good and they knew a great deal about medicine."[177][178][179] (The broadcast was picked up and recorded by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service and copies of it are available from the National Archives and Records Administration, as a 2016 newspaper story confirmed.[178])

Starting in late 1969, treatment of McCain and the other POWs suddenly improved.[180][181] North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh had died the previous month, possibly causing a change in policy towards POWs.[180] Also, a badly beaten and weakened POW who had been released that summer disclosed to the world press the conditions to which they were being subjected,[126] and the National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia, which included McCain's brother Joe, heightened awareness of the POWs' plight.[182] In December 1969, McCain was transferred back to the Hỏa Lò, "Hanoi Hilton";[183] his solitary confinement ended in March 1970.[184] When the prisoners talked about what they wanted to do once they got out, McCain said he wanted to become President.[81] McCain consented to a January 1970 interview outside Hỏa Lò with Spanish-born, Cuban psychologist Fernando Barral [es], that was published in the official Cuban newspaper Granma.[185] McCain talked about his life and expressed no remorse for his bombing North Vietnam,[185] and Barral proclaimed him "an insensitive individual without human depth."[186] The POWs issued an edict forbidding any further such interviews,[185] and despite pressure from his captors, McCain subsequently refused to see any anti-war groups or journalists sympathetic to the North Vietnamese regime.[186]

Release Edit

 
John McCain at Gia Lam Airfield in Hanoi during his release as a POW on March 14, 1973

McCain and other prisoners were moved around to different camps at times, but conditions over the next several years were generally more tolerable than they had been before.[126] Unknown to them, during each year that Jack McCain was CINCPAC he paid a Christmastime visit to the American troops in South Vietnam serving closest to the DMZ; he would stand alone and look north, to be as close to his son as he could get.[187] By 1971, some 30–50 percent of the POWs had become disillusioned about the war, both because of the apparent lack of military progress and what they heard of the growing anti-war movement in the U.S., and some of them were less reluctant to make propaganda statements for the North Vietnamese.[168] McCain was not among them: he participated in a defiant church service[188] and led an effort to write letters home that only portrayed the camp in a negative light,[189] and as a result spent much of the year in a camp reserved for "bad attitude" cases.[168]

Back at the "Hanoi Hilton" from November 1971 onward,[190] McCain and the other POWs cheered the resumed bombing of the north starting in April 1972, whose targets included the Hanoi area and whose daily orders were issued by Jack McCain, knowing his son was in the vicinity.[191] Jack McCain's tour as CINCPAC ended in September 1972,[192] despite his desire to have it extended so he could see the war to its conclusion.[187] The old-time POWs cheered even more during the intense "Christmas Bombing" campaign of December 1972,[191][193] when Hanoi was subjected for the first time to repeated B-52 Stratofortress raids. Although its explosions lit the night sky and shook the walls of the camp, scaring some of the newer POWs,[193] most saw it as a forceful measure to compel North Vietnam to finally come to terms.[191]

The Paris Peace Accords were signed on January 27, 1973, ending direct U.S. involvement in the war, but the Operation Homecoming arrangements for the 591 American POWs took longer.[194] McCain was finally released from captivity on March 14, 1973, being taken by bus to Gia Lam Airport, transferred to U.S. custody, and flown by C-141 to Clark Air Base in the Philippines.[195][196] (After the last of the POWs had been released, McCain's forced "confession", along with similar statements from other POWs, was aired again during a Voice of Vietnam broadcast on April 10, 1973, as the North Vietnamese sought to refute the returning prisoners' tales of having been tortured.[178])

Altogether, McCain was held as a prisoner of war in North Vietnam for five and a half years, nearly five of them after his refusal to accept the out-of-sequence repatriation offer. His wartime injuries left him permanently incapable of raising either arm more than 80 degrees.[41][128] For his actions as a POW, McCain was awarded the Silver Star Medal, the Legion of Merit, three Bronze Star Medals, another instance of the Navy Commendation Medal, and the Purple Heart Medal.[69][116] He also gained an appreciation, from experiencing the mutual help and organized resistance of the POWs, that his earlier individualism needed to be tempered by a belief in causes greater than self-interest.[162]

Return to United States Edit

 
President Nixon greeting McCain at the White House Correspondents Dinner on April 14, 1973
 
McCain giving an interview to the press on April 24, 1973, after his return from Vietnam. Photo by U.S. News & World Report.
 
President Nixon greeting former POWs on May 24, 1973, as part of a day-long series of events honoring them. McCain is on crutches, having undergone surgery earlier that month for his leg injuries.

Upon his return to the United States a few days later, McCain was reunited with his wife Carol and his family.[197] She had suffered her own crippling, near-death ordeal during his captivity, due to an automobile accident in December 1969 that left her hospitalized for six months and facing twenty-three operations and ongoing physical therapy.[198] (Businessman and POW advocate Ross Perot had paid for her medical care.[81]) By the time McCain saw her, she was four inches (ten centimeters) shorter, on crutches, and substantially heavier.[81]

As a returned POW, McCain became a celebrity of sorts: The New York Times ran a story and front-page photo of him getting off the plane at Clark Air Base in the Philippines;[195][199] he authored a thirteen-page cover story describing his ordeal and his support for the Nixon administration's handling of the war in U.S. News & World Report;[126] he participated in parades in Orange Park and elsewhere and made personal appearances before groups, where he showed strong speaking skills;[197][200] and he was given the key to the city of Jacksonville, Florida.[197]

McCain also found high-level political visibility. On April 14, four returned POWs were in attendance and honored at the White House Correspondents' dinner;[201] McCain was one of them and shook hands with President Richard Nixon.[202] Then Nixon gave an address to former POWs in an auditorium at the State Department during the day of May 24.[203] McCain had undergone surgery earlier in the month for leg injuries suffered during his shoot-down,[204] and a photograph of him on crutches shaking the hand of President Nixon became iconic.[205][206] That evening, 600 ex-POWs and their families were honored at a gala dinner on the lawn of The White House.[203] The McCains became frequent guests of honor at dinners hosted by Governor of California Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy Reagan,[207] and John McCain made a strong impression speaking at a large prayer breakfast hosted by the governor.[208] McCain had admired Ronald Reagan while in captivity and afterwards, believing him to be a man who saw honor in Vietnam service and a potential leader who would not lead the nation into a war it was unwilling to win.[209]

McCain underwent three operations in total and other treatment for his injuries,[210] spending three months at the Naval Regional Medical Center in Jacksonville.[69][211] Psychological tests, given to all the returning POWs, showed that McCain had "adjusted exceptionally well to repatriation" and had "an ambitious, striving, successful pattern of adjustment".[212] McCain told examiners that he withstood his ordeal by having "Faith in country, United States Navy, family, and God".[213] Unlike many veterans, McCain did not experience flashbacks or nightmares of his Vietnam experience,[214] although due to the association with prison guards, the sound of keys rattling would cause him to "tense up".[128]

McCain was promoted to commander effective July 1973[69] and attended the National War College in Fort McNair in Washington, D.C. during the 1973–1974 academic year.[215] (Former POWs were given latitude in choosing their next assignment. Navy officials objected to McCain's choice of the National War College, as he was not yet a commander, the minimum rank needed to qualify; McCain had earned the rank but it had not yet become official. McCain appealed to Secretary of the Navy John Warner, a friend of his father's, and gained admission.[205]) There he intensively studied the history of Vietnam and the French and American wars there,[216] and wrote "The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War", a long paper on the Vietnam POW experience as a test of the U.S. Code of Conduct.[217]

By the time he graduated,[218] McCain concluded that mistakes by American political and military leaders had doomed the war effort.[216] (The particular operation that had led to his downing, Rolling Thunder, had been stopped in 1968, and while it had caused the North Vietnamese some logistical and resource difficulties, it had not succeeded in altering any of the fundamental equations involved in eventually determining the war's outcome.[219]) McCain accepted the right of the anti-war movement in the U.S. to have exercised their freedom to protest, and he adopted a live-and-let-live attitude towards those who had evaded the draft.[216] Nor did the vast changes in American social mores that had taken place during his absence bother him, as it did many other former POWs.[206] McCain returned to Saigon in November 1974;[220] he and a couple of other former POWs received the National Order of Vietnam, that country's highest honor.[221] He also spoke at the South Vietnamese war college, five months before Saigon fell.[220]

McCain resolved not to become a "professional POW" but to move forward and rebuild his life.[216] Few thought McCain could fly again, and if he could not meet the medical requirements to remain a naval aviator he said he would consider a career in the United States Foreign Service.[204] But he was determined to try, and during this time he engaged in nine months of grueling, painful physical therapy, especially to get his knees to bend again.[81]

Commanding officer Edit

McCain recuperated just enough to pass his flight physical and have his flight status reinstated.[81] In August 1974, he was assigned to the Replacement Air Group VA-174 "Hellrazors".[69] This was an A-7 Corsair II training squadron located at Naval Air Station Cecil Field in Jacksonville[222] and the largest aviation squadron in the Navy.[223] He became its executive officer in 1975,[223] and on July 1, 1976, he was made VA-174's commanding officer.[222][224] This last assignment was controversial, as he did not have the required experience of having commanded a smaller squadron first[220] (something that he now had too high a rank to do).[225] While some senior officers resented McCain's presence as favoritism due to his father, junior officers rallied to him and helped him qualify for A-7 carrier landings.[81]

As commanding officer, McCain relied upon a relatively unorthodox leadership style based upon the force of his personality.[226] He removed personnel he thought ineffective, and sought to improve morale and productivity by establishing an informal rapport with enlisted men.[81][224][226] Dealing with limited post-Vietnam defense budgets and parts shortages,[81][224] he was forceful in demanding that respect be given to the female officers just beginning to arrive into the unit.[226] McCain's leadership abilities were credited with improving the unit's aircraft readiness; for the first time, all fifty of its aircraft were able to fly.[81][224] Although some operational metrics declined during the period,[223][226] the pilot safety improved to the point of having zero accidents.[223][224] The squadron was awarded its first-ever Meritorious Unit Commendation,[222] while McCain received a Meritorious Service Medal.[116] McCain later stated that being commanding officer of VA-174 was the most rewarding assignment of his naval career.[227] When his stint ended in July 1977,[222] the change of command ceremony was attended by his father and the rest of his family, as well as some of his fellow POWs; speaker Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, Jr. said that John had joined Jack and Slew McCain in a place of honor in Navy tradition, a tribute that deeply moved McCain.[220]

During their time in Jacksonville, the McCains' marriage began to falter.[228] McCain had extramarital affairs;[228] he was seen with other women in social settings and developed a reputation among his colleagues for womanizing.[226][229] Some of McCain's activity with other women occurred when he was off-duty after routine flights to Marine Corps Air Station Yuma and Naval Air Facility El Centro.[228] Marital difficulties were in fact quite common among the returned POWs.[204] However, McCain later said, "My marriage's collapse was attributable to my own selfishness and immaturity more than it was to Vietnam, and I cannot escape blame by pointing a finger at the war. The blame was entirely mine."[230] His wife Carol later stated that the failure was not due to her accident or Vietnam and that "I attribute [the breakup of our marriage] more to John turning 40 and wanting to be 25 again than I do to anything else."[231] Writer and Vietnam veteran Robert Timberg believes that "Vietnam did play a part, perhaps not the major part, but more than a walk-on."[231] According to John McCain, "I had changed, she had changed. People who have been apart that much change."[231]

Senate liaison, divorce, and second marriage Edit

 
McCain, representing the former POWs, appearing at a 1973 luncheon on Capitol Hill in honor of them. He is shaking hands with Senator Carl Curtis of Nebraska. McCain's wife Carol is partially visible on his right.

McCain had thought about entering politics since his return from Vietnam,[29] although 1964 had been the only time in his life he had ever voted.[29] In 1976, he briefly thought of running for the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida;[232] he had the support of some local figures in Jacksonville, but was convinced by other Republican Party leaders that he did not have sufficient political experience, funding, or popular support to defeat longtime Democratic incumbent Charles E. Bennett.[29][208][233] Instead, he worked so hard for Ronald Reagan's 1976 Republican primary campaign that his base commander reprimanded him for being too politically active for his naval position.[226]

As his tenure with VA-174 was ending, McCain was assigned to a low-profile desk job within the Naval Air Systems Command.[226][234] Chief of Naval Operations Admiral James L. Holloway III thought this assignment a waste of McCain's social talents,[234] and instead in July 1977 McCain was appointed to the Senate Liaison Office within the Navy's Office of Legislative Affairs[69] (an assignment Jack McCain had once held).[232] The office's role mostly consisted of providing constituent service and acting as a facilitator among legislators, the Department of Defense, and lobbyists.[234] McCain later said the liaison job represented "[my] real entry into the world of politics and the beginning of my second career as a public servant".[205] McCain's lively personality and knowledge of military matters made his post in the Russell Senate Office Building a popular gathering spot for senators and staff.[234] He also frequently escorted congressional delegations on overseas trips, where he arranged entertaining side escapades.[235] McCain was influenced by senators of both parties, and formed an especially strong bond with John Tower of Texas, the ranking member of the Senate Armed Services Committee.[235] During 1978 and 1979, McCain played a key behind-the-scenes role in gaining congressional funding for a new supercarrier against the wishes of the Carter administration and Navy Secretary W. Graham Claytor Jr.[81][236] In August 1979, McCain was promoted to naval captain,[69] and became Director of the Senate Liaison Office.[116][234] During McCain's time there, the Senate Liaison Office enjoyed one of its few periods of high influence.[233]

McCain and his wife Carol had been briefly separated soon after returning to Washington, but then reunited and remained married.[81] In April 1979,[81] while attending a military reception for senators in Hawaii, McCain met Cindy Lou Hensley, eighteen years his junior,[237] a teacher from Phoenix, Arizona, and the daughter of James Willis Hensley, a wealthy Anheuser-Busch beer distributor, and Marguerite "Smitty" Hensley.[230] They began dating, travelling between Arizona and Washington to see each other,[238] and John McCain urged his wife Carol to accept a divorce.[81] The McCains stopped cohabiting in January 1980,[239] and John McCain filed for divorce in February,[239] which Carol McCain accepted at that time.[81] After she did not respond to court summonses,[79] the uncontested divorce became official in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, on April 2, 1980.[239] McCain gave Carol a settlement that included full custody of their children, alimony, child support including college tuition, houses in Virginia and Florida, and lifelong financial support for her ongoing medical treatments resulting from the 1969 automobile accident;[79] they would remain on good terms.[230] McCain and Hensley were married on May 17, 1980,[82] in Phoenix, with Senators William Cohen and Gary Hart as best man and groomsman.[230] McCain's children were upset with him and did not attend the wedding,[79][81] but after several years they reconciled with him and Cindy.[81][85] Carol McCain became a personal assistant to Nancy Reagan and later Director of the White House Visitors Office.[240] The Reagans were stunned by the divorce;[239] Nancy Reagan's relationship with John McCain turned cold for a while following it, but eventually the two renewed their friendship.[239][241] The same happened with most of McCain's other friends, who were eventually won over by the force of his personality and his frequent expressions of guilt over what had happened.[81]

