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The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)

January 08, 2023

The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). An adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's fantasy novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the film was primarily directed by Victor Fleming (who left the production to take over the troubled Gone with the Wind), and stars Judy Garland, Frank Morgan, Ray Bolger, Bert Lahr, Jack Haley, Billie Burke, and Margaret Hamilton. Noel Langley, Florence Ryerson, and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay, while others made uncredited contributions. The music was composed by Harold Arlen and adapted by Herbert Stothart, with lyrics by Edgar "Yip" Harburg.

The Wizard of Oz
Theatrical release poster
Directed byVictor Fleming
Screenplay by
Story byNoel Langley[a]
Based onThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz
by L. Frank Baum
Produced byMervyn LeRoy
Starring
CinematographyHarold Rosson
Edited byBlanche Sewell
Music byHarold Arlen
Production
company
Distributed byLoew's, Inc.[1]
Release date
  • August 25, 1939 (1939-08-25)
Running time
101 minutes[2]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$2.8 million[3][4]
Box office$29.7 million

Characterized by its use of Technicolor, fantasy storytelling, musical score, and memorable characters, The Wizard of Oz was considered a critical success and was nominated for six Academy Awards including Best Picture, ultimately winning Best Original Song for "Over the Rainbow" and Best Original Score for Stothart. While the film was sufficiently popular at the box office, it failed to make a profit for MGM until its 1949 re-release, earning only $3 million on a $2.7 million budget, which made it MGM's most expensive production at that time.[3][5][6]

The 1956 television broadcast premiere of the film on CBS reintroduced the film to the public; according to the U.S. Library of Congress, it is the most seen film in movie history.[7][8] In 1989, it was selected by the Library of Congress as one of the first 25 films for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant";[9][10] it is also one of few films on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.[11] The film was ranked second in Variety's inaugural 100 Greatest Movies of All Time list published in 2022.[12] It was among the top ten in the 2005 BFI (British Film Institute) list of "50 films to be seen by the age of 14", and is on the BFI's updated list of "50 films to be seen by the age of 15" released in May 2020.[13] The Wizard of Oz has become the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture. The film frequently ranks on critics' lists of the greatest films of all time, and is the most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum's work.[7][14]

Plot

 
Garland as Dorothy Gale and Terry as Toto

Teenager Dorothy Gale lives on a Kansas farm owned by her Uncle Henry and Aunt Em. When Dorothy's dog Toto bites the wealthy Almira Gulch, Miss Gulch obtains a sheriff's order authorizing her to seize the dog to be euthanized. Toto escapes and returns to Dorothy, who runs away to protect him. Professor Marvel, a charlatan fortune-teller, tells Dorothy to go home because Aunt Em is heartbroken. Dorothy returns just as a tornado approaches the farm. Unable to get into the locked storm shelter, Dorothy takes cover in the farmhouse and is knocked unconscious by the violence of the storm. The tornado then lifts the house and drops it into an unknown land.

Dorothy awakens and is greeted by short people known as Munchkins, and a "good" witch named Glinda, who explains to Dorothy that she is in Munchkinland in the land of Oz. The Munchkins are celebrating because the house landed on the Wicked Witch of the East. Her sister, the Wicked Witch of the West, appears in a puff of smoke. Before she can seize her deceased sister's ruby slippers, Glinda magically transports them onto Dorothy's feet and tells her to keep them on, as they must be very powerful. Because the Wicked Witch has no power in Munchkinland, she leaves in another puff of smoke, but only after telling Dorothy, "I'll get you, my pretty, and your little dog too!" Glinda knows of only one person who might know how to help Dorothy return home: The Wizard of Oz. Dorothy is directed to follow a yellow brick road that goes to the Emerald City, the Wizard's home.

Along the way, she meets the Scarecrow, who wants a brain; the Tin Man, who wants a heart; and the Cowardly Lion, who wants courage. The foursome and Toto eventually reach the Emerald City, despite the best efforts of the Wicked Witch. Dorothy is initially denied an audience with the Wizard by his doorman. The doorman relents on hearing that they were sent by Glinda, and the four are led into the Wizard's chambers. The Wizard appears as a giant ghostly head and tells them he will grant their wishes if they bring him the Wicked Witch's broomstick.

During their quest, Dorothy and Toto are captured by flying monkeys and taken to the Wicked Witch, but the ruby slippers protect her. The Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion free Dorothy, but are pursued by the Witch and her guards. They are cornered by the Witch, who sets fire to the Scarecrow. When Dorothy throws a bucket of water onto the Scarecrow, she inadvertently splashes the Witch, which causes her to melt away.

The Witch's guards gratefully give Dorothy her broomstick. The four return to the Wizard, but he tells them to return tomorrow. When Toto pulls back a curtain, the Wizard is revealed to be just an ordinary man, operating machinery that projects the ghostly image of his face. The four travelers confront him, upon which he confesses that he, like Dorothy, accidentally arrived in Oz from America. He then "grants" the wishes of Dorothy's three friends by giving them tokens that symbolize that they always had the qualities they sought.

The Wizard offers to take Dorothy back to Kansas with him aboard his hot air balloon. However, after Toto jumps off and Dorothy goes after him, the balloon accidentally lifts off with just the Wizard aboard. Glinda reappears and tells Dorothy she always had the power to return to Kansas with the help of the ruby slippers, but had to find that out for herself. After sharing a tearful farewell with her friends, Dorothy heeds Glinda's instructions by tapping her heels three times and repeating the words, "There's no place like home." She is transported back to Kansas.

She awakens in her bed with a washcloth on her injured head and is attended to by her aunt, uncle and the farm hands. Professor Marvel stops by as Dorothy describes Oz, telling the farm hands and the Professor they were there too. (The actors who portrayed Marvel and the farmhands also played the characters in Oz.) Unfazed by their disbelief, Dorothy gratefully exclaims, "There's no place like home!"

Cast

 
Left to right: The Cowardly Lion, Dorothy, the Scarecrow, and the Tin Man

Production

Development

Production on the film began when Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) showed that films adapted from popular children's stories and fairytale folklore could still be successful.[18][19] In January 1938, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer bought the rights to L. Frank Baum’s hugely popular novel from Samuel Goldwyn. Goldwyn had toyed with the idea of making the film as a vehicle for Eddie Cantor, who was under contract to Samuel Goldwyn Productions and whom Goldwyn wanted to cast as the Scarecrow.[19]

The script went through several writers and revisions before the final shooting.[20] Mervyn LeRoy's assistant, William H. Cannon, had submitted a brief four-page outline.[20] Because recent fantasy films had not fared well, he recommended toning down or removing the magical elements of the story. In his outline, the Scarecrow was a man so stupid that the only employment open to him was literally scaring crows from cornfields. Also in his outline, the Tin Woodman was a criminal so heartless that he was sentenced to be placed in a tin suit for eternity. This torture softened him into somebody gentler and kinder.[20] Cannon's vision was similar to Larry Semon's 1925 film adaptation of the story, in which the magical elements are absent.

Afterward, LeRoy hired screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who soon delivered a 17-page draft of the Kansas scenes. A few weeks later, Mankiewicz delivered a further 56 pages. LeRoy also hired Noel Langley and poet Ogden Nash to write separate versions of the story. None of these three knew about the others, and this was not an uncommon procedure. Nash delivered a four-page outline; Langley turned in a 43-page treatment and a full film script. Langley then turned in three more scripts, this time incorporating the songs written by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg. Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf submitted a script and were brought on board to touch up the writing. They were asked to ensure that the story stayed true to Baum's book. However, producer Arthur Freed was unhappy with their work and reassigned it to Langley.[21] During filming, Victor Fleming and John Lee Mahin revised the script further, adding and cutting some scenes. Jack Haley and Bert Lahr are also known to have written some of their dialogue for the Kansas sequence.

They completed the final draft of the script on October 8, 1938, following numerous rewrites.[22] All in all, it was a mish-mash of many creative minds, but Langley, Ryerson, and Woolf got the credits. Along with these already mentioned, others who contributed to the adaptation without credit include Irving Brecher, Herbert Fields, Arthur Freed, Yip Harburg, Samuel Hoffenstein, Jack Mintz, Sid Silvers, Richard Thorpe, George Cukor and King Vidor.[19]

In addition, songwriter Harburg's son (and biographer) Ernie Harburg reported:

So anyhow, Yip also wrote all the dialogue in that time and the setup to the songs and he also wrote the part where they give out the heart, the brains, and the nerve, because he was the final script editor. And he – there was eleven screenwriters on that – and he pulled the whole thing together, wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence and unity which made it a work of art. But he doesn't get credit for that. He gets lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, you see. But nevertheless, he put his influence on the thing.[23]

The original producers thought that a 1939 audience was too sophisticated to accept Oz as a straight-ahead fantasy; therefore, it was reconceived as a lengthy, elaborate dream sequence. Because they perceived a need to attract a youthful audience by appealing to modern fads and styles, the score had featured a song called "The Jitterbug", and the script had featured a scene with a series of musical contests. A spoiled, selfish princess in Oz had outlawed all forms of music except classical music and operetta. The princess challenged Dorothy to a singing contest, in which Dorothy's swing style enchanted listeners and won the grand prize. This part was initially written for Betty Jaynes,[24] but was later dropped.

Another scene, which was removed before final script approval and never filmed, was an epilogue scene in Kansas after Dorothy's return. Hunk (the Kansan counterpart to the Scarecrow) is leaving for an agricultural college, and extracts a promise from Dorothy to write to him. The scene implies that romance will eventually develop between the two, which also may have been intended as an explanation for Dorothy's partiality for the Scarecrow over her other two companions. This plot idea was never totally dropped, but is especially noticeable in the final script when Dorothy, just before she is to leave Oz, tells the Scarecrow, "I think I'll miss you most of all."[25]

Much attention was given to the use of color in the production, with the MGM production crew favoring some hues over others. It took the studio's art department almost a week to settle on the shade of yellow used for the Yellow Brick Road.[26]

Casting

See also: Munchkin § 1939 film
 
Judy Garland as Dorothy

Several actresses were reportedly considered for the part of Dorothy, including Shirley Temple from 20th Century Fox, at the time, the most prominent child star; Deanna Durbin, a relative newcomer, with a recognised operatic voice; and Judy Garland, the most experienced of the three. Officially, the decision to cast Garland was attributed to contractual issues.

 
Ebsen's costume test as the Tin Man

Ray Bolger was originally cast as the Tin Man and Buddy Ebsen was to play the Scarecrow.[22] Bolger, however, longed to play the Scarecrow, as his childhood idol Fred Stone had done on stage in 1902; with that very performance, Stone had inspired him to become a vaudevillian in the first place. Now unhappy with his role as the Tin Man (reportedly claiming, "I'm not a tin performer; I'm fluid"), Bolger convinced producer Mervyn LeRoy to recast him in the part he so desired.[27] Ebsen did not object; after going over the basics of the Scarecrow's distinctive gait with Bolger (as a professional dancer, Ebsen had been cast because the studio was confident he would be up to the task of replicating the famous "wobbly-walk" of Stone's Scarecrow), he recorded all of his songs, went through all the rehearsals as the Tin Man and began filming with the rest of the cast.[28]

Bert Lahr was signed for the Cowardly Lion on July 25, 1938, and Charles Grapewin was cast as Uncle Henry on August 12.

W. C. Fields was originally chosen for the title role of the Wizard (after Ed Wynn turned it down, considering the part "too small"), but the studio ran out of patience after protracted haggling over Fields' fee. Wallace Beery lobbied for the role, but the studio refused to spare him during the long shooting schedule. Instead, another contract player, Frank Morgan, was cast on September 22.

Veteran vaudeville performer Pat Walshe was best known for his performance as various monkeys in many theater productions and circus shows. He was cast as Nikko, the head Winged Monkey, on September 28, traveling to MGM studios on October 3.

