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Chindians

November 10, 2023

This article is about people of Chinese and Indian descent. For the geopolitical term, see Chindia.

Chindian (Hindi: चीनी-भारतीय; Chinese: 中印人; pinyin: Zhōngyìnrén; Cantonese Yale: Jūngyanyàn; Tamil: சிந்தியன்; Telugu: చిండియన్స్; is an informal term used to refer to a person of mixed Chinese and Indian ancestry; i.e. from any of the host of ethnic groups native to modern China and India. There are a considerable number of Chindians in Malaysia and Singapore. In Maritime Southeast Asia, people of Chinese and Indian origin immigrated in large numbers during the 19th and 20th centuries.[1] There are also a sizeable number living in Hong Kong and smaller numbers in other countries with large overseas Chinese and Indian diaspora, such as Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname and Guyana in the Caribbean, as well as in Indonesia, the Philippines, the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.

People of Chinese and Indian origins
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Other languages of India and other languages of China
Religion
Related ethnic groups

Countries edit

China edit

Main article: Indians in China

Zhang Qian (d. 113 BC) and Sima Qian (145-90 BC) make likely references to "Shendu ("Sindhu" in Sanskrit), and during Yunnan's annexation by Han Dynasty in the first century an Indian "Shendu" community was living there.[2] During transmission of Buddhism from India to China from the first century onwards, many Indian scholars and monks travelled to China, such as Batuo (fl. 464-495 AD)—founder of the Shaolin Monastery—and Bodhidharma—founder of Chan/Zen Buddhism and there was also a large Indian trader community in Quanzhou City and Jinjiang district who built more than a dozen Hindu temples or shrines, including two grand big temples in Quanzhou city.[3] During colonial era, Indians were among the crew of the Portuguese ships trading on the Chinese coast beginning in the sixteenth century[4] and Indians from Portuguese Indian Colonies (notably Goa) settled in Macau in small numbers.

There are around 45,000 - 48,000 Indian nationals/expatriates living in mainland China as of 2015,[5] most of whom are students, traders and professionals employed with Indian IT companies and banks. There are three Indian community associations in the country.[6]

Hong Kong edit

Indians have been living in Hong Kong long before the partition of India into the nations of India and Pakistan. They migrated to Hong Kong as traders, police officers and army officers during colonial rule.

2,700 Indian troops in Hong Kong arrived with British occupation on 26 January 1841,[7] who later played an important role in setting up of the University of Hong Kong (HKU)[8] and the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC).[9] 25,000 of the Muslims in Hong Kong trace their roots back to what is now Pakistan. Around half of them belong to 'local boy' families, Muslims of mixed Chinese (Tanka) and Indian/Pakistani ancestry, descended from early Indian/Pakistani male immigrants who took local Chinese wives and brought their children up as Muslims.[10][11] These "local Indians" were not completely accepted by either the Chinese or Indian communities.[12]

India edit

See also: Chinese Indians

There are tiny communities of Chinese who migrated to India during the British Raj and became naturalised citizens of India and there are 189,000 estimated total ethnic Chinese of Chindian or full Chinese ancestry.[13] The community living in Kolkata numbers around 4,000 and 400 families in Mumbai, where there are Chinatowns.[13][14][15][16] Chinese Indians also contributed to the development of fusion Indian Chinese cuisine (Chindian cuisine),[17] which is now an integral part of the Indian culinary scene.[18]

There are an estimated 5,000–7,000 Chinese expatriates living in India as of 2015, having doubled in number in recent years.[19] Most work on 2 to 3 year contracts for the growing number of Chinese brands and companies doing business in India.[19]

British India edit

During the British Raj, some Chinese "convicts" deported from the Straits Settlements were sent to be jailed in Madras in India. The "Madras district gazetteers, Volume 1" reported an incident where the Chinese convicts escaped and killed the police sent to apprehend them: "Much of the building work was done by Chinese convicts sent to the Madras jails from the Straits Settlements (where there was no sufficient prison accommodation) and more than once these people escaped from the temporary buildings' in which they were confined at Lovedale. In 186^ seven of them got away and it was several days before they were apprehended by the Tahsildar, aided by Badagas sent out in all directions to search. On 28 July in the following year twelve others broke out during a very stormy night and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnight later. Some police weapons were found in their possession and one of the parties of police had disappeared—an ominous coincidence. Search was made all over the country for the party and at length, on 15 September, their four bodies were found lying in the jungle at Walaghát, half way down the Sispára ghát path, neatly laid out in a row with their severed heads carefully placed on their shoulders. It turned out that the wily Chinamen, on being overtaken, had at first pretended to surrender and had then suddenly attacked the police and killed them with their own weapons."[20][21][22] Other Chinese convicts in Madras who were released from jail then settled in the Nilgiri mountains near Naduvattam and married Tamil Paraiyan women, having mixed Chinese-Tamil children with them. They were documented by Edgar Thurston.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Paraiyan is also anglicised as "pariah".

Edgar Thurston described the colony of the Chinese men with their Tamil pariah wives and children: "Halting in the course of a recent anthropological expedition on the western side of the Nilgiri plateau, in the midst of the Government Cinchona plantations, I came across a small settlement of Chinese, who have squatted for some years on the slopes of the hills between Naduvatam and Gudalur and developed, as the result of ' marriage ' with Tamil pariah women, into a colony, earning an honest livelihood by growing vegetables, cultivating coffee on a small scale and adding to their income from these sources by the economic products of the cow. An ambassador was sent to this miniature Chinese Court with a suggestion that the men should, in return for monies, present themselves before me with a view to their measurements being recorded. The reply which came back was in its way racially characteristic as between Hindus and Chinese. In the case of the former, permission to make use of their bodies for the purposes of research depends essentially on a pecuniary transaction, on a scale varying from two to eight annas. The Chinese, on the other hand, though poor, sent a courteous message to the effect that they did not require payment in money, but would be perfectly happy if I would give them, as a memento, copies of their photographs."[34][35] Thurston further describe a specific family: "The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to 'cut him tail off.' The mother was a typical Tamil Pariah of dusky hue. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish tint of the father than to the dark tint of the mother and the semimongol parentage was betrayed in the slant eyes, flat nose and (in one case) conspicuously prominent cheek-bones."[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] Thurston's description of the Chinese-Tamil families were cited by others, one mentioned "an instance mating between a Chinese male with a Tamil Pariah female"[45][46][47][48][49] A 1959 book described attempts made to find out what happened to the colony of mixed Chinese and Tamils.[50]

According to Alabaster there were lard manufacturers and shoemakers in addition to carpenters. Running tanneries and working with leather was traditionally not considered a respectable profession among caste Hindus and work was relegated to lower caste muchis and chamars. There was a high demand, however, for high quality leather goods in colonial India, one that the Chinese were able to fulfill. Alabaster also mentions licensed opium dens run by native Chinese and a Cheena Bazaar where contraband was readily available. Opium, however, was not illegal until after India's Independence from Great Britain in 1947. Immigration continued unabated through the turn of the century and during World War I partly due to political upheavals in China such as the First and Second Opium Wars, First Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion. Around the time of the First World War, the first Chinese-owned tanneries sprang up.[51]

In Assam, local Assamese women married Chinese migrants during British colonial times. It later became hard to physically differentiate Chinese in Assam from locals during the time of their internment during the 1962 war, as the majority of these Chinese in Assam were mixed.[52]