Around the end of 1980, McCain decided to retire from the Navy.[242] He had not been given a major sea command,[243] and his physical condition had deteriorated, causing him to fail the flight physical required for any carrier command position[208][244] (in addition to his limited arm movement, certain weather would always cause him to walk with a limp).[128] McCain thought he might make rear admiral, but probably not vice admiral, and never become a four-star admiral as his grandfather and father had been.[243] McCain later wrote that he did not anguish over his decision,[242] although it pained his mother, who thought congressional careers paled in comparison to top naval ones.[208] He was excited by the idea of being a member of Congress[235] and was soon recruiting a campaign manager that Cohen knew, for a planned run at a House seat from Arizona.[81] In early 1981, Secretary of the Navy John F. Lehman, who did not want to see McCain leave the liaison post, told McCain that he was still on the path to be selected for one-star rear admiral.[208] McCain told Lehman that he was leaving the Navy[208] and that he could "do more good" in Congress.[235]

McCain retired with an effective date of April 1, 1981,[69] the rank of captain,[69] and a disability pension due to his wartime injuries.[245] For his service in the Senate liaison office, McCain was awarded a gold star in lieu of a second award of the Legion of Merit.[116] Jack McCain died on March 22, 1981.[246] On March 27, 1981, McCain attended his father's funeral at Arlington National Cemetery, wearing his uniform for the last time before signing his discharge papers, and later that day flew to Phoenix with his wife Cindy to begin his new life.[21][246]

Military awards Edit

McCain's military decorations and awards include:[69]

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
     
 
 
  
 
 
 
     

Citations Edit

These are some of the citations associated with the awards:

  • Silver Star Medal
  • Legion of Merit
    • First award (with "V" device)
    • Second award (gold star)
  • Distinguished Flying Cross
  • Bronze Star Medal
    • First award (with "V" device)
    • Second award (gold star; with "V" device)
    • Third award (gold star; with "V" device)
  • Meritorious Service Medal
  • Air Medal
    • First award (with bronze star)
    • Second award (numeral "2")
  • Navy Commendation Medal
    • First award (with "V" device)
    • Second award (gold star; with "V" device)

