Kirchnerism
This article needs to be updated. (June 2016) |
Kirchnerism (Spanish: Kirchnerismo [kiɾʃneˈɾismo]) is an Argentine political movement based on populist ideals formed by the supporters of spouses Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who consecutively served as Presidents of Argentina. Although considered a branch of Peronism, it is opposed by some factions of Peronists and generally considered to fall into the category of left-wing populism.[9][18][19]
Kirchnerism Kirchnerismo | |
|---|---|
Néstor Kirchner (left) and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (right) served as Presidents of Argentina from 2003–2007 and 2007–2015. | |
| Leader | Cristina Fernández de Kirchner |
| Founder | Néstor Kirchner |
| Founded | 1 March 2003 |
| Headquarters | Buenos Aires |
| Youth wing | The Campora |
| Membership | Justicialist Party |
| Ideology | Peronism[1] Anti-neoliberalism[2][3] Social democracy[4][5][6] Left-wing populism[7][8] Progressivism[9] Economic nationalism[10] Factions: K Radicalism[11] Keynesianism[12] Socialism of the 21st century[13] Bolivarianism[14] |
| Political position | Centre-left[15] to left-wing[16][17] |
| National affiliation | Union por la Patria |
| Seats in the Chamber of Deputies | 90 / 257 |
| Seats in the Senate | 32 / 72 |
| Website | |
| www | |
Although originally a section in the Justicialist Party, Kirchnerism later received support from other smaller Argentine political parties (like the Communist Party or the Humanist Party) and from factions of some traditional parties (like the Radical Civic Union and the Socialist Party). In parties which are divided along Kirchnerist/Anti-Kirchnerist lines, the members of the Kirchnerist faction are often distinguished with the letter K (for instance "peronistas/justicialistas K", "radicales K" or "socialistas K") while the anti-Kirchnerist factions, those opposing Kirchnerism, are similarly labelled with the expression "anti-K".
Characteristics Edit
Both Kirchner and Fernández come from the left-wing of Peronism and both began their political careers as members of the Peronist Youth (Juventud Peronista). Many of the Kirchners' closest allies belong to the Peronist left. Anti-Kirchnerists often criticize this ideological background with the term setentista ("seventies-ist"), suggesting that Kirchnerism is overly influenced by the populist struggle of the 1970s.
Initially, Kirchnerism has shown itself to be concerned with the defense of human rights, particularly in prosecuting those who committed human rights violations during the Dirty War and were later made immune from prosecution by the governments of Carlos Menem (1989–1999). The willingness of the Kirchner government to revoke these immunities has led many Argentine pressure groups, such as the Madres de Plaza de Mayo and Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo, to take an actively Kirchnerist position.[20] This has led to many controversies and to allegations that the Kirchners were never fully committed to human rights, especially during the period of the last military dictatorship, and that it was only when Kirchner became President and began to make alliances with the left-wing parties in Congress and with the Madres de Plaza de Mayo that he started to campaign about these rights in order to promote his own platform and gain popular favor. It is documented nevertheless that the Kirchners did push for trial against human rights violators during the dictatorship, although late in that period in 1983, when its end was already in sight.[21]
Economically, Kirchnerism has pursued an economic policy of industrialist developmentalism. Tariffs protect local industry and employment.
Internationally, Kirchnerism has strongly supported Mercosur and vice versa, to the point that the President of Mercosur, Carlos Álvarez, is a Kirchnerist.
