In Which We Serve
In Which We Serve is a 1942 British patriotic war film directed by Noël Coward and David Lean, who made his debut as a director. It was made during the Second World War with the assistance of the Ministry of Information.[6]
| In Which We Serve | |
|---|---|
| Directed by | Noël Coward David Lean (action scenes) |
| Written by | Noël Coward |
| Produced by | Noël Coward |
| Starring | Noël Coward John Mills Bernard Miles Celia Johnson |
| Narrated by | Leslie Howard |
| Cinematography | Ronald Neame |
| Edited by | Thelma Connell David Lean |
| Music by | Noël Coward Clifton Parker |
| Distributed by | British Lion Films |
Release date |
|
Running time | 115 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |
| Budget | £240,000[1][2][3] |
| Box office | £300,000 (Commonwealth) $2 million (US rentals)[1][4][5] |
The screenplay by Coward was inspired by the exploits of Captain Lord Louis Mountbatten, who was in command of the destroyer HMS Kelly when it was sunk during the Battle of Crete.
Coward composed the music as well as starring in the film as the ship's captain. The film also starred John Mills, Bernard Miles, Celia Johnson and Richard Attenborough in his first screen role.
In Which We Serve received the full backing of the Ministry of Information,[6] which offered advice on what would make good propaganda and facilitated the release of military personnel. The film is a classic example of wartime British cinema through its patriotic imagery of national unity and social cohesion within the context of the war.[6]
Plot edit
The film opens with the narration: "This is the story of a ship". In 1941 HMS Torrin engages German transports in a night-time action during the Battle of Crete but at dawn the destroyer comes under attack from German bombers. A critical hit forces the crew to abandon ship as it rapidly capsizes. Some of the officers and ratings manage to find a Carley float while being intermittently strafed by German planes.
The story of the ship is told in flashback, using their memories. The first person to reveal his thoughts is Captain Kinross, who recalls the summer of 1939 when the Torrin is being rushed into commission as the possibility of war becomes a near certainty.
The Torrin spends a quiet Christmas in the north of Scotland during the Phoney War but in 1940 it fights its first engagement during the Battle of Narvik. During the action the ship is struck by a torpedo. The damaged Torrin is towed back to port, all the time being harried by dive bombers.
Safely back in harbour, Captain Kinross tells the assembled ship's company that during the battle nearly all the crew performed as he would expect but one man did not. However he surprises everyone when he says that he let him off with a caution as he feels that, as captain, he failed to make him understand his duty.
Returning to the present, the float survivors watch the capsized Torrin take on water and slowly sink. The raft is again strafed by German planes and some men are killed or wounded. Shorty Blake recalls in flashback how he met his wife-to-be, Freda, on a train while on leave. She is related to the Torrin's affable Chief Petty Officer Hardy. When both men return to sea, Freda moves in with Hardy's wife and mother-in-law.
The Torrin participates in the Dunkirk evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force (portrayed in the film by the 5th Battalion of the Coldstream Guards). Blake gets a letter to say that Freda has given birth to his son during the Plymouth Blitz but that Hardy's wife and mother-in-law were killed. He has to tell Hardy, who is writing a letter home, the bitter news.
The survivors on the life raft watch the Torrin finally sink. Captain Kinross leads a final "three cheers" for the Torrin. A British destroyer soon begins rescuing the men. Captain Kinross talks to the survivors and collects addresses from the dying.
Telegrams are sent to the crew's loved ones. Kinross addresses the ship's survivors in a military depot in Alexandria in Egypt. He tells them that although they lost their ship and many friends, who now "lie together in fifteen hundred fathoms", he notes that these losses should inspire them to fight even harder in the battles to come. Captain Kinross then shakes hands with all the ratings as they leave the depot. When the last man goes, the emotionally tired captain silently acknowledges his surviving officers before walking away.
An epilogue concludes: bigger and stronger ships are being launched to avenge the Torrin; Britain is an island nation with a proud, indefatigable people; Captain Kinross is now in command of a battleship. Its massive main guns fire at the enemy.
Cast edit
- Noël Coward as Captain E. V. Kinross
- Bernard Miles as Chief Petty Officer Walter Hardy
- John Mills as Ordinary Seaman Shorty Blake
- Celia Johnson as Alix Kinross
- Joyce Carey as Kath Hardy
- Kay Walsh as Freda Lewis
- Michael Wilding as Flags
- Derek Elphinstone as No 1
- Leslie Dwyer as Parkinson
- James Donald as Doc
- Philip Friend as Torps
- Frederick Piper as Edgecombe
- Richard Attenborough as Young Stoker (originally uncredited)
- Kathleen Harrison as Mrs Blake
- George Carney as Mr Blake
- Daniel Massey as Bobby Kinross
- Ann Stephens as Lavinia Kinross
- Walter Fitzgerald as Colonel Lumsden
- Hubert Gregg as Pilot
- Penelope Dudley-Ward as Maureen
- Juliet Mills as Shorty Blake's baby
Production edit
Shortly after his play Blithe Spirit opened in the West End in July 1941, Noël Coward was approached by Anthony Havelock-Allan, who was working with the production company Two Cities Films. Its founder, Filippo Del Giudice, was interested in making a propaganda film and wanted someone well known to write the screenplay.
