Patricio Aylwin
Patricio Aylwin Azócar OMCh (Latin American Spanish pronunciation: [paˈtɾisjo ˈelwin aˈsokaɾ] ⓘ; 26 November 1918 – 19 April 2016) was a Chilean politician from the Christian Democratic Party, lawyer, author, professor and former senator. He was the 30th president of Chile and the first president to be elected after the absolute rule of dictator Augusto Pinochet, and his election marked the Chilean transition to democracy in 1990.
Patricio Aylwin | |
|---|---|
Official portrait, 1990 | |
| 30th President of Chile | |
| In office 11 March 1990 – 11 March 1994 | |
| Preceded by | Augusto Pinochet Ugarte |
| Succeeded by | Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle |
| President of the Senate of Chile | |
| In office 12 January 1971 – 22 May 1972 | |
| Preceded by | Tomás Pablo Elorza |
| Succeeded by | José Ignacio Palma |
| Senator of the Republic of Chile for the Sixth Provincial Grouping (Curicó, Talca, Linares and Maule) | |
| In office 15 May 1965 – 11 September 1973 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Patricio Aylwin Azócar 26 November 1918 Viña del Mar, Chile |
| Died | 19 April 2016 (aged 97) Santiago, Chile |
| Resting place | Cementerio General de Santiago, Santiago |
| Political party | Christian Democratic Party |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 5 |
| Alma mater | University of Chile |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Signature | |
Despite resistance from elements of the Chilean military and government after his election, Aylwin was staunch in his support for the Chilean National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation which exposed the systematic brutalities of the dictatorship.[1]
Early life edit
Aylwin, the eldest of the five children of Miguel Aylwin and Laura Azócar, was born in Viña del Mar. An excellent student, he enrolled in the Law School of the University of Chile where he became a lawyer, with the highest distinction, in 1943. He served as professor of administrative law, first at the University of Chile (1946–1967) and also at the School of Law of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (1952–1960). He was also professor of civic education and political economy at the National Institute (1946–1963).[2] His brother, Andrés, was also a politician.[3]
On 29 September 1948, he was married to Leonor Oyarzún Ivanovic. They had five children (his daughter Mariana worked as a minister in subsequent governments) and 14 grandchildren (among them, popular telenovela and film actress Paz Bascuñán).[4]
Political career edit
Aylwin's involvement in politics started in 1945, when he joined the Falange Nacional. Later he was elected president of the Falange in 1950–51.[5][6] When that party became the Christian Democratic Party of Chile, he served seven terms as its president between 1958 and 1989.
In 1965 he was elected to the National Congress as a Senator. In 1971, he became the president of the Senate. During the government of Popular Unity, headed by Salvador Allende, he was also the president of his party, and he led the democratic opposition to Allende within and without Congress.[7] He is credited, to some degree, with trying to find a peaceful solution to the country's political crisis. Distrusting Allende, Aylwin "demanded that the president appoint only military men to his cabinet as proof of his honest intent," which Allende did only partially, and Aylwin "apparently sided with pro-coup forces, believing that the military would restore democracy to the nation."[8] He stated very plainly that between "a Marxist dictatorship and a dictatorship of our military, I would choose the second."[9]
Aylwin was president of the Christian Democrats until 1976, and after the death of the party's leader, Eduardo Frei, in 1982, he led his party during the military dictatorship. Later he helped establish the Constitutional Studies Group of 24 to reunite the country's democratic sectors against the dictatorship. In 1979 he served as a spokesman in the group that opposed the plebiscite that approved a new constitution.
In 1982, Aylwin was elected vice president of the Christian Democrats. He was among the first to advocate acceptance of the Constitution as a reality in order to facilitate the return to democracy.
On 5 October 1988, the Chilean national plebiscite was held. A "Yes" vote would grant Pinochet eight more years as president. Despite the widespread expectation that Pinochet would be voted an extended term, the "No" campaign triumphed, in part because of a superb media campaign depicted in the 2012 film No. Patricio Aylwin was at the center of the movement that defeated General Pinochet.[10] After the plebiscite, he participated in negotiations that led the government and the opposition to agree on 54 constitutional reforms, thereby making possible a peaceful transition from 16 years of dictatorship to democracy.