References Edit

  1. ^ "McCain, John Sidney, III, (1936– )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
  2. ^ a b Alexander, Man of the People, p. 12.
  3. ^ "Atlantic Side: Society Notes" (PDF). Panama American. August 31, 1936.
  4. ^ Dobbs, Michael (May 20, 2008). "The Fact Checker: John McCain's Birthplace". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  5. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 21.
  6. ^ Dobbs, Michael (May 2, 2008). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
  7. ^ Liptak, Adam (July 11, 2008). "A Hint of New Life to a McCain Birth Issue". The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  8. ^ a b Roberts, Gary Boyd. . New England Historic Genealogical Society. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  9. ^ a b c d e Parker, Suzi; Tapper, Jake (February 15, 2000). . Salon. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  10. ^ "McCain tells his story to voters". CNN. March 31, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  11. ^ a b McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 21. Used to supply details about the Teoc plantation, which was formally named Waverly.
  12. ^ Chideya, Farai (October 21, 2008). "Black McCains Share Family's Struggles, Triumphs". NPR. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  13. ^ a b Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 19–20.
  14. ^ a b "McCain trivia". The Arizona Republic. March 2, 2007. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  15. ^ Perera, Srianthi (February 28, 2010). "Sons of the American Revolution aims to grow in Arizona". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  16. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 20. Used to support ancestor in War of 1812, not given by any other source.
  17. ^ a b c Weisman, Jonathan (July 22, 2008). "McCain's Maverick Side: Grandpa Would Be Proud". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  18. ^ a b Alexander, Man of the People, p. 11
  19. ^ a b Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 22.
  20. ^ a b Orth, Maureen (December 14, 2007). "The Road Trip of 2 Lifetimes, and Still Going". The New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  21. ^ a b c Meacham, Jon (August 30, 2008). "Hidden Depths". Newsweek. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Nowicki, Dan; Muller, Bill (March 1, 2007). "John McCain Report: At the Naval Academy". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved November 10, 2007. Part of multi-chapter biographical profile of John McCain. Originally published by The Arizona Republic as "McCain: The life story of Arizona's maverick senator", written by reporter Bill Muller, October 3, 1999. Reporter Dan Nowicki updated and revised the biography with additional material in January 2007. See "How the biography was put together" for background and bibliographic sources.
  23. ^ a b Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 18.
  24. ^ a b Alexander, Man of the People, pp. 13–14.
  25. ^ Bufkin, Ellie (November 6, 2019). "Sandy Morgan, sister of John McCain, dies at 85". Washington Examiner. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  26. ^ a b c Alexander, Man of the People, p. 19.
  27. ^ a b c Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 28–30.
  28. ^ a b McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 101–03. Used to give role of mother in upbringing not fully detailed by any other source, and for direct quotation.
  29. ^ a b c d Romano, Lois (March 2, 2000). "Out of the Fire, Politics Calls; Ex-POW Turns Washington Insider". The Washington Post.
  30. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, p. 20.
  31. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 23.
  32. ^ a b c Arundel, John (December 6, 2007). . Alexandria Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2007.
  33. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, p. 21.
  34. ^ a b Woodward, Calvin (November 4, 2007). "McCain's WMD Is A Mouth That Won't Quit". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  35. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 100. "Many of the base schools I attended were substandard institutions. Sometimes the school building was nothing more than a converted aircraft hangar. The classes mixed children of varying ages. We might have one teacher on Monday and a different one on Tuesday. On other days, we lacked the services of any teacher at all. My first purpose during my brief stay in these schools was to impress upon my classmates that I was not a person to suffer slights lightly. My second purpose was to prove myself as an athlete. When I was disciplined by my teachers, which happened regularly, it was often for fighting."
  36. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 107–08. Used for direct quotation.
  37. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, pp. 22–24.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g Leahy, Michael (August 31, 2008). "A Turbulent Youth Under a Strong Father's Shadow". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
  39. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 108–10. Used to support McCain view of others at school. Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 23–24, illustrates the well-to-do Southerners part by sampling their names.
  40. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 24–26.
  41. ^ a b c Purdum, Todd S. (February 2007). . Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on January 20, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
  42. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, p. 28.
  43. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, pp. 25, 26.
  44. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, p. 26.
  45. ^ Ed O'Keefe (April 1, 2008). "McCain the 'Punk' Goes Back to School". ABC News. Retrieved April 2, 2008. Ravenel was the only person outside McCain's family whom he sought out to talk with upon his return from being a POW in Vietnam, but Ravenel had died two years earlier.
  46. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 116. Used to support brief quotation of McCain self-assessment.
  47. ^ McCain, An American Odyssey, pp. 33–34.
  48. ^ a b c d Timberg, The Nightingale's Song, p. 31.
  49. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 110–111. Used to support McCain state of mind and direct quotation. Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 34, gives this formulation: "And so, ... John McCain journeyed to Annapolis, raised his right hand, and marched joylessly into his future."
  50. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 120–24. "In this well-ordered and timeless world, with its lofty aspirations and grim determination to make leaders and gentlemen of schoolboys, plebes who possessed minor eccentricities might be tolerated somewhat, but arrogant nonconformists encountered open hostility. Recognized as belonging in the latter category, I soon found myself in conflict with the Academy's authorities and traditions. Instead of beginning a crash course in self-improvement so that I could find a respectable place in the ranks, I reverted to form and embarked on a four-year course of insubordination and rebellion."
  51. ^ a b c Timberg, The Nightingale's Song, p. 33.
  52. ^ Timberg, The Nightingale's Song, pp. 24–29.
  53. ^ a b c Bailey, Holly (May 14, 2007). "John McCain: 'I Learned How to Take Hard Blows'". Newsweek. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
  54. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 141. Used to support accomplishment not supplied by any other source.
  55. ^ Carney, James (December 13, 1999). "The Diagnosis: 'Stable'". Time. Retrieved September 25, 2008. His IQ is given as 133, based on a test taken in 1984. See also Alexander, Man of the People, p. 207: McCain took IQ tests twice his life, getting 128 the first time and 133 the second.
  56. ^ . United States Naval Academy. Archived from the original on April 27, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  57. ^ Blum, Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. (May–June 1977). . Air University Review. 28 (4): 72–82. Archived from the original on February 19, 2013.
  58. ^ Traub, James (September 19, 2008). "What a Naval Officer Now Knows". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
  59. ^ a b Timberg, The Nightingale's Song, pp. 41–42.
  60. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 134. Used to supply McCain's own assessment of his aptitude in those subjects.
  61. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 130–31, 141–42.
  62. ^ Timberg, The Nightingale's Song, p. 34.
  63. ^ . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. April 18, 2005. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
  64. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 135–38. Used to supply McCain self-assessment of cruise, not found in any other source.
  65. ^ Timberg, The Nightingale's Song, pp. 44–46. Timberg writes: "Even though he lived it, or something like it, McCain recounts his romance with Elena [not her real name, which was not publicly known until 2008] these days as if it were a dream. In some ways it was. But it wasn't just his dream. With minor variations, it was the dream of all but the most inert midshipmen. Duty, honor, country, sure, those things were important ... [but] the chance of someday being swept away and ravished by a beautiful woman in some exotic locale has always been an unspoken part of the deal.... McCain's fling with Elena, though rare, was not all that rare. Things like that happened often enough to keep that goofy dream alive."
  66. ^ Emert, Harold; Sullivan, Patrick (September 21, 2008). "Brazilian beauty recalls hot Rio affair with young John McCain". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 22, 2008. In 2008, Maria Gracinda Teixeira de Jesus would remember the 50-year-old affair fondly and said that she never forgot McCain.
  67. ^ a b McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 151–52. Used to support McCain overall perspectives and direct quotations on Naval Academy experience and value it gave him.
  68. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 18, 28.
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t (PDF). United States Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008. As indicated by Kuhnhenn, Jim (May 7, 2008). . The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
  70. ^ a b c d e Alexander, Man of the People, p. 32.
  71. ^ a b c d e Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 66–68.
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Vartabedian, Ralph; Serrano, Richard A. (October 6, 2008). . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
  73. ^ a b McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 156. Used to supply aircraft type he was flying and his home base, not given by any other source.
  74. ^ Feinberg, John McCain, p. 16.
  75. ^ a b Freeman, Sailors to the End, p. 25.
  76. ^ Feinberg, John McCain, pp. 16, 18.
  77. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, p. 33.
  78. ^ "About Naval Air Station Meridian – Part of Commander Navy Region Southeast". United States Navy. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
  79. ^ a b c d Farhi, Paul (October 6, 2008). "The Separate Peace of John And Carol". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
  80. ^ Feinberg, John McCain, p. 18.
  81. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kristof, Nicholas (February 27, 2000). "P.O.W. to Power Broker, A Chapter Most Telling". The New York Times. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
  82. ^ a b "Obama Inauguration: John McCain". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  83. ^ . McCain 2000, Inc. Archived from the original on March 8, 2000. Used to supply years of birth of two adopted sons.
  84. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 70.
  85. ^ a b Steinhauer, Jennifer (December 27, 2007). "Bridging 4 Decades, a Large, Close-Knit Brood". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
  86. ^ a b . boards.sonypictures.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2008. [McCain] defeated 1-time champion Peggy Fisher in Fleming #355, taped in Studio 6A 1965-07-20, aired Friday, 1965-08-06. In his next game, Fleming #356, taped in Studio 6A 1965-07-20, aired Monday, 1965-08-09, he was defeated by challenger Bob Bovard.
  87. ^ Fouhy, Beth (June 30, 2008). "Political Play: McCain recalls loss on "Jeopardy"". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved September 26, 2008. Riding aboard his Straight Talk Express campaign bus, McCain, well-read and a trivia buff, recalled his two-day appearance on the popular program in 1965. He won the game the first day, and lost the next day in the final round.
  88. ^ Sherfinski, David (December 18, 2012). "Sen. McCain jokes about 'Jeopardy!' defeat: 'Loser again'". The Washington Times. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  89. ^ a b Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 70–71.
  90. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 172–73. Used to supply training detail not given by other sources.
  91. ^ . The Skyhawk Association. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2008. See "Greenie Board" image March 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine for chronology.
  92. ^ a b c d e f . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. August 2, 2007. Archived from the original on March 20, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2008. Regarding use (c), states either Aircraft No. 405 piloted by LCDR Fred D. White or No. 416 piloted by LCDR John McCain was struck by the Zuni. See also Stewart, Henry P. The Impact of the USS Forrestal's 1967 Fire on United States Navy Shipboard Damage Control. Fort Leavenworth: Army Command and General Staff College. Which states that Aircraft No. 405 piloted by LCDR Fred D. White was hit and does not mention McCain. Freeman's Sailors to the End states that McCain's plane was hit and does not mention White.
  93. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, p. 34.
  94. ^ Karaagac, John McCain, p. 80.
  95. ^ a b McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 185–86.
  96. ^ Frankum, Like Rolling Thunder, pp. 53–55.
  97. ^ Frankum, Like Rolling Thunder, pp. 55–58.
  98. ^ a b Karaagac, John McCain, p. 81.
  99. ^ Karaagac, John McCain, p. 82.
  100. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 177.
  101. ^ Freeman, Sailors to the End, pp. 102–103.
  102. ^ a b c Freeman, Sailors to the End, p. 118.
  103. ^ a b Weinraub, Bernard (July 31, 1967). "Start of Tragedy: Pilot Hears a Blast As He Checks Plane" (PDF). The New York Times.
  104. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 72–74.
  105. ^ Freeman, Sailors to the End, p. 170.
  106. ^ Freeman, Sailors to the End, pp. 228–29.
  107. ^ A film of the Forrestal fire called Learn or Burn, incorporating the flight deck video of the fire, was used in United States Navy damage control classes for many years; see Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships – Forrestal. A portion of the video was made available by McCain's presidential campaign; see Forrestal. February 24, 2007. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2008 – via YouTube.
  108. ^ a b c Apple, R. W. Jr. (October 28, 1967). "Adm. McCain's son, Forrestal Survivor, Is Missing in Raid" (PDF). The New York Times.
  109. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 75.
  110. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 181.
  111. ^ a b c McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 182.
  112. ^ Timberg, The Nightingale's Song, pp. 99–100.
  113. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 76–77.
  114. ^ DeWitt, Robert (February 10, 2008). "Support forged in battle". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  115. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 184.
  116. ^ a b c d e f g (PDF). United States Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008. As indicated by Kuhnhenn, Jim (May 7, 2008). . The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
  117. ^ a b c d e Pribbenow II, Merle L. (January 2003). "The -Ology War: Technology and Ideology in the Vietnamese Defense of Hanoi, 1967" (PDF). The Journal of Military History. 67 (1): 175–200. doi:10.1353/jmh.2003.0066.
  118. ^ "Vietnam Revisited with Senator John McCain". C-SPAN. September 1, 1992. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  119. ^ a b c d e f Nowicki, Dan; Muller, Bill (March 1, 2007). "John McCain Report: Prisoner of War". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  120. ^ "In pictures, Vietnam visit, McCain memorial". BBC News. Retrieved May 31, 2008.
  121. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dobbs, Michael (October 5, 2008). "In Ordeal as Captive, Character Was Shaped". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 11, 2008.
  122. ^ a b c d Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 78.
  123. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 188. Used to give bombing altitude. While a few members of the squadron were armed with an early smart bomb, the AGM-62 Walleye, McCain dropped conventional bombs. See "Support forged in battle". The Tuscaloosa News. February 10, 2008.
  124. ^ Goble, Paul (January 19, 2009). . Window on Eurasia for Moldova.org. Archived from the original on February 16, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
  125. ^ "John McCain (center) being captured by Vietnamese civilians in Truc Bach Lake near Hanoi Vietnam". Library of Congress. May 26, 2004. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  126. ^ a b c d e f Lieut. Commander John S. McCain III, United States Navy (May 14, 1973). . U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. (reposted under title "John McCain, Prisoner of War: A First-Person Account", January 28, 2008). Reprinted in Library of America staff (1998). Reporting Vietnam, Part Two: American Journalism 1969–1975. Library of America. ISBN 1-883011-59-0. pp. 434–63. Used to support direct quotes from McCain, or to fill in details not given by other sources.
  127. ^ a b c Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, p. 360.
  128. ^ a b c d e Scherer, Michael; Park, Alice (May 14, 2008). "How Healthy Is John McCain?". Time. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
  129. ^ A number of Vietnamese have claimed to have led the McCain rescue effort in Trúc Bạch Lake, but the one most often credited, including by the Vietnamese government in the 1990s, was Mai Van On. He and McCain met in Hanoi in 1996, but McCain did not mention him in his 1999 memoir and it is unclear whether he believed On's account. On's story also does not completely agree with the well-known photograph showing a number of Vietnamese pulling McCain ashore. See . Associated Press. February 24, 2000. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2008.; Alexander, Man of the People, pp. 47–49; and Parry, Simon (June 27, 2008). "Wartime rescuer of John McCain dies a forgotten hero". Thaindian News. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. Retrieved June 28, 2008. See also the October 5, 2008, Dobbs article in The Washington Post, which credits paper factory worker Tran Lua.
  130. ^ a b c Hubbell, P.O.W., p. 363.
  131. ^ a b c d Hubbell, P.O.W., p. 364.
  132. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 79.
  133. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 80.
  134. ^ "Admiral's Son Captured in Hanoi Raid". The Washington Post. Associated Press. October 28, 1967.
  135. ^ a b McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 193–94.
  136. ^ "FOIA: Search Results (McCain)" (barely readable scans). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved February 8, 2016. Various documents captured by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service that describe North Vietnamese or allied dispatches concerning McCain's captivity. Later released by the CIA under the Freedom of Information Act.
  137. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 198. Used to express McCain's retrospective view on his early statements.
  138. ^ a b Shane, Scott (December 15, 2005). "McCain Pays a Tribute at Funeral of Ex-P.O.W." The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
  139. ^ Hubbell, P.O.W., pp. 364–65.
  140. ^ Hubbell, P.O.W., p. 365.
  141. ^ Hubbell, P.O.W., p. 367.
  142. ^ a b "French TV archive releases McCain POW video". NBC News. Associated Press. October 22, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  143. ^ Hubbell, P.O.W., pp. 365–66.
  144. ^ John McCain prisonnier au Vietnam. Panorama (Television production). Institut national de l'audiovisuel. January 12, 1968. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  145. ^ Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, p. 361.
  146. ^ Hubbell, P.O.W., pp. 368–69.
  147. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 83. "The Plantation" was a Potemkin village-style camp run by the North Vietnamese as a propaganda showplace for foreign visitors to see and as a preparation camp for prisoners about to be released. Brute physical mistreatment of prisoners was rarer than in other camps, but did occur to some Plantation prisoners; McCain received probably the worst of any. See Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, pp. 340, 363, 364, 487.
  148. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, pp. 53–54.
  149. ^ Coram, American Patriot, pp. 186–87.
  150. ^ Coram, American Patriot, p. 188.
  151. ^ a b c Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, p. 363.
  152. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 89.
  153. ^ a b c Hubbell, P.O.W., pp. 450–51.
  154. ^ Frankel, Max (April 11, 1968). "Gen. Abrams Gets Top Vietnam Post; Deputy Is Named" (PDF). The New York Times.
  155. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 91. Bai was called "Cat" by the POWs, who assigned often derogatory nicknames to all of the prison officials and guards.
  156. ^ The Code of Conduct itself only forbade prisoners from accepting parole or special favors from the enemy. The POWs decided this meant that they could only accept release in the order they had been captured. They made an exception for those seriously sick or badly injured. One fellow prisoner told McCain he qualified under that exception, but after deliberation McCain refused nonetheless. See Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 92.
  157. ^ a b Hubbell, P.O.W., p. 452.
  158. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 209. Harriman's September 13, 1968, cable said: "At tea break Le Duc Tho mentioned that DRV had intended to release Admiral McCain's son as one of the three pilots freed recently, but he had refused."
  159. ^ a b c d e f g Hubbell, P.O.W., pp. 452–54.
  160. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 244. Used to indicate "confession" was recorded in addition to being written, not made clear by other sources.
  161. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 95, 118.
  162. ^ a b Farrell, John Aloysius (January 23, 2000). "'A refining experience'". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 22, 2008.
  163. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, p. 60.
  164. ^ Coram, American Patriot, p. 189.
  165. ^ a b Frisbee, John L. (February 1989). . Air Force Magazine. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
  166. ^ Cronin, Michael; Day, Bud; Gaither, Ralph; Galanti, Paul; Schierman, Wesley; Swindle, Orson (October 26, 2007). . National Review Online. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  167. ^ Hubbell, P.O.W., pp. 288–306.
  168. ^ a b c Hubbell, P.O.W., pp. 548–49.
  169. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 227–28. It is not clear from McCain's account in which year the cross episode took place. Fellow POW Orson Swindle vaguely recalls McCain telling it to him in 1971. See York, Byron (August 18, 2008). . National Review Online. Archived from the original on August 19, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2008. Decades later, McCain related this Good Samaritan story during his presidential campaigns, as a testament to faith and humanity. See "Excerpt From McCain's Speech on Religious Conservatives". The New York Times. February 29, 2000. Retrieved December 26, 2007. and . John McCain 2008. December 20, 2007. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2007. For an analysis casting doubt on the cross tale and speculating it may have been conflated with another guard episode McCain experienced, see Sullivan, Andrew (August 18, 2008). "The Dirt In The Cross Story, Ctd". The Daily Dish. The Atlantic. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  170. ^ Brace, A Code to Keep, pp. ix–x, 170.
  171. ^ Brace, A Code to Keep, pp. 170–71.
  172. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 98–99.
  173. ^ Brace, A Code to Keep, pp. 175, 179.
  174. ^ Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, p. 371.
  175. ^ Brace, A Code to Keep, p. 183.
  176. ^ Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, pp. 363–64, 371, 487.
  177. ^ a b c "U.S. Fliers Well Treated, Hanoi Says". The Washington Post. United Press International. June 6, 1969. See also same UPI story in "Tape Has McCain's Son Praising Red Doctors" (PDF). Stars and Stripes. June 6, 1969. p. 27.
  178. ^ a b c d Nowicki, Dan (August 13, 2016). "John McCain POW recordings revive historic, painful episode". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  179. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 285–86. Used to confirm that this was McCain's August 1968 "confession", heavily edited; a U.S. military voice analysis verified that it was McCain's voice.
  180. ^ a b Hubbell, P.O.W., p. 519.
  181. ^ Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, pp. 489–91.
  182. ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 290–91. Used to illustrate McCain family role while he was a POW.
  183. ^ Brace, A Code to Keep, pp. 187–88.
  184. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, p. 64.
  185. ^ a b c Roig-Franzia, Manuel (March 11, 2008). "In Havana, A Page From McCain's Past". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  186. ^ a b Adams, David (March 8, 2008). "A revolutionary meets the foe: John McCain". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  187. ^ a b McCain, Faith of My Fathers, pp. 287–88. McCain states that he received dozens of reports over the years of his father having done this.
  188. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 104.
  189. ^ Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, p. 537.
  190. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 105.
  191. ^ a b c Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 106–07.
  192. ^ Frankum, Like Rolling Thunder, p. 161.
  193. ^ a b Roberts, Steven V. (March 4, 1973). "Unshakable Will to Survive Sustained P.O.W.'s Over the Years". The New York Times.
  194. ^ Stephens, Andy (February 12, 2007). "Operation Homecoming marks end of Vietnam War". United States Air Force. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  195. ^ a b Sterba, James P. (March 15, 1973). "P.O.W. Commander Among 108 Freed" (PDF). The New York Times.
  196. ^ "Unik McCain-film i SVT:s arkiv" (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. September 11, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  197. ^ a b c Kerr, Jessie Lynne (October 25, 2008). . The Florida Times-Union. Archived from the original on September 21, 2009. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
  198. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 100–01.
  199. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 111.
  200. ^ Leary, Alex (July 20, 2008). . St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on July 21, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
  201. ^ "Remarks at the Annual Dinner of the White House Correspondents Association: April 14, 1973". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  202. ^ "In pictures: The history of the White House Correspondents' Dinner". CNN. April 29, 2022.
  203. ^ a b "Nixon Vows to Protect U.S. Secrets". The Tampa Tribune. United Press International. May 25, 1973. pp. 1-A, 20-A – via Newspapers.com.
  204. ^ a b c Johnson, Kathryn (June 8, 1973). "There Are Lingering Problems as POWs Switch Lifestyles". The Evening Press. Binghamton, New York. Associated Press. p. 4-A – via Newspapers.com. Includes "... But 2nd Chance at Living Lies Ahead" sidebar with same byline.
  205. ^ a b c Nowicki, Dan; Muller, Bill (March 1, 2007). "John McCain Report: Back in the USA". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  206. ^ a b Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 113.
  207. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 119–22.
  208. ^ a b c d e f Leahy, Michael (October 13, 2008). "Seeing White House From a Cell in Hanoi". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
  209. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 12, 88, 121–22.
  210. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, p. 80.
  211. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 114.
  212. ^ Altman, Lawrence K. (December 6, 1999). "Release of McCain's Medical Records Provides Unusually Broad Psychological Profile". The New York Times.
  213. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, pp. 207–08.
  214. ^ Philpott, Glory Denied, pp. 323–324.
  215. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, p. 81.
  216. ^ a b c d Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 116–18.
  217. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (June 15, 2008). "In '74 Thesis, the Seeds of McCain's War Views". The New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  218. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. "John McCain". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  219. ^ Frankum, Like Rolling Thunder, pp. 64–65.
  220. ^ a b c d Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 122–23.
  221. ^ Philpott, Glory Denied, pp. 322–323.
  222. ^ a b c d "Chapter 2: Attack Squadron Histories for VA-154 to VA-174" (PDF). Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons – Volume 1. Naval Historical Center. (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2008. pp. 248–51.
  223. ^ a b c d Vartabedian, Ralph (April 14, 2008). "McCain has long relied on his grit". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
  224. ^ a b c d e Alexander, Man of the People, pp. 84–86.
  225. ^ McCain, Worth the Fighting For, p. 12. Used to give McCain confirmation about assignment, and explanation for why a lesser assignment was not possible.
  226. ^ a b c d e f g Helman, Scott (August 31, 2008). "Taking command – The McCain way". The Boston Globe. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
  227. ^ McCain, Worth the Fighting For, p. 13. Used to support McCain assessment of this part of his career.
  228. ^ a b c Timberg, The Nightingale's Song, p. 239.
  229. ^ One VA-174 legal officer and her colleague approached the base chaplain about McCain's behavior. See "Taking command – The McCain way". There were also widespread rumors at the time that some of the affairs were with women who were subordinates under his command, which McCain later flatly denied. See The Nightingale's Song, p. 239.
  230. ^ a b c d Nowicki, Dan; Muller, Bill (March 1, 2007). "John McCain Report: Arizona, the early years". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
  231. ^ a b c Timberg, The Nightingale's Song, p. 240. Timberg also observed that, "McCain was no different from most veterans of the war. As he went through life, Vietnam kept scrambling onstage and chewing up the scenery no matter how often he thought he had written it out of the script."
  232. ^ a b Frantz, Douglas (February 21, 2000). "The Arizona Ties: A Beer Baron and a Powerful Publisher Put McCain on a Political Path". The New York Times. Retrieved November 29, 2006.
  233. ^ a b Scheiber, Noam (August 20, 2008). . The New Republic. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
  234. ^ a b c d e Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 126–28.
  235. ^ a b c d Kirkpatrick, David D. (May 29, 2008). "Senate's Power and Allure Drew McCain From Military". The New York Times. Retrieved May 29, 2008.
  236. ^ Timberg, An American Odyssey, pp. 132–34.
  237. ^ Collins, Nancy (July 2007). . Harper's Bazaar. Archived from the original on January 31, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
  238. ^ Bailey, Holly (June 30, 2008). . Newsweek. Archived from the original on June 27, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
  239. ^ a b c d e Serrano, Richard A.; Vartabedian, Ralph (July 11, 2008). "McCain's broken marriage and fractured Reagan friendship". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  240. ^ Gamarekian, Barbara (August 30, 1981). "White House Tour Leader Courted and Criticized". The New York Times.
  241. ^ McCain, Worth the Fighting For, pp. 85–86. [After describing social friendship with Reagans following POW return] "My divorce from Carol, whom the Reagans loved, caused a change in our relationship. Nancy, for whom Carol now worked in the White House, was particularly upset with me and treated me on the few occasions we encountered each other after I came to Congress with a cool correctness that made her displeasure clear... [Ronald Reagan was more friendly to him] Nevertheless, we weren't social friends any longer... I had, of course, deserved the change in our relationship, and I knew it... From her kindness and my good luck, Nancy and I recovered our friendship long ago and remain friends to this day [2002]." No detailed account of Nancy Reagan's side of this is known, although she stated in March 2008: "John McCain has been a good friend for over thirty years." See Phillips, Kate (March 25, 2008). "Nancy Reagan Endorses McCain". The New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  242. ^ a b Worth the Fighting For, pp. 9–10. Used to give chronology point not supplied by any other source.
  243. ^ a b Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 135.
  244. ^ Sanger-Katz, Margot (December 31, 2007). . Concord Monitor. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
  245. ^ Vartabedian, Ralph (April 22, 2008). "John McCain gets tax-free disability pension". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
  246. ^ a b Timberg, An American Odyssey, p. 138.
  247. ^ Philpott, Glory Denied, p. 323.
  248. ^ Alexander, Man of the People, p. 74.

Bibliography Edit

  • Alexander, Paul (2002). Man of the People: The Life of John McCain. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-22829-X.
  • Brace, Ernest C. (1988). A Code to Keep: The true story of America's longest held civilian prisoner of war in Vietnam. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-7090-3560-8.
  • Coram, Robert (2007). American Patriot: The Life and Wars Of Colonel Bud Day. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-75847-5.
  • Feinberg, Barbara Silberdick (2000). John McCain: Serving His Country. Brookfield, Connecticut: Millbrook Press. ISBN 0-7613-1974-3.
  • Frankum, Ronald Bruce (2005). Like Rolling Thunder: The Air War In Vietnam 1964–1975. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-4302-1.
  • Freeman, Gregory A. (2002). Sailors to the End: The Deadly Fire on the USS Forrestal and the Heroes Who Fought It. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-093690-8.
  • Hubbell, John G. (1976). P.O.W.: A Definitive History of the American Prisoner-Of-War Experience in Vietnam, 1964–1973. New York: Reader's Digest Press. ISBN 0-88349-091-9.
  • Karaagac, John (2000). John McCain: An Essay in Military and Political History. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0171-4.
  • McCain, John; Salter, Mark (1999). Faith of My Fathers. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50191-6.
  • McCain, John; Salter, Mark (2002). Worth the Fighting For. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50542-3.
  • Philpott, Tom (2001). Glory Denied: The Saga of Jim Thompson, America's Longest-held Prisoner. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02012-6.
  • Rochester, Stuart I.; Kiley, Frederick (1999). Honor Bound: American Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia, 1961–1973. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-694-9.
  • Timberg, Robert (1996). The Nightingale's Song. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80301-1.
  • Timberg, Robert (1999). John McCain: An American Odyssey. New York: Touchstone Books. ISBN 0-684-86794-X.