Screenplay development edit
Coward agreed to work on the project as long as the subject was the Royal Navy and he was given complete control.[7]
As the sinking of HMS Kelly on 23 May 1941 was still on Coward's mind, he decided to use the ship's demise as the basis for his script. Mountbatten, aware that there was some public antipathy to his political ambitions, agreed to support the project as long as it was not a conspicuous biography of his own experiences. In order to do research, Coward visited the naval base in Plymouth, where Michael Redgrave, with whom he was in a relationship at the time, was stationed. He also visited Portsmouth and the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow, where he sailed on HMS Nigeria.[8]
Coward spent the final months of 1941 drafting a screenplay. However when he submitted it to Havelock-Allan the producer told him the film would run between eight and nine hours if it was made as written because it included lengthy scenes in Paris, China and the West Indies. Havelock-Allan told Coward he needed to trim the plot down to the basics by eliminating everything that was not related to the Torrin or its crew. Heeding the advice, Coward started his story with the laying of the ship's keel in 1939 and concluded it soon after it sinks off the coast of Crete.[9] For the speech at the end of the film, when Capt. Kinross addresses the survivors from the Torrin in Alexandria, Coward used the real speech that Mountbatten gave to the surviving crew of HMS Kelly after they were rescued and taken to Egypt.[10][11]
Pre-production roles edit
Coward was determined to portray Captain Kinross in the film despite the studio's concern that his public "dressing gown and cigarette-holder" persona might make it difficult for audiences to accept him in the role of a tough navy man. Havelock-Allan supported him, although he later called his performance "always interesting, if not quite convincing." Coward also needed to convince the censors that the sinking of the ship was a crucial scene and not the threat to public morale they perceived it to be.[12]
Coward had experience directing plays but he was a novice when it came to films and he knew he needed to surround himself with professionals if the project was to succeed. He had seen and admired Ronald Neame's work and he hired him as cinematographer and chief lighting technician.[13] The Italian film director Filippo Del Giudice was released from his internment as an enemy alien to work on the film at Coward's insistence. MI5 supplied Ann Elwell as his secretary. She was translating for him as he took on the role of art director and she also did some scriptwriting.[14] Coward could handle the direction of the actors but would be at a loss with the action scenes, so he asked David Lean to supervise the filming of those. In Which We Serve proved to be the first of several films on which the two would collaborate.[13]
Filming edit
Shooting began at Denham Studios on 5 February 1942. From the start Coward was happy to let production crew members take charge in their individual areas of expertise while he concentrated on directing the actors and creating his own portrayal of Kinross. However he soon became bored with the mechanics of filmmaking and after six weeks he came to the studio only when scenes in which he appeared were being filmed.[15] At one point he invited the royal family to the set and newsreel footage of their visit proved to be good publicity for the film.[16]
During the filming the character of Albert Fosdike, "Shorty" Blake's brother-in-law, was recast after actor William Hartnell turned up late for his first day of shooting. Coward berated Hartnell in front of cast and crew for his unprofessionalism. He then made him personally apologise to everyone before sacking him. Michael Anderson, the film's first-assistant director, took over the part (credited as "Mickey Anderson").[17]
Coward was anxious that it succeed, not only because it was his first film project but because he felt it was his contribution to the war effort and he wanted it to be perceived as such by the public. The première was a gala event held as a benefit for several naval charities and Coward was pleased to see a large presence of military personnel.[15]
Richard Attenborough appeared as a sailor deserting his post under fire. His name and character were omitted from the original release-print credits but were subsequently added.[18]
Locations edit
Interiors were filmed at Denham Studios, in Denham, Buckinghamshire. The destroyer HMAS Nepal played HMS Torrin.[19] The Kinross family picnic scene, set during the Battle of Britain in 1940, was filmed on location on the Dunstable Downs in Bedfordshire.
Although the film makers took great care to conceal locations because of wartime censorship, scenes were shot at Plymouth's naval dockyard in Devon and the naval station on the Isle of Portland. For example the departure of Blake and Hardy was filmed in front of Devonport's original main entrance, the Keyham Dock Gate. Smeaton's Tower on the seafront at Plymouth Hoe was used for the shore-leave scenes between Shorty Blake (Mills) and his wife Freda (Kay Walsh).