Singapore edit

In Singapore, the majority of interracial marriages occur between Chinese women and Indian men. The government of Singapore classifies them as their father's ethnicity. According to government statistics, 2.4% of Singapore's population are multiracial, mostly Chindians. The highest number of interethnic marriages was in 2007, when 16.4% of the 20,000 marriages in Singapore were interethnic, again mostly between Chinese and Indians.[1] Singapore only began to allow mixed-race persons to register two racial classifications on their identity cards in 2010. Parents may choose which of the two is listed first.[53] More than two races may not be listed even if the person has several different ethnicities in their ancestry. Like in Malaysia, most Chindians in Singapore are offspring of interracial relationships between Indian males and Chinese females.[54]

Malaysia edit

In Malaysia, the majority of interracial marriages occur between Chinese and Indians. The offspring of such marriages are informally known as "Chindian". The Malaysian government, however, considers them to be an unclassified ethnicity, using the father's ethnicity as the informal term. As the majority of these intermarriages usually involve an Indian male and Chinese female, the majority of Chindian offspring in Malaysia are usually classified as "Malaysian Indian" by the Malaysian government.[54]

Guyana edit

In Guyana, Chinese men married Indian women due to the lack of Chinese women in the early days of settlement.[55] Creole sexual relationships and marriages with Chinese and Indians were rare,[56] however it has become more common for Indian women and Chinese men to establish sexual relations with each other and some Chinese men took their Indian wives back with them to China.[57] Indian women and children were brought alongside Indian men as coolies while Chinese men made up 99% of Chinese coolies.[58]

The contrast with the female to male ratio among Indian and Chinese immigrants has been compared by historians.[59]

Mauritius edit

In the late 19th to early 20th century, Chinese men in Mauritius married Indian women due to both a lack of Chinese women and higher numbers of Indian women on the island.[60][61] At first, the prospect of relations with Chinese men was unappealing to the original all-female Indian migrants yet they eventually had to establish sexual unions with Chinese men since there were no Chinese women coming.[62] The 1921 census in Mauritius counted that Indian women there had a total of 148 children sired by Chinese men.[63][64][65] These Chinese were mostly traders.[66] Colonialist stereotypes in the sugar colonies of Indians emerged such as "the degraded coolie woman" and the "coolie wife beater", due to Indian women being murdered by their husbands after they ran away to other richer men since the ratio of Indian women to men was low.[67] It was much more common for Chinese and Indians to intermarry than within their own group. Intermarriage between people of between different Chinese and Indian language groups is rare; it is so rare that the cases of intermarriage between Cantonese and Hakka can be individually named. Similarly, intermarriage between Hakka Chinese and Indians hardly occurs.[68]

Trinidad edit

In Trinidad, some Chinese men had relationships with Indian coolie women of Madrasee origin, siring children with them and it was reported that "A few children are to be met with born of Madras and Creole parents and some also of Madras and Chinese parents - the Madrasee being the mother", by the missionary John Morton in 1876, Morton noted that it seemed strange since there were more Indian coolie men than Indian coolie women that Indian coolie women would marry Chinese men, but claimed it was most likely because the Chinese could provide amenities to the women since the Chinese owned shops and they were enticed by these.[69][70][71][72][73] Indian women were married by indentured Chinese men in Trinidad.[74] Few Chinese women migrated to Trinidad while the majority of Chinese migrants were men.[75] The migration of Chinese to Trinidad resulted in intermarriage between them and others.[76] Chinese in Trinidad became relatively open to having marital relations with other races and Indian women began having families with Chinese in the 1890s.[77]