External links Edit

    October 24, 2023
    early, life, military, career, john, mccain, early, life, military, career, john, sidney, mccain, spans, first, forty, five, years, life, 1936, 1981, mccain, father, grandfather, were, admirals, united, states, navy, mccain, born, august, 1936, panama, canal, . The early life and military career of John Sidney McCain III spans the first forty five years of his life 1936 1981 McCain s father and grandfather were admirals in the United States Navy McCain was born on August 29 1936 in the Panama Canal Zone and attended many schools growing up as his family moved among naval facilities McCain graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1958 He married the former Carol Shepp in 1965 he adopted two children from her previous marriage and they had another child together As a naval aviator McCain flew attack aircraft from carriers During the Vietnam War he narrowly escaped death in the 1967 Forrestal fire On his twenty third bombing mission during Operation Rolling Thunder in October 1967 he was shot down over Hanoi and badly injured He subsequently endured five and a half years as a prisoner of war including periods of torture In 1968 he refused a North Vietnamese offer of early release because it would have meant leaving before other prisoners who had been held longer He was released in 1973 after the Paris Peace Accords Upon his return McCain studied at the National War College commanded a large training squadron in Florida and was appointed the Navy liaison to the U S Senate He divorced his wife Carol in 1980 and married the former Cindy Hensley shortly thereafter He retired from the Navy in 1981 as a captain Contents 1 Early years and education 1 1 Family heritage 1 2 Early life 1 3 Naval Academy 2 Military career 2 1 Naval training early assignments first marriage and children 2 2 Vietnam operations 2 3 Prisoner of war 2 3 1 Arrival 2 3 2 Solitary 2 3 3 Release 2 4 Return to United States 2 5 Commanding officer 2 6 Senate liaison divorce and second marriage 3 Military awards 3 1 Citations 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksEarly years and education EditFamily heritage Edit nbsp McCain s grandfather Slew left and father Jack on board a U S Navy ship in Tokyo Bay c September 2 1945John Sidney McCain III was born on August 29 1936 1 at a United States Navy hospital 2 3 4 at Coco Solo Naval Air Station 5 6 in the Panama Canal Zone which at that time was considered to be among the unincorporated territories of the United States 7 His parents were Navy officer John S Jack McCain Jr 1911 1981 and Roberta Wright McCain 1912 2020 McCain was of Scots Irish and English ancestry 8 John McCain s grandparents were natives of Arkansas Mississippi and Texas and much of his ancestry was Southern on both his mother s side and father s side 8 The McCain family s patrilineal ancestral home is in Mississippi s Carroll County 9 10 they owned and ran a 2 000 acre 8 1 km2 plantation in Teoc from 1848 until 1952 9 11 The plantation had slaves before the American Civil War some of whose descendants share the surname and call themselves the black McCains 12 and sharecroppers afterward influential blues guitarist Mississippi John Hurt was born on the plantation to one of the latter 9 The McCain family tree has a long heritage of American military service with ancestors fighting as soldiers in the Indian Wars 13 American Revolutionary War 14 due to which McCain maintained a membership with the Sons of the American Revolution 15 War of 1812 16 for the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War 9 and in World War I 13 The tree also includes roguish behavior and economic success John McCain s maternal grandfather Archibald Wright 1875 1971 17 was a Mississippi native who migrated to Muskogee Oklahoma in his twenties ran afoul of the law with several gambling and bootlegging charges 17 then became a strong willed wildcatter who prospered on land deals during the early statehood years and struck oil in the Southwest 17 18 Rich by age forty he never worked again and became a stay at home father 19 18 Raising a family in Oklahoma and Southern California he instilled in Roberta and her twin sister Rowena a lifelong habit of travel and adventure 20 There is also independent minded behavior in the family tree Jack McCain and Roberta Wright eloped and married in a bar in Tijuana Mexico when Archibald Wright s wife Myrtle objected to Roberta s association with a sailor 21 McCain s father and paternal grandfather eventually became Navy admirals and were the first father son pair to achieve four star admiral rank 22 His grandfather Admiral John S Slew McCain Sr 1884 1945 was a pioneer of aircraft carrier operations 23 who in 1942 commanded all land based air operations in support of the Guadalcanal Campaign and who ultimately in 1944 1945 aggressively led the Fast Carrier Task Force in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II His operations off the Philippines and Okinawa and air strikes against Formosa and the Japanese home islands caused tremendous destruction of Japanese naval and air forces in the closing period of the war 24 His death four days after the Japanese surrender ceremony in Tokyo Bay was front page news 23 Jack McCain was a submarine commander in several theaters of operation in World War II and was decorated with both the Silver Star Medal and Bronze Star Medal 24 Early life Edit nbsp From left McCain in 1951 with his mother Roberta his brother Joe and his father John S McCain Jr For his first ten years Johnny McCain the nickname he was given as part of a family tradition of distinguishing the generations 2 was frequently uprooted as his family including older sister Sandy 1934 2019 25 and younger brother Joe born 1942 19 21 followed his father to New London Connecticut Pearl Harbor Hawaii and other stations in the Pacific Ocean 26 Summer vacations were sometimes spent at the family s Teoc plantation 11 but McCain always felt his heritage was military not Southern 9 McCain attended whatever naval base school was available 26 often to the detriment of his education as schools were sometimes substandard and their curricula often erratic 26 After the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor his father was absent for long stretches 27 His formal education was supplemented by the efforts of his mother who took advantage of the family s many long distance travels to expose him to historical and cultural sites 20 28 He later wrote She taught me to find so much pleasure in life that misfortune could not rob me of the joy of living 28 A Republican she also made sure that he followed current events although his parents avoided outward partisan affiliations due to his father s military career 29 After World War II ended his father stayed in the Navy sometimes working political liaison posts 27 The family settled in Northern Virginia and McCain attended the educationally stronger St Stephen s School in Alexandria from 1946 to 1949 30 To his family McCain had long been quiet dependable and courteous 31 while at St Stephen s he began to develop an unruly defiant streak 32 Another two years were then spent following his father to naval stations 33 altogether he attended about twenty schools during his youth 34 He was frequently disciplined in school for fighting 35 He later wrote The repeated farewells to friends rank among the saddest regrets of a childhood constantly disrupted by the demands of my father s career At each new school I arrived eager to make by means of my insolent attitude new friends to compensate for the loss of others At each new school I grew more determined to assert my crude individualism At each new school I became a more unrepentant pain in the neck 36 nbsp John Sidney McCain III at Episcopal High School 1953In 1951 McCain enrolled at Episcopal High School in Alexandria an academically superior all male private boarding school with a rigorous honor code tradition of hazing and spartan living environment 37 38 Most of the children there were sons of wealthy Southerners from whom McCain got a glimpse of life and career aspirations outside the Navy culture 39 Nicknamed Punk and McNasty due to his combative fiery disposition McCain enjoyed and cultivated a tough guy image he also made a few friends 40 32 41 42 McCain earned two varsity letters in wrestling excelling in the lighter weight classes 43 He also played on the junior varsity football team and the tennis team and participated in the student newspaper yearbook and drama club 44 English teacher William Bee Ravenel III who was also his football coach became a great influence towards his sense of learning honor and self image 45 With what he later termed an undistinguished but acceptable academic record 46 McCain graduated from high school in 1954 32 Naval Academy Edit nbsp John McCain at the U S Naval Academy mid 1950sHaving done well on its entrance exams 47 McCain entered the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis Maryland in June 1954 following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather 48 He had neither been ordered to go there by his parents nor discussed alternatives as he later wrote I remember simply recognizing my eventual enrollment at the Academy as an immutable fact of life and accepting it without comment 49 Ambivalent about his presence there 48 McCain chose not to conform to the Academy s rules and some of its traditions 50 Each year he was given over a hundred demerits earning him membership in the Century Club 22 for offenses such as shoes not being shined formation faults room in disorder and talking out of place 51 His father came to the Academy to reprimand him on his behavior a number of times 38 He hated plebe year the trial by ordeal and hazing of entering midshipmen that would eventually weed out one quarter of the class 52 He did not take well to those of higher rank arbitrarily wielding power over him It was bullshit and I resented the hell out of it 51 and occasionally intervened when he saw it being done to others 22 38 At 5 foot 7 inches 14 and 127 pounds 53 1 70 m and 58 kg he competed as a lightweight boxer for three years where he lacked skills but was fearless and didn t have a reverse gear 53 In his final year he managed the battalion boxing team to a brigade championship 54 Possessed of a strong intelligence 55 McCain did well in a few subjects that interested him such as English literature history and government 22 51 There was a fixed Bachelor of Science curriculum taken by all midshipmen 56 57 58 McCain s classmates were impressed by his cramming abilities on mathematics science and engineering courses 59 and thought his low grades were by inclination and not ability 22 while McCain would later acknowledge that those courses were a struggle for him 60 His class rank was further lowered by poor grades for conduct and leadership which reflected his sloppy appearance rebellious attitude and poor relations with his company officer 59 61 Despite his low standing McCain was popular and a leader among his fellow midshipmen in what writer Robert Timberg in his acclaimed 1995 work The Nightingale s Song called a manic intuitive highly idiosyncratic way 48 Good at attracting women 22 McCain was famed for organizing off Yard activities with a group who called themselves the Bad Bunch 38 one classmate said that being on liberty with John McCain was like being in a train wreck 62 Other midshipmen were annoyed by his behavior 38 A June 1957 training cruise aboard the destroyer USS Hunt 63 found McCain showing good skills at the conn 64 and the destination stop in Rio de Janeiro led to a dream like romance with Brazilian fashion model and ballerina Maria Gracinda that persisted through a Christmastime reunion 65 66 McCain graduated from the Naval Academy in June 1958 he was fifth from the bottom in class rank 894th out of 899 48 Despite his difficulties McCain later wrote that he never defamed the more compelling traditions of the Academy courage resilience honor and sacrifice for one s country and he never wavered in his desire to show his father and family that he was of the same mettle as his naval forebears 67 Indeed Slew and Jack McCain had not had sterling records at the Academy themselves finishing in the bottom third and bottom twentieth respectively 68 McCain realized later that the Academy had taught him that to sustain my self respect for a lifetime it would be necessary for me to have the honor of serving something greater than my self interest a lesson that he would need to carry him through a desperate and uncertain time a decade later 67 Military career EditNaval training early assignments first marriage and children Edit John Sidney McCain IIIBornAugust 29 1936DiedAugust 25 2018 aged 81 AllegianceUnited States of AmericaService wbr branchUnited States NavyYears of service1958 1981Rank nbsp CaptainUnitUSS Intrepid CV 11 VA 65USS Enterprise CVN 65 VA 65USS Forrestal CV 59 VA 46USS Oriskany CV 34 VA 163Office of Legislative AffairsCommands heldVA 174Battles warsVietnam War POW Operation Rolling ThunderAwardsSilver Star MedalLegion of Merit 2 w Combat V Distinguished Flying CrossBronze Star Medal 3 w Combat V Purple Heart Medal 2 othersOther workUnited States Senator from ArizonaU S presidential candidateMcCain was commissioned an ensign on June 4 1958 69 He spent two years as a naval aviator in training first at Naval Air Station Pensacola in Florida through September 1959 and then at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in Texas during which time he was promoted to lieutenant junior grade 69 70 He earned a reputation as a party man as he drove a Corvette dated an exotic dancer named Marie the Flame of Florida spent all his free time on the beach or in a Bachelor Officer Quarters room turned bar and friendly gambling den and as he later said generally misused my good health and youth 34 71 He began as a sub par flier he had limited patience for studying aviation manuals and spent study time reading history books instead 38 71 He was not assigned to the elite units flying fighter aircraft and instead became a pilot of attack aircraft 38 During a March 1960 practice run in Texas he lost track of his altitude and speed and his single seat single engine piston driven AD 6 Skyraider crashed into Corpus Christi Bay and sank to the bottom 72 Although momentarily knocked unconscious by the impact he squeezed out of the cockpit and swam ten feet to the surface escaping without major injuries 70 72 He graduated from flight school at Corpus Christi 70 in May 1960 69 He joined squadron VA 42 at Naval Air Station Oceana in Virginia for five months of further training on the Skyraider 69 Starting in November 1960 McCain flew Skyraiders with the VA 65 World Famous Fighting Tigers squadron 69 73 on the aircraft carriers USS Intrepid and USS Enterprise 74 The carriers were based at Naval Station Norfolk 73 and cruised in the Caribbean and in several deployments to the Mediterranean 71 His aviation skills improved 71 72 but around December 1961 he collided with power lines while flying recklessly low over southern Spain 72 The area suffered a power outage but McCain was able to return his damaged Skyraider to Intrepid 72 On board for Enterprise s maiden voyage in January 1962 McCain gained visibility with the captain and shipboard publicity that fellow sailors and aviators attributed to his famous last name 72 McCain was made a lieutenant in June 1962 69 and was on alert duty on Enterprise when it helped enforce the naval quarantine of Cuba during the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 75 In November 1963 he was rotated back to shore duty serving nine months on the staff of the Naval Air Basic Training Command at Pensacola 69 76 In September 1964 he became a flight instructor with the VT 7 training squadron at Naval Air Station Meridian in Mississippi 69 77 where McCain Field had been named for his grandfather 78 During the 1964 stint at Pensacola McCain began a relationship with Carol Shepp a successful swimwear and runway model 79 originally from Philadelphia Pennsylvania 70 71 They had known each other at the Naval Academy and she had married and then divorced one of his classmates 70 80 McCain told her he wanted to do something important with his life so he would be recorded in history 81 On July 3 1965 McCain married Shepp in Philadelphia 82 She already had two children Douglas and Andrew born in 1959 and 1962 respectively 83 he adopted them in 1966 84 Carol and he then had a daughter named Sidney in September 1966 85 In the summer of 1965 McCain appeared as a contestant on the television quiz show Jeopardy during the Art Fleming era 86 McCain won the first day but lost on the second day 86 He later recalled Final Jeopardy making the difference where the clue was Cathy loves him but she married Edgar Linton instead McCain knew the novel in question writing down What is Wuthering Heights but the clue was looking for the specific character Who is Heathcliff 87 88 nbsp McCain front right with his squadron and T 2 Buckeye trainer in 1965In November 1965 he had his third accident when apparent engine failure in his T 2 Buckeye trainer jet over the Eastern Shore of Virginia led to his ejecting safely before his plane crashed 72 While at Meridian McCain requested a combat assignment 89 In October 1966 he was slated for upcoming Vietnam War duty and so reported to the VA 44 Replacement Air Group squadron at Naval Air Station Cecil Field in Florida for training on the A 4 Skyhawk a single seat jet attack aircraft 69 89 90 There McCain was seen