- One of the most prominent aims of Kirchnerism is to strengthen Argentine relations with the countries of Latin America and to establish a South American economic axis. Recent economic measures posited by Fernández's government have nevertheless hurt Argentina's relationship with these countries, mainly Brazil[22] and Uruguay, whose President José "Pepe" Mujica expressed worries regarding Argentina going towards an "autarkist" form of government and the Kirchnerist economic model "complicating relationships and multiplying difficulties" in bilateral commerce.[23]
Kirchnerism, in particular former minister of health Ginés González García, has shown a liberal attitude to birth control and sexuality, including the legalization of same-sex marriage, both of which have provoked the opposition of the Catholic Church and other conservative sectors.[24]
Ideology Edit
Five economic tenets Edit
According to Alberto Fernández, the Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers during the first five years of Kirchnerism and currently serving as President of Argentina, they followed five tenets regarding the economy, which explained the perceived early success of the movement:[25]
- "Take no measures that increase the fiscal deficit"
- "Take no measures that increase the trade deficit"
- "Accumulate reserves in the central bank"
- "Keep the exchange rate very high to stay competitive and favor exports"
- "Pay off the external debt and do not acquire new debt"
According to Fernández, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner moved away from these five tenets after her husband's death, causing an economic crisis that resulted in the first political defeat of Kirchnerism in a presidential election in 2015. In the presidential election of 2019, Kirchnerism returned to power with the election of Alberto Fernández as President and Cristina Kirchner as Vice President.[26][27] In the 2021 legislative elections on 14 November 2021, the Frente de Todos lost its majority in Congress for the first time in almost 40 years in midterm legislative elections. The election victory of the center-right coalition, Juntos por el Cambio (Together for Change), meant a tough final two years in office for President Alberto Fernandez. Losing control of the Senate made it difficult for him to make key appointments, including to the judiciary. It also forced him to negotiate with the opposition every initiative he sends to the legislature.[28][29]
Transversalism Edit
Unlike his predecessor Eduardo Duhalde, Kirchner was a Peronist that distrusted the Justicialist Party as a support for his government. He proposed instead a "transversalist" policy, seeking the support of progressive politicians regardless of their party.[30] Thus he got support from factions of the Justicialist Party, the Radical Civic Union (which were called "Radicales K") and small centre-left parties.
Kirchner neglected the internal politics of the Justicialist Party and kept instead the Front for Victory party, which was initially an electoral alliance in his home province of Santa Cruz and in the 2003 elections premiered in the federal political scene. Some politicians favored by this policy were Aníbal Ibarra, mayor of Buenos Aires for the Broad Front and supported as Kirchnerist; and Julio Cobos, governor of Mendoza for the UCR and elected as Vice President of Fernández de Kirchner in 2007.
Decline Edit
The transversalist project was eventually dismissed. Kirchner took control of the Justicialist Party and some "Radicales K", slowly returned to the "anti-K" faction of their party, most notably Vice President Julio Cobos and Governor of Catamarca province Eduardo Brizuela del Moral, while other very prominent Radical politicians remained in the "K" wing of the Radical Civic Union such as provincial governors Gerardo Zamora of Santiago del Estero, Ricardo Colombi of Corrientes and Miguel Saiz of Río Negro. After the 2011 general elections, several K radicals regretted having been part of that political space, turning once again to the opposition UCR. Such is the case of Miguel Saiz, former governor of Río Negro, who declared: "My commitment to the Concertación ended in December 2011".
Resurgence Edit
In March 2015, dissatisfied with the UCR's alliance with Mauricio Macri's Republican Proposal (PRO), the National Alfonsinist Movement (MNA) led by Leopoldo Moreau joined the Front for Victory. For this reason, Ernesto Sanz, the president of the UCR, announced the expulsion of Moreau from the party.[31] Professor Gustavo Melella was reelected as mayor of the city of Río Grande in 2015, through the FORJA Concertación Party. During the presidency of Alberto Fernández, Ricardo Alfonsin was appointed as the Ambassador to Spain.