An extensive talent search produced over a hundred little people to play Munchkins; this meant that most of the film's Oz sequences would have to already be shot before work on the Munchkinland sequence could begin. According to Munchkin actor Jerry Maren, the little people were each paid over $125 a week (equivalent to $2,400 today). Meinhardt Raabe, who played the coroner, revealed in the 1990 documentary The Making of the Wizard of Oz that the MGM costume and wardrobe department, under the direction of designer Adrian, had to design over 100 costumes for the Munchkin sequences. They photographed and cataloged each Munchkin in their costume so they could consistently apply the same costume and makeup each day of production.

Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch of the West, but withdrew from the role when the witch's persona shifted from sly and glamorous (thought to emulate the Evil Queen in Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs) to the familiar "ugly hag".[29] She was replaced on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started, by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton. Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no regrets about turning down the part. Sondergaard would go on to play a glamorous feline villainess in Fox's version of Maurice Maeterlinck's The Blue Bird in 1940.[30] Hamilton played a role remarkably similar to the Wicked Witch in the Judy Garland film Babes in Arms (1939).

According to Aljean Harmetz, the "gone-to-seed" coat worn by Morgan as the Wizard was selected from a rack of coats purchased from a second-hand shop. According to legend, Morgan later discovered a label in the coat indicating it had once belonged to Baum, that Baum's widow confirmed this, and that the coat was eventually presented to her. But Baum biographer Michael Patrick Hearn says the Baum family denies ever seeing the coat or knowing of the story; Hamilton considered it a rumor concocted by the studio.[31]

Filming

Richard Thorpe as director

Filming for The Wizard of Oz started on October 13, 1938, on the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio lot in Culver City, California, with Richard Thorpe as director, replacing original director Norman Taurog, who filmed a few early Technicolor tests and was then reassigned. Thorpe initially shot about two weeks of footage, nine days in total, involving Dorothy's first encounter with the Scarecrow, and a number of sequences in the Wicked Witch's castle, such as Dorothy's rescue, which, though unreleased, includes the only footage of Buddy Ebsen's Tin Man.

Ebsen replaced by Haley

The production faced the challenge of creating the Tin Man's costume. Several tests were done to find the right makeup and clothes for Ebsen.[32] Ten days into the shoot, Ebsen suffered an allergic reaction to the aluminum powder makeup he wore, though he did recall taking a breath one night without suffering any immediate effects. He was hospitalized in critical condition and was subsequently forced to leave the project. In a later interview (included on the 2005 DVD release of The Wizard of Oz), he recalled that the studio heads appreciated the seriousness of his illness only after he was hospitalized. Filming halted while a replacement for him was sought.

No footage of Ebsen as the Tin Man has ever been released – only photos taken during filming and makeup tests. His replacement, Jack Haley, assumed Ebsen had been fired.[33] The makeup used for Haley was quietly changed to an aluminum paste, with a layer of clown white greasepaint underneath, in order to protect his skin. Although it did not have the same dire effect on Haley, he did at one point suffer an eye infection from it. To keep down on production costs, Haley only rerecorded "If I Only Had a Heart" and solo lines during "If I Only Had the Nerve" and the scrapped song "The Jitterbug"; as such, Ebsen's voice can still be heard in the remaining songs featuring the Tin Man in group vocals.

George Cukor's brief stint

LeRoy, after reviewing the footage and feeling Thorpe was rushing the production, adversely affecting the actors' performances, had Thorpe replaced. During reorganization on the production, George Cukor temporarily took over under LeRoy's guidance. Initially, the studio had made Garland wear a blond wig and heavy "baby-doll" makeup, and she played Dorothy in an exaggerated fashion. Cukor changed Garland's and Hamilton's makeup and costumes, and told Garland to "be herself". This meant that all the scenes Garland and Hamilton had already completed had to be reshot. Cukor also suggested the studio cast Jack Haley, on loan from Fox, as the Tin Man.[34]

Victor Fleming, the main director

Cukor did not shoot any scenes for the film, but acted merely as a creative advisor to the troubled production. His prior commitment to direct Gone with the Wind required him to leave on November 3, 1938, when Victor Fleming assumed directorial responsibility. As director, Fleming chose not to shift the film from Cukor's creative realignment, as producer LeRoy had already expressed his satisfaction with the film's new course.

Production on the bulk of the Technicolor sequences was a long and exhausting process that ran for over six months, from October 1938 to March 1939. Most of the cast worked six days a week and had to arrive as early as 4 a.m. to be fitted with makeup and costumes, and often did not leave until 7 pm or later. Cumbersome makeup and costumes were made even more uncomfortable by the daylight-bright lighting the early Technicolor process required, which could heat the set to over 100 °F (38 °C). Bolger later said that the frightening nature of the costumes prevented most of the Oz principals from eating in the studio commissary;[35] and the toxicity of Hamilton's copper-based makeup forced her to eat a liquid diet on shoot days.[36] It took as many as twelve takes to have Toto run alongside the actors as they skipped down the Yellow Brick Road.

All the Oz sequences were filmed in three-strip Technicolor.[19][20] The opening and closing credits, and the Kansas sequences, were filmed in black and white and colored in a sepia-tone process.[19] Sepia-tone film was also used in the scene where Aunt Em appears in the Wicked Witch's crystal ball. The film was not the first to use Technicolor, which was introduced in The Gulf Between (1917).

In Hamilton's exit from Munchkinland, a concealed elevator was installed to lower her below stage level, as fire and smoke erupted to dramatize and conceal her exit. The first take ran well, but on the second take, the burst of fire came too soon. The flames set fire to her green, copper-based face paint, causing third-degree burns to her hands and face. She spent three months recuperating before returning to work.[37] Her green makeup had usually been removed with acetone due to its toxic copper content. Because of Hamilton's burns, makeup artist Jack Young removed the makeup with alcohol to prevent infection.[38]

King Vidor's finishing work as director

On February 12, 1939, Fleming hastily replaced Cukor in directing Gone with the Wind. The next day, the studio assigned Fleming's friend, King Vidor, to finish directing The Wizard of Oz (mainly the early sepia-toned Kansas sequences, including Garland's singing of "Over the Rainbow" and the tornado). Although the film was a hit on its release, Vidor chose not to take public credit for his contribution until Fleming died in 1949.[citation needed]

Sexual harassment allegations and other abuse

Since the film has been released, credible stories have come out indicating that Judy Garland endured extensive abuse during and before filming from various parties involved.[39][40][41] The studio went to extreme lengths to change her appearance including binding her chest and giving her Benzedrine tablets to keep her weight down, along with uppers and downers that caused giggling fits. There were claims that various members of the cast pointed out her breasts and made other lewd comments. The director Victor Fleming slapped her during the Cowardly Lion's introduction scene when Garland could not stop laughing at Lahr's performance. Once the scene was done, Fleming, reportedly ashamed of himself, ordered the crew to punch him in the face. Garland, however, kissed him instead.[42][43] Claims have been made in memoirs that the frequently drunk actors portraying the Munchkins propositioned and pinched her.[44][45][41] There were also allegations that she was groped by Louis B. Mayer.[39][46]

Special effects, makeup and costumes

Arnold Gillespie, the film's special effects director, employed several techniques.[32] Developing the tornado scene was especially costly. Gillespie used muslin cloth to make the tornado flexible, after a previous attempt with rubber failed. He hung the 35 ft (11 m) of muslin from a steel gantry and connected the bottom to a rod. By moving the gantry and rod, he was able to create the illusion of a tornado moving across the stage. Fuller's earth was sprayed from both the top and bottom using compressed air hoses to complete the effect. Dorothy's house was recreated using a model.[47] Stock footage of this tornado was later recycled for a climactic scene in the 1943 musical film Cabin in the Sky, directed by Judy Garland's eventual second husband Vincente Minnelli.[48]

The Cowardly Lion and Scarecrow masks were made of foam latex makeup created by makeup artist Jack Dawn. Dawn was one of the first to use this technique.[49][50] It took an hour each day to slowly peel Bolger's glued-on mask from his face, a process that eventually left permanent lines around his mouth and chin.[38]

The Tin Man's costume was made of leather-covered buckram, and the oil used to grease his joints was made from chocolate syrup.[51] The Cowardly Lion's costume was made from real lion skin and fur.[52] For the "horse of a different color" scene, Jell-O powder was used to color the white horses.[53] Asbestos was used to achieve some of the special effects, such as the witch's burning broomstick and the fake snow that covers Dorothy as she sleeps in the field of poppies.[54][55]

Music

Main article: Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz
 
Herbert Stothart conducts the MGM Studio Orchestra for The Wizard of Oz, which was recorded at the MGM studios

The Wizard of Oz is famous for its musical selections and soundtrack. Its songs were composed by Harold Arlen, with lyrics by Yip Harburg. They won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Over the Rainbow". The song ranks first in the AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs and the Recording Industry Association of America's "365 Songs of the Century".

MGM composer Herbert Stothart, a well-known Hollywood composer and songwriter, won the Academy Award for Best Original Score.

Georgie Stoll was associate conductor, and screen credit was given to George Bassman, Murray Cutter, Ken Darby and Paul Marquardt for orchestral and vocal arrangements. (As usual, Roger Edens was also heavily involved as an unbilled musical associate to Freed.)

The songs were recorded in the studio's scoring stage before filming. Several of the recordings were completed while Ebsen was still with the cast. Although he had to be dropped from the cast because of a dangerous reaction to his aluminum powder makeup, his singing voice remained on the soundtrack (as mentioned in the notes for the CD Deluxe Edition). He can be heard in the group vocals of "We're Off to See the Wizard".

Bolger's original recording of "If I Only Had a Brain" was far more sedate than the version in the film. During filming, Cukor and LeRoy decided a more energetic rendition better suited Dorothy's initial meeting with the Scarecrow, and it was rerecorded. The original version was considered lost until a copy was discovered in 2009.[56]

Songs

  • "Over the Rainbow" – Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale
  • Munchkinland Sequence:
    • "Come Out  ..." – Billie Burke as Glinda, and the Munchkins
    • "It Really Was No Miracle" – Judy Garland as Dorothy, Billy Bletcher and the Munchkins
    • "We Thank You Very Sweetly" – Frank Cucksey and Joseph Koziel
    • "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" – Billie Burke as Glinda (speaking) and the Munchkins
    • "As Mayor of the Munchkin City"
    • "As Coroner, I Must Aver"
    • "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" (Reprise) – The Munchkins
    • "The Lullaby League"
    • "The Lollipop Guild"
    • "We Welcome You to Munchkinland" – The Munchkins
  • "Follow the Yellow Brick Road/You're Off to See the Wizard" – Judy Garland as Dorothy, and the Munchkins
  • "If I Only Had a Brain" – Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, and Judy Garland as Dorothy
  • "We're Off to See the Wizard" – Judy Garland as Dorothy, and Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow
  • "If I Only Had a Heart" – Jack Haley (originally Buddy Ebsen) as the Tin Man
  • "We're Off to See the Wizard" (Reprise 1) – Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, and Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man
  • "If I Only Had the Nerve" – Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion, Jack Haley as the Tin Man, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, and Judy Garland as Dorothy
  • "We're Off to See the Wizard" (Reprise 2) – Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man, and Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion
  • "Optimistic Voices" – MGM Studio Chorus
  • "The Merry Old Land of Oz" – Frank Morgan as Cabby, Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as Scarecrow, Jack Haley as the Tin Man, Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion and the Emerald City townspeople
  • "If I Were King of the Forest" – Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion, Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Jack Haley as the Tin Man
  • "The Jitterbug" – Although this song was removed from the final film, it is still available on some extended edition CDs.[57]

Deleted songs

 
Lobby card with still of deleted musical number "Hail! Hail! The Witch Is Dead!", sung upon the return to the Emerald City

Some musical pieces were filmed and deleted later, in the editing process.

The song "The Jitterbug", written in a swing style, was intended for a sequence where the group journeys to the Witch's castle. Owing to time constraints, it was cut from the final theatrical version. The film footage of the song has been lost, although silent home-film footage of rehearsals has survived. The audio recording of the song was preserved, and was included in the two-CD Rhino Records deluxe edition of the soundtrack, as well as on the film's VHS and DVD editions. A reference to "The Jitterbug" remains in the film: The Witch tells her flying monkeys that they should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because "I've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them."