as a good pilot albeit one who tended to push the envelope in his flying 72 Promoted to lieutenant commander in January 1967 69 McCain joined the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal by May 1967 69 flying Skyhawks with the VA 46 Clansmen squadron 91 Forrestal conducted training exercises in the Atlantic early in the year then set sail for the Pacific in June 92 By this time Jack McCain had risen in the ranks making rear admiral in 1958 and vice admiral in 1963 93 in May 1967 he was promoted to four star admiral and became Commander in Chief U S Naval Forces Europe stationed in London 27 Vietnam operations Edit On July 25 1967 Forrestal reached Yankee Station in the Gulf of Tonkin 92 and joined Operation Rolling Thunder the 1965 68 air interdiction and strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam 94 95 By the end of 1966 Rolling Thunder was not meeting its most important goals 96 Accordingly for 1967 an emphasized focus was placed on strategic industrial and resupply targets such as power plants port facilities and the like including some targets that had previously been deemed too politically sensitive to attack 97 In particular the alpha strikes flown from Forrestal were against specific pre selected targets such as arms depots factories and bridges 98 The flights were quite dangerous due to the strength of the North Vietnamese air defenses which used Soviet designed and supplied surface to air missiles anti aircraft artillery and MiG jet interceptors 99 McCain s first five attack missions over North Vietnam went without incident 100 and while still unconcerned with minor Navy regulations McCain had garnered the reputation of a serious aviator 75 McCain and his fellow pilots were frustrated by the micromanagement of Rolling Thunder from Washington 98 he later wrote The target list was so restricted that we had to go back and hit the same targets over and over again Most of our pilots flying the missions believed that our targets were virtually worthless In all candor we thought our civilian commanders were complete idiots who didn t have the least notion of what it took to win the war 95 nbsp Crew members fighting the 1967 USS Forrestal fireMcCain was almost killed on board Forrestal on July 29 1967 While the air wing was preparing to launch attacks a Zuni rocket from an F 4 Phantom accidentally fired across the carrier s deck 101 The rocket struck either McCain s A 4E Skyhawk or one near it 92 The impact ruptured the Skyhawk s fuel tank which ignited the fuel and knocked two bombs loose 102 McCain later said I thought my aircraft exploded Flames were everywhere 92 McCain escaped from his jet by climbing out of the cockpit working himself to the nose of the jet and jumping off its refueling probe onto the burning deck 102 His flight suit caught on fire as he rolled through the flames but he was able to put it out 102 He went to help another pilot trying to escape the fire when the first bomb exploded McCain was thrown backwards ten feet three meters 103 and suffered minor wounds when struck in the legs and chest by fragments 72 92 104 McCain helped crewmen throw unexploded bombs overboard off the hangar deck elevator then went to Forrestal s ready room and with other pilots watched the ensuing fire and the fire fighting efforts on the room s closed circuit television 105 The fire killed 134 sailors injured scores of others destroyed at least 20 aircraft and took 24 hours to control 92 106 107 In Saigon a day after the conflagration McCain praised the heroism of enlisted men who gave their lives trying to save the pilots on deck 103 and told The New York Times reporter R W Apple Jr It s a difficult thing to say But now that I ve seen what the bombs and the napalm did to the people on our ship I m not so sure that I want to drop any more of that stuff on North Vietnam 108 But such a change of course was unlikely as McCain added I always wanted to be in the Navy I was born into it and I never really considered another profession But I always had trouble with the regimentation 108 nbsp An A 4E Skyhawk similar to the one McCain flew from a different Oriskany squadron in 1967As Forrestal headed to port for repairs McCain volunteered to join the undermanned VA 163 Saints squadron on board the USS Oriskany 109 This carrier had earlier endured its own deck fire disaster 110 and its squadrons had suffered some of the heaviest losses during Rolling Thunder The Saints had a reputation for aggressive daring attacks but paid the price 111 in 1967 one third of their pilots were killed or captured and all of their original fifteen A 4s had been destroyed 111 After taking some leave in Europe and back home in Orange Park Florida 112 McCain joined Oriskany on September 30 1967 111 for a tour he expected would finish early the next summer 113 He volunteered to fly the squadron s most dangerous missions right away rather than work his way up to them 114 During October 1967 the pilots operated in constant twelve hour on twelve hour off shifts 115 McCain would be awarded a Navy Commendation Medal for leading his air section through heavy enemy fire during an October 18 raid on the Lac Trai shipyard in Haiphong 116 On October 25 McCain successfully attacked the Phuc Yen Air Base north of Hanoi through a barrage of anti aircraft artillery and surface to air missile fire credited with destroying one aircraft on the ground and damaging two the raid would garner him the Air Medal 116 Air defenses around Hanoi were at this point the strongest they would be during the entire war 117 Prisoner of war Edit External video nbsp Vietnam Revisited with Senator John McCain C SPAN September 1 1992 118 Arrival Edit nbsp The A 4E BuNo 149959 six days before McCain was shot down with it landed by another pilot aboard OriskanyOn October 26 1967 McCain was flying his twenty third mission part of a twenty plane strike force against the Yen Phu thermal power plant in central Hanoi 119 120 that previously had almost always been off limits to U S raids due to the possibility of collateral damage 117 Arriving just before noon McCain dove from 9 000 to 4 000 feet on his approach 121 as he neared the target warning systems in McCain s A 4E Skyhawk alerted him that he was being tracked by enemy fire control radar 122 Like other U S pilots in similar situations he did not break off the bombing run 72 and he held his dive until he released his bombs at about 3 500 feet 1 000 m 123 As he started to pull up the Skyhawk s wing was blown off by a Soviet made SA 2 anti aircraft missile fired by the North Vietnamese Air Defense Command s 61st Battalion 117 121 commanded by Captain Nguyen Lan 121 assisted by fire control officer Lieutenant Nguyen Xuan Dai 117 121 McCain was later awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for this day 116 while Nguyen Xuan Dai was awarded the title Hero of the People s Armed Forces 117 Decades later Soviet Army Lieutenant Yuri Trushechkin claimed that he had been the missile guidance officer who had shot McCain down 124 In any case the raid was a failure as the power plant was not damaged and three of the attacking planes were shot down 121 nbsp McCain being pulled out of Truc Bạch Lake in Hanoi and about to become a prisoner of war 125 on October 26 1967McCain s plane went into a vertical inverted spin 126 McCain bailed out upside down at high speed 127 the force of the ejection fractured his right arm in three places his left arm and his right leg at the knee and knocked him unconscious 127 128 McCain nearly drowned after parachuting into Truc Bạch Lake in Hanoi the weight of his equipment was pulling him down and as he regained consciousness he could not use his arms 122 Eventually he was able to inflate his life vest using his teeth 122 Several Vietnamese possibly led by Department of Industry clerk Mai Van On pulled him ashore 129 A mob gathered around spat on him kicked him and stripped him of his clothes his left shoulder was crushed with the butt of a rifle and he was bayoneted in his left foot and left groin area 122 127 128 He was then transported to Hanoi s main Hỏa Lo Prison nicknamed the Hanoi Hilton by American POWs 130 McCain reached Hỏa Lo in as bad a physical condition as any prisoner during the war 130 His captors refused to give him medical care unless he gave them military information they beat and interrogated him but McCain only offered his name rank serial number and date of birth 131 132 the only information he was required to provide under the Geneva Conventions and permitted to give under the U S Code of Conduct 121 Soon thinking he was near death McCain said he would give them more information if taken to the hospital 131 hoping he could then put his interrogators off once he was treated 133 A prison doctor came and said it was too late as McCain was about to die anyway 131 Only when the North Vietnamese discovered that his father was a high ranking admiral did they give him medical care 131 calling him the crown prince 130 Two days after McCain s plane went down that event and his status as a POW made the front pages of The New York Times 108 and The Washington Post 134 Interrogation and beatings resumed in the hospital McCain gave the North Vietnamese his ship s name squadron s name and the attack s intended target 135 This information along with personal details of McCain s life and purported statements by McCain about the war s progress would appear over the next two weeks in the North Vietnamese official newspaper Nhan Dan 121 as well as in dispatches from outlets such as the Cuban news agency Prensa Latina 136 Disclosing the military information was in violation of the Code of Conduct which McCain later wrote he regretted although he saw the information as being of no practical use to the North Vietnamese 137 Further coerced to give future targets he named cities that had already been bombed and responding to demands for the names of his squadron s members he supplied instead the names of the Green Bay Packers offensive line 135 138 nbsp Decades later McCain s flight suit and gear were put on display at a museum in the remaining portion of Hỏa Lo Prison McCain spent six weeks in the hospital 119 receiving marginal care in a dirty wet environment 139 A prolonged attempt to set the fractures on his right arm done without anesthetic was unsuccessful 140 he received an operation on his broken leg but no treatment for his broken left arm 141 He was temporarily taken to a clean room and interviewed by a French journalist Francois Chalais whose report was carried on the French television program Panorama in January 1968 142 and later in the U S on the CBS Evening News 143 The film footage of McCain lying in the bed in a cast smoking cigarettes and speaking haltingly 144 would become one of the most widely distributed images of McCain s imprisonment 142 McCain was observed by a variety of North Vietnamese including renowned Vietnamese writer Nguyễn Tuan and Defense Minister and Army commander in chief General Vo Nguyen Giap 121 145 Many of the North Vietnamese observers assumed that McCain must be part of America s political military economic elite 146 Now having lost fifty pounds twenty three kilograms in a chest cast covered in grime and eyes full of fever and with his hair turned white 119 in early December 1967 McCain was sent to a prisoner of war camp on the outskirts of Hanoi nicknamed the Plantation 121 147 He was placed in a cell with George Bud Day a badly injured and tortured Air Force pilot later awarded the Medal of Honor and Norris Overly another Air Force pilot they did not expect McCain to live another week 148 149 Overly and subsequently Day nursed McCain and kept him alive 150 Day later recalled that McCain had a fantastic will to live 151 Solitary Edit In March 1968 McCain was put into solitary confinement where he remained for two years 152 Unknown to the POWs in April 1968 Jack McCain was named Commander in Chief Pacific Command CINCPAC effective in July stationed in Honolulu and commander of all U S forces in the Vietnam theater 153 154 In mid June Major Bai commander of the North Vietnamese prison camp system 155 offered McCain a chance to return home early 153 The North Vietnamese wanted to score a worldwide propaganda coup by appearing merciful 151 and also wanted to show other POWs that members of the elite like McCain were willing to be treated preferentially 153 McCain turned down the offer of release due to the POWs first in first out interpretation of the U S Code of Conduct 156 he would only accept the offer if every man captured before him was released as well 119 157 McCain s refusal to be released was remarked upon by North Vietnamese senior negotiator Le Đức Thọ to U S envoy Averell Harriman during the ongoing Paris Peace Talks 158 Enraged by his declining of the offer Bai and his assistant told McCain that things would get very bad for him 157 In late August 1968 a program of vigorous torture methods began on McCain 159 The North Vietnamese used rope bindings to put him into prolonged painful positions and severely beat him every two hours all while he was suffering from dysentery 159 His right leg was reinjured his ribs were cracked some teeth were broken at the gumline and his left arm was re fractured 41 159 Lying in his own waste his spirit was broken 159 the beginnings of a suicide attempt were stopped by guards 119 After four days of this McCain signed and taped 160 an anti American propaganda confession that said in part I am a black criminal and I have performed the deeds of an air pirate I almost died and the Vietnamese people saved my life thanks to the doctors 119 159 He used stilted Communist jargon and ungrammatical language to signal that the statement was forced 138 McCain was haunted then and since with the belief that he had dishonored his country his family his comrades and himself by his statement 161 162 but as he later wrote I had learned what we all learned over there Every man has his breaking point I had reached mine 126 Two weeks later his captors tried to force him to sign a second statement his will to resist restored he refused 159 He sometimes received two to three beatings per week because of his continued resistance 163 the sustained mistreatment went on for over a year 151 His refusals to cooperate laced with loud obscenities directed towards his guards were often heard by other POWs 164 His boxing experience from his Naval Academy days helped him withstand the battering 53 and the North Vietnamese did not break him again 159 nbsp A map drawn by an American POW after the war shows the location of the Plantation and the Hanoi Hilton two of the camps where McCain spent his captivity Other American POWs were similarly tortured and maltreated in order to extract confessions and propaganda statements 165 166 Many especially among those who had been captured earlier and imprisoned longer such as those in the Alcatraz Gang endured even worse treatment than McCain 167 Under extreme duress virtually all the POWs eventually yielded something to their captors 165 168 There were momentary exceptions on one occasion a guard surreptitiously loosened McCain s painful rope bindings for a night when months later the guard later saw McCain on Christmas Day he stood next to McCain and silently drew a cross in the dirt with his foot 169 In October 1968 McCain s isolation was partly relieved when Ernest C Brace was placed in the cell next to him 170 he taught Brace the tap code the prisoners used to communicate 171 On Christmas Eve 1968 a church service for the POWs was staged for photographers and film cameras McCain defied North Vietnamese instructions to be quiet speaking out details of his treatment then shouting Fu u u u ck you you son of a bitch and giving the finger whenever a camera was pointed at him 172 McCain refused to meet with various anti Vietnam War peace groups coming to Hanoi 173 such as those led by David Dellinger Tom Hayden and Rennie Davis not wanting to give either them or the North Vietnamese a propaganda victory based on his connection to his father 126 McCain was still badly hobbled by his injuries earning the nickname Crip among the other POWs 174 175 but despite his physical condition continued beatings and isolation he was one of the key players in the Plantation s resistance efforts 176 In May 1969 U S Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird began publicly questioning North Vietnamese treatment of U S prisoners 177 On June 6 1969 a United Press International report described a Radio Hanoi broadcast made on June 2 that denied any such mistreatment 177 178 The transmission one of a series of North Vietnamese propaganda broadcasts on the subject of prisoners used excerpts from McCain s spoken forced confession of a year before including statements such as I have bombed the cities towns and villages and caused injuries and even death for the people of North Vietnam After I was captured I was taken to a hospital in Hanoi where I received very good medical treatment I was given an operation on my leg which enabled me to walk again and a cast on my right arm which was badly broken in three places The doctors are very good and they knew a great deal about medicine 177 178 179 The broadcast was picked up and recorded by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service and copies of it are available from the National Archives and Records Administration as a 2016 newspaper story confirmed 178 Starting in late 1969 treatment of McCain and the other POWs suddenly improved 180 181 North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh had died the previous month possibly causing a change in policy towards POWs 180 Also a badly beaten and weakened POW who had been released that summer disclosed to the world press the conditions to which they were being subjected 126 and the National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia which included McCain s brother Joe heightened awareness of the POWs plight 182 In December 1969 McCain was transferred back to the Hỏa Lo Hanoi Hilton 183 his solitary confinement ended in March 1970 184 When the prisoners talked about what they wanted to do once they got out McCain said he wanted to become President 81 McCain consented to a January 1970 interview outside Hỏa Lo with Spanish born Cuban psychologist Fernando Barral es that was published in the official Cuban newspaper Granma 185 McCain talked about his life and expressed no remorse for his bombing North Vietnam 185 and Barral proclaimed him an insensitive individual without human depth 186 The POWs issued an edict forbidding any further such interviews 185 and despite pressure from his captors McCain subsequently refused to see any anti war groups or journalists sympathetic to the North Vietnamese regime 186 Release Edit nbsp John McCain at Gia Lam Airfield in Hanoi during his release as a POW on March 14 1973McCain and other prisoners were moved around to different camps at times but conditions over the next several years were generally more tolerable than they had been before 126 Unknown to them during each year that Jack McCain was CINCPAC he paid a Christmastime visit to the American troops in South Vietnam serving closest to the DMZ he would stand alone and look north to be as close to his son as he could get 187 By 1971 some 30 50 percent of the POWs had become disillusioned about the war both because of the apparent lack of military progress and what they heard of the growing anti war movement in the U S and some of them were less reluctant to make propaganda statements for the North Vietnamese 168 McCain was not among them he participated in a defiant church service 188 and led an effort to write letters home that only portrayed the camp in a negative light 189 and as a result spent much of the year in a camp reserved for bad attitude cases 168 Back at the Hanoi Hilton from November 1971 onward 190 McCain and the other POWs cheered the resumed bombing of the north starting in April 1972 whose targets included the Hanoi area and whose daily orders were issued by Jack McCain knowing his son was in the vicinity 191 Jack McCain s tour as CINCPAC ended in September 1972 192 despite his desire to have it extended so he could see the war to its conclusion 187 The old time POWs cheered even more during the intense Christmas Bombing campaign of December 1972 191 193 when Hanoi was subjected for the first time to repeated B 52 Stratofortress raids Although its explosions lit the night sky and shook the walls of the camp scaring some of the newer POWs 193 most saw it as a forceful measure to compel North Vietnam to finally come to terms 191 The Paris Peace Accords were signed on January 27 1973 ending direct U S involvement in the war but the Operation Homecoming arrangements for the 591 American POWs took longer 194 McCain was finally released from captivity on March 14 1973 being taken by bus to Gia Lam Airport transferred to U S custody and flown by C 141 to Clark Air Base in the Philippines 195 196 After the last of the POWs had been released McCain s forced confession along with similar statements from other POWs was aired again during a Voice of Vietnam broadcast on April 10 1973 as the North Vietnamese sought to refute the returning prisoners tales of having been tortured 178 Altogether McCain was held as a prisoner of war in North Vietnam for five and a half years nearly five of them after his refusal to accept the out of sequence repatriation offer His wartime injuries left him permanently incapable of raising either arm more than 80 degrees 41 128 For his actions as a POW McCain was awarded the Silver Star Medal the Legion of Merit three Bronze Star Medals another instance of the Navy Commendation Medal and the Purple Heart Medal 69 116 He also gained an appreciation from experiencing the mutual help and organized resistance of the POWs that his earlier individualism needed to be tempered by a belief in causes greater than self interest 162 Return to United States Edit nbsp President Nixon greeting McCain at the White House Correspondents Dinner on April 14 1973 nbsp McCain giving an interview to the press on April 24 1973 after his return from Vietnam Photo by U S News amp World Report nbsp President Nixon greeting former POWs on May 24 1973 as part of a day long series of events honoring them McCain is on crutches having undergone surgery earlier that month for his leg injuries Upon his return to the United States a few days later McCain was reunited with his wife Carol and his family 197 She had suffered her own crippling near death ordeal during his captivity due to an automobile accident in December 1969 that left her hospitalized for six months and facing twenty three operations and ongoing physical therapy 198 Businessman and POW advocate Ross Perot had paid for her medical care 81 By the time McCain saw her she was four inches ten centimeters shorter on crutches and substantially heavier 81 As a returned POW McCain became a celebrity of sorts The New York Times ran a story and front page photo of him getting off the plane at Clark Air Base in the Philippines 195 199 he authored a thirteen page cover story describing his ordeal and his support for the Nixon administration s handling of the war in U S News amp World Report 126 he participated in parades in Orange Park and elsewhere and made personal appearances before groups where he showed strong speaking skills 197 200 and he was given the key to the city of Jacksonville Florida 197 McCain also found high level political visibility On April 14 four returned POWs were in attendance and honored at the White House Correspondents dinner 201 McCain was one of them and shook hands with President Richard Nixon 202 Then Nixon gave an address to former POWs in an auditorium at the State Department during the day of May 24 203 McCain had undergone surgery earlier in the month for leg injuries suffered during his shoot down 204 and a photograph of him on crutches shaking the hand of President Nixon became iconic 205 206 That evening 600 ex POWs and their families were honored at a gala dinner on the lawn of The White House 203 The McCains became frequent guests of honor at dinners hosted by Governor of California Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy Reagan 207 and John McCain made a strong impression speaking at a large prayer breakfast hosted by the governor 208 McCain had admired Ronald Reagan while in captivity and afterwards believing him to be a man who saw honor in Vietnam service and a potential leader who would not lead the nation into a war it was unwilling to win 209 McCain underwent three operations in total and other treatment for his injuries 210 spending three months at the Naval Regional Medical Center in Jacksonville 69 211 Psychological tests given to all the returning POWs showed that McCain had adjusted exceptionally well to repatriation and had an ambitious striving successful pattern of adjustment 212 McCain told examiners that he withstood his ordeal by having Faith in country United States Navy family and God 213 Unlike many veterans McCain did not experience flashbacks or nightmares of his Vietnam experience 214 although due to the association with prison guards the sound of keys rattling would cause him to tense up 128 McCain was promoted to commander effective July 1973 69 and attended the National War College in Fort McNair in Washington D C during the 1973 1974 academic year 215 Former POWs were given latitude in choosing their next assignment Navy officials objected to McCain s choice of the National War College as he was not yet a commander the minimum rank needed to qualify McCain had earned the rank but it had not yet become official McCain appealed to Secretary of the Navy John Warner a friend of his father s and gained admission 205 There he intensively studied the history of Vietnam and the French and American wars there 216 and wrote The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War a long paper on the Vietnam POW experience as a test of the U S Code of Conduct 217 By the time he graduated 218 McCain concluded that mistakes by American political and military leaders had doomed the war effort 216 The particular operation that had led to his downing Rolling Thunder had been stopped in 1968 and while it had caused the North Vietnamese some logistical and resource difficulties it had not succeeded in altering any of the fundamental equations involved in eventually determining the war s outcome 219 McCain accepted the right of the anti war movement in the U S to have exercised their freedom to protest and he adopted a live and let live attitude towards those who had evaded the draft 216 Nor did the vast changes in American social mores that had taken place during his absence bother him as it did many other former POWs 206 McCain returned to Saigon in November 1974 220 he and a couple of other former POWs received the National Order of Vietnam that country s highest honor 221 He also spoke at the South Vietnamese war college five months before Saigon fell 220 McCain resolved not to become a professional POW but to move forward and rebuild his life 216 Few thought McCain could fly again and if he could not meet the medical requirements to remain a naval aviator he said he would consider a career in the United States Foreign Service 204 But he was determined to try and during this time he engaged in nine months of grueling painful physical therapy especially to get his knees to bend again 81 Commanding officer Edit McCain recuperated just enough to pass his flight physical and have his flight status reinstated 81 In August 1974 he was assigned to the Replacement Air Group VA 174 Hellrazors 69 This was an A 7 Corsair II training squadron located at Naval Air Station Cecil Field in Jacksonville 222 and the largest aviation squadron in the Navy 223 He became its executive officer in 1975 223 and on July 1 1976 he was made VA 174 s commanding officer 222 224 This last assignment was controversial as he did not have the required experience of having commanded a smaller squadron first 220 something that he now had too high a rank to do 225 While some senior officers resented McCain s presence as favoritism due to his father junior officers rallied to him and helped him qualify for A 7 carrier landings 81 As commanding officer McCain relied upon a relatively unorthodox leadership style based upon the force of his personality 226 He removed personnel he thought ineffective and sought to improve morale and productivity by establishing an informal rapport with enlisted men 81 224 226 Dealing with limited post Vietnam defense budgets and parts shortages 81 224 he was forceful in demanding that respect be given to the female officers just beginning to arrive into the unit 226 McCain s leadership abilities were credited with improving the unit s aircraft readiness for the first time all fifty of its aircraft were able to fly 81 224 Although some operational metrics declined during the period 223 226 the pilot safety improved to the point of having zero accidents 223 224 The squadron was awarded its first ever Meritorious Unit Commendation 222 while McCain received a Meritorious Service Medal 116 McCain later stated that being commanding officer of VA 174 was the most rewarding assignment of his naval career 227 When his stint ended in July 1977 222 the change of command ceremony was attended by his father and the rest of his family as well as some of his fellow POWs speaker Admiral Isaac C Kidd Jr said that John had joined Jack and Slew McCain in a place of honor in Navy tradition a tribute that deeply moved McCain 220 During their time in Jacksonville the McCains marriage began to falter 228 McCain had extramarital affairs 228 he was seen with other women in social settings and developed a reputation among his colleagues for womanizing 226 229 Some of McCain s activity with other women occurred when he was off duty after routine flights to Marine Corps Air Station Yuma and Naval Air Facility El Centro 228 Marital difficulties were in fact quite common among the returned POWs 204 However McCain later said My marriage s collapse was attributable to my own selfishness and immaturity more than it was to Vietnam and I cannot escape blame by pointing a finger at the war The blame was entirely mine 230 His wife Carol later stated that the failure was not due to her accident or Vietnam and that I attribute the breakup of our marriage more to John turning 40 and wanting to be 25 again than I do to anything else 231 Writer and Vietnam veteran Robert Timberg believes that Vietnam did play a part perhaps not the major part but more than a walk on 231 According to John McCain I had changed she had changed People who have been apart that much change 231 Senate liaison divorce and second marriage Edit nbsp McCain representing the former POWs appearing at a 1973 luncheon on Capitol Hill in honor of them He is shaking hands with Senator Carl Curtis of Nebraska McCain s wife Carol is partially visible on his right McCain had thought about entering politics since his return from Vietnam 29 although 1964 had been the only time in his life he had ever voted 29 In 1976 he briefly thought of running for the U S House of Representatives from Florida 232 he had the support of some local figures in Jacksonville but was convinced by other Republican Party leaders that he did not have sufficient political experience funding or popular support to defeat longtime Democratic incumbent Charles E Bennett 29 208 233 Instead he worked so hard for Ronald Reagan s 1976 Republican primary campaign that his base commander reprimanded him for being too politically active for his naval position 226 As his tenure with VA 174 was ending McCain was assigned to a low profile desk job within the Naval Air Systems Command 226 234 Chief of Naval Operations Admiral James L Holloway III thought this assignment a waste of McCain s social talents 234 and instead in July 1977 McCain was appointed to the Senate Liaison Office within the Navy s Office of Legislative Affairs 69 an assignment Jack McCain had once held 232 The office s role mostly consisted of providing constituent service and acting as a facilitator among legislators the Department of Defense and lobbyists 234 McCain later said the liaison job represented my real entry into the world of politics and the beginning of my second career as a public servant 205 McCain s lively personality and knowledge of military matters made his post in the Russell Senate Office Building a popular gathering spot for senators and staff 234 He also frequently escorted congressional delegations on overseas trips where he arranged entertaining side escapades 235 McCain was influenced by senators of both parties and formed an especially strong bond with John Tower of Texas the ranking member of the Senate Armed Services Committee 235 During 1978 and 1979 McCain played a key behind the scenes role in gaining congressional funding for a new supercarrier against the wishes of the Carter administration and Navy Secretary W Graham Claytor Jr 81 236 In August 1979 McCain was promoted to naval captain 69 and became Director of the Senate Liaison Office 116 234 During McCain s time there the Senate Liaison Office enjoyed one of its few periods of high influence 233 McCain and his wife Carol had been briefly separated soon after returning to Washington but then reunited and remained married 81 In April 1979 81 while attending a military reception for senators in Hawaii McCain met Cindy Lou Hensley eighteen years his junior 237 a teacher from Phoenix Arizona and the daughter of James Willis Hensley a wealthy Anheuser Busch beer distributor and Marguerite Smitty Hensley 230 They began dating travelling between Arizona and Washington to see each other 238 and John McCain urged his wife Carol to accept a divorce 81 The McCains stopped cohabiting in January 1980 239 and John McCain filed for divorce in February 239 which Carol McCain accepted at that time 81 After she did not respond to court summonses 79 the uncontested divorce became official in Fort Walton Beach Florida on April 2 1980 239 McCain gave Carol a settlement that included full custody of their children alimony child support including college tuition houses in Virginia and Florida and lifelong financial support for her ongoing medical treatments resulting from the 1969 automobile accident 79 they would remain on good terms 230 McCain and Hensley were married on May 17 1980 82 in Phoenix with Senators William Cohen and Gary Hart as best man and groomsman 230 McCain s children were upset with him and did not attend the wedding 79 81 but after several years they reconciled with him and Cindy 81 85 Carol McCain became a personal assistant to Nancy Reagan and later Director of the White House Visitors Office 240 The Reagans were stunned by the divorce 239 Nancy Reagan s relationship with John McCain turned cold for a while following it but eventually the two renewed their friendship 239 241 The same happened with most of McCain s other friends who were eventually won over by the force of his personality and his frequent expressions of guilt over what had happened 81 Around the