Presidency edit
| The Aylwin Cabinet | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Office | Name | Party | Term |
| President | Patricio Aylwin | DC | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Interior | Enrique Krauss | PS | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Foreign Affairs | Enrique Silva Cimma | PR | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Defense | Patricio Rojas | DC | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Finance | Alejandro Foxley | DC | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Gen. Sec. of the Presidency | Edgardo Boeninger | DC | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Gen. Sec. of Government | Enrique Correa | PS | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Economy | Carlos Ominami | PS | 11 March 1990–28 September 1992 |
| Jorge Marshall | PPD | 28 September 1992–16 December 1993 | |
| Jaime Tohá | PS | 16 December 1993–11 March 1994 | |
| Social Development | Sergio Molina Silva | DC | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Education | Ricardo Lagos | PPD | 11 March 1990–28 September 1992 |
| Jorge Arrate | PS | 20 September 1992–11 March 1994 | |
| Justice | Francisco Cumplido | DC | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Labor | René Cortázar | DC | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Public Works | Carlos Hurtado Ruíz-Tagle | Ind. | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Health | Jorge Jiménez | DC | 11 March 1990–30 October 1992 |
| Julio Montt | DC | 30 October 1992–11 March 1994 | |
| Housing & Urbanism | Alberto Etchegaray Aubry | Ind. | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Agriculture | Juan Agustín Figueroa | PR | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Mining | Juan Hamilton Depassier | DC | 11 March 1990–28 September 1992 |
| Alejandro Hales | DC | 28 September 1992–11 March 1994 | |
| Transport & Telecom | Germán Correa | PS | 11 March 1990–28 September 1992 |
| Germán Molina Valdivieso | PPD | 28 September 1992–11 March 1994 | |
| National Assets | Luis Alvarado Constenla | PPD | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Environment | Jaime Tohá | PS | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
| Women | Soledad Alvear | DC | 11 March 1990–11 March 1994 |
Domestic policy edit
Patricio Aylwin was elected president of the Republic on 14 December 1989.
Although Chile had officially become a democracy, the Chilean military led by Pinochet remained highly powerful during the presidency of Aylwin, and the Constitution ensured the continued influence of Pinochet and his commanders, which prevented his government from achieving many of the goals it had set, such as the restructuring of the Constitutional Court and the reduction of Pinochet's political power. His administration, however, initiated direct municipal elections, the first of which were held in June 1992. In spite of the severe limits imposed on Aylwin's government by the Constitution, over four years, it "altered power relations in its favor in the state, in civil society, and in political society".[11] Pinochet was determined that the military not be punished for its role in overthrowing Allende's government or for the years of military dictatorship. Aylwin did attempt to bring to justice those in the military who committed abuses.[12]
Economic policy edit
The Aylwin Government did much to reduce poverty and inequality during its time in office. A tax reform was introduced in 1990 which boosted tax revenues by around 15% and enabled the Aylwin Government to increase government spending on social programs from 9.9% to 11.7% of GDP. By the end of the Aylwin government, unprecedented resources were being allocated to social programs, including an expanded public health programs, vocational and training programs for young Chileans, and a major public housing initiative.[13]
A new Solidarity and Social Investment Fund was set up to direct aid towards poorer communities, and social spending (especially on health and education) increased by around one-third between 1989 and 1993. A new labor law was also enacted in 1990, which expanded trade union rights and collective bargaining[14] while also improving severance pay for workers.[15] The minimum wage was also increased,[16] as were family allowances, pensions, and other benefits.[17] Between 1990 and 1993, real wages grew by 4.6%, while the unemployment rate fell from 7.8% to 6.5%. Spending on education increased by 40% while spending on health increased by 54%.[18] The incomes of poor Chileans increased by 20% in real terms (above the rate of inflation) under the Aylwin Government, while increases to the minimum wage meant that it was 36% higher in real terms in 1993 than in 1990. A slum clearance program was also initiated, with over 100,000 new homes built under the Aylwin Government, compared with 40,000 per annum under the Pinochet Government.[19]
Under the Aylwin government, the numbers of Chileans living in poverty significantly decreased, with a United Nations report estimating that the percentage of the population living in poverty had fallen from around 40% of the population in 1989 to around 33% by 1993.[14]
End edit
He was succeeded in 1994 by the election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the son of the late President Eduardo Frei Montalva.
Personal life edit
British ancestry edit
Aylwin was of British descent through his paternal lineage. The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) commissioned Timothy Duke to research into Aylwin’s heritage prior to a state visit in April 1991. They found that his great-grandfather, Richard Aylwin (who later changed his name to Ricardo Aylwin), was an Englishman born in Southwark, England, to tallow chandlers and emigrated to Chile in 1833. Aylwin had spent most of his life thinking he was of Welsh descent and had initially planned a trip to Cardiff as part of the official United Kingdom visit following his presidential election.[20]
The FCO had also found that further down his lineage, his ancestors were yeoman farmers in Sussex, where Aylwin is quite a common surname. Duke described Aylwin's British ancestry as "well established" and accompanied him during his state visit to the villages of Treyford and Didling in Sussex, where Aylwin visited the graves of his ancestors and met relatives. Duke stated that Aylwin “didn’t speak English so we had an interpreter, but he was delighted with the reception he got in Sussex,” and that “He just seemed delighted to be back in a county from which his forebears had come and to discover the truth.”[21]
Post-presidency edit
Aylwin was president of the Corporation for Democracy and Justice, a non-profit organization he founded to develop approaches to eliminating poverty and to strengthen ethical values in politics.