Another musical number cut before release came right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard. This was a reprise of "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" (blended with "We're Off to See the Wizard" and "The Merry Old Land of Oz") with the lyrics altered to "Hail! Hail! The witch is dead!" This started with the Witch's guard saying "Hail to Dorothy! The Wicked Witch is dead!" and dissolved to a huge celebration by the citizens of the Emerald City, who sang the song as they accompanied Dorothy and her friends to the Wizard. Today, the film of this scene is also lost, and only a few stills survive, along with a few seconds of footage used on several reissue trailers. The entire audio track was preserved and is included on the two-CD Rhino Record "deluxe" soundtrack edition.[58]

Garland was to sing a brief reprise of "Over the Rainbow" while Dorothy was trapped in the Witch's castle, but it was cut because it was considered too emotionally intense. The original soundtrack recording still exists, and was included as an extra in all home media releases from 1993 onward.[59]

Underscoring

Extensive edits in the film's final cut removed vocals from the last portion of the film. However, the film was fully underscored, with instrumental snippets from the film's various leitmotifs throughout. There was also some recognizable classical and popular music, including:

  • Excerpts from Schumann's "The Happy Farmer", at several points early in the film, including the opening scene when Dorothy and Toto hurry home after their encounter with Miss Gulch; when Toto escapes from her; and when the house "rides" the tornado.
  • An excerpt of Mendelssohn's "Opus 16, #2", when Toto escapes from the Witch's castle.
  • An excerpt of Mussorgsky's "Night on Bald Mountain", when Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man and the Cowardly Lion try to escape from the Witch's castle.
  • "In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree", when Dorothy and the Scarecrow discover the anthropomorphic apple trees.
  • "Gaudeamus Igitur", as the Wizard presents awards to the group.
  • "Home! Sweet Home!", in part of the closing scene, at Dorothy's house in Kansas.

(This list is excerpted from the liner notes of the Rhino Records collection.)

Post-production

Principal photography concluded with the Kansas sequences on March 16, 1939. Reshoots and pickup shots were done through April and May and into June, under the direction of producer LeRoy. When the "Over the Rainbow" reprise was revived after subsequent test screenings in early June, Garland had to be brought back to reshoot the "Auntie Em, I'm frightened!" scene without the song. The footage of Blandick's Aunt Em, as shot by Vidor, had already been set aside for rear-projection work, and was reused.

After Hamilton's torturous experience with the Munchkinland elevator, she refused to do the pickups for the scene where she flies on a broomstick that billows smoke, so LeRoy had stunt double Betty Danko perform instead. Danko was severely injured when the smoke mechanism malfunctioned.[60]

At this point, the film began a long, arduous post-production. Herbert Stothart composed the film's background score, while A. Arnold Gillespie perfected the special effects, including many of the rear-projection shots. The MGM art department created matte paintings for many scene backgrounds.

A significant innovation planned for the film was the use of stencil printing for the transition to Technicolor. Each frame was to be hand-tinted to maintain the sepia tone. However, it was abandoned because it was too expensive and labor-intensive, and MGM used a simpler, less expensive technique: During the May reshoots, the inside of the farmhouse was painted sepia, and when Dorothy opens the door, it is not Garland, but her stand-in, Bobbie Koshay, wearing a sepia gingham dress, who then backs out of frame. Once the camera moves through the door, Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress (as noted in DVD extras), and the sepia-painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house's shadow, into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting. This also meant that the reshoots provided the first proper shot of Munchkinland. If one looks carefully, the brief cut to Dorothy looking around outside the house bisects a single long shot, from the inside of the doorway to the pan-around that finally ends in a reverse-angle as the ruins of the house are seen behind Dorothy and she comes to a stop at the foot of the small bridge.

Test screenings of the film began on June 5, 1939.[61] Oz initially ran nearly two hours long. In 1939, the average film ran for about 90 minutes. LeRoy and Fleming knew they needed to cut at least 15 minutes to get the film down to a manageable running time. Three sneak previews in San Bernardino, Pomona and San Luis Obispo, California, guided LeRoy and Fleming in the cutting. Among the many cuts were "The Jitterbug" number, the Scarecrow's elaborate dance sequence following "If I Only Had a Brain", reprises of "Over the Rainbow" and "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead", and a number of smaller dialogue sequences. This left the final, mostly serious portion of the film with no songs, only the dramatic underscoring.

"Over the Rainbow" was almost deleted. MGM felt that it made the Kansas sequence too long, as well as being far over the heads of the target audience of children. The studio also thought that it was degrading for Garland to sing in a barnyard. LeRoy, uncredited associate producer Arthur Freed and director Fleming fought to keep it in, and they eventually won. The song went on to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and came to be identified so strongly with Garland herself that she made it her signature song.

After the preview in San Luis Obispo in early July, the film was officially released in August 1939 at its current 101-minute running time.

Release

Original theatrical run

 
A memorial commemorating the film's world premiere at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, on August 12, 1939

The film premiered at the Orpheum Theatre in Green Bay, Wisconsin on August 10, 1939.[62] The first sneak preview was held in San Bernardino, California.[63] The film was previewed in three test markets: in Kenosha, Wisconsin and Dennis, Massachusetts on August 11, 1939,[64][65] and at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, on August 12.[66]

The Hollywood premiere was on August 15, 1939,[65] at Grauman's Chinese Theatre.[67] The New York City premiere, held at Loew's Capitol Theatre on August 17, 1939, was followed by a live performance with Garland and her frequent film co-star Mickey Rooney. They continued to perform there after each screening for a week. Garland extended her appearance for two more weeks, partnered with Rooney for a second week and with Oz co-stars Ray Bolger and Bert Lahr for the third and final week. The film opened nationwide on August 25, 1939.

Television

Main article: The Wizard of Oz on television

MGM sold CBS the rights to televise the film for $225,000 (equivalent to $1.74 million in 2021) per broadcast.[68] It was first shown on television on November 3, 1956, as the last installment of the Ford Star Jubilee.[69] It was a ratings success, with a Nielsen rating of 33.9 and an audience share of 53%.[70]

It was repeated on December 13, 1959, and gained an even larger television audience, with a Nielsen rating of 36.5 and an audience share of 58%.[70] It became an annual television tradition.

Home media

On October 25, 1980, the film was released on videocassette (in both VHS and Betamax format) by MGM/CBS Home Video.[71] All current home video releases are by Warner Home Video (via current rights holder Turner Entertainment).

The film's first LaserDisc release was in 1983. In 1989, there were two releases for the 50th anniversary, one from Turner and one from The Criterion Collection, with a commentary track. LaserDiscs came out in 1991 and 1993, and the final LaserDisc was released September 11, 1996.[72]

The film was released on the CED format once, in 1982, by MGM/UA Home Video.[73] It has also been released multiple times outside of the North American and European markets, in Asia, in the Video CD format.

The first DVD release was on March 26, 1997, by MGM/Turner. It contained no special features or supplements. On October 19, 1999, The Wizard of Oz was re-released by Warner Bros. to celebrate the film's 60th anniversary, with its soundtrack presented in a new 5.1 surround sound mix. The DVD also contained a behind-the-scenes documentary, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic, produced in 1990 and hosted by Angela Lansbury, which was originally shown on television immediately following the 1990 telecast of the film. It had been featured in the 1993 "Ultimate Oz" LaserDisc release. Outtakes, the deleted "Jitterbug" musical number, clips of pre-1939 Oz adaptations, trailers, newsreels, and a portrait gallery were also included, as well as two radio programs of the era publicizing the film.

In 2005, two DVD editions were released, both featuring a newly restored version of the film with an audio commentary and an isolated music and effects track. One of the two DVD releases was a "Two-Disc Special Edition", featuring production documentaries, trailers, outtakes, newsreels, radio shows and still galleries. The other set, a "Three-Disc Collector's Edition", included these features, as well as the digitally restored 80th-anniversary edition of the 1925 feature-length silent film version of The Wizard of Oz, other silent Oz adaptations and a 1933 animated short version.

The film was released on Blu-ray on September 29, 2009, for its 70th anniversary, in a four-disc "Ultimate Collector's Edition", including all the bonus features from the 2005 Collector's Edition DVD, new bonus features about Victor Fleming and the surviving Munchkins, the telefilm The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story, and the miniseries MGM: When the Lion Roars. For this edition, Warner Bros. commissioned a new transfer from the original negatives at 8K resolution. The restoration job was given to Prime Focus World.[74] This restored version also features a lossless 5.1 Dolby TrueHD audio track.[75]

On December 1, 2009,[76] three Blu-ray discs of the Ultimate Collector's Edition were repackaged as a less expensive "Emerald Edition". An Emerald Edition four-disc DVD arrived the following week. A single-disc Blu-ray, containing the restored movie and all the extra features of the two-disc Special Edition DVD, became available on March 16, 2010.[77]

In 2013, the film was re-released on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and UltraViolet for the 90th anniversary of Warner Bros. and the 75th anniversary of the film.[78][79]

Many special editions were released in celebration of the film's 75th anniversary in 2013, including one exclusively by Best Buy (a SteelBook of the 3D Blu-ray) and another by Target stores that came with a keepsake lunch bag.[80][81]

The film was issued on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on October 29, 2019, featuring both a Dolby Vision and an HDR10+ grading from an 8K transfer.[82]

Re-releases

 
This lobby card for the 1955 re-release carried a contemporary image of Garland.

Although the 1949 re-issue used sepia tone, as in the original film, beginning with the 1955 re-issue, and continuing until the film's 50th anniversary VHS release in 1989, the opening Kansas sequences were shown in black and white instead of the sepia tone as originally printed. (This includes television showings.)[83]

The MGM "Children's Matinees" series re-released the film twice, in both 1970 and 1971.[84] It was for this release that the film received a G rating from the MPAA.

For the film's 60th anniversary, Warner Bros. released a "Special Edition" on November 6, 1998, digitally restored with remastered audio.

In 2002, the film had a very limited re-release in U.S. theaters, earning only $139,905.[85]

On September 23, 2009, the film was re-released in select theaters for a one-night-only event in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month. An encore of this event took place in theaters on November 17, 2009.[86]

 
Poster for the 2013 IMAX 3D re-release, as part of the film's 75th anniversary

An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20, 2013, as part of the film's 75th anniversary.[78] Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising. The studio hosted a premiere of the film's first IMAX 3D release on September 15, 2013, in Hollywood at the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre (formerly Grauman's Chinese Theatre, the site of the film's Hollywood premiere). It was the first motion picture to play at the new theater and served as the grand opening of Hollywood's first 3D IMAX screen. It was also shown as a special presentation at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.[87] This re-release grossed $5.6 million at the North American box office.[88]

In 2013, in preparation for its IMAX 3D release, the film was submitted to the MPAA for re-classification. According to MPAA rules, a film that has been altered in any way from its original version must be submitted for re-classification, and the 3-D conversion fell within that guideline. Surprisingly, the 3D version received a PG rating for "Some scary moments", although no change was made to the film's original story content. The 2D version still retains its G rating.[89]

The film was re-released on January 11 and 14, 2015, as part of the "TCM Presents" series by Turner Classic Movies.[90]

The film was re-released by Fathom Events on January 27, 29, 30, 2019, and February 3 and 5, 2019, as part of its 80th anniversary. It also had a one-week theatrical engagement in Dolby Cinema on October 25, 2019, to commemorate the anniversary.[91]

The film returned to theaters on June 5 and 6, 2022 to celebrate Judy Garland's 100th birthday.[92]

Reception

Critical response

The Wizard of Oz received widespread acclaim upon its release. Writing for The New York Times, Frank Nugent considered the film a "delightful piece of wonder-working which had the youngsters' eyes shining and brought a quietly amused gleam to the wiser ones of the oldsters. Not since Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has anything quite so fantastic succeeded half so well."[93] Nugent had issues with some of the film's special effects:

with the best of will and ingenuity, they cannot make a Munchkin or a Flying Monkey that will not still suggest, however vaguely, a Singer's Midget in a Jack Dawn masquerade. Nor can they, without a few betraying jolts and split-screen overlappings, bring down from the sky the great soap bubble in which Glinda rides and roll it smoothly into place.[93]