Reception edit
Box office edit
The film was the second most popular movie at the British box office in 1943.[20] (According to Kinematograph Weekly the film was the most popular.[21])
The film was one of the most successful British films ever released in the US, earning $1.8 million in rentals.[22]
Critics edit
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times observed, "There have been other pictures which have vividly and movingly conveyed in terms of human emotion the cruel realities of this present war. None has yet done it so sharply and so truly as In Which We Serve... For the great thing which Mr. Coward has accomplished in this film is a full and complete expression of national fortitude ... Yes, this is truly a picture in which the British may take a wholesome pride and we may regard as an excellent expression of British strength."[23]
Variety called the film "a grim tale sincerely picturized and splendidly acted throughout" and added, "Only one important factor calls for criticism. It is that all the details are too prolonged. The author-producer-scriptwriter-composer and co-director gives a fine performance as the captain of the vessel, but acting honors also go to the entire company. Stark realism is the keynote of the writing and depiction, with no glossing of the sacrifices constantly being made by the sailors."[24]
edit
Despite largely positive reviews by audiences and critics alike, the film was not well received by some within the Admiralty who dubbed it "In Which We Sink".[10]
Awards and nominations edit
On Christmas Eve 1942 in New York the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures honoured the film as the Best English Language Film of the Year, citing Bernard Miles and John Mills for their performances.
The film was nominated in the 1943 Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay (losing out to Casablanca and Princess O'Rourke respectively). However Coward was presented with an Academy Honorary Award for "his outstanding production achievement."
In Which We Serve also won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film (beating Casablanca) and the Argentine Film Critics Association Award for Best Foreign Film in 1943.
Home media edit
A Region 2 DVD with a running time of 96 minutes was released by Carlton on 11 October 1999. A Region 1 DVD was released as part of the David Lean Collection by MGM on 7 September 2004. It features subtitles in English, Spanish and French and an English audio track in Dolby Digital 1.0. In March 2012 The Criterion Collection released In Which We Serve on Blu-ray and DVD as part of the ‘David Lean Directs Noel Coward’ box set, which includes a short documentary on the making of In Which We Serve.[25]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b "Noteworthy Films Made in U.K." The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 17 January 1953. p. 27. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
- ^ Murphy, Robert (2 September 2003). Realism and Tinsel: Cinema and Society in Britain 1939-48. Routledge. ISBN 9781134901500 – via Google Books.
- ^ Wood, Alan (1952). Mr. Rank a Study of J.Arthur Rank and British Films. p. 133.
- ^ Balio, Tino (2009). United Artists: The Company Built by the Stars. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-23004-3. p220
- ^ "Top Grossers of the Season", Variety, 5 January 1944 p 54
- ^ a b c Clive Emsley (24 October 2009). War, culture and memory. Open University Worldwide Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7492-9611-7.
- ^ Hoare, p. 322
- ^ Hoare, pp. 323–24
- ^ Hoare, pp. 324–25
- ^ a b Cookridge, E. H. (1966). From Battenberg to Mountbatten. Barker. p. 181.
- ^ Tsouras, Peter G. (2005). The Book of Military Quotations. Zenith Imprint. p. 81. ISBN 0-7603-2340-2.
- ^ Hoare, pp. 325–26
- ^ a b Hoare, p. 323
- ^ "Elwell [née Glass], Ann Catherine (1922–1996), intelligence officer and diplomat | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/60758. Retrieved 4 March 2019. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b Hoare, p. 326–31
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "Royal Family at Denham Studios (NO SOUND)". British Movietone News. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ Hoare, Philip (1995). Noël Coward: A Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-80937-3.Page unspecified.
- ^ "Obituary: Richard Attenborough".
- ^ Cassells, Vic (2000). The Destroyers: their battles and their badges. East Roseville, NSW: Simon & Schuster. p. 60. ISBN 0-7318-0893-2. OCLC 46829686.
- ^ Robert Murphy, Realism and Tinsel: Cinema and Society in Britain 1939–48 2003 p. 206
- ^ Lant, Antonia (1991). Blackout: reinventing women for wartime British cinema. Princeton University Press. p. 231.
- ^ "'Cleo' Figures $2,250,000 from U.S. Market". Variety. 26 February 1947. p. 20. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^ Crowther, Bosley (24 December 1942). "'In Which We Serve,' Depicting Cruel Realities of This War, Is Presented at Capitol. Noel Coward Heads Cast". The New York Times.
- ^ "Variety review". January 1942.
- ^ "In Which We Serve". Criterion Collection.
Bibliography edit
- Hoare, Philip (1995). Noël Coward: A Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80937-0.
- Vermilye, Jerry (1978). The Great British Films. Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-0661-X.
External links edit
- In Which We Serve at Rotten Tomatoes
- In Which We Serve at the BFI's Screenonline
- In Which We Serve at IMDb
- In Which We Serve at AllMovie
- In Which We Serve at the TCM Movie Database
- In Which We Serve at Box Office Mojo
- "In Which We Serve: Battle Stations" an essay by Terrence Rafferty at the Criterion Collection
- In Which We Serve on Lux Radio Theater: 21 June 1943