Notable people edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Sheela Narayanan (17 October 2008). . AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009.
  2. ^ Tan Chung (1998). A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding. 2007-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Krishnan, Ananth (19 July 2013). "Behind China's Hindu temples, a forgotten history". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  4. ^ Boxer, Charles Ralph; Pereira, Galeote; Cruz, Gaspar da; Rada, Martín de (1953), South China in the sixteenth century: being the narratives of Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P. [and] Fr. Martín de Rada, O.E.S.A. (1550-1575), Issue 106 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, Printed for the Hakluyt Society, p. 37
  5. ^ "India and China need a push to encourage more people to live across the borde". The Economic Times. 12 May 2015.
  6. ^ "India Times - India is hot in China".
  7. ^ Kwok S. T., Narain, K. (2003).Co-Prosperity in Cross-Culturalism: Indians in Hong Kong.P.18
  8. ^ Kwok S. T., Narain, K. (2003).Co-Prosperity in Cross-Culturalism: Indians in Hong Kong.P.32
  9. ^ Kwok S. T., Narain, K. (2003).Co-Prosperity in Cross-Culturalism: Indians in Hong Kong.P.22
  10. ^ Weiss, Anita M. (July 1991), "South Asian Muslims in Hong Kong: Creation of a 'Local Boy' Identity", Modern Asian Studies, 25 (3): 417–53, doi:10.1017/S0026749X00013895, S2CID 145350669.
  11. ^ Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, Gelina Harlaftis, Iōanna Pepelasē Minoglou (2005), Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks: Four Centuries of History, Berg Publishers, p. 256, ISBN 1-85973-880-X{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember, Ian A. Skoggard (2004), Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World, Springer, p. 511, ISBN 0-306-48321-1
  13. ^ a b . 4 January 2011. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011.
  14. ^ Krishnan, Murali (17 October 2013). "India's dwindling Chinatown". Deutsche Welle.
  15. ^ Someshwar, Savera R (23 January 2007). "Happy Indian Chinese New Year". Rediff.com.
  16. ^ "Mumbai's 3rd generation Chinese eye global jobs, learn Mandarin". TOI. 3 November 2015.
  17. ^ Sankar, Amal (December 2017). "Creation of Indian–Chinese cuisine: Chinese food in an Indian city". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 4 (4): 268–273. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2017.10.002.
  18. ^ Sanjeev Kapoor (2007). Chinese Cooking ( Non-Veg). Popular Prakashan. p. 7. ISBN 978-81-7991-310-9.
  19. ^ a b "Why India remains a difficult terrain for 7,000 Chinese expatriates living in the country". The Economic Times. 28 August 2015.
  20. ^ Madras (India : Presidency), Madras (India : State) (1908). Madras district gazetteers, Volume 1. MADRAS: Printed by the Superintendent, Government Press. p. 263. Mr. Chisholm was the architect of the new buildings. The CHAP. X. boys' part is designed in the Italian Gothic style, and is a two- Educational storeyed construction forming three sides of a quadrangle Institutions. a feature of which is the campanile, 130 feet in height. The girls were at first placed in the building intended for the hospital. * Much of the building work was done by Chinese convicts sent to the Madras jails from the Straits Settlements (where there was no sufficient prison accommodation) and more than once these people escaped from the temporary buildings' in which they were confined at Lovedale. In 186^ seven of them got away and it was several days before they were apprehended by the Tahsildar, aided by Badagas sent out in all directions to search. On 28 July in the following year twelve others broke out during a very stormy night and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnight later. Some police weapons were found in their possession, and one of the parties of police had disappeared—an ominous coincidence. Search was made all over the country for the party and at length, on 15 September, their four bodies were found lying in the jungle at Walaghat, half way down the Sisp^ra'gha't path, neatly laid out in a row with their severed heads carefully placed on their shoulders. It turned out that the wily Chinamen, on being overtaken, had at first pretended to surrender and had then suddenly attacked the police and killed them with their own weapons. In 1884 the benefits of the Lawrence Asylum were extended by the admission to it of the orphan children of Volunteers who had served in the Presidency for seven years and upwards, it being however expressly provided that children of British soldiers were not to be superseded or excluded by this concession. In 1899 the standard of instruction in the Asylum was raised to the upper secondary grade. In 1901 the rules of the institution, which had been twice altered since 1864 to meet the changes which had occurred, were again revised and considerably modified. They are printed in full in the annual reports. In 1903 owing to the South Indian Railway requiring for its new terminus at Egmore the buildings then occupied by the Civil Orphan Asylums of Madras, Government suggested that these should be moved to the premises on the Poonamallee Road in which the Military Female Orphan Asylum was established and that the girls in the latter, who numbered about 100, should be transferred to the Lawrsnce Asylum. The transfer was
  21. ^ W. Francis (1994). The Nilgiris. Vol. 1 of Madras district gazetteers (reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 263. ISBN 81-206-0546-2.
  22. ^ The Nilgiris. Concept Publishing Company. 1984. p. 26.
  23. ^ Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur), ed. (1959). Man in India, Volume 39. A. K. Bose. p. 309. TAMIL-CHINESE CROSSES IN THE NILGIRIS, MADRAS. S. S. Sarkar* (Received on 21 September 1959) DURING May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan
  24. ^ Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and tribes of southern India, Volume 2. Government press. p. 99. 99 CHINESE-TAMIL CROSS in the Nilgiri jail. It is recorded * that, in 1868, twelve of the Chinamen " broke out during a very stormy night, and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnight Alt URL
  25. ^ Edgar Thurston (2011). The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States (reissue ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1107600683.
  26. ^ RADHAKRISHNAN, D. (19 April 2014). . The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Alt URL
  27. ^ "Unravelling Chinese link can boost Nilgiris tourism". Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  28. ^ Raman, A (16 May 2012). "Chinese in Madras". The New Indian Express.
  29. ^ Raman, A (16 May 2012). "Quinine factory and Malay-Chinese workers". The New Indian Express.
  30. ^ "Chinese connection to the Nilgiris to help promote tourism potential". travel News Digest. 2013.
  31. ^ W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Vol. 1 of Madras District Gazetteers (reprint ed.). Logos Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780865903777. Alt URL
  32. ^ Madras (India : State) (1908). Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 184.
  33. ^ W. Francis (1908). The Nilgiris. Concept Publishing Company. p. 184.
  34. ^ Government Museum (Madras, India) (1897). Bulletin ..., Volumes 2-3. MADRAS: Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press. p. 31. ON A CHINESE-TAMIL CKOSS. Halting in the course of a recent anthropological expedition on the western side of the Nilgiri plateau, in the midst of the Government Cinchona plantations, I came across a small settlement of Chinese, who have squatted for some years on the slopes of the hills between Naduvatam and Gudalur, and developed, as the result of 'marriage' with Tamil pariah women, into a colony, earning an honest livelihood by growing vegetables, cultivating cofl'ce on a small scale, and adding to their income from these sources by the economic products of the cow. An ambassador was sent to this miniature Chinese Court with a suggestion that the men should, in return for monies, present themselves before me with a view to their measurements being recorded. The reply which came back was in its way racially characteristic as between Hindus and Chinese. In the case of the former, permission to make use of their bodies for the purposes of research depends essentially on a pecuniary transaction, on a scale varying from two to eight annas. The Chinese, on the other hand, though poor, sent a courteous message to the effect that they did not require payment in money, but would be perfectly happy if I would give them, as a memento, copies of their photographs. The measurements of a single family, excepting a widowed daughter whom I was not permitted to see, and an infant in arms, who was pacified with cake while I investigated its mother, are recorded in the following table:
  35. ^ Edgar Thurston (2004). Badagas and Irulas of Nilgiris, Paniyans of Malabar: A Cheruman Skull, Kuruba Or Kurumba - Summary of Results. Vol. 2, Issue 1 of Bulletin (Government Museum (Madras, India)). Asian Educational Services. p. 31. ISBN 81-206-1857-2.
  36. ^ Government Museum (Madras, India) (1897). Bulletin ..., Volumes 2-3. MADRAS: Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press. p. 32. The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to 'cut him tail off.' The mother was a typical Tamil Pariah of dusky hue. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish tint of the father than to the dark tint of the mother; and the semimongol parentage was betrayed in the slant eyes, flat nose, and (in one case) conspicuously prominent cheek-bones. To have recorded the entire series of measurements of the children would have been useless for the purpose of comparison with those of the parents, and I selected from my repertoire the length and breadth of the head and nose, which plainly indicate the paternal influence on the external anatomy of the offspring. The figures given in the table bring out very clearly the great breadth, as compared with the length of the heads of all the children, and the resultant high cephalic index. In other words, in one case a mesaticephalic (79), and, in the remaining three cases, a sub-brachycephalic head (80"1; 801 ; 82-4) has resulted from the union of a mesaticephalic Chinaman (78-5) with a sub-dolichocephalic Tamil Pariah (76"8). How great is the breadth of the head in the children may be emphasised by noting that the average head-breadth of the adult Tamil Pariah man is only 13"7 cm., whereas that of the three boys, aged ten, nine, and five only, was 14 3, 14, and 13"7 cm. respectively. Quite as strongly marked is the effect of paternal influence on the character of the nose; the nasal index, in the case of each child (68"1 ; 717; 727; 68'3), bearing a much closer relation to that of the long nosed father (71'7) than to the typical Pariah nasal index of the broadnosed mother (78-7). It will be interesting to note, hereafter, what is the future of the younger members of this quaint little colony, and to observe the physical characters, temperament, improvement or deterioration, fecundity, and other points relating to the cross-breed resulting from the union of Chinese and Tamil.
  37. ^ Edgar Thurston (2004). Badagas and Irulas of Nilgiris, Paniyans of Malabar: A Cheruman Skull, Kuruba Or Kurumba - Summary of Results. Vol. 2, Issue 1 of Bulletin (Government Museum (Madras, India)). Asian Educational Services. p. 32. ISBN 81-206-1857-2.
  38. ^ Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 99. ISBN 81-206-0288-9. The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to "cut him tail off." The mother was a typical dark-skinned Tamil paraiyan,
  39. ^ Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 98. ISBN 81-206-0288-9.
  40. ^ Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 99. ISBN 978-81-206-0288-5.
  41. ^ Government Museum (Madras, India), Edgar Thurston (1897). Note on tours along the Malabar coast. Vol. 2-3 of Bulletin, Government Museum (Madras, India). Superintendent, Government Press. p. 31.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Government Museum (Madras, India) (1894). Bulletin, Volumes 1-2. Superintendent, Government Press. p. 31.
  43. ^ Government Museum (Madras, India) (1894). Bulletin. Vol. v. 2 1897-99. Madras : Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press. p. 31.
  44. ^ . Vol. II. Madras. 1897. p. 31. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  45. ^ Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur) (1954). Man in India, Volume 34, Issue 4. A.K. Bose. p. 273. Thurston found the Chinese element to be predominant among the offspring as will be evident from his description. 'The mother was a typical dark-skinned Tamil Paraiyan. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish
  46. ^ Mahadeb Prasad Basu (1990). An anthropological study of bodily height of Indian population. Punthi Pustak. p. 84. ISBN 9788185094335. Sarkar (1959) published a pedigree showing Tamil-Chinese-English crosses in a place located in the Nilgiris. Thurston (1909) mentioned an instance of a mating between a Chinese male with a Tamil Pariah female. Man (Deka 1954) described
  47. ^ Man in India, Volumes 34-35. A. K. Bose. 1954. p. 272. (c) Tamil (female) and African (male) (Thurston 1909). (d) Tamil Pariah (female) and Chinese (male) (Thuston, 1909). (e) Andamanese (female) and UP Brahmin (male ) (Portman 1899). (f) Andamanese (female) and Hindu (male) (Man, 1883).
  48. ^ Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur) (1954). Man in India, Volume 34, Issue 4. A.K. Bose. p. 272. (c) Tamil (female) and African (male) (Thurston 1909). (d) Tamil Pariah (female) and Chinese (male) (Thuston, 1909). (e) Andamanese (female) and UP Brahmin (male ) (Portman 1899). (f) Andamanese (female) and Hindu (male) (Man, 1883).
  49. ^ Edgar Thurston; K. Rangachari (1987). Castes and Tribes of Southern India (illustrated ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 100. ISBN 81-206-0288-9. the remaining three cases, a sub-brachycephalic head (80-1 ; 80-1 ; 82-4) has resulted from the union of a mesaticephalic Chinaman (78•5) with a sub-dolichocephalic Tamil Paraiyan (76-8).
  50. ^ Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur), ed. (1959). Man in India, Volume 39. A. K. Bose. p. 309. d: TAMIL-CHINESE CROSSES IN THE NILGIRIS, MADRAS. S. S. Sarkar* ( Received on 21 September 1959 ) iURING May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, enquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan
  51. ^ Haraprasad, Ray (2012). "Chinese, The". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  52. ^ CHOWDHURY, RITA (18 November 2012). "The Assamese Chinese story". The Hindu.
  53. ^ Hoe, Yeen Nie (12 January 2010), Singaporeans of mixed race allowed to 'double barrel' race in IC, Channel NewsAsia
  54. ^ a b Daniels, Timothy P. (2005), Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia, Routledge, p. 189, ISBN 0-415-94971-8
  55. ^ Brian L. Moore (1995). Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838-1900. Vol. 22 of McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history (illustrated ed.). McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 272–273. ISBN 077351354X. ISSN 0846-8869.
  56. ^ Brian L. Moore (1987). Race, Power, and Social Segmentation in Colonial Society: Guyana After Slavery, 1838-1891. Vol. 4 of Caribbean studies (illustrated ed.). Gordon & Breach Science Publishers. p. 181. ISBN 0677219806. ISSN 0275-5793.
  57. ^ Brian L. Moore (1987). Race, Power, and Social Segmentation in Colonial Society: Guyana After Slavery, 1838-1891. Vol. 4 of Caribbean studies (illustrated ed.). Gordon & Breach Science Publishers. p. 182. ISBN 0677219806. ISSN 0275-5793.
  58. ^ Lisa Yun (2008). The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba. Temple University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1592135837. indian coolie woman chinese men.
  59. ^ Walton Look Lai (1993). Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838-1918. Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history and culture (illustrated ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 46. ISBN 0801844657.
  60. ^ Marina Carter; James Ng Foong Kwong (2009). Abacus and Mah Jong: Sino-Mauritian Settlement and Economic Consolidation. Vol. 1 of European expansion and indigenous response, v. 1. Brill. p. 199. ISBN 978-9004175723.
  61. ^ Paul Younger Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies McMaster University (2009). New Homelands : Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa: Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0199741922.
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  63. ^ Huguette Ly-Tio-Fane Pineo, Edouard Lim Fat (2008). From alien to citizen: the integration of the Chinese in Mauritius. Éditions de l'océan Indien. p. 174. ISBN 978-9990305692.
  64. ^ Huguette Ly Tio Fane-Pineo (1985). Chinese Diaspora in Western Indian Ocean. Ed. de l'océan indien. p. 287. ISBN 9990305692.
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  66. ^ Monique Dinan (2002). Mauritius in the Making: Across the Censuses, 1846-2000. Nelson Mandela Centre for African Culture, Ministry of Arts & Culture. p. 41. ISBN 9990390460.
  67. ^ Marina Carter, James Ng Foong Kwong (2009). Abacus and Mah Jong: Sino-Mauritian Settlement and Economic Consolidation. Vol. 1 of European expansion and indigenous response, v. 1. Brill. p. 203. ISBN 978-9004175723.
  68. ^ Ellen Oxfeld (1993). Blood, sweat, and mahjong: family and enterprise in an overseas Chinese community. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-2593-6.
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  72. ^ Rebecca Chiyoko King-O'Riain; Stephen Small; Minelle Mahtani, eds. (2014). Global Mixed Race. NYU Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0814770474.
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November 10, 2023