According to Nugent, "Judy Garland's Dorothy is a pert and fresh-faced miss with the wonder-lit eyes of a believer in fairy tales, but the Baum fantasy is at its best when the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Lion are on the move."[93]

Writing in Variety, John C. Flinn predicted that the film was "likely to perform some record-breaking feats of box-office magic," noting, "Some of the scenic passages are so beautiful in design and composition as to stir audiences by their sheer unfoldment." He also called Garland "an appealing figure" and the musical numbers "gay and bright."[94]

Harrison's Reports wrote, "Even though some persons are not interested in pictures of this type, it is possible that they will be eager to see this picture just for its technical treatment. The performances are good, and the incidental music is of considerable aid. Pictures of this caliber bring credit to the industry."[95]

Film Daily wrote:

Leo the Lion is privileged to herald this one with his deepest roar—the one that comes from way down—for seldom if indeed ever has the screen been so successful in its approach to fantasy and extravaganza through flesh-and-blood... handsomely mounted fairy story in Technicolor, with its wealth of humor and homespun philosophy, its stimulus to the imagination, its procession of unforgettable settings, its studding of merry tunes should click solidly at the box-office.[96]

Some reviews were less positive. Some moviegoers felt that the 16-year-old Garland was slightly too old to play the little girl who Baum intended his Dorothy to be. Russell Maloney of The New Yorker wrote that the film displayed "no trace of imagination, good taste, or ingenuity" and declared it "a stinkeroo",[97] while Otis Ferguson of The New Republic wrote: "It has dwarfs, music, Technicolor, freak characters, and Judy Garland. It can't be expected to have a sense of humor, as well – and as for the light touch of fantasy, it weighs like a pound of fruitcake soaking wet."[98] Still, the film placed seventh on Film Daily's year-end nationwide poll of 542 critics naming the best films of 1939.[99]

Box office

According to MGM records, during the film's initial release, it earned $2,048,000 in the U.S. and $969,000 in other countries throughout the world, for total earnings of $3,017,000. However, its high production cost, plus the costs of marketing, distribution, and other services, resulted in a loss of $1,145,000 for the studio.[3] It did not show what MGM considered a profit until a 1949 re-release earned an additional $1.5 million (about $14 million in 2021). Christopher Finch, author of the Judy Garland biography Rainbow: The Stormy Life of Judy Garland, wrote: "Fantasy is always a risk at the box office. The film had been enormously successful as a book, and it had also been a major stage hit, but previous attempts to bring it to the screen had been dismal failures." He also wrote that after the film's success, Garland signed a new contract with MGM giving her a substantial increase in salary, making her one of the top ten box-office stars in the United States.[100]

The film was also re-released domestically in 1955. Subsequent re-releases between 1989 and 2019 have grossed $25,173,032 worldwide,[4] for a total worldwide gross of $29,690,032.

Legacy

Roger Ebert chose it as one of his Great Films, writing that "The Wizard of Oz has a wonderful surface of comedy and music, special effects and excitement, but we still watch it six decades later because its underlying story penetrates straight to the deepest insecurities of childhood, stirs them and then reassures them."[101]

 
Dorothy in Munchkinland

In his 1992 critique of the film for the British Film Institute, author Salman Rushdie acknowledged its effect on him, noting "The Wizard of Oz was my very first literary influence".[102] In "Step Across This Line", he wrote: "When I first saw The Wizard of Oz, it made a writer of me."[103] His first short story, written at the age of 10, was titled "Over the Rainbow".[103]

In a 2009 retrospective article about the film, San Francisco Chronicle film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared:

“...the entire Munchkinland sequence, from Dorothy's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road, has to be one of the greatest in cinema history – a masterpiece of set design, costuming, choreography, music, lyrics, storytelling, and sheer imagination."[104]

On the film review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, The Wizard of Oz has a 98% rating based on 160 reviews, with an average score of 9.5/10. Its critical consensus reads, "An absolute masterpiece whose groundbreaking visuals and deft storytelling are still every bit as resonant, The Wizard of Oz is a must-see film for young and old."[105] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film received a score of 92 out of 100, based on 30 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[106]

Accolades and honors

Academy Awards

Award Date of ceremony Category Nominee(s) Result Ref.
Academy Awards February 29, 1940 Outstanding Production Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Nominated [107]
Best Art Direction Cedric Gibbons and William A. Horning Nominated
Best Original Score Herbert Stothart Won
Best Original Song "Over the Rainbow"
Music by Harold Arlen;
Lyrics by E.Y. Harburg 		Won
Best Special Effects A. Arnold Gillespie and Douglas Shearer Nominated
Academy Juvenile Award Judy Garland
For her outstanding performance as a screen juvenile during the past year.
(She was jointly awarded for her performances in Babes in Arms and The Wizard of Oz). 		Honorary

American Film Institute lists

The American Film Institute (AFI) has compiled various lists which include this film or its elements.

Other honors

Sequels and reinterpretations

Main article: Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz

An official 1972 sequel, the animated Journey Back to Oz, featuring the voice of Judy Garland's daughter Liza Minnelli was produced to commemorate the original film's 35th anniversary.[121]

In 1975, a comic book adaptation of the film titled MGM's Marvelous Wizard of Oz was released. It was the first co-production between DC Comics and Marvel Comics. Marvel planned a series of sequels based on the subsequent novels. The first, The Marvelous Land of Oz, was published later that year. The next, The Marvelous Ozma of Oz was expected to be released the following year but never came to be.[122]

In 1985, Walt Disney Productions released the live-action fantasy film Return to Oz, starring Fairuza Balk in her film debut as a young Dorothy Gale[123] and based on The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) and Ozma of Oz (1907). With a darker story, it fared poorly with critics unfamiliar with the Oz books and was not successful at the box office, although it has since become a popular cult film, with many considering it a more loyal and faithful adaptation of what L. Frank Baum envisioned.[124][125]

The Broadway musical Wicked premiered in 2003, and is based on the film and original novel. It has since gone on to become the second-highest grossing Broadway musical of all time, and won three Tony Awards, seven Drama Desk Awards, and a Grammy Award. A film adaptation of the musical, directed by Jon M. Chu, has been in development at Universal Pictures since 2004.

Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice produced a stage musical of the same name, which opened in 2011 at the West End's London Palladium.

An animated film called Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz was released in 2011 by Warner Home Video, incorporating Tom and Jerry into the story as Dorothy's "protectors".[126] A sequel titled Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21, 2016.[127]

In 2013, Walt Disney Pictures released a "spiritual prequel" titled Oz the Great and Powerful. It was directed by Sam Raimi and starred James Franco, Mila Kunis, Rachel Weisz and Michelle Williams. It was the second film based on Baum's Oz series to be produced by Disney, after Return to Oz. It was a commercial success but received a mixed reception from critics.[128][129]

In 2014, independent film company Clarius Entertainment released a big-budget animated musical film, Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return,[130] which follows Dorothy's second trip to Oz. The film fared poorly at the box office and was received negatively by critics, largely for its plot and unmemorable musical numbers.

In February 2021, New Line Cinema, Temple Hill Entertainment and Wicked producer Marc Platt announced that a new film version of the original book is in the works with Watchmen's Nicole Kassell slated to direct the reimagining, which will have the option to include elements from the 1939 film.[131] In August 2022 it was announced that Kenya Barris would write and direct a modern remake.[132][133]

Cultural impact

According to the US Library of Congress exhibition The Wizard of Oz: an American Fairy Tale (2010):[134]

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is America's greatest and best-loved home-grown fairytale. The first totally American fantasy for children, it is one of the most-read children's books ... Despite its many particularly American attributes, including a wizard from Omaha, [the 1939 film adaptation] has universal appeal...[135] Because of its many television showings between 1956 and 1974, it has been seen by more viewers than any other movie”.[8]

In 1977, Aljean Harmetz wrote The Making of The Wizard of Oz, a detailed description of the creation of the film based on interviews and research; it was updated in 1989.[136]

Ruby slippers

 
An original pair of the ruby slippers on display at the Smithsonian Institution

Because of their iconic stature,[137] the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in the film are now among the most treasured and valuable film memorabilia in movie history.[138] Dorothy actually wore Silver Shoes in the book series, but the color was changed to ruby to take advantage of the new Technicolor process. Adrian, MGM's chief costume designer, was responsible for the final design. Five known pairs of the slippers exist.[139] Another, differently styled pair, not used in the film, was sold at auction by actress Debbie Reynolds for $510,000 (not including the buyer's premium) in June 2011.[140]

Dorothy's dress and other costumes

In July 2021, Catholic University of America reported that a dress worn by Dorothy, believed to have been given to Rev. Gilbert Hartke by Mercedes McCambridge as a gift in 1973, was found in the university's Hartke Building after being missing for many years. The university said an expert on the movie's memorabilia at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History said five other dresses apparently worn by Judy Garland were "probably authentic". The dress found at the university had characteristics shared by the other five, including a "secret pocket" for Dorothy's handkerchief, and Garland's name written in a specific style. The university said the dress would be stored in Special Collections.

Another of the dresses sold at auction in 2015 for nearly $1.6 million.[141] Many other costumes have fetched six-figure prices as memorabilia. See List of film memorabilia.

Theme park attractions

The Wizard of Oz has a presence at the Disney Parks and Resorts. The film had its own scene at The Great Movie Ride at Disney Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World Resort, and is also represented in miniature at Disneyland and at Disneyland Paris as part of the Storybook Land Canal Boats attraction in Fantasyland.[142][143]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ credited as "Adaptation by"
  2. ^ Credited as Toto

References

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Bibliography

Further reading

  • Burger, Alissa (November 29, 2022). "The Wizard of Oz". Cinema and Media Studies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199791286-0360. ISBN 978-0-19-979128-6.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wizard of Oz (film).
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to The Wizard of Oz.
  • The Wizard of Oz essay [1] by Peter Keough at National Film Registry
  • The Wizard of Oz essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 ISBN 0826429777, pages 292-293 America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry
  • Official website  
  • The Wizard of Oz at IMDb
  • The Wizard of Oz at the American Film Institute Catalog
  • The Wizard of Oz at AllMovie
  • The Wizard of Oz at the TCM Movie Database
  • The Wizard of Oz at Box Office Mojo
  • The Wizard of Oz at Rotten Tomatoes
  • Finding aid author: John N. Gillespie (2013). "The Wizard of Oz recordings and recording logs". Prepared for the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Provo, UT.
  • The Wizard of Oz on Lux Radio Theater: December 25, 1950
  • Character drawings for The Wizard of Oz, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