end of 1980 McCain decided to retire from the Navy 242 He had not been given a major sea command 243 and his physical condition had deteriorated causing him to fail the flight physical required for any carrier command position 208 244 in addition to his limited arm movement certain weather would always cause him to walk with a limp 128 McCain thought he might make rear admiral but probably not vice admiral and never become a four star admiral as his grandfather and father had been 243 McCain later wrote that he did not anguish over his decision 242 although it pained his mother who thought congressional careers paled in comparison to top naval ones 208 He was excited by the idea of being a member of Congress 235 and was soon recruiting a campaign manager that Cohen knew for a planned run at a House seat from Arizona 81 In early 1981 Secretary of the Navy John F Lehman who did not want to see McCain leave the liaison post told McCain that he was still on the path to be selected for one star rear admiral 208 McCain told Lehman that he was leaving the Navy 208 and that he could do more good in Congress 235 McCain retired with an effective date of April 1 1981 69 the rank of captain 69 and a disability pension due to his wartime injuries 245 For his service in the Senate liaison office McCain was awarded a gold star in lieu of a second award of the Legion of Merit 116 Jack McCain died on March 22 1981 246 On March 27 1981 McCain attended his father s funeral at Arlington National Cemetery wearing his uniform for the last time before signing his discharge papers and later that day flew to Phoenix with his wife Cindy to begin his new life 21 246 Military awards EditMcCain s military decorations and awards include 69 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Naval Aviator badgeSilver Star MedalLegion of Merit with Combat V and Star Distinguished Flying Cross Bronze Star Medal with Combat V and two StarsPurple Heart Medal with Star Meritorious Service Medal Air Medal with star and Strike Flight numeral 2 Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal with Combat V and Star Navy Combat Action Ribbon Navy Unit CommendationNavy Meritorious Unit Commendation Prisoner of War Medal Navy Expeditionary MedalNational Defense Service Medal with star Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Vietnam Service Medal with two starsRepublic of Vietnam National Order of Vietnam Commander 247 248 Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citation Gallantry Cross with frame and palm Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal with 1960 deviceCitations Edit These are some of the citations associated with the awards Silver Star Medal Legion of Merit First award with V device Second award gold star Distinguished Flying Cross Bronze Star Medal First award with V device Second award gold star with V device Third award gold star with V device Meritorious Service Medal Air Medal First award with bronze star Second award numeral 2 Navy Commendation Medal First award with V device Second award gold star with V device References Edit McCain John Sidney III 1936 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress United States Congress Retrieved July 17 2007 a b Alexander Man of the People p 12 Atlantic Side Society Notes PDF Panama American August 31 1936 Dobbs Michael May 20 2008 The Fact Checker John McCain s Birthplace The Washington Post Retrieved July 25 2009 Timberg An American Odyssey p 21 Dobbs Michael May 2 2008 The Fact Checker Citizen McCain The Washington Post Archived from the original on July 6 2008 Retrieved December 26 2008 Liptak Adam July 11 2008 A Hint of New Life to a McCain Birth Issue The New York Times Retrieved January 30 2016 a b Roberts Gary Boyd On the Ancestry Royal Descent and English and American Notable Kin of Senator John Sidney McCain IV New England Historic Genealogical Society Archived from the original on September 15 2008 Retrieved May 19 2008 a b c d e Parker Suzi Tapper Jake February 15 2000 McCain s ancestors owned slaves Salon Archived from the original on April 29 2009 Retrieved April 5 2008 McCain tells his story to voters CNN March 31 2008 Retrieved April 5 2008 a b McCain Faith of My Fathers p 21 Used to supply details about the Teoc plantation which was formally named Waverly Chideya Farai October 21 2008 Black McCains Share Family s Struggles Triumphs NPR Retrieved October 26 2008 a b Timberg An American Odyssey pp 19 20 a b McCain trivia The Arizona Republic March 2 2007 Retrieved April 5 2008 Perera Srianthi February 28 2010 Sons of the American Revolution aims to grow in Arizona The Arizona Republic Retrieved January 11 2011 McCain Faith of My Fathers p 20 Used to support ancestor in War of 1812 not given by any other source a b c Weisman Jonathan July 22 2008 McCain s Maverick Side Grandpa Would Be Proud The Washington Post Retrieved July 22 2008 a b Alexander Man of the People p 11 a b Timberg An American Odyssey p 22 a b Orth Maureen December 14 2007 The Road Trip of 2 Lifetimes and Still Going The New York Times Retrieved July 1 2008 a b c Meacham Jon August 30 2008 Hidden Depths Newsweek Retrieved September 4 2008 a b c d e f Nowicki Dan Muller Bill March 1 2007 John McCain Report At the Naval Academy The Arizona Republic Retrieved November 10 2007 Part of multi chapter biographical profile of John McCain Originally published by The Arizona Republic as McCain The life story of Arizona s maverick senator written by reporter Bill Muller October 3 1999 Reporter Dan Nowicki updated and revised the biography with additional material in January 2007 See How the biography was put together for background and bibliographic sources a b Timberg An American Odyssey p 18 a b Alexander Man of the People pp 13 14 Bufkin Ellie November 6 2019 Sandy Morgan sister of John McCain dies at 85 Washington Examiner Retrieved May 26 2020 a b c Alexander Man of the People p 19 a b c Timberg An American Odyssey pp 28 30 a b McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 101 03 Used to give role of mother in upbringing not fully detailed by any other source and for direct quotation a b c d Romano Lois March 2 2000 Out of the Fire Politics Calls Ex POW Turns Washington Insider The Washington Post Alexander Man of the People p 20 Timberg An American Odyssey p 23 a b c Arundel John December 6 2007 Episcopal fetes a favorite son Alexandria Times Archived from the original on December 22 2007 Retrieved December 7 2007 Alexander Man of the People p 21 a b Woodward Calvin November 4 2007 McCain s WMD Is A Mouth That Won t Quit USA Today Associated Press Retrieved November 10 2007 McCain Faith of My Fathers p 100 Many of the base schools I attended were substandard institutions Sometimes the school building was nothing more than a converted aircraft hangar The classes mixed children of varying ages We might have one teacher on Monday and a different one on Tuesday On other days we lacked the services of any teacher at all My first purpose during my brief stay in these schools was to impress upon my classmates that I was not a person to suffer slights lightly My second purpose was to prove myself as an athlete When I was disciplined by my teachers which happened regularly it was often for fighting McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 107 08 Used for direct quotation Alexander Man of the People pp 22 24 a b c d e f g Leahy Michael August 31 2008 A Turbulent Youth Under a Strong Father s Shadow The Washington Post Retrieved November 8 2008 McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 108 10 Used to support McCain view of others at school Timberg An American Odyssey pp 23 24 illustrates the well to do Southerners part by sampling their names Timberg An American Odyssey pp 24 26 a b c Purdum Todd S February 2007 Prisoner of Conscience Vanity Fair Archived from the original on January 20 2015 Retrieved January 20 2015 Alexander Man of the People p 28 Alexander Man of the People pp 25 26 Alexander Man of the People p 26 Ed O Keefe April 1 2008 McCain the Punk Goes Back to School ABC News Retrieved April 2 2008 Ravenel was the only person outside McCain s family whom he sought out to talk with upon his return from being a POW in Vietnam but Ravenel had died two years earlier McCain Faith of My Fathers p 116 Used to support brief quotation of McCain self assessment McCain An American Odyssey pp 33 34 a b c d Timberg The Nightingale s Song p 31 McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 110 111 Used to support McCain state of mind and direct quotation Timberg An American Odyssey p 34 gives this formulation And so John McCain journeyed to Annapolis raised his right hand and marched joylessly into his future McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 120 24 In this well ordered and timeless world with its lofty aspirations and grim determination to make leaders and gentlemen of schoolboys plebes who possessed minor eccentricities might be tolerated somewhat but arrogant nonconformists encountered open hostility Recognized as belonging in the latter category I soon found myself in conflict with the Academy s authorities and traditions Instead of beginning a crash course in self improvement so that I could find a respectable place in the ranks I reverted to form and embarked on a four year course of insubordination and rebellion a b c Timberg The Nightingale s Song p 33 Timberg The Nightingale s Song pp 24 29 a b c Bailey Holly May 14 2007 John McCain I Learned How to Take Hard Blows Newsweek Retrieved December 19 2007 McCain Faith of My Fathers p 141 Used to support accomplishment not supplied by any other source Carney James December 13 1999 The Diagnosis Stable Time Retrieved September 25 2008 His IQ is given as 133 based on a test taken in 1984 See also Alexander Man of the People p 207 McCain took IQ tests twice his life getting 128 the first time and 133 the second A Brief History of the United States Naval Academy United States Naval Academy Archived from the original on April 27 2008 Retrieved April 5 2008 Blum Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J May June 1977 Changing Educational Goals at the United States Naval Academy Air University Review 28 4 72 82 Archived from the original on February 19 2013 Traub James September 19 2008 What a Naval Officer Now Knows The New York Times Magazine Retrieved September 21 2008 a b Timberg The Nightingale s Song pp 41 42 McCain Faith of My Fathers p 134 Used to supply McCain s own assessment of his aptitude in those subjects McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 130 31 141 42 Timberg The Nightingale s Song p 34 Hunt Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships April 18 2005 Archived from the original on October 22 2008 Retrieved April 5 2008 McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 135 38 Used to supply McCain self assessment of cruise not found in any other source Timberg The Nightingale s Song pp 44 46 Timberg writes Even though he lived it or something like it McCain recounts his romance with Elena not her real name which was not publicly known until 2008 these days as if it were a dream In some ways it was But it wasn t just his dream With minor variations it was the dream of all but the most inert midshipmen Duty honor country sure those things were important but the chance of someday being swept away and ravished by a beautiful woman in some exotic locale has always been an unspoken part of the deal McCain s fling with Elena though rare was not all that rare Things like that happened often enough to keep that goofy dream alive Emert Harold Sullivan Patrick September 21 2008 Brazilian beauty recalls hot Rio affair with young John McCain New York Daily News Retrieved September 22 2008 In 2008 Maria Gracinda Teixeira de Jesus would remember the 50 year old affair fondly and said that she never forgot McCain a b McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 151 52 Used to support McCain overall perspectives and direct quotations on Naval Academy experience and value it gave him Timberg An American Odyssey pp 18 28 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t John McCain s Navy Records Biographical Data PDF United States Navy Archived from the original PDF on November 1 2008 Retrieved May 23 2008 As indicated by Kuhnhenn Jim May 7 2008 Navy releases McCain s military record The Boston Globe Associated Press Archived from the original on May 24 2008 Retrieved May 23 2008 a b c d e Alexander Man of the People p 32 a b c d e Timberg An American Odyssey pp 66 68 a b c d e f g h i j Vartabedian Ralph Serrano Richard A October 6 2008 Mishaps mark John McCain s record as naval aviator Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on October 8 2008 Retrieved October 6 2008 a b McCain Faith of My Fathers p 156 Used to supply aircraft type he was flying and his home base not given by any other source Feinberg John McCain p 16 a b Freeman Sailors to the End p 25 Feinberg John McCain pp 16 18 Alexander Man of the People p 33 About Naval Air Station Meridian Part of Commander Navy Region Southeast United States Navy Retrieved April 6 2008 a b c d Farhi Paul October 6 2008 The Separate Peace of John And Carol The Washington Post Retrieved October 6 2008 Feinberg John McCain p 18 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kristof Nicholas February 27 2000 P O W to Power Broker A Chapter Most Telling The New York Times Retrieved April 22 2007 a b Obama Inauguration John McCain The Arizona Republic Retrieved February 9 2016 The John McCain Story Timeline McCain 2000 Inc Archived from the original on March 8 2000 Used to supply years of birth of two adopted sons Timberg An American Odyssey p 70 a b Steinhauer Jennifer December 27 2007 Bridging 4 Decades a Large Close Knit Brood The New York Times Retrieved December 27 2007 a b John McCain Jeopardy champion Update boards sonypictures com Archived from the original on October 7 2008 Retrieved September 26 2008 McCain defeated 1 time champion Peggy Fisher in Fleming 355 taped in Studio 6A 1965 07 20 aired Friday 1965 08 06 In his next game Fleming 356 taped in Studio 6A 1965 07 20 aired Monday 1965 08 09 he was defeated by challenger Bob Bovard Fouhy Beth June 30 2008 Political Play McCain recalls loss on Jeopardy USA Today Associated Press Retrieved September 26 2008 Riding aboard his Straight Talk Express campaign bus McCain well read and a trivia buff recalled his two day appearance on the popular program in 1965 He won the game the first day and lost the next day in the final round Sherfinski David December 18 2012 Sen McCain jokes about Jeopardy defeat Loser again The Washington Times Retrieved March 13 2018 a b Timberg An American Odyssey pp 70 71 McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 172 73 Used to supply training detail not given by other sources VA 46 Photograph Album The Skyhawk Association Archived from the original on October 22 2008 Retrieved February 9 2008 See Greenie Board image Archived March 15 2008 at the Wayback Machine for chronology a b c d e f USS Forrestal CV 59 Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships August 2 2007 Archived from the original on March 20 2008 Retrieved April 5 2008 Regarding use c states either Aircraft No 405 piloted by LCDR Fred D White or No 416 piloted by LCDR John McCain was struck by the Zuni See also Stewart Henry P The Impact of the USS Forrestal s 1967 Fire on United States Navy Shipboard Damage Control Fort Leavenworth Army Command and General Staff College Which states that Aircraft No 405 piloted by LCDR Fred D White was hit and does not mention McCain Freeman s Sailors to the End states that McCain s plane was hit and does not mention White Alexander Man of the People p 34 Karaagac John McCain p 80 a b McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 185 86 Frankum Like Rolling Thunder pp 53 55 Frankum Like Rolling Thunder pp 55 58 a b Karaagac John McCain p 81 Karaagac John McCain p 82 McCain Faith of My Fathers p 177 Freeman Sailors to the End pp 102 103 a b c Freeman Sailors to the End p 118 a b Weinraub Bernard July 31 1967 Start of Tragedy Pilot Hears a Blast As He Checks Plane PDF The New York Times Timberg An American Odyssey pp 72 74 Freeman Sailors to the End p 170 Freeman Sailors to the End pp 228 29 A film of the Forrestal fire called Learn or Burn incorporating the flight deck video of the fire was used in United States Navy damage control classes for many years see Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Forrestal A portion of the video was made available by McCain s presidential campaign see Forrestal February 24 2007 Archived from the original on November 14 2021 Retrieved February 28 2008 via YouTube a b c Apple R W Jr October 28 1967 Adm McCain s son Forrestal Survivor Is Missing in Raid PDF The New York Times Timberg An American Odyssey p 75 McCain Faith of My Fathers p 181 a b c McCain Faith of My Fathers p 182 Timberg The Nightingale s Song pp 99 100 Timberg An American Odyssey pp 76 77 DeWitt Robert February 10 2008 Support forged in battle The Tuscaloosa News Retrieved February 17 2008 McCain Faith of My Fathers p 184 a b c d e f g John McCain s Navy Records Citations PDF United States Navy Archived from the original PDF on November 1 2008 Retrieved May 23 2008 As indicated by Kuhnhenn Jim May 7 2008 Navy releases McCain s military record The Boston Globe Associated Press Archived from the original on May 24 2008 Retrieved May 23 2008 a b c d e Pribbenow II Merle L January 2003 The Ology War Technology and Ideology in the Vietnamese Defense of Hanoi 1967 PDF The Journal of Military