Election results Edit
Presidency Edit
| Election year | Candidate | First round | Second round | Result | Note | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # votes | % vote | # votes | % vote | ||||
| 2003 | Néstor Kirchner | 4,312,517 | 22.25 | Null | 0 | 2nd-R Unopposed | within Front for Victory |
| 2007 | Cristina Kirchner | 8,651,066 | 45.29 | Elected | |||
| 2011 | 11,865,055 | 54.11 | Elected | ||||
| 2015 | Daniel Scioli | 9,338,490 | 37.08 | 12,317,330 | 48.66 | 2nd-R Defeated | |
| 2019 | Alberto Fernandez | 12,946,037 | 48.24 | Elected | within Frente de Todos | ||
Chamber of Deputies Edit
| Election year | Votes | % | Seats won | Total seats | Position | Presidency | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | 5,511,420 | 35.1 | 58 / 130 | 129 / 257 | Majority | Eduardo Duhalde (PJ) | including the other PJ factions |
| 2005 | 5,071,094 | 29.9 | 50 / 127 | 75 / 257 | Minority | Néstor Kirchner (FPV—PJ) | |
| 2007 | 5,557,087 | 56 / 130 | 106 / 257 | Minority | Néstor Kirchner (FPV—PJ) | ||
| 2009 | 1,679,084 | 8.8 | 14 / 127 | 70 / 257 | Minority | Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) | |
| 2011 | 10,121,311 | 49.1 | 76 / 130 | 90 / 257 | Minority | Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) | |
| 2013 | 7,487,839 | 33.2 | 42 / 127 | 132 / 257 | Majority | Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) | |
| 2015 | 8,237,074 | 60 / 130 | 96 / 257 | Minority | Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) | ||
| 2019 | 11,606,411 | 45.3 | 64 / 130 | 119 / 257 | Minority | Alberto Fernández (FdT—PJ) |
Senate Edit
| Election year | Votes | % | Seats won | Total seats | Position | Presidency | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | 1,852,456 | 40.7 | 13 / 24 | 41 / 72 | Majority | Eduardo Duhalde (PJ) | including the other PJ factions |
| 2005 | 3,572,361 | 45.1 | 14 / 24 | 14 / 72 | Minority | Néstor Kirchner (FPV—PJ) | |
| 2007 | 1,048,187 | 8 / 24 | 22 / 72 | Minority | Néstor Kirchner (FPV—PJ) | ||
| 2009 | 756,695 | 4 / 24 | 12 / 72 | Minority | Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) | ||
| 2011 | 5,470,241 | 54.6 | 13 / 24 | 24 / 72 | Minority | Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) | |
| 2013 | 1,608,866 | 32.1 | 11 / 24 | 40 / 72 | Majority | Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) | |
| 2015 | 12 / 24 | 39 / 72 | Majority | Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) |
Criticism Edit
Kirchnerism has encountered opposition from various sectors of Argentine society, which tend to criticize its personalism.[32]
In 2012, there was a massive anti-Kirchnerism protest in several cities within Argentina and also in several Argentinian embassies around the world. It became known as 8N.
In 2015, when Foreign Policy was discussing corruption in Latin America it was stated that:[33]
The viceroys of the colonial era set the pattern. They centralised power and bought the loyalty of local interest groups. [...] Caudillos, dictators and elected presidents continued the tradition of personalising power. Venezuela's chavismo and the kirchnerismo of Ms Fernández are among today’s manifestations.
In an editorial published in October 2015, The Economist expressed the following view about the situation in Argentina:[34]
Argentina needs change. As Ms Fernández slips out of office the economy is starting to crumble. Currency controls and trade restrictions [...] are choking productivity; inflation hovers at around 25%. [...] Argentina cannot seek external financing until it ends its standoff with creditors who rejected a debt-restructuring plan. Unless the new president quickly reverses Ms Fernández’s populist policies, a crisis is inevitable"
See also Edit
References Edit
- ^ Goodman, Peter S. (10 May 2019). "Argentina's Economic Misery Could Bring Populism Back to the Country". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Ruckert, Arne; Macdonald, Laura; Proulx, Kristina R. (2017). "Post-neoliberalism in Latin America: a conceptual review". Third World Quarterly. 38 (7): 1583–1602. doi:10.1080/01436597.2016.1259558. S2CID 157767263.
- ^ Melber, Henning; Brand, Ulrich; Nicola, Selkler (2009). Postneoliberalism – A Beginning Debate. Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation. ISBN 978-9185214525.
- ^ Veltri, Gustavo. "La idea de Kirchner de afiliar al PJ a la socialdemocracia generó revuelo interno". www.cronista.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-01-02.
- ^ Kaufman, Alejandro (2011). "What's in a Name: The Death and Legacy of Néstor Kirchner". Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies. 20 (1): 103. doi:10.1080/13569325.2011.562635. S2CID 191567015.
- ^ Chaves, Claudio (15 November 2019). "El peronismo, entre la socialdemocracia y la izquierda". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2022.
- ^ Dube, Ryan; Lewis, Jeffrey T. (August 12, 2019). "Argentine Peso Dives After Populist Peronists Gain Edge in Vote". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^
- Tharoor, Ishaan (29 October 2019). "The anti-neoliberal wave rocking Latin America". The Washington Post.