January 08, 2023
wizard, 1939, film, wizard, 1939, american, musical, fantasy, film, produced, metro, goldwyn, mayer, adaptation, frank, baum, 1900, children, fantasy, novel, wonderful, wizard, film, primarily, directed, victor, fleming, left, production, take, over, troubled,. The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro Goldwyn Mayer MGM An adaptation of L Frank Baum s 1900 children s fantasy novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz the film was primarily directed by Victor Fleming who left the production to take over the troubled Gone with the Wind and stars Judy Garland Frank Morgan Ray Bolger Bert Lahr Jack Haley Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton Noel Langley Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay while others made uncredited contributions The music was composed by Harold Arlen and adapted by Herbert Stothart with lyrics by Edgar Yip Harburg The Wizard of OzTheatrical release posterDirected byVictor FlemingScreenplay byNoel Langley Florence Ryerson Edgar Allan WoolfStory byNoel Langley a Based onThe Wonderful Wizard of Ozby L Frank BaumProduced byMervyn LeRoyStarringJudy Garland Frank Morgan Ray Bolger Bert Lahr Jack Haley Billie Burke Margaret Hamilton Charley Grapewin The MunchkinsCinematographyHarold RossonEdited byBlanche SewellMusic byHarold ArlenProductioncompanyMetro Goldwyn MayerDistributed byLoew s Inc 1 Release dateAugust 25 1939 1939 08 25 Running time101 minutes 2 CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget 2 8 million 3 4 Box office 29 7 millionCharacterized by its use of Technicolor fantasy storytelling musical score and memorable characters The Wizard of Oz was considered a critical success and was nominated for six Academy Awards including Best Picture ultimately winning Best Original Song for Over the Rainbow and Best Original Score for Stothart While the film was sufficiently popular at the box office it failed to make a profit for MGM until its 1949 re release earning only 3 million on a 2 7 million budget which made it MGM s most expensive production at that time 3 5 6 The 1956 television broadcast premiere of the film on CBS reintroduced the film to the public according to the U S Library of Congress it is the most seen film in movie history 7 8 In 1989 it was selected by the Library of Congress as one of the first 25 films for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being culturally historically or aesthetically significant 9 10 it is also one of few films on UNESCO s Memory of the World Register 11 The film was ranked second in Variety s inaugural 100 Greatest Movies of All Time list published in 2022 12 It was among the top ten in the 2005 BFI British Film Institute list of 50 films to be seen by the age of 14 and is on the BFI s updated list of 50 films to be seen by the age of 15 released in May 2020 13 The Wizard of Oz has become the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture The film frequently ranks on critics lists of the greatest films of all time and is the most commercially successful adaptation of L Frank Baum s work 7 14 Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3 1 Development 3 2 Casting 3 3 Filming 3 3 1 Richard Thorpe as director 3 3 2 Ebsen replaced by Haley 3 3 3 George Cukor s brief stint 3 3 4 Victor Fleming the main director 3 3 5 King Vidor s finishing work as director 3 3 6 Sexual harassment allegations and other abuse 4 Special effects makeup and costumes 5 Music 5 1 Songs 5 2 Deleted songs 5 3 Underscoring 6 Post production 7 Release 7 1 Original theatrical run 7 2 Television 7 3 Home media 7 4 Re releases 8 Reception 8 1 Critical response 8 2 Box office 8 3 Legacy 8 4 Accolades and honors 8 4 1 Academy Awards 8 4 2 American Film Institute lists 8 4 3 Other honors 9 Sequels and reinterpretations 10 Cultural impact 10 1 Ruby slippers 10 2 Dorothy s dress and other costumes 10 3 Theme park attractions 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External linksPlot Edit Garland as Dorothy Gale and Terry as Toto Teenager Dorothy Gale lives on a Kansas farm owned by her Uncle Henry and Aunt Em When Dorothy s dog Toto bites the wealthy Almira Gulch Miss Gulch obtains a sheriff s order authorizing her to seize the dog to be euthanized Toto escapes and returns to Dorothy who runs away to protect him Professor Marvel a charlatan fortune teller tells Dorothy to go home because Aunt Em is heartbroken Dorothy returns just as a tornado approaches the farm Unable to get into the locked storm shelter Dorothy takes cover in the farmhouse and is knocked unconscious by the violence of the storm The tornado then lifts the house and drops it into an unknown land Dorothy awakens and is greeted by short people known as Munchkins and a good witch named Glinda who explains to Dorothy that she is in Munchkinland in the land of Oz The Munchkins are celebrating because the house landed on the Wicked Witch of the East Her sister the Wicked Witch of the West appears in a puff of smoke Before she can seize her deceased sister s ruby slippers Glinda magically transports them onto Dorothy s feet and tells her to keep them on as they must be very powerful Because the Wicked Witch has no power in Munchkinland she leaves in another puff of smoke but only after telling Dorothy I ll get you my pretty and your little dog too Glinda knows of only one person who might know how to help Dorothy return home The Wizard of Oz Dorothy is directed to follow a yellow brick road that goes to the Emerald City the Wizard s home Along the way she meets the Scarecrow who wants a brain the Tin Man who wants a heart and the Cowardly Lion who wants courage The foursome and Toto eventually reach the Emerald City despite the best efforts of the Wicked Witch Dorothy is initially denied an audience with the Wizard by his doorman The doorman relents on hearing that they were sent by Glinda and the four are led into the Wizard s chambers The Wizard appears as a giant ghostly head and tells them he will grant their wishes if they bring him the Wicked Witch s broomstick During their quest Dorothy and Toto are captured by flying monkeys and taken to the Wicked Witch but the ruby slippers protect her The Scarecrow Tin Man and Cowardly Lion free Dorothy but are pursued by the Witch and her guards They are cornered by the Witch who sets fire to the Scarecrow When Dorothy throws a bucket of water onto the Scarecrow she inadvertently splashes the Witch which causes her to melt away The Witch s guards gratefully give Dorothy her broomstick The four return to the Wizard but he tells them to return tomorrow When Toto pulls back a curtain the Wizard is revealed to be just an ordinary man operating machinery that projects the ghostly image of his face The four travelers confront him upon which he confesses that he like Dorothy accidentally arrived in Oz from America He then grants the wishes of Dorothy s three friends by giving them tokens that symbolize that they always had the qualities they sought The Wizard offers to take Dorothy back to Kansas with him aboard his hot air balloon However after Toto jumps off and Dorothy goes after him the balloon accidentally lifts off with just the Wizard aboard Glinda reappears and tells Dorothy she always had the power to return to Kansas with the help of the ruby slippers but had to find that out for herself After sharing a tearful farewell with her friends Dorothy heeds Glinda s instructions by tapping her heels three times and repeating the words There s no place like home She is transported back to Kansas She awakens in her bed with a washcloth on her injured head and is attended to by her aunt uncle and the farm hands Professor Marvel stops by as Dorothy describes Oz telling the farm hands and the Professor they were there too The actors who portrayed Marvel and the farmhands also played the characters in Oz Unfazed by their disbelief Dorothy gratefully exclaims There s no place like home Cast Edit Left to right The Cowardly Lion Dorothy the Scarecrow and the Tin Man Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale Frank Morgan as Professor Marvel also the Wizard of Oz Gatekeeper Carriage Driver Guard Ray Bolger as Hunk also the Scarecrow Bert Lahr as Zeke also the Cowardly Lion Jack Haley as Hickory also the Tin Man Billie Burke as Glinda Margaret Hamilton as Almira Gulch also the Wicked Witch of the West Charley Grapewin as Uncle Henry Pat Walshe as Nikko Clara Blandick as Auntie Em Terry as Toto b The Singer Midgets as The Munchkins For a list of all the Munchkin actors actresses in the film see Munchkin Actors and actresses Mitchell Lewis as the Winkie Guard Captain uncredited 15 Adriana Caselotti as the voice of Juliet in the Tin Man s song If I Only Had a Heart uncredited 16 Candy Candido as the voice of the Angry Apple Tree uncredited 17 Production EditDevelopment Edit Production on the film began when Walt Disney s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1937 showed that films adapted from popular children s stories and fairytale folklore could still be successful 18 19 In January 1938 Metro Goldwyn Mayer bought the rights to L Frank Baum s hugely popular novel from Samuel Goldwyn Goldwyn had toyed with the idea of making the film as a vehicle for Eddie Cantor who was under contract to Samuel Goldwyn Productions and whom Goldwyn wanted to cast as the Scarecrow 19 The script went through several writers and revisions before the final shooting 20 Mervyn LeRoy s assistant William H Cannon had submitted a brief four page outline 20 Because recent fantasy films had not fared well he recommended toning down or removing the magical elements of the story In his outline the Scarecrow was a man so stupid that the only employment open to him was literally scaring crows from cornfields Also in his outline the Tin Woodman was a criminal so heartless that he was sentenced to be placed in a tin suit for eternity This torture softened him into somebody gentler and kinder 20 Cannon s vision was similar to Larry Semon s 1925 film adaptation of the story in which the magical elements are absent Afterward LeRoy hired screenwriter Herman J Mankiewicz who soon delivered a 17 page draft of the Kansas scenes A few weeks later Mankiewicz delivered a further 56 pages LeRoy also hired Noel Langley and poet Ogden Nash to write separate versions of the story None of these three knew about the others and this was not an uncommon procedure Nash delivered a four page outline Langley turned in a 43 page treatment and a full film script Langley then turned in three more scripts this time incorporating the songs written by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf submitted a script and were brought on board to touch up the writing They were asked to ensure that the story stayed true to Baum s book However producer Arthur Freed was unhappy with their work and reassigned it to Langley 21 During filming Victor Fleming and John Lee Mahin revised the script further adding and cutting some scenes Jack Haley and Bert Lahr are also known to have written some of their dialogue for the Kansas sequence They completed the final draft of the script on October 8 1938 following numerous rewrites 22 All in all it was a mish mash of many creative minds but Langley Ryerson and Woolf got the credits Along with these already mentioned others who contributed to the adaptation without credit include Irving Brecher Herbert Fields Arthur Freed Yip Harburg Samuel Hoffenstein Jack Mintz Sid Silvers Richard Thorpe George Cukor and King Vidor 19 In addition songwriter Harburg s son and biographer Ernie Harburg reported So anyhow Yip also wrote all the dialogue in that time and the setup to the songs and he also wrote the part where they give out the heart the brains and the nerve because he was the final script editor And he there was eleven screenwriters on that and he pulled the whole thing together wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence and unity which made it a work of art But he doesn t get credit for that He gets lyrics by E Y Harburg you see But nevertheless he put his influence on the thing 23 The original producers thought that a 1939 audience was too sophisticated to accept Oz as a straight ahead fantasy therefore it was reconceived as a lengthy elaborate dream sequence Because they perceived a need to attract a youthful audience by appealing to modern fads and styles the score had featured a song called The Jitterbug and the script had featured a scene with a series of musical contests A spoiled selfish princess in Oz had outlawed all forms of music except classical music and operetta The princess challenged Dorothy to a singing contest in which Dorothy s swing style enchanted listeners and won the grand prize This part was initially written for Betty Jaynes 24 but was later dropped Another scene which was removed before final script approval and never filmed was an epilogue scene in Kansas after Dorothy s return Hunk the Kansan counterpart to the Scarecrow is leaving for an agricultural college and extracts a promise from Dorothy to write to him The scene implies that romance will eventually develop between the two which also may have been intended as an explanation for Dorothy s partiality for the Scarecrow over her other two companions This plot idea was never totally dropped but is especially noticeable in the final script when Dorothy just before she is to leave Oz tells the Scarecrow I think I ll miss you most of all 25 Much attention was given to the use of color in the production with the MGM production crew favoring some hues over others It took the studio s art department almost a week to settle on the shade of yellow used for the Yellow Brick Road 26 Casting Edit See also Munchkin 1939 film Judy Garland as Dorothy Several actresses were reportedly considered for the part of Dorothy including Shirley Temple from 20th Century Fox at the time the most prominent child star Deanna Durbin a relative newcomer with a recognised operatic voice and Judy Garland the most experienced of the three Officially the decision to cast Garland was attributed to contractual issues Ebsen s costume test as the Tin Man Ray Bolger was originally cast as the Tin Man and Buddy Ebsen was to play the Scarecrow 22 Bolger however longed to play the Scarecrow as his childhood idol Fred Stone had done on stage in 1902 with that very performance Stone had inspired him to become a vaudevillian in the first place Now unhappy with his role as the Tin Man reportedly claiming I m not a tin performer I m fluid Bolger convinced producer Mervyn LeRoy to recast him in the part he so desired 27 Ebsen did not object after going over the basics of the Scarecrow s distinctive gait with Bolger as a professional dancer Ebsen had been cast because the studio was confident he would be up to the task of replicating the famous wobbly walk of Stone s Scarecrow he recorded all of his songs went through all the rehearsals as the Tin Man and began filming with the rest of the cast 28 Bert Lahr was signed for the Cowardly Lion on July 25 