chindians, this, article, missing, information, about, origin, connotations, term, please, expand, article, include, this, information, further, details, exist, talk, page, december, 2009, this, article, about, people, chinese, indian, descent, geopolitical, t. This article is missing information about the origin and connotations of the term Please expand the article to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page December 2009 This article is about people of Chinese and Indian descent For the geopolitical term see Chindia Chindian Hindi च न भ रत य Chinese 中印人 pinyin Zhōngyinren Cantonese Yale Jungyanyan Tamil ச ந த யன Telugu చ డ యన స is an informal term used to refer to a person of mixed Chinese and Indian ancestry i e from any of the host of ethnic groups native to modern China and India There are a considerable number of Chindians in Malaysia and Singapore In Maritime Southeast Asia people of Chinese and Indian origin immigrated in large numbers during the 19th and 20th centuries 1 There are also a sizeable number living in Hong Kong and smaller numbers in other countries with large overseas Chinese and Indian diaspora such as Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Suriname and Guyana in the Caribbean as well as in Indonesia the Philippines the United States Canada United Kingdom Australia and New Zealand People of Chinese and Indian originsRegions with significant populationsMainly SingaporeMalaysia Also China Hong Kong Macau IndiaIndonesiaPhilippinesSouth AfricaFijiMauritiusGuyanaSurinameJamaicaTrinidad and TobagoLanguagesEnglishMalayTamilSranan TongoGuyanese CreoleJamaican PatoisTrinidadian CreoleHindiTeluguUrduCaribbean HindustaniFiji HindiMandarinCantonesePenang HokkienSingaporean Hokkien Other languages of India and other languages of ChinaReligionHinduismChristianityBuddhismIslamRelated ethnic groupsIndian SingaporeansChinese SingaporeansMalaysian IndiansMalaysian ChineseIndian IndonesiansChinese IndonesiansIndian FilipinosChinese FilipinosIndians in ChinaChinese people in India Contents 1 Countries 1 1 China 1 1 1 Hong Kong 1 2 India 1 2 1 British India 1 3 Singapore 1 4 Malaysia 1 5 Guyana 1 6 Mauritius 1 7 Trinidad 2 Notable people 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksCountries editChina edit Main article Indians in China Zhang Qian d 113 BC and Sima Qian 145 90 BC make likely references to Shendu Sindhu in Sanskrit and during Yunnan s annexation by Han Dynasty in the first century an Indian Shendu community was living there 2 During transmission of Buddhism from India to China from the first century onwards many Indian scholars and monks travelled to China such as Batuo fl 464 495 AD founder of the Shaolin Monastery and Bodhidharma founder of Chan Zen Buddhism and there was also a large Indian trader community in Quanzhou City and Jinjiang district who built more than a dozen Hindu temples or shrines including two grand big temples in Quanzhou city 3 During colonial era Indians were among the crew of the Portuguese ships trading on the Chinese coast beginning in the sixteenth century 4 and Indians from Portuguese Indian Colonies notably Goa settled in Macau in small numbers There are around 45 000 48 000 Indian nationals expatriates living in mainland China as of 2015 5 most of whom are students traders and professionals employed with Indian IT companies and banks There are three Indian community associations in the country 6 Hong Kong edit Indians have been living in Hong Kong long before the partition of India into the nations of India and Pakistan They migrated to Hong Kong as traders police officers and army officers during colonial rule 2 700 Indian troops in Hong Kong arrived with British occupation on 26 January 1841 7 who later played an important role in setting up of the University of Hong Kong HKU 8 and the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation HSBC 9 25 000 of the Muslims in Hong Kong trace their roots back to what is now Pakistan Around half of them belong to local boy families Muslims of mixed Chinese Tanka and Indian Pakistani ancestry descended from early Indian Pakistani male immigrants who took local Chinese wives and brought their children up as Muslims 10 11 These local Indians were not completely accepted by either the Chinese or Indian communities 12 India edit See also Chinese Indians There are tiny communities of Chinese who migrated to India during the British Raj and became naturalised citizens of India and there are 189 000 estimated total ethnic Chinese of Chindian or full Chinese ancestry 13 The community living in Kolkata numbers around 4 000 and 400 families in Mumbai where there are Chinatowns 13 14 15 16 Chinese Indians also contributed to the development of fusion Indian Chinese cuisine Chindian cuisine 17 which is now an integral part of the Indian culinary scene 18 There are an estimated 5 000 7 000 Chinese expatriates living in India as of 2015 having doubled in number in recent years 19 Most work on 2 to 3 year contracts for the growing number of Chinese brands and companies doing business in India 19 British India edit During the British Raj some Chinese convicts deported from the Straits Settlements were sent to be jailed in Madras in India The Madras district gazetteers Volume 1 reported an incident where the Chinese convicts escaped and killed the police sent to apprehend them Much of the building work was done by Chinese convicts sent to the Madras jails from the Straits Settlements where there was no sufficient prison accommodation and more than once these people escaped from the temporary buildings in which they were confined at Lovedale In 186 seven of them got away and it was several days before they were apprehended by the Tahsildar aided by Badagas sent out in all directions to search On 28 July in the following year twelve others broke out during a very stormy night and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnight later Some police weapons were found in their possession and one of the parties of police had disappeared an ominous coincidence Search was made all over the country for the party and at length on 15 September their four bodies were found lying in the jungle at Walaghat half way down the Sispara ghat path neatly laid out in a row with their severed heads carefully placed on their shoulders It turned out that the wily Chinamen on being overtaken had at first pretended to surrender and had then suddenly attacked the police and killed them with their own weapons 20 21 22 Other Chinese convicts in Madras who were released from jail then settled in the Nilgiri mountains near Naduvattam and married Tamil Paraiyan women having mixed Chinese Tamil children with them They were documented by Edgar Thurston 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Paraiyan is also anglicised as pariah Edgar Thurston described the colony of the Chinese men with their Tamil pariah wives and children Halting in the course of a recent anthropological expedition on the western side of the Nilgiri plateau in the midst of the Government Cinchona plantations I came across a small settlement of Chinese who have squatted for some years on the slopes of the hills between Naduvatam and Gudalur and developed as the result of marriage with Tamil pariah women into a colony earning an honest livelihood by growing vegetables cultivating coffee on a small scale and adding to their income from these sources by the economic products of the cow An ambassador was sent to this miniature Chinese Court with a suggestion that the men should in return for monies present themselves before me with a view to their measurements being recorded The reply which came back was in its way racially characteristic as between Hindus and Chinese In the case of the former permission to make use of their bodies for the purposes of research depends essentially on a pecuniary transaction on a scale varying from two to eight annas The Chinese on the other hand though poor sent a courteous message to the effect that they did not require payment in money but would be perfectly happy if I would give them as a memento copies of their photographs 34 35 Thurston further describe a specific family The father was a typical Chinaman whose only grievance was that in the process of conversion to Christianity he had been obliged to cut him tail off The mother was a typical Tamil Pariah of dusky hue The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish tint of the father than to the dark tint of the mother and the semimongol parentage was betrayed in the slant eyes flat nose and in one case conspicuously prominent cheek bones 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Thurston s description of the Chinese Tamil families were cited by others one mentioned an instance mating between a Chinese male with a Tamil Pariah female 45 46 47 48 49 A 1959 book described attempts made to find out what happened to the colony of mixed Chinese and Tamils 50 According to Alabaster there were lard manufacturers and shoemakers in addition to carpenters Running tanneries and working with leather