- Dube, Ryan (19 August 2019). "Argentina's Fernández Moves from Little-Known Politician to Next Likely President". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "Argentina's Kirchner Era Ends". The New Yorker. 2015-10-28. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
- ^ Arias, Mariela (17 June 2019). "Tierra del Fuego: Melella se impuso a Bertone en primera vuelta". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^ Velasco, Andrés (2014-08-31). "Argentina's Use and Abuse of Keynes | by Andrés Velasco". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
- ^ "Kirchnerismo bolivariano del siglo XXI". LA NACION (in Spanish). 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
- ^ "Kirchnerismo bolivariano del siglo XXI". LA NACION (in Spanish). 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
- ^
- "Para Pichetto, Unidad Ciudadana es un frente de centro izquierda y Randazzo, la "posición histórica del peronismo"". www.clarin.com. 16 June 2017.
- "Argentina's Peronist Repeat". The Wall Street Journal. 28 October 2019.
- ^
- "Argentina shifts to the right after Mauricio Macri wins presidential runoff". The Guardian. November 23, 2015.
- "Argentine President Stumps for Congressional Candidates". Wall Street Journal. 29 June 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
Speaking to thousands of supporters in a packed soccer stadium, Mrs. Kirchner stumped for the candidates who will represent her left-wing coalition, the FPV, in October's vote.
- "Argentinian president Macri vows 'many reforms' after strong election result". The Guardian. October 24, 2017.
- "Analysis: Latin America's new left axis". BBC Online. April 18, 2006. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ "Kirchnerismo bolivariano del siglo XXI". LA NACION (in Spanish). 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
- ^ Conniff, Michael L. (31 July 2012). Populism in Latin America: Second Edition. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817357092.
- ^ Denissen, Marieke (1 October 2008). Winning Small Battles, Losing the War: Police Violence, the Movimiento Del Dolor and Democracy in Post-authoritarian Argentina. Rozenberg Publishers. ISBN 978-9051709643.
- ^ Reencuentro de Carlotto y Bonafini. Las titulares de las Abuelas y Madres de Plaza de Mayo fueron reunidas por Kirchner, Clarín 26 de mayo de 2006.
- ^ "Nestor Kirchner pide juicio a las Juntas Militares en 1983" - Video in Spanish.
- ^ "Brasil intimó a Cristina: 'Tienen que desaparecer las barreras'" - Article in Spanish.
- ^ "José Mujica acusó a la Argentina de tener un proyecto 'autárquico' de país" - Article in Spanish 2017-10-14 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Ginés García legalizaría el aborto, La Nación, 15 de febrero de 2005. 2 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [The 5 measures of Alberto Fernández to lift the economy]. www.tiempoar.com.ar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2019-08-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
- ^ Aires, Reuters in Buenos (2019-12-10). "'We're back': Alberto Fernández sworn in as Argentina shifts to the left". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
{{cite news}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ "Argentina election: Macri out as Cristina Fernández de Kirchner returns to office as VP". The Guardian. 2019-10-28. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
- ^ "Peronists may lose Argentina Congress for first time in 40 years". Al Jazeera. 15 November 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
- ^ Bronstein, Hugh; Misculin, Nicolás (15 November 2021). "Argentina's Peronists on the ropes after bruising midterm defeat". Reuters.
- ^ Fraga 2010, pp. 46–47.
- ^ "La UCR expulsó a Leopoldo Moreau" [The UCR expelled Leopoldo Moreau]. www.latecla.info (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-20.
- ^ Néstor Kirchner y Cristina Fernández con la Legrand: “Yo completaré mi mandato”, Página/12, 16 de mayo de 2003.
- ^ "Democracy to the rescue?". Foreign Policy. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
- ^ "The end of kirchnerismo". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Bibliographies Edit
- Fraga, Rosendo (2010). Fin de ciKlo: ascenso, apogeo y declinación del poder kirchnerista [End of the cycle: rise, heyday and decline of Kirchner's power] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ediciones B.
External links Edit
- (in Spanish) Kirchnerism launches its own syndical movement, Clarín, February 12, 2006
- (in Spanish) Practical guide to the complexities of Kirchnerism, by Diego Schurman, Página/12, February 12, 2006
- (in Spanish) When and how will Kirchnerism be defeated?, by Mariano Grondona in La Nación, August 26, 2007.
- (in Spanish) The battle for common sense: the road to a kirchnerist hegemony? 2011-04-20 at the Wayback Machine by Raquel San Martín in La Nación, April 18, 2011