1938 and Charles Grapewin was cast as Uncle Henry on August 12 W C Fields was originally chosen for the title role of the Wizard after Ed Wynn turned it down considering the part too small but the studio ran out of patience after protracted haggling over Fields fee Wallace Beery lobbied for the role but the studio refused to spare him during the long shooting schedule Instead another contract player Frank Morgan was cast on September 22 Veteran vaudeville performer Pat Walshe was best known for his performance as various monkeys in many theater productions and circus shows He was cast as Nikko the head Winged Monkey on September 28 traveling to MGM studios on October 3 An extensive talent search produced over a hundred little people to play Munchkins this meant that most of the film s Oz sequences would have to already be shot before work on the Munchkinland sequence could begin According to Munchkin actor Jerry Maren the little people were each paid over 125 a week equivalent to 2 400 today Meinhardt Raabe who played the coroner revealed in the 1990 documentary The Making of the Wizard of Oz that the MGM costume and wardrobe department under the direction of designer Adrian had to design over 100 costumes for the Munchkin sequences They photographed and cataloged each Munchkin in their costume so they could consistently apply the same costume and makeup each day of production Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch of the West but withdrew from the role when the witch s persona shifted from sly and glamorous thought to emulate the Evil Queen in Disney s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to the familiar ugly hag 29 She was replaced on October 10 1938 just three days before filming started by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no regrets about turning down the part Sondergaard would go on to play a glamorous feline villainess in Fox s version of Maurice Maeterlinck s The Blue Bird in 1940 30 Hamilton played a role remarkably similar to the Wicked Witch in the Judy Garland film Babes in Arms 1939 According to Aljean Harmetz the gone to seed coat worn by Morgan as the Wizard was selected from a rack of coats purchased from a second hand shop According to legend Morgan later discovered a label in the coat indicating it had once belonged to Baum that Baum s widow confirmed this and that the coat was eventually presented to her But Baum biographer Michael Patrick Hearn says the Baum family denies ever seeing the coat or knowing of the story Hamilton considered it a rumor concocted by the studio 31 Filming Edit Richard Thorpe as director Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Filming for The Wizard of Oz started on October 13 1938 on the Metro Goldwyn Mayer studio lot in Culver City California with Richard Thorpe as director replacing original director Norman Taurog who filmed a few early Technicolor tests and was then reassigned Thorpe initially shot about two weeks of footage nine days in total involving Dorothy s first encounter with the Scarecrow and a number of sequences in the Wicked Witch s castle such as Dorothy s rescue which though unreleased includes the only footage of Buddy Ebsen s Tin Man Ebsen replaced by Haley Edit The production faced the challenge of creating the Tin Man s costume Several tests were done to find the right makeup and clothes for Ebsen 32 Ten days into the shoot Ebsen suffered an allergic reaction to the aluminum powder makeup he wore though he did recall taking a breath one night without suffering any immediate effects He was hospitalized in critical condition and was subsequently forced to leave the project In a later interview included on the 2005 DVD release of The Wizard of Oz he recalled that the studio heads appreciated the seriousness of his illness only after he was hospitalized Filming halted while a replacement for him was sought No footage of Ebsen as the Tin Man has ever been released only photos taken during filming and makeup tests His replacement Jack Haley assumed Ebsen had been fired 33 The makeup used for Haley was quietly changed to an aluminum paste with a layer of clown white greasepaint underneath in order to protect his skin Although it did not have the same dire effect on Haley he did at one point suffer an eye infection from it To keep down on production costs Haley only rerecorded If I Only Had a Heart and solo lines during If I Only Had the Nerve and the scrapped song The Jitterbug as such Ebsen s voice can still be heard in the remaining songs featuring the Tin Man in group vocals George Cukor s brief stint Edit LeRoy after reviewing the footage and feeling Thorpe was rushing the production adversely affecting the actors performances had Thorpe replaced During reorganization on the production George Cukor temporarily took over under LeRoy s guidance Initially the studio had made Garland wear a blond wig and heavy baby doll makeup and she played Dorothy in an exaggerated fashion Cukor changed Garland s and Hamilton s makeup and costumes and told Garland to be herself This meant that all the scenes Garland and Hamilton had already completed had to be reshot Cukor also suggested the studio cast Jack Haley on loan from Fox as the Tin Man 34 Victor Fleming the main director Edit Cukor did not shoot any scenes for the film but acted merely as a creative advisor to the troubled production His prior commitment to direct Gone with the Wind required him to leave on November 3 1938 when Victor Fleming assumed directorial responsibility As director Fleming chose not to shift the film from Cukor s creative realignment as producer LeRoy had already expressed his satisfaction with the film s new course Production on the bulk of the Technicolor sequences was a long and exhausting process that ran for over six months from October 1938 to March 1939 Most of the cast worked six days a week and had to arrive as early as 4 a m to be fitted with makeup and costumes and often did not leave until 7 pm or later Cumbersome makeup and costumes were made even more uncomfortable by the daylight bright lighting the early Technicolor process required which could heat the set to over 100 F 38 C Bolger later said that the frightening nature of the costumes prevented most of the Oz principals from eating in the studio commissary 35 and the toxicity of Hamilton s copper based makeup forced her to eat a liquid diet on shoot days 36 It took as many as twelve takes to have Toto run alongside the actors as they skipped down the Yellow Brick Road All the Oz sequences were filmed in three strip Technicolor 19 20 The opening and closing credits and the Kansas sequences were filmed in black and white and colored in a sepia tone process 19 Sepia tone film was also used in the scene where Aunt Em appears in the Wicked Witch s crystal ball The film was not the first to use Technicolor which was introduced in The Gulf Between 1917 In Hamilton s exit from Munchkinland a concealed elevator was installed to lower her below stage level as fire and smoke erupted to dramatize and conceal her exit The first take ran well but on the second take the burst of fire came too soon The flames set fire to her green copper based face paint causing third degree burns to her hands and face She spent three months recuperating before returning to work 37 Her green makeup had usually been removed with acetone due to its toxic copper content Because of Hamilton s burns makeup artist Jack Young removed the makeup with alcohol to prevent infection 38 King Vidor s finishing work as director Edit On February 12 1939 Fleming hastily replaced Cukor in directing Gone with the Wind The next day the studio assigned Fleming s friend King Vidor to finish directing The Wizard of Oz mainly the early sepia toned Kansas sequences including Garland s singing of Over the Rainbow and the tornado Although the film was a hit on its release Vidor chose not to take public credit for his contribution until Fleming died in 1949 citation needed Sexual harassment allegations and other abuse Edit Since the film has been released credible stories have come out indicating that Judy Garland endured extensive abuse during and before filming from various parties involved 39 40 41 The studio went to extreme lengths to change her appearance including binding her chest and giving her Benzedrine tablets to keep her weight down along with uppers and downers that caused giggling fits There were claims that various members of the cast pointed out her breasts and made other lewd comments The director Victor Fleming slapped her during the Cowardly Lion s introduction scene when Garland could not stop laughing at Lahr s performance Once the scene was done Fleming reportedly ashamed of himself ordered the crew to punch him in the face Garland however kissed him instead 42 43 Claims have been made in memoirs that the frequently drunk actors portraying the Munchkins propositioned and pinched her 44 45 41 There were also allegations that she was groped by Louis B Mayer 39 46 Special effects makeup and costumes EditArnold Gillespie the film s special effects director employed several techniques 32 Developing the tornado scene was especially costly Gillespie used muslin cloth to make the tornado flexible after a previous attempt with rubber failed He hung the 35 ft 11 m of muslin from a steel gantry and connected the bottom to a rod By moving the gantry and rod he was able to create the illusion of a tornado moving across the stage Fuller s earth was sprayed from both the top and bottom using compressed air hoses to complete the effect Dorothy s house was recreated using a model 47 Stock footage of this tornado was later recycled for a climactic scene in the 1943 musical film Cabin in the Sky directed by Judy Garland s eventual second husband Vincente Minnelli 48 The Cowardly Lion and Scarecrow masks were made of foam latex makeup created by makeup artist Jack Dawn Dawn was one of the first to use this technique 49 50 It took an hour each day to slowly peel Bolger s glued on mask from his face a process that eventually left permanent lines around his mouth and chin 38 The Tin Man s costume was made of leather covered buckram and the oil used to grease his joints was made from chocolate syrup 51 The Cowardly Lion s costume was made from real lion skin and fur 52 For the horse of a different color scene Jell O powder was used to color the white horses 53 Asbestos was used to achieve some of the special effects such as the witch s burning broomstick and the fake snow that covers Dorothy as she sleeps in the field of poppies 54 55 Music EditMain article Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz Herbert Stothart conducts the MGM Studio Orchestra for The Wizard of Oz which was recorded at the MGM studios The Wizard of Oz is famous for its musical selections and soundtrack Its songs were composed by Harold Arlen with lyrics by Yip Harburg They won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Over the Rainbow The song ranks first in the AFI s 100 Years 100 Songs and the Recording Industry Association of America s 365 Songs of the Century MGM composer Herbert Stothart a well known Hollywood composer and songwriter won the Academy Award for Best Original Score Georgie Stoll was associate conductor and screen credit was given to George Bassman Murray Cutter Ken Darby and Paul Marquardt for orchestral and vocal arrangements As usual Roger Edens was also heavily involved as an unbilled musical associate to Freed The songs were recorded in the studio s scoring stage before filming Several of the recordings were completed while Ebsen was still with the cast Although he had to be dropped from the cast because of a dangerous reaction to his aluminum powder makeup his singing voice remained on the soundtrack as mentioned in the notes for the CD Deluxe Edition He can be heard in the group vocals of We re Off to See the Wizard Bolger s original recording of If I Only Had a Brain was far more sedate than the version in the film During filming Cukor and LeRoy decided a more energetic rendition better suited Dorothy s initial meeting with the Scarecrow and it was rerecorded The original version was considered lost until a copy was discovered in 2009 56 Songs Edit Over the Rainbow Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale Munchkinland Sequence Come Out Billie Burke as Glinda and the Munchkins It Really Was No Miracle Judy Garland as Dorothy Billy Bletcher and the Munchkins We Thank You Very Sweetly Frank Cucksey and Joseph Koziel Ding Dong The Witch Is Dead Billie Burke as Glinda speaking and the Munchkins As Mayor of the Munchkin City As Coroner I Must Aver Ding Dong The Witch Is Dead Reprise The Munchkins The Lullaby League The Lollipop Guild We Welcome You to Munchkinland The Munchkins Follow the Yellow Brick Road You re Off to See the Wizard Judy Garland as Dorothy and the Munchkins If I Only Had a Brain Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Judy Garland as Dorothy We re Off to See the Wizard Judy Garland as Dorothy and Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow If I Only Had a Heart Jack Haley originally Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man We re Off to See the Wizard Reprise 1 Judy Garland as Dorothy Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man If I Only Had the Nerve Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion Jack Haley as the Tin Man Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Judy Garland as Dorothy We re Off to See the Wizard Reprise 2 Judy Garland as Dorothy Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man and Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion Optimistic Voices MGM Studio Chorus The Merry Old Land of Oz Frank Morgan as Cabby Judy Garland as Dorothy Ray Bolger as Scarecrow Jack Haley as the Tin Man Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion and the Emerald City townspeople If I Were King of the Forest Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion Judy Garland as Dorothy Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Jack Haley as the Tin Man The Jitterbug Although this song was removed from the final film it is still available on some extended edition CDs 57 Deleted songs Edit Lobby card with still of deleted musical number Hail Hail The Witch Is Dead sung upon the return to the Emerald City Some musical pieces were filmed and deleted later in the editing process The song The Jitterbug written in a swing style was intended for a sequence where the group journeys to the Witch s castle Owing to time constraints it was cut from the final theatrical version The film footage of the song has been lost although silent home film footage of rehearsals has survived The audio recording of the song was preserved and was included in the two CD Rhino Records deluxe edition of the soundtrack as well as on the film s VHS and DVD editions A reference to The Jitterbug remains in the film The Witch tells her flying monkeys that they should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because I ve sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them Another musical number cut before release came right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard This was a reprise of Ding Dong The Witch Is Dead blended with We re Off to See the Wizard and The Merry Old Land of Oz with the lyrics altered to Hail Hail The witch is dead This started with the Witch s guard saying Hail to Dorothy The Wicked Witch is dead and dissolved to a huge celebration by the citizens of the Emerald City who sang the song as they accompanied Dorothy and her friends to the Wizard Today the film of this scene is also lost and only a few stills survive along with a few seconds of footage used on several reissue trailers The entire audio track was preserved and is included on the two CD Rhino Record deluxe soundtrack edition 58 Garland was to sing a brief reprise of Over the Rainbow while Dorothy was trapped in the Witch s castle but it was cut because it was considered too emotionally intense The original soundtrack recording still exists and was included as an extra in all home media releases from 1993 onward 59 Underscoring Edit Extensive edits in the film s final cut removed vocals from the last portion of the film However the film was fully underscored with instrumental snippets from the film s various leitmotifs throughout There was also some recognizable classical and popular music including Excerpts from Schumann s The Happy Farmer at several points early in the film including the opening scene when Dorothy and Toto hurry home after their encounter with Miss Gulch when Toto escapes from her and when the house rides the tornado An excerpt of Mendelssohn s Opus 16 2 when Toto escapes from the Witch s castle An excerpt of Mussorgsky s Night on Bald Mountain when Dorothy the Scarecrow the Tin Man and the Cowardly Lion try to escape from the Witch s castle In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree when Dorothy and the Scarecrow discover the anthropomorphic apple trees Gaudeamus Igitur as the Wizard presents awards to the group Home Sweet Home in part of the closing scene at Dorothy s house in Kansas This list is excerpted from the liner notes of the Rhino Records collection Post production EditPrincipal photography concluded with the Kansas sequences on March 16 1939 Reshoots and pickup shots were done through April and May and into June under the direction of producer LeRoy When the Over the Rainbow reprise was revived after subsequent test screenings in early June Garland had to be brought back to reshoot the Auntie Em I m frightened scene without the song The footage of Blandick s Aunt Em as shot by Vidor had already been set aside for rear projection work and was reused After Hamilton s torturous experience with the Munchkinland elevator she refused to do the pickups for the scene where she flies on a broomstick that billows smoke so LeRoy had stunt double Betty Danko perform instead Danko was severely injured when the smoke mechanism malfunctioned 60 At this point the film began a long arduous post production Herbert Stothart composed the film s background score while A Arnold Gillespie perfected the special effects including many of the rear projection shots The MGM art department created matte paintings for many scene backgrounds A significant innovation planned for the film was the use of stencil printing for the transition to Technicolor Each frame was to be hand tinted to maintain the sepia tone However it was abandoned because it was too expensive and labor intensive and MGM used a simpler less expensive technique During the May reshoots the inside of the farmhouse was painted sepia and when Dorothy opens the door it is not Garland but her stand in Bobbie Koshay wearing a sepia gingham dress who then backs out of frame Once the camera moves through the door Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress as noted in DVD extras and the sepia painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house s shadow into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting This also meant that the reshoots provided the first proper shot of Munchkinland If one looks carefully the brief cut to Dorothy looking around outside the house bisects a single long shot from the inside of the doorway to the pan around that finally ends in a reverse angle as the ruins of the house are seen behind Dorothy and she comes to a stop at the foot of the small bridge Test screenings of the film began on June 5 1939 61 Oz initially ran nearly two hours long In 1939 the average film ran for about 90 minutes LeRoy and Fleming knew they needed to cut at least 15 minutes to get the film down to a manageable running time Three sneak previews in San Bernardino Pomona and San Luis Obispo California guided LeRoy and Fleming in the cutting Among the many cuts were The Jitterbug number the Scarecrow s elaborate dance sequence following If I Only Had a Brain reprises of Over the Rainbow and Ding Dong The Witch Is Dead and a number of smaller dialogue sequences This left the final mostly serious portion of the film with no songs only the dramatic underscoring Over the Rainbow was almost deleted MGM felt that it made the Kansas sequence too long as well as being far over the heads of the target audience of children The studio also thought that it was degrading for Garland to sing in a barnyard LeRoy uncredited associate producer Arthur Freed and director Fleming fought to keep it in and they eventually won The song went on to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song and came to be identified so strongly with Garland herself that she made it her signature song After the preview in San Luis Obispo in early July the film was officially released in August 1939 at its current 101 minute running time Release EditOriginal theatrical run Edit A memorial commemorating the film s world premiere at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc Wisconsin on August 12 1939 The film premiered at the Orpheum Theatre in Green Bay Wisconsin on August 10 1939 62 The first sneak preview was held in San Bernardino California 63 The film was previewed in three test markets in Kenosha Wisconsin and Dennis Massachusetts on August 11 1939 64 65 and at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc Wisconsin on August 12 66 The Hollywood premiere was on August 15 1939 65 at Grauman s Chinese Theatre 67 The New York City premiere held at Loew s Capitol Theatre on August 17 1939 was followed by a live performance with Garland and her frequent film co star Mickey Rooney They continued to perform there after each screening for a week Garland extended her appearance for two more weeks partnered with Rooney for a second week and with Oz co stars Ray Bolger and Bert Lahr for the third and final week The film opened nationwide on August 25 1939 Television Edit Main article The Wizard of Oz on television MGM sold CBS the rights to televise the film for 225 000 equivalent to 1 74 million in 2021 per broadcast 68 It was first shown on television on November 3 1956 as the last installment of the Ford Star Jubilee 69 It was a ratings success with a Nielsen rating of 33 9 and an audience share of 53 70 It was repeated on December 13 1959 and gained an even larger television audience with a Nielsen rating of 36 5 and an audience share of 58 70 It became an annual television tradition Home media Edit On October 25 1980 the film was released on videocassette in both VHS and Betamax format by MGM CBS Home Video 71 All current home video releases are by Warner Home Video via current rights holder Turner Entertainment The film s first LaserDisc release was in 1983 In 1989 there were two releases for the 50th anniversary one from Turner and one from The Criterion Collection with a commentary track LaserDiscs came out in 1991 and 1993 and the final LaserDisc was released September 11 1996 72 The film was released on the CED format once in 1982 by MGM UA Home Video 73 It has also been released multiple times outside of the North American and European markets in Asia in the Video CD format The first DVD release was on March 26 1997 by MGM Turner It contained no special features or supplements On October 19 1999 The Wizard of Oz was re released by Warner Bros to celebrate the film s 60th anniversary with its soundtrack presented in a new 5 1 surround sound mix The DVD also contained a behind the scenes documentary The Wonderful Wizard of Oz The Making of a Movie Classic produced in 1990 and hosted by Angela Lansbury which was originally shown on television immediately following the 1990 telecast of the film It had been featured in the 1993 Ultimate Oz LaserDisc release Outtakes the deleted Jitterbug musical number clips of pre 1939 Oz adaptations trailers newsreels and a portrait gallery were also included as well as two radio programs of the era publicizing the film In 2005 two DVD editions were released both featuring a newly restored version of the film with an audio commentary and an isolated music and effects track One of the two DVD releases was a Two Disc Special Edition featuring production documentaries trailers outtakes newsreels radio shows and still galleries The other set a Three Disc Collector s Edition included these features as well as the digitally restored 80th anniversary edition of the 1925 feature length silent film version of The Wizard of Oz other silent Oz adaptations and a 1933 animated short version The film was released on Blu ray on September 29 2009 for its 70th anniversary in a four disc Ultimate Collector s Edition including all the bonus features from the 2005 Collector s Edition DVD new bonus features about Victor Fleming and the surviving Munchkins the telefilm The Dreamer of Oz The L Frank Baum Story and the miniseries MGM When the Lion Roars For this edition Warner Bros commissioned a new transfer from the original negatives at 8K resolution The restoration job was given to Prime Focus World 74 This restored version also features a lossless 5 1 Dolby TrueHD audio track 75 On December 1 2009 76 three Blu ray discs of the Ultimate Collector s Edition were repackaged as a less expensive Emerald Edition An Emerald Edition four disc DVD arrived the following week A single disc Blu ray containing the restored movie and all the extra features of the two disc Special Edition DVD became available on March 16 2010 77 In 2013 the film was re released on DVD Blu ray Blu ray 3D and UltraViolet for the 90th anniversary of Warner Bros and the 75th anniversary of the film 78 79 Many special editions were released in celebration of the film s 75th anniversary in 2013 including one exclusively by Best Buy a SteelBook of the 3D Blu ray and another by Target stores that came with a keepsake lunch bag 80 81 The film was issued on 4K Ultra HD Blu ray on October 29 2019 featuring both a Dolby Vision and an HDR10 grading from an 8K transfer 82 Re releases Edit This lobby card for the 1955 re release carried a contemporary image of Garland Although the 1949 re issue used sepia tone as in the original film beginning with the 1955 re issue and continuing until the film s 50th anniversary VHS release in 1989 the opening Kansas sequences were shown in black and white instead of the sepia tone as originally printed This includes television showings 83 The MGM Children s Matinees series re released the film twice in both 1970 and 1971 84 It was for this release that the film received a G rating from the MPAA For the film s 60th anniversary Warner Bros released a Special Edition on November 6 1998 digitally restored with remastered audio In 2002 the film had a very limited re release in U S theaters earning only 139 905 85 On September 23 2009 the film was re released in select theaters for a one night only event in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month An encore of this event took place in theaters on November 17 2009 86 Poster for the 2013 IMAX 3D re release as part of the film s 75th anniversary An IMAX 3D theatrical re release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20 2013 as part of the film s 75th anniversary 78 Warner Bros spent 25 million on advertising The studio hosted a premiere of the film s first IMAX 3D release on September 15 2013 in Hollywood at the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre formerly Grauman s Chinese Theatre the site of the film s Hollywood premiere It was the first motion picture to play at the new theater and served as the grand opening of Hollywood s first 3D IMAX screen It was also shown as a special presentation at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival 87 This re release grossed 5 6 million at the North American box office 88 In 2013 in preparation for its IMAX 3D release the film was submitted to the MPAA for re classification According to MPAA rules a film that has been altered in any way from its original version must be submitted for re classification and the 3 D conversion fell within that guideline Surprisingly the 3D version received a PG rating for Some scary moments although no change was made to the film s original story content The 2D version still retains its G rating 89 The film was re released on January 11 and 14 2015 as part of the TCM Presents series by Turner Classic Movies 90 The film was re released by Fathom Events on January 27 29 30 2019 and February 3 and 5 2019 as part of its 80th anniversary It also had a one week theatrical engagement in Dolby Cinema on October 25 2019 to commemorate the anniversary 91 The film returned to theaters on June 5 and 6 2022 to celebrate Judy Garland s 100th birthday 92 Reception EditCritical response Edit The Wizard of Oz received widespread acclaim upon its release Writing for The New York Times Frank Nugent considered the film a delightful piece of wonder working which had the youngsters eyes shining and brought a quietly amused gleam to the wiser ones of the oldsters Not since Disney s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has anything quite so fantastic succeeded half so well 93 Nugent had issues with some of the film s special effects with the best of will and ingenuity they cannot make a Munchkin or a Flying Monkey that will not still suggest however vaguely a Singer s Midget in a Jack Dawn masquerade Nor can they without a few betraying jolts and split screen overlappings bring down from the sky the great soap bubble in which Glinda rides and roll it smoothly into place 93 According to Nugent Judy Garland s Dorothy is a pert and fresh faced miss with the wonder lit eyes of a believer in fairy tales but the Baum fantasy is at its best when the Scarecrow the Tin Man and the Lion are on the move 93 Writing in Variety John C Flinn predicted that the film was likely to perform some record breaking feats of box office magic noting Some of the scenic passages are so beautiful in design and composition as to stir audiences by their sheer unfoldment He also called Garland an appealing figure and the musical numbers gay and bright 94 Harrison s Reports wrote Even though some persons are not interested in pictures of