History 67 1 175 200 doi 10 1353 jmh 2003 0066 Vietnam Revisited with Senator John McCain C SPAN September 1 1992 Retrieved February 12 2016 a b c d e f Nowicki Dan Muller Bill March 1 2007 John McCain Report Prisoner of War The Arizona Republic Retrieved November 10 2007 In pictures Vietnam visit McCain memorial BBC News Retrieved May 31 2008 a b c d e f g h i Dobbs Michael October 5 2008 In Ordeal as Captive Character Was Shaped The Washington Post Retrieved October 11 2008 a b c d Timberg An American Odyssey p 78 McCain Faith of My Fathers p 188 Used to give bombing altitude While a few members of the squadron were armed with an early smart bomb the AGM 62 Walleye McCain dropped conventional bombs See Support forged in battle The Tuscaloosa News February 10 2008 Goble Paul January 19 2009 Soviet Officer Who Shot Down John McCain in Vietnam Dies Window on Eurasia for Moldova org Archived from the original on February 16 2012 Retrieved August 2 2009 John McCain center being captured by Vietnamese civilians in Truc Bach Lake near Hanoi Vietnam Library of Congress May 26 2004 Retrieved December 28 2007 a b c d e f Lieut Commander John S McCain III United States Navy May 14 1973 How the POW s Fought Back U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on October 13 2008 reposted under title John McCain Prisoner of War A First Person Account January 28 2008 Reprinted in Library of America staff 1998 Reporting Vietnam Part Two American Journalism 1969 1975 Library of America ISBN 1 883011 59 0 pp 434 63 Used to support direct quotes from McCain or to fill in details not given by other sources a b c Rochester and Kiley Honor Bound p 360 a b c d e Scherer Michael Park Alice May 14 2008 How Healthy Is John McCain Time Retrieved July 2 2008 A number of Vietnamese have claimed to have led the McCain rescue effort in Truc Bạch Lake but the one most often credited including by the Vietnamese government in the 1990s was Mai Van On He and McCain met in Hanoi in 1996 but McCain did not mention him in his 1999 memoir and it is unclear whether he believed On s account On s story also does not completely agree with the well known photograph showing a number of Vietnamese pulling McCain ashore See McCain s Vietnam rescuer talks Associated Press February 24 2000 Archived from the original on July 3 2009 Retrieved June 28 2008 Alexander Man of the People pp 47 49 and Parry Simon June 27 2008 Wartime rescuer of John McCain dies a forgotten hero Thaindian News Deutsche Presse Agentur Retrieved June 28 2008 See also the October 5 2008 Dobbs article in The Washington Post which credits paper factory worker Tran Lua a b c Hubbell P O W p 363 a b c d Hubbell P O W p 364 Timberg An American Odyssey p 79 Timberg An American Odyssey p 80 Admiral s Son Captured in Hanoi Raid The Washington Post Associated Press October 28 1967 a b McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 193 94 FOIA Search Results McCain barely readable scans Central Intelligence Agency Retrieved February 8 2016 Various documents captured by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service that describe North Vietnamese or allied dispatches concerning McCain s captivity Later released by the CIA under the Freedom of Information Act McCain Faith of My Fathers p 198 Used to express McCain s retrospective view on his early statements a b Shane Scott December 15 2005 McCain Pays a Tribute at Funeral of Ex P O W The New York Times Retrieved December 19 2007 Hubbell P O W pp 364 65 Hubbell P O W p 365 Hubbell P O W p 367 a b French TV archive releases McCain POW video NBC News Associated Press October 22 2008 Retrieved February 9 2016 Hubbell P O W pp 365 66 John McCain prisonnier au Vietnam Panorama Television production Institut national de l audiovisuel January 12 1968 Retrieved October 24 2008 Rochester and Kiley Honor Bound p 361 Hubbell P O W pp 368 69 Timberg An American Odyssey p 83 The Plantation was a Potemkin village style camp run by the North Vietnamese as a propaganda showplace for foreign visitors to see and as a preparation camp for prisoners about to be released Brute physical mistreatment of prisoners was rarer than in other camps but did occur to some Plantation prisoners McCain received probably the worst of any See Rochester and Kiley Honor Bound pp 340 363 364 487 Alexander Man of the People pp 53 54 Coram American Patriot pp 186 87 Coram American Patriot p 188 a b c Rochester and Kiley Honor Bound p 363 Timberg An American Odyssey p 89 a b c Hubbell P O W pp 450 51 Frankel Max April 11 1968 Gen Abrams Gets Top Vietnam Post Deputy Is Named PDF The New York Times Timberg An American Odyssey p 91 Bai was called Cat by the POWs who assigned often derogatory nicknames to all of the prison officials and guards The Code of Conduct itself only forbade prisoners from accepting parole or special favors from the enemy The POWs decided this meant that they could only accept release in the order they had been captured They made an exception for those seriously sick or badly injured One fellow prisoner told McCain he qualified under that exception but after deliberation McCain refused nonetheless See Timberg An American Odyssey p 92 a b Hubbell P O W p 452 Timberg An American Odyssey p 209 Harriman s September 13 1968 cable said At tea break Le Duc Tho mentioned that DRV had intended to release Admiral McCain s son as one of the three pilots freed recently but he had refused a b c d e f g Hubbell P O W pp 452 54 McCain Faith of My Fathers p 244 Used to indicate confession was recorded in addition to being written not made clear by other sources Timberg An American Odyssey pp 95 118 a b Farrell John Aloysius January 23 2000 A refining experience The Boston Globe Retrieved June 22 2008 Alexander Man of the People p 60 Coram American Patriot p 189 a b Frisbee John L February 1989 Valor en Masse Air Force Magazine Archived from the original on January 21 2009 Retrieved May 17 2008 Cronin Michael Day Bud Gaither Ralph Galanti Paul Schierman Wesley Swindle Orson October 26 2007 A Trip Downtown National Review Online Archived from the original on October 27 2007 Retrieved November 10 2007 Hubbell P O W pp 288 306 a b c Hubbell P O W pp 548 49 McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 227 28 It is not clear from McCain s account in which year the cross episode took place Fellow POW Orson Swindle vaguely recalls McCain telling it to him in 1971 See York Byron August 18 2008 Fellow POW I Remember McCain Telling the Cross in the Dirt Story National Review Online Archived from the original on August 19 2008 Retrieved August 18 2008 Decades later McCain related this Good Samaritan story during his presidential campaigns as a testament to faith and humanity See Excerpt From McCain s Speech on Religious Conservatives The New York Times February 29 2000 Retrieved December 26 2007 and New TV Ad My Christmas Story John McCain 2008 December 20 2007 Archived from the original on December 26 2007 Retrieved December 26 2007 For an analysis casting doubt on the cross tale and speculating it may have been conflated with another guard episode McCain experienced see Sullivan Andrew August 18 2008 The Dirt In The Cross Story Ctd The Daily Dish The Atlantic Retrieved November 16 2022 Brace A Code to Keep pp ix x 170 Brace A Code to Keep pp 170 71 Timberg An American Odyssey pp 98 99 Brace A Code to Keep pp 175 179 Rochester and Kiley Honor Bound p 371 Brace A Code to Keep p 183 Rochester and Kiley Honor Bound pp 363 64 371 487 a b c U S Fliers Well Treated Hanoi Says The Washington Post United Press International June 6 1969 See also same UPI story in Tape Has McCain s Son Praising Red Doctors PDF Stars and Stripes June 6 1969 p 27 a b c d Nowicki Dan August 13 2016 John McCain POW recordings revive historic painful episode The Arizona Republic Retrieved May 13 2018 McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 285 86 Used to confirm that this was McCain s August 1968 confession heavily edited a U S military voice analysis verified that it was McCain s voice a b Hubbell P O W p 519 Rochester and Kiley Honor Bound pp 489 91 McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 290 91 Used to illustrate McCain family role while he was a POW Brace A Code to Keep pp 187 88 Alexander Man of the People p 64 a b c Roig Franzia Manuel March 11 2008 In Havana A Page From McCain s Past The Washington Post Retrieved June 8 2008 a b Adams David March 8 2008 A revolutionary meets the foe John McCain St Petersburg Times Retrieved June 9 2008 a b McCain Faith of My Fathers pp 287 88 McCain states that he received dozens of reports over the years of his father having done this Timberg An American Odyssey p 104 Rochester and Kiley Honor Bound p 537 Timberg An American Odyssey p 105 a b c Timberg An American Odyssey pp 106 07 Frankum Like Rolling Thunder p 161 a b Roberts Steven V March 4 1973 Unshakable Will to Survive Sustained P O W s Over the Years The New York Times Stephens Andy February 12 2007 Operation Homecoming marks end of Vietnam War United States Air Force Retrieved May 18 2008 a b Sterba James P March 15 1973 P O W Commander Among 108 Freed PDF The New York Times Unik McCain film i SVT s arkiv in Swedish Sveriges Television September 11 2008 Retrieved February 9 2016 a b c Kerr Jessie Lynne October 25 2008 The McCain Connection His family moved to Orange Park in 1966 The following years profoundly shaped the presidential candidate s future The Florida Times Union Archived from the original on September 21 2009 Retrieved October 25 2008 Timberg An American Odyssey pp 100 01 Timberg An American Odyssey p 111 Leary Alex July 20 2008 John McCain From Orange Park to White House St Petersburg Times Archived from the original on July 21 2008 Retrieved July 21 2008 Remarks at the Annual Dinner of the White House Correspondents Association April 14 1973 The American Presidency Project University of California Santa Barbara Retrieved November 14 2022 In pictures The history of the White House Correspondents Dinner CNN April 29 2022 a b Nixon Vows to Protect U S Secrets The Tampa Tribune United Press International May 25 1973 pp 1 A 20 A via Newspapers com a b c Johnson Kathryn June 8 1973 There Are Lingering Problems as POWs Switch Lifestyles The Evening Press Binghamton New York Associated Press p 4 A via Newspapers com Includes But 2nd Chance at Living Lies Ahead sidebar with same byline a b c Nowicki Dan Muller Bill March 1 2007 John McCain Report Back in the USA The Arizona Republic Retrieved November 10 2007 a b Timberg An American Odyssey p 113 Timberg An American Odyssey pp 119 22 a b c d e f Leahy Michael October 13 2008 Seeing White House From a Cell in Hanoi The Washington Post Retrieved October 17 2008 Timberg An American Odyssey pp 12 88 121 22 Alexander Man of the People p 80 Timberg An American Odyssey p 114 Altman Lawrence K December 6 1999 Release of McCain s Medical Records Provides Unusually Broad Psychological Profile The New York Times Alexander Man of the People pp 207 08 Philpott Glory Denied pp 323 324 Alexander Man of the People p 81 a b c d Timberg An American Odyssey pp 116 18 Kirkpatrick David D June 15 2008 In 74 Thesis the Seeds of McCain s War Views The New York Times Retrieved June 15 2008 Kirkpatrick David D John McCain The New York Times Retrieved March 28 2008 Frankum Like Rolling Thunder pp 64 65 a b c d Timberg An American Odyssey pp 122 23 Philpott Glory Denied pp 322 323 a b c d Chapter 2 Attack Squadron Histories for VA 154 to VA 174 PDF Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons Volume 1 Naval Historical Center Archived PDF from the original on March 8 2008 Retrieved March 1 2008 pp 248 51 a b c d Vartabedian Ralph April 14 2008 McCain has long relied on his grit Los Angeles Times Retrieved May 24 2008 a b c d e Alexander Man of the People pp 84 86 McCain Worth the Fighting For p 12 Used to give McCain confirmation about assignment and explanation for why a lesser assignment was not possible a b c d e f g Helman Scott August 31 2008 Taking command The McCain way The Boston Globe Retrieved September 2 2008 McCain Worth the Fighting For p 13 Used to support McCain assessment of this part of his career a b c Timberg The Nightingale s Song p 239 One VA 174 legal officer and her colleague approached the base chaplain about McCain s behavior See Taking command The McCain way There were also widespread rumors at the time that some of the affairs were with women who were subordinates under his command which McCain later flatly denied See The Nightingale s Song p 239 a b c d Nowicki Dan Muller Bill March 1 2007 John McCain Report Arizona the early years The Arizona Republic Retrieved November 21 2007 a b c Timberg The Nightingale s Song p 240 Timberg also observed that McCain was no different from most veterans of the war As he went through life Vietnam kept scrambling onstage and chewing up the scenery no matter how often he thought he had written it out of the script a b Frantz Douglas February 21 2000 The Arizona Ties A Beer Baron and a Powerful Publisher Put McCain on a Political Path The New York Times Retrieved November 29 2006 a b Scheiber Noam August 20 2008 Made Man The New Republic Archived from the original on August 22 2008 Retrieved August 22 2008 a b c d e Timberg An American Odyssey pp 126 28 a b c d Kirkpatrick David D May 29 2008 Senate s Power and Allure Drew McCain From Military The New York Times Retrieved May 29 2008 Timberg An American Odyssey pp 132 34 Collins Nancy July 2007 Cindy McCain Myth vs Reality Harper s Bazaar Archived from the original on January 31 2008 Retrieved January 11 2008 Bailey Holly June 30 2008 In Search of Cindy McCain Newsweek Archived from the original on June 27 2008 Retrieved June 23 2008 a b c d e Serrano Richard A Vartabedian Ralph July 11 2008 McCain s broken marriage and fractured Reagan friendship Los Angeles Times Retrieved July 11 2008 Gamarekian Barbara August 30 1981 White House Tour Leader Courted and Criticized The New York Times McCain Worth the Fighting For pp 85 86 After describing social friendship with Reagans following POW return My divorce from Carol whom the Reagans loved caused a change in our relationship Nancy for whom Carol now worked in the White House was particularly upset with me and treated me on the few occasions we encountered each other after I came to Congress with a cool correctness that made her displeasure clear Ronald Reagan was more friendly to him Nevertheless we weren t social friends any longer I had of course deserved the change in our relationship and I knew it From her kindness and my good luck Nancy and I recovered our friendship long ago and remain friends to this day 2002 No detailed account of Nancy Reagan s side of this is known although she stated in March 2008 John McCain has been a good friend for over thirty years See Phillips Kate March 25 2008 Nancy Reagan Endorses McCain The New York Times Retrieved February 8 2016 a b Worth the Fighting For pp 9 10 Used to give chronology point not supplied by any other source a b Timberg An American Odyssey p 135 Sanger Katz Margot December 31 2007 After war a personal renewal Concord Monitor Archived from the original on December 13 2009 Retrieved June 10 2008 Vartabedian Ralph April 22 2008 John McCain gets tax free disability pension Los Angeles Times Retrieved April 24 2008 a b Timberg An American Odyssey p 138 Philpott Glory Denied p 323 Alexander Man of the People p 74 Bibliography EditAlexander Paul 2002 Man of the People The Life of John McCain Hoboken New Jersey John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 0 471 22829 X Brace Ernest C 1988 A Code to Keep The true story of America s longest held civilian prisoner of war in Vietnam New York St Martin s Press ISBN 0 7090 3560 8 Coram Robert 2007 American Patriot The Life and Wars Of Colonel Bud Day New York Little Brown and Company ISBN 978 0 316 75847 5 Feinberg Barbara Silberdick 2000 John McCain Serving His Country Brookfield Connecticut Millbrook Press ISBN 0 7613 1974 3 Frankum Ronald Bruce 2005 Like Rolling Thunder The Air War In Vietnam 1964 1975 Lanham Maryland Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 0 7425 4302 1 Freeman Gregory A 2002 Sailors to the End The Deadly Fire on the USS Forrestal and the Heroes Who Fought It New York HarperCollins ISBN 0 06 093690 8 Hubbell John G 1976 P O W A Definitive History of the American Prisoner Of War Experience in Vietnam 1964 1973 New York Reader s Digest Press ISBN 0 88349 091 9 Karaagac John 2000 John McCain An Essay in Military and Political History Lanham Maryland Lexington Books ISBN 0 7391 0171 4 McCain John Salter Mark 1999 Faith of My Fathers New York Random House ISBN 0 375 50191 6 McCain John Salter Mark 2002 Worth the Fighting For New York Random House ISBN 0 375 50542 3 Philpott Tom 2001 Glory Denied The Saga of Jim Thompson America s Longest held Prisoner New York W W Norton ISBN 0 393 02012 6 Rochester Stuart I Kiley Frederick 1999 Honor Bound American Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia 1961 1973 Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 1 55750 694 9 Timberg Robert 1996 The Nightingale s Song New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 684 80301 1 Timberg Robert 1999 John McCain An American Odyssey New York Touchstone Books ISBN 0 684 86794 X External links EditGeobiography of John McCain s early years and military career Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Early life and military career of John McCain amp oldid 1154478146, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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