was traditionally not considered a respectable profession among caste Hindus and work was relegated to lower caste muchis and chamars There was a high demand however for high quality leather goods in colonial India one that the Chinese were able to fulfill Alabaster also mentions licensed opium dens run by native Chinese and a Cheena Bazaar where contraband was readily available Opium however was not illegal until after India s Independence from Great Britain in 1947 Immigration continued unabated through the turn of the century and during World War I partly due to political upheavals in China such as the First and Second Opium Wars First Sino Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion Around the time of the First World War the first Chinese owned tanneries sprang up 51 In Assam local Assamese women married Chinese migrants during British colonial times It later became hard to physically differentiate Chinese in Assam from locals during the time of their internment during the 1962 war as the majority of these Chinese in Assam were mixed 52 Singapore edit In Singapore the majority of interracial marriages occur between Chinese women and Indian men The government of Singapore classifies them as their father s ethnicity According to government statistics 2 4 of Singapore s population are multiracial mostly Chindians The highest number of interethnic marriages was in 2007 when 16 4 of the 20 000 marriages in Singapore were interethnic again mostly between Chinese and Indians 1 Singapore only began to allow mixed race persons to register two racial classifications on their identity cards in 2010 Parents may choose which of the two is listed first 53 More than two races may not be listed even if the person has several different ethnicities in their ancestry Like in Malaysia most Chindians in Singapore are offspring of interracial relationships between Indian males and Chinese females 54 Malaysia edit In Malaysia the majority of interracial marriages occur between Chinese and Indians The offspring of such marriages are informally known as Chindian The Malaysian government however considers them to be an unclassified ethnicity using the father s ethnicity as the informal term As the majority of these intermarriages usually involve an Indian male and Chinese female the majority of Chindian offspring in Malaysia are usually classified as Malaysian Indian by the Malaysian government 54 Guyana edit In Guyana Chinese men married Indian women due to the lack of Chinese women in the early days of settlement 55 Creole sexual relationships and marriages with Chinese and Indians were rare 56 however it has become more common for Indian women and Chinese men to establish sexual relations with each other and some Chinese men took their Indian wives back with them to China 57 Indian women and children were brought alongside Indian men as coolies while Chinese men made up 99 of Chinese coolies 58 The contrast with the female to male ratio among Indian and Chinese immigrants has been compared by historians 59 Mauritius edit In the late 19th to early 20th century Chinese men in Mauritius married Indian women due to both a lack of Chinese women and higher numbers of Indian women on the island 60 61 At first the prospect of relations with Chinese men was unappealing to the original all female Indian migrants yet they eventually had to establish sexual unions with Chinese men since there were no Chinese women coming 62 The 1921 census in Mauritius counted that Indian women there had a total of 148 children sired by Chinese men 63 64 65 These Chinese were mostly traders 66 Colonialist stereotypes in the sugar colonies of Indians emerged such as the degraded coolie woman and the coolie wife beater due to Indian women being murdered by their husbands after they ran away to other richer men since the ratio of Indian women to men was low 67 It was much more common for Chinese and Indians to intermarry than within their own group Intermarriage between people of between different Chinese and Indian language groups is rare it is so rare that the cases of intermarriage between Cantonese and Hakka can be individually named Similarly intermarriage between Hakka Chinese and Indians hardly occurs 68 Trinidad edit In Trinidad some Chinese men had relationships with Indian coolie women of Madrasee origin siring children with them and it was reported that A few children are to be met with born of Madras and Creole parents and some also of Madras and Chinese parents the Madrasee being the mother by the missionary John Morton in 1876 Morton noted that it seemed strange since there were more Indian coolie men than Indian coolie women that Indian coolie women would marry Chinese men but claimed it was most likely because the Chinese could provide amenities to the women since the Chinese owned shops and they were enticed by these 69 70 71 72 73 Indian women were married by indentured Chinese men in Trinidad 74 Few Chinese women migrated to Trinidad while the majority of Chinese migrants were men 75 The migration of Chinese to Trinidad resulted in intermarriage between them and others 76 Chinese in Trinidad became relatively open to having marital relations with other races and Indian women began having families with Chinese in the 1890s 77 Notable people editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message Juanita Ramayah Malaysian radio announcer and TV Personality Jacintha Abisheganaden Singaporean actress Ronald Arculli Chairman of Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing and Non official Members Convenor of the Executive Council of Hong Kong Exco Vivian Balakrishnan Singaporean politician Indranee Rajah Singaporean politician Darryl David Singaporean politician and former media personality Meiyang Chang Actor Singer TV Host in India Bernard Chandran Malaysian fashion designer Anya Ayoung Chee winner of Miss Trinidad and Tobago Universe 2008 and contestant in the Miss Universe 2008 pageant Chen Gexin Chinese songwriter Che Nelle Cheryline Lim Malaysian born recording artist signed to Virgin Records America Karen David British singer songwriter born in Meghalaya India Nicol David Malaysian athlete and former world number one female squash player Vanessa Fernandez Singaporean singer and radio presenter Jonathan Foo Guyanese cricketer Patricia Chin Jamaican American co founder of VP Records Hedy Fry Trinidadian Canadian politician Jonathan Putra Malaysian TV Personality Jwala Gutta Indian badminton player Sahil Khan Indian actor Law Lan Hong Kong actress Mak Pak Shee Singaporean politician Nicole Narain American model Francissca Peter Malaysian singer Joseph Prince Singaporean pastor and evangelist Michelle Saram Hong Kong actress born in Singapore Astra Sharma Australian tennis player Priscilla Shunmugam Singaporean fashion designer Dipna Lim Prasad Singaporean sprinter and hurdler Gurmit Singh Singaporean television personality Prema Yin Malaysian singer Nadine Ann Thomas Miss Universe Malaysia 2010 actress model and DJ Vanessa Tevi Kumares Miss Universe Malaysia 2015 78 Joshua Simon Singaporean radio and media personality YouTube star 79 80 81 Leong Hong Seng former Malaysian professional footballer of MK LAND FC Liew Kit Kong former Malaysia national capped footballer Ramesh Lai Ban Huat Malaysia professional footballer Raj Joshua Thomas Singapore Nominated Member of Parliament Kimmy Jayanti Indonesian model and actress Mavin Khoo Bharata Natyam dancer Bilahari Kausikan Singaporean diplomatSee also editChindia Chinas Chinese people in India Indians in China China India relations Race in SingaporeReferences edit a b Sheela Narayanan 17 October 2008 Go ahead call me Chindian AsiaOne Archived from the original on 21 August 2009 Tan Chung 1998 A Sino Indian Perspective for India China Understanding Archived 2007 06 06 at the Wayback Machine Krishnan Ananth 19 July 2013 Behind China s Hindu temples a forgotten history The Hindu via www thehindu com Boxer Charles Ralph Pereira Galeote Cruz Gaspar da Rada Martin de 1953 South China in the sixteenth century being the narratives of Galeote Pereira Fr Gaspar da Cruz O P and Fr Martin de Rada O E S A 1550 1575 Issue 106 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society Printed for the Hakluyt Society p 37 India and China need a push to encourage more people to live across the borde The Economic Times 12 May 2015 India Times India is hot in China Kwok S T Narain K 2003 Co Prosperity in Cross Culturalism Indians in Hong Kong P 18 Kwok S T Narain K 2003 Co Prosperity in Cross Culturalism Indians in Hong Kong P 32 Kwok S T Narain K 2003 Co Prosperity in Cross Culturalism Indians in Hong Kong P 22 Weiss Anita M July 1991 South Asian Muslims in Hong Kong Creation of a Local Boy Identity Modern Asian Studies 25 3 417 53 doi 10 1017 S0026749X00013895 S2CID 145350669 Ina Baghdiantz McCabe Gelina Harlaftis Iōanna Pepelase Minoglou 2005 Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks Four Centuries of History Berg Publishers p 256 ISBN 1 85973 880 X a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Carol R Ember Melvin Ember Ian A Skoggard 2004 Encyclopedia of Diasporas Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World Springer p 511 ISBN 0 306 48321 1 a b OVERSEAS COMPATRIOT AFFAIRS COMMISSION R O C 4 January 2011 Archived from the original on 4 January 2011 Krishnan Murali 17 October 2013 India s dwindling Chinatown Deutsche Welle Someshwar Savera R 23 January 2007 Happy Indian Chinese New Year Rediff com Mumbai s 3rd generation Chinese eye global jobs learn Mandarin TOI 3 November 2015 Sankar Amal December 2017 Creation of Indian Chinese cuisine Chinese food in an Indian city Journal of Ethnic Foods 4 4 268 273 doi 10 1016 j jef 2017 10 002 Sanjeev Kapoor 2007 Chinese Cooking Non Veg Popular Prakashan p 7 ISBN 978 81 7991 310 9 a b Why India remains a difficult terrain for 7 000 Chinese expatriates living in the country The Economic Times 28 August 2015 Madras India Presidency Madras India State 1908 Madras district gazetteers Volume 1 MADRAS Printed by the Superintendent Government Press p 263 Mr Chisholm was the architect of the new buildings The CHAP X boys part is designed in the Italian Gothic style and is a two Educational storeyed construction forming three sides of a quadrangle Institutions a feature of which is the campanile 130 feet in height The girls were at first placed in the building intended for the hospital Much of the building work was done by Chinese convicts sent to the Madras jails from the Straits Settlements where there was no sufficient prison accommodation and more than once these people escaped from the temporary buildings in which they were confined at Lovedale In 186 seven of them got away and it was several days before they were apprehended by the Tahsildar aided by Badagas sent out in all directions to search On 28 July in the following year twelve others broke out during a very stormy night and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnight later Some police weapons were found in their possession and one of the parties of police had disappeared an ominous coincidence Search was made all over the country for the party and at length on 15 September their four bodies were found lying in the jungle at Walaghat half way down the Sisp ra gha t path neatly laid out in a row with their severed heads carefully placed on their shoulders It turned out that the wily Chinamen on being overtaken had at first pretended to surrender and had then suddenly attacked the police and killed them with their own weapons In 1884 the benefits of the Lawrence Asylum were extended by the admission to it of the orphan children of Volunteers who had served in the Presidency for seven years and upwards it being however expressly provided that children of British soldiers were not to be superseded or excluded by this concession In 1899 the standard of instruction in the Asylum was raised to the upper secondary grade In 1901 the rules of the institution which had been twice altered since 1864 to meet the changes which had occurred were again revised and considerably modified They are printed in full in the annual reports In 1903 owing to the South Indian Railway requiring for its new terminus at Egmore the buildings then occupied by the Civil Orphan Asylums of Madras Government suggested that these should be moved to the premises on the Poonamallee Road in which the Military Female Orphan Asylum was established and that the girls in the latter who numbered about 100 should be transferred to the Lawrsnce Asylum The transfer was W Francis 1994 The Nilgiris Vol 1 of Madras district gazetteers reprint ed Asian Educational Services p 263 ISBN 81 206 0546 2 The Nilgiris Concept Publishing Company 1984 p 26 Sarat Chandra Roy Rai Bahadur ed 1959 Man in India Volume 39 A K Bose p 309 TAMIL CHINESE CROSSES IN THE NILGIRIS MADRAS S S Sarkar Received on 21 September 1959 DURING May 1959 while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil Chinese cross described by Thurston 1909 It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts deported from the Straits Settlement and local Tamil Paraiyan Edgar Thurston K Rangachari 1909 Castes and tribes of southern India Volume 2 Government press p 99 99 CHINESE TAMIL CROSS in the Nilgiri jail It is recorded that in 1868 twelve of the Chinamen broke out during a very stormy night and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnight Alt URL Edgar Thurston 2011 The Madras Presidency with Mysore Coorg and the Associated States reissue ed Cambridge University Press p 218 ISBN 978 1107600683 RADHAKRISHNAN D 19 April 2014 Unravelling Chinese link can boost Nilgiris tourism The Hindu Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 Alt URL Unravelling Chinese link can boost Nilgiris tourism Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 Retrieved 18 May 2014 Raman A 16 May 2012 Chinese in Madras The New Indian Express Raman A 16 May 2012 Quinine factory and Malay Chinese workers The New Indian Express Chinese connection to the Nilgiris to help promote tourism potential travel News Digest 2013 W Francis 1908 The Nilgiris Vol 1 of Madras District Gazetteers reprint ed Logos Press p 184 ISBN 9780865903777 Alt URL Madras India State 1908 Madras District Gazetteers Volume 1 Superintendent Government Press p 184 W Francis 1908 The Nilgiris Concept Publishing Company p 184 Government Museum Madras India 1897 Bulletin Volumes 2 3 MADRAS Printed by the Superintendent Govt Press p 31 ON A CHINESE TAMIL CKOSS Halting in the course of a recent anthropological expedition on the western side of the Nilgiri plateau in the midst of the Government Cinchona plantations I came across a small settlement of Chinese who have squatted for some years on the slopes of the hills between Naduvatam and Gudalur and developed as the result of marriage with Tamil pariah women into a colony earning an honest livelihood by growing vegetables cultivating cofl ce on a small scale and adding to their income from these sources by the economic products of the cow An ambassador was sent to this miniature Chinese Court with a suggestion that the men should in return for monies present themselves before me with a view to their measurements being recorded The reply which came back was in its way racially characteristic as between Hindus and Chinese In the case of the former permission to make use of their bodies for the purposes of research depends essentially on a pecuniary transaction on a scale varying from two to eight annas The Chinese on the other hand though poor sent a courteous message to the effect that they did not require payment in money but would be perfectly happy if I would give them as a memento copies of their photographs The measurements of a single family excepting a widowed daughter whom I was not permitted to see and an infant in arms who was pacified with cake while I investigated its mother are recorded in the following table Edgar Thurston 2004 Badagas and Irulas of Nilgiris Paniyans of Malabar A Cheruman Skull Kuruba Or Kurumba Summary of Results Vol 2 Issue 1 of Bulletin Government Museum Madras India Asian Educational Services p 31 ISBN 81 206 1857 2 Government Museum Madras India 1897 Bulletin Volumes 2 3 MADRAS Printed by the Superintendent Govt Press p 32 The father was a typical Chinaman whose only grievance was that in the process of conversion to Christianity he had been obliged to cut him tail off The mother was a typical Tamil Pariah of dusky hue The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish tint of the father than to the dark tint of the mother and the semimongol parentage was betrayed in the slant eyes flat nose and in one case conspicuously prominent cheek bones To have recorded the entire series of measurements of the children would have been useless for the purpose of comparison with those of the parents and I selected from my repertoire the length and breadth of the head and nose which plainly indicate the paternal influence on the external anatomy of the offspring The figures given in the table bring out very clearly the great breadth as compared with the length of the heads of all the children and the resultant high cephalic index In other words in one case a mesaticephalic 79 and in the remaining three cases a sub brachycephalic head 80 1 801 82 4 has resulted from the union of a mesaticephalic Chinaman 78 5 with a sub dolichocephalic Tamil Pariah 76 8 How great is the breadth of the head in the children may be emphasised by noting that the average head breadth of the adult Tamil Pariah man is only 13 7 cm whereas that of the three boys aged ten nine and five only was 14 3 14 and 13 7 cm respectively Quite as strongly marked is the effect of paternal influence on the character of the nose the nasal index in the case of each child 68 1 717 727 68 3 bearing a much closer relation to that of the long nosed father 71 7 than to the typical Pariah nasal index of the broadnosed mother 78 7 It will be interesting to note hereafter what is the future of the younger members of this quaint little colony and to observe the physical characters temperament improvement or deterioration fecundity and other points relating to the cross breed resulting from the union of Chinese and Tamil Edgar Thurston 2004 Badagas and Irulas of Nilgiris Paniyans of Malabar A Cheruman Skull Kuruba Or Kurumba Summary of Results Vol 2 Issue 1 of Bulletin Government Museum Madras India Asian Educational Services p 32 ISBN 81 206 1857 2 Edgar Thurston K Rangachari 1987 Castes and Tribes of Southern India illustrated ed Asian Educational Services p 99 ISBN 81 206 0288 9 The father was a typical Chinaman whose only grievance was that in the process of conversion to Christianity he had been obliged to cut him tail off The mother was a typical dark skinned Tamil paraiyan Edgar Thurston K Rangachari 1987 Castes and Tribes of Southern India illustrated ed Asian Educational Services p 98 ISBN 81 206 0288 9 Edgar Thurston K Rangachari 1987 Castes and Tribes of Southern India illustrated ed Asian Educational Services p 99 ISBN 978 81 206 0288 5 Government Museum Madras India Edgar Thurston 1897 Note on tours along the Malabar coast Vol 2 3 of Bulletin Government Museum Madras India Superintendent Government Press p 31 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Government Museum Madras India 1894 Bulletin Volumes 1 2 Superintendent Government Press p 31 Government Museum Madras India 1894 Bulletin Vol v 2 1897 99 Madras Printed by the Superintendent Govt Press p 31 Madras Government Museum Bulletin Vol II Madras 1897 p 31 Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 18 May 2014 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Sarat Chandra Roy Rai Bahadur 1954 Man in India Volume 34 Issue 4 A K Bose p 273 Thurston found the Chinese element to be predominant among the offspring as will be evident from his description The mother was a typical dark skinned Tamil Paraiyan The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish Mahadeb Prasad Basu 1990 An anthropological study of bodily height of Indian population Punthi Pustak p 84 ISBN 9788185094335 Sarkar 1959 published a pedigree showing Tamil Chinese English crosses in a place located in the Nilgiris Thurston 1909 mentioned an instance of a mating between a Chinese male with a Tamil Pariah female Man Deka 1954 described Man in India Volumes 34 35 A K Bose 1954 p 272 c Tamil female and African male Thurston 1909 d Tamil Pariah female and Chinese male Thuston 1909 e Andamanese female and UP Brahmin male Portman 1899 f Andamanese female and Hindu male Man 1883 Sarat Chandra Roy Rai Bahadur 1954 Man in India Volume 34 Issue 4 A K Bose p 272 c Tamil female and African male Thurston 1909 d Tamil Pariah female and Chinese male Thuston 1909 e Andamanese female and UP Brahmin male Portman 1899 f Andamanese female and Hindu male Man 1883 Edgar Thurston K Rangachari 1987 Castes and Tribes of Southern India illustrated ed Asian Educational Services p 100 ISBN 81 206 0288 9 the remaining three cases a sub brachycephalic head 80 1 80 1 82 4 has resulted from the union of a mesaticephalic Chinaman 78 5 with a sub dolichocephalic Tamil Paraiyan 76 8 Sarat Chandra Roy Rai Bahadur ed 1959 Man in India Volume 39 A K Bose p 309 d TAMIL CHINESE CROSSES IN THE NILGIRIS MADRAS S S Sarkar Received on 21 September 1959 iURING May 1959 while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur enquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil Chinese cross described by Thurston 1909 It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts deported from the Straits Settlement and local Tamil Paraiyan Haraprasad Ray 2012 Chinese The In Islam Sirajul Jamal Ahmed A eds Banglapedia National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Second ed Asiatic Society of Bangladesh CHOWDHURY RITA 18 November 2012 The Assamese Chinese story The Hindu Hoe Yeen Nie 12 January 2010 Singaporeans of mixed race allowed to double barrel race in IC Channel NewsAsia a b Daniels Timothy P 2005 Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia Routledge p 189 ISBN 0 415 94971 8 Brian L Moore 1995 Cultural Power Resistance and Pluralism Colonial Guyana 1838 1900 Vol 22 of McGill Queen s studies in ethnic history illustrated ed McGill Queen s Press MQUP pp 272 273 ISBN 077351354X ISSN 0846 8869 Brian L Moore 1987 Race Power and Social Segmentation in Colonial Society Guyana After Slavery 1838 1891 Vol 4 of Caribbean studies illustrated ed Gordon amp Breach Science Publishers p 181 ISBN 0677219806 ISSN 0275 5793 Brian L Moore 1987 Race Power and Social Segmentation in Colonial Society Guyana After Slavery 1838 1891 Vol 4 of Caribbean studies illustrated ed Gordon amp Breach Science Publishers p 182 ISBN 0677219806 ISSN 0275 5793 Lisa Yun 2008 The Coolie Speaks Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba Temple University Press p 8 ISBN 978 1592135837 indian coolie woman chinese men Walton Look Lai 1993 Indentured labor Caribbean sugar Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies 1838 1918 Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history and culture illustrated ed Johns Hopkins University Press p 46 ISBN 0801844657 Marina Carter James Ng Foong Kwong 2009 Abacus and Mah Jong Sino Mauritian Settlement and Economic Consolidation Vol 1 of European expansion and indigenous response v 1 Brill p 199 ISBN 978 9004175723 Paul Younger Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies McMaster University 2009 New Homelands Hindu Communities in Mauritius Guyana Trinidad South Africa Fiji and East Africa Hindu Communities in Mauritius Guyana Trinidad South Africa Fiji and East Africa Oxford University Press p 33 ISBN 978 0199741922 What Inter Ethnic Marriage in Mauritius Tells Us About The Nature of Ethnicity PDF 15 Archived from the original PDF on 18 May 2014 Retrieved 17 May 2014 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Huguette Ly Tio Fane Pineo Edouard Lim Fat 2008 From alien to citizen the integration of the Chinese in Mauritius Editions de l ocean Indien p 174 ISBN 978 9990305692 Huguette Ly Tio Fane Pineo 1985 Chinese Diaspora in Western Indian Ocean Ed de l ocean indien p 287 ISBN 9990305692 What Inter Ethnic Marriage in Mauritius Tells Us About The Nature of Ethnicity PDF 16 Archived from the original PDF on 18 May 2014 Retrieved 17 May 2014 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Monique Dinan 2002 Mauritius in the Making Across the Censuses 1846 2000 Nelson Mandela Centre for African Culture Ministry of Arts amp Culture p 41 ISBN 9990390460 Marina Carter James Ng Foong Kwong 2009 Abacus and Mah Jong Sino Mauritian Settlement and Economic Consolidation Vol 1 of European expansion and indigenous response v 1 Brill p 203 ISBN 978 9004175723 Ellen Oxfeld 1993 Blood sweat and mahjong family and enterprise in an overseas Chinese community Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 2593 6 Julitta Rydlewska Barbara Braid eds 2014 Unity in Diversity Vol 1 Cultural Paradigm and Personal Identity Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 14 ISBN 978 1443867290 Alt URL Dennison Moor 1995 Origins and Development of Racial Ideology in Trinidad Nycan p 238 ISBN 0968006000 Selwyn D Ryan 1999 The Jhandi and the Cross The Clash of Cultures in Post creole Trinidad and Tobago Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies The University of the West Indies p 263 ISBN 9766180318 Rebecca Chiyoko King O Riain Stephen Small Minelle Mahtani eds 2014 Global Mixed Race NYU Press pp 65 66 ISBN 978 0814770474 Regis Ferne Louanne April 2011 The Dougla in Trinidad s Consciousness PDF History in Action The University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad and Tobago Dept of History 2 1 ISSN 2221 7886 Archived from the original PDF on 8 March 2011 Mike Hoolboom 2013 Mike Hoolboom ed Practical Dreamers Conversations with Movie Artists illustrated ed Coach House Books p 315 ISBN 978 1770561816 Rebecca Chiyoko King O Riain Stephen Small Minelle Mahtani eds 2014 Global Mixed Race NYU Press p 54 ISBN 978 0814770474 Adrian Curtis Bird 1992 Trinidad sweet the people their culture their island 2 ed Inprint Caribbean p 26 ISBN 0814770479 Teresita Ang See ed 2000 Intercultural Relations Cultural Transformation and Identity The Ethnic Chinese Selected Papers Presented at the 1998 ISSCO Conference International Society for the Studies of Chinese Overseas Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran 2 ed Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran Incorporated p 95 ISBN 9718857214 Foo Noel 18 April 2015 24 year old Indian Chinese crowned new Miss Universe Malaysia Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 SPH Radio Joshua Simon Kiss92 FM Sphradio sg 26 August 2016 Retrieved 29 May 2018 Joshua Simon Retrieved 29 May 2018 via YouTube YAAAS TV Retrieved 29 May 2018 via YouTube External links editAn illusion of purity Double tongued dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chindians amp oldid 1182784001, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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