this type it is possible that they will be eager to see this picture just for its technical treatment The performances are good and the incidental music is of considerable aid Pictures of this caliber bring credit to the industry 95 Film Daily wrote Leo the Lion is privileged to herald this one with his deepest roar the one that comes from way down for seldom if indeed ever has the screen been so successful in its approach to fantasy and extravaganza through flesh and blood handsomely mounted fairy story in Technicolor with its wealth of humor and homespun philosophy its stimulus to the imagination its procession of unforgettable settings its studding of merry tunes should click solidly at the box office 96 Some reviews were less positive Some moviegoers felt that the 16 year old Garland was slightly too old to play the little girl who Baum intended his Dorothy to be Russell Maloney of The New Yorker wrote that the film displayed no trace of imagination good taste or ingenuity and declared it a stinkeroo 97 while Otis Ferguson of The New Republic wrote It has dwarfs music Technicolor freak characters and Judy Garland It can t be expected to have a sense of humor as well and as for the light touch of fantasy it weighs like a pound of fruitcake soaking wet 98 Still the film placed seventh on Film Daily s year end nationwide poll of 542 critics naming the best films of 1939 99 Box office Edit According to MGM records during the film s initial release it earned 2 048 000 in the U S and 969 000 in other countries throughout the world for total earnings of 3 017 000 However its high production cost plus the costs of marketing distribution and other services resulted in a loss of 1 145 000 for the studio 3 It did not show what MGM considered a profit until a 1949 re release earned an additional 1 5 million about 14 million in 2021 Christopher Finch author of the Judy Garland biography Rainbow The Stormy Life of Judy Garland wrote Fantasy is always a risk at the box office The film had been enormously successful as a book and it had also been a major stage hit but previous attempts to bring it to the screen had been dismal failures He also wrote that after the film s success Garland signed a new contract with MGM giving her a substantial increase in salary making her one of the top ten box office stars in the United States 100 The film was also re released domestically in 1955 Subsequent re releases between 1989 and 2019 have grossed 25 173 032 worldwide 4 for a total worldwide gross of 29 690 032 Legacy Edit Roger Ebert chose it as one of his Great Films writing that The Wizard of Oz has a wonderful surface of comedy and music special effects and excitement but we still watch it six decades later because its underlying story penetrates straight to the deepest insecurities of childhood stirs them and then reassures them 101 Dorothy in Munchkinland In his 1992 critique of the film for the British Film Institute author Salman Rushdie acknowledged its effect on him noting The Wizard of Oz was my very first literary influence 102 In Step Across This Line he wrote When I first saw The Wizard of Oz it made a writer of me 103 His first short story written at the age of 10 was titled Over the Rainbow 103 In a 2009 retrospective article about the film San Francisco Chronicle film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared the entire Munchkinland sequence from Dorothy s arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road has to be one of the greatest in cinema history a masterpiece of set design costuming choreography music lyrics storytelling and sheer imagination 104 On the film review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes The Wizard of Oz has a 98 rating based on 160 reviews with an average score of 9 5 10 Its critical consensus reads An absolute masterpiece whose groundbreaking visuals and deft storytelling are still every bit as resonant The Wizard of Oz is a must see film for young and old 105 At Metacritic which assigns a normalized rating to reviews the film received a score of 92 out of 100 based on 30 reviews indicating universal acclaim 106 Accolades and honors Edit Academy Awards Edit Award Date of ceremony Category Nominee s Result Ref Academy Awards February 29 1940 Outstanding Production Metro Goldwyn Mayer Nominated 107 Best Art Direction Cedric Gibbons and William A Horning NominatedBest Original Score Herbert Stothart WonBest Original Song Over the Rainbow Music by Harold Arlen Lyrics by E Y Harburg WonBest Special Effects A Arnold Gillespie and Douglas Shearer NominatedAcademy Juvenile Award Judy Garland For her outstanding performance as a screen juvenile during the past year She was jointly awarded for her performances in Babes in Arms and The Wizard of Oz HonoraryAmerican Film Institute lists Edit The American Film Institute AFI has compiled various lists which include this film or its elements AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies No 6 AFI s 100 Years 100 Thrills No 43 AFI s 100 Years 100 Heroes amp Villains Wicked Witch of the West No 4 villain AFI s 100 Years 100 Songs Over the Rainbow No 1 Ding Dong The Witch Is Dead No 82 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movie Quotes Toto I ve a feeling we re not in Kansas anymore Dorothy Gale No 4 There s no place like home Dorothy No 23 I ll get you my pretty and your little dog too Wicked Witch of the West No 99 AFI s Greatest Movie Musicals No 3 AFI s 100 Years 100 Cheers No 26 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies 10th Anniversary Edition No 10 AFI s 10 Top 10 No 1 Fantasy film 108 Other honors Edit 1989 The film was one of the inaugural group of 25 films added to the National Film Registry list 9 109 1999 Rolling Stone s 100 Maverick Movies No 20 110 1999 Entertainment Weekly s 100 Greatest Films No 32 111 2000 The Village Voice s 100 Best Films of the 20th Century No 14 112 2002 Nominated 1939 Palme d Or 2002 Sight amp Sound s Greatest Film Poll of Directors No 41 113 2005 Total Film s 100 Greatest Films No 83 114 2005 The British Film Institute ranked it second on its list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 after Spirited Away citation needed 2006 The film placed 86th on Bravo s 100 Scariest Movie Moments 115 2007 It topped Total Film s 23 Weirdest Films 116 2007 The film was listed on UNESCO s Memory of the World Register 117 2007 The Observer ranked the film s songs and music at the top of its list of 50 greatest film soundtracks 118 2020 The British Film Institute changed its list to 50 films to see by age 15 UPDATED 119 calling Oz The most wonderful of musicals 2022 The film was ranked 2nd in Variety s inaugural list of The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time 120 Sequels and reinterpretations EditMain article Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz An official 1972 sequel the animated Journey Back to Oz featuring the voice of Judy Garland s daughter Liza Minnelli was produced to commemorate the original film s 35th anniversary 121 In 1975 a comic book adaptation of the film titled MGM s Marvelous Wizard of Oz was released It was the first co production between DC Comics and Marvel Comics Marvel planned a series of sequels based on the subsequent novels The first The Marvelous Land of Oz was published later that year The next The Marvelous Ozma of Oz was expected to be released the following year but never came to be 122 In 1985 Walt Disney Productions released the live action fantasy film Return to Oz starring Fairuza Balk in her film debut as a young Dorothy Gale 123 and based on The Marvelous Land of Oz 1904 and Ozma of Oz 1907 With a darker story it fared poorly with critics unfamiliar with the Oz books and was not successful at the box office although it has since become a popular cult film with many considering it a more loyal and faithful adaptation of what L Frank Baum envisioned 124 125 The Broadway musical Wicked premiered in 2003 and is based on the film and original novel It has since gone on to become the second highest grossing Broadway musical of all time and won three Tony Awards seven Drama Desk Awards and a Grammy Award A film adaptation of the musical directed by Jon M Chu has been in development at Universal Pictures since 2004 Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice produced a stage musical of the same name which opened in 2011 at the West End s London Palladium An animated film called Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz was released in 2011 by Warner Home Video incorporating Tom and Jerry into the story as Dorothy s protectors 126 A sequel titled Tom and Jerry Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21 2016 127 In 2013 Walt Disney Pictures released a spiritual prequel titled Oz the Great and Powerful It was directed by Sam Raimi and starred James Franco Mila Kunis Rachel Weisz and Michelle Williams It was the second film based on Baum s Oz series to be produced by Disney after Return to Oz It was a commercial success but received a mixed reception from critics 128 129 In 2014 independent film company Clarius Entertainment released a big budget animated musical film Legends of Oz Dorothy s Return 130 which follows Dorothy s second trip to Oz The film fared poorly at the box office and was received negatively by critics largely for its plot and unmemorable musical numbers In February 2021 New Line Cinema Temple Hill Entertainment and Wicked producer Marc Platt announced that a new film version of the original book is in the works with Watchmen s Nicole Kassell slated to direct the reimagining which will have the option to include elements from the 1939 film 131 In August 2022 it was announced that Kenya Barris would write and direct a modern remake 132 133 Cultural impact EditAccording to the US Library of Congress exhibition The Wizard of Oz an American Fairy Tale 2010 134 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is America s greatest and best loved home grown fairytale The first totally American fantasy for children it is one of the most read children s books Despite its many particularly American attributes including a wizard from Omaha the 1939 film adaptation has universal appeal 135 Because of its many television showings between 1956 and 1974 it has been seen by more viewers than any other movie 8 In 1977 Aljean Harmetz wrote The Making of The Wizard of Oz a detailed description of the creation of the film based on interviews and research it was updated in 1989 136 Ruby slippers Edit An original pair of the ruby slippers on display at the Smithsonian Institution Because of their iconic stature 137 the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in the film are now among the most treasured and valuable film memorabilia in movie history 138 Dorothy actually wore Silver Shoes in the book series but the color was changed to ruby to take advantage of the new Technicolor process Adrian MGM s chief costume designer was responsible for the final design Five known pairs of the slippers exist 139 Another differently styled pair not used in the film was sold at auction by actress Debbie Reynolds for 510 000 not including the buyer s premium in June 2011 140 Dorothy s dress and other costumes Edit In July 2021 Catholic University of America reported that a dress worn by Dorothy believed to have been given to Rev Gilbert Hartke by Mercedes McCambridge as a gift in 1973 was found in the university s Hartke Building after being missing for many years The university said an expert on the movie s memorabilia at the Smithsonian s National Museum of American History said five other dresses apparently worn by Judy Garland were probably authentic The dress found at the university had characteristics shared by the other five including a secret pocket for Dorothy s handkerchief and Garland s name written in a specific style The university said the dress would be stored in Special Collections Another of the dresses sold at auction in 2015 for nearly 1 6 million 141 Many other costumes have fetched six figure prices as memorabilia See List of film memorabilia Theme park attractions Edit The Wizard of Oz has a presence at the Disney Parks and Resorts The film had its own scene at The Great Movie Ride at Disney Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World Resort and is also represented in miniature at Disneyland and at Disneyland Paris as part of the Storybook Land Canal Boats attraction in Fantasyland 142 143 See also EditDark Side of the Rainbow Friend of Dorothy Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Wizard of Oz festival The Wiz musicalNotes Edit credited as Adaptation by Credited as TotoReferences Edit AFI Catalog American Film Institute Archived from the original on August 9 2020 Retrieved November 13 2020 The Wizard Of Oz Cinema BBFC British Board of Film Classification Retrieved September 2 2021 a b c The Eddie Mannix Ledger Los Angeles Margaret Herrick Library Center for Motion Picture Study a b The Wizard of Oz 1939 Box Office Mojo Archived from the original on October 25 2019 Retrieved October 25 2019 Nugent Frank S August 18 1939 The Screen in Review The Wizard of Oz Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood Works Its Magic on the Capitol s Screen March of Time Features New York at the Music Hall at the Palace Retrieved August 15 2014 King Susan March 11 2013 How did Wizard of Oz fare on its 1939 release Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on November 14 2020 Retrieved April 24 2015 a b Fricke John 1989 The Wizard of Oz The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History New York Warner Books ISBN 978 0 446 51446 0 a b To See The Wizard Oz on Stage and Film Library of Congress December 15 2010 Archived from the original on September 29 2018 Retrieved April 16 2011 a b Complete National Recording Registry Listing National Recording Preservation Board Library of Congress Library of Congress Archived from the original on January 7 2017 Retrieved March 18 2018 ENTERTAINMENT Film Registry Picks First 25 Movies Los Angeles Times Washington D C September 19 1989 Archived from the original on May 5 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 The Wizard of Oz Victor Fleming 1939 produced by Metro Goldwyn Mayer UNESCO Memory of the World Programme Archived from the original on August 5 2009 Retrieved September 7 2009 Nicholson Peter Debruge Owen Gleiberman Lisa Kennedy Jessica Kiang Tomris Laffly Guy Lodge Amy Debruge Peter Gleiberman Owen Kennedy Lisa Kiang Jessica Laffly Tomris Lodge Guy Nicholson Amy December 21 2022 The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time Variety Retrieved December 23 2022 50 films to see by age 15 British Film Institute May 6 2020 Archived from the original on May 28 2020 Retrieved June 1 2020 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies www afi com Archived from the original on May 15 2016 Retrieved August 9 2017 Scarfone Jay Stillman William 2018 The Road to Oz The Evolution Creation and Legacy of a Motion Picture Masterpiece Lyons Press ISBN 9781