Aylwin received honorary degrees from universities in Australia, Canada, Colombia, France, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Spain, and the United States, as well as seven Chilean universities. In 1997, the Council of Europe awarded the North-South Prize to Aylwin and Mary Robinson, former president of Ireland, for their contributions to fostering human rights, democracy, and cooperation between Europe and Latin America.[22]
Death edit
On 18 December 2015, Aylwin was hospitalized in Santiago after suffering a cranial injury at home.[23] He died on 19 April 2016, aged 97 from natural causes from respiratory insufficiency.[1]
His state funeral was held on 22 April 2016 and was buried at Cementerio General de Santiago in the following days.[24]
Honours and awards edit
Awards edit
- Council of Europe: North–South Prize (1997)
- Fulbright Association: William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding (1988)
Foreign honours edit
- Peru: Grand Cross with Diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru (1990)[25]
- Mexico: Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (1990)[26]
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Order pro Merito Melitensi (1990)
- Jamaica: Member of the Order of Jamaica[27]
- Spain: Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (1990)[28]
- Spain: Collar of the Order of Charles III (1991)[29]
- Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1991)[30]
- Malaysia: Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (1991)[31]
- Portugal: Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (26 August 1992)
- Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1993)[32]
References edit
- ^ a b Kandell, Jonathan; Bonnefoy, Pascale (19 April 2016). "Patricio Aylwin, President Who Guided Chile to Democracy, Dies at 97". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ^ "Reseña Biográfica Parlamentaria – Patricio Aylwin Azócar". Historia Política Legislativa del Congreso Nacional de Chile. 20 May 2009.
- ^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (20 August 2018). "A los 93 años, fallece el ex diputado DC y defensor de los DD.HH. Andrés Aylwin | Emol.com". Emol.
- ^ . La Tercera. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ^ Harris M. Lentz (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. ISBN 9781134264902.
- ^ William F. Sater, "Patricio Aylwin Azócar" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 1, pg. 249. Charles Scribner's Sons (1996).
- ^ Christian, Shirley (16 December 1989). "Man in the News: Patricio Aylwin; A Moderate Leads Chile". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ^ Sater, Patricio Aylwin, p. 249.
- ^ "Los dichos históricos de Patricio Aylwin sobre Allende y Pinochet desde 1973" [Patricio Aylwin's historic sayings about Allende and Pinochet since 1973]. La Tercera (in Spanish). 29 May 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ "Patricio Aylwin, Chile's first post-Pinochet president, dies". BBC. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ^ Linz, Juan J. & Stepan, Alfred. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
- ^ Sater, "Patricio Aylwin", p. 249.
- ^ Constructing democratic governance: South America in the 1990s by Jorge I. Domínguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal
- ^ a b A History of Chile, 1808–1994, by Simon Collier and William F. Sater
- ^ Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973–2002, edited by Peter Winn
- ^ Safety nets, politics, and the poor: transitions to market economies by Carol Graham
- ^ Fast forward: Latin America on the edge of the 21st century by Scott B. MacDonald and Georges A. Fauriol
- ^ Development Challenges in the 1990s: Leading Policymakers Speak from Experience by Timothy Besley and Roberto Zagha
- ^ Nash, Nathaniel C. (4 April 1993). "Chile Advances in a War on Poverty, And One Million Mouths Say 'Amen'". The New York Times.
- ^ "Chilean president's Welsh links undone by genealogy - Fraser & Fraser". Genealogists in London | Fraser & Fraser. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ "Declassified file reveals Chilean president's British connections". Who Do You Think You Are? - Magazine via www.pressreader.com. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ . North-South Centre. Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ "Chilean ex-president Aylwin hospitalized after fall". thepeninsulaqatar.com.
- ^ "T13 | Tele 13". www.t13.cl.
- ^ "ARCHIVO FOTOGRÁFICO PATRICIO AYLWIN" (PDF) (in Spanish). December 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Discurso de S.E. El Presidente de la Republica, D. Patricio Aylwin Azócar, en ceremonia de intercambio de condecoraciones con el Presidente de México Carlos Salinas de Gortari" (PDF) (in Spanish). 23 March 1990. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Order of Jamaica (OJ) – Jamaica Information Service". jis.gov.jm. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "24846 Real Decreto 1223/1990" (PDF). Boletin Oficial del Estado. 12 October 1990. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
- ^ "10428 Real Decreto 433/1991". Boletin Oficial del Estado. 6 April 1991. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
- ^ "Cavaliere di Gran Croce Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana" (in Italian). Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1991" (PDF).
- ^ "Bundeskanzler Anfragebeantwortung" (PDF) (in German). 23 April 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
External links edit
- (in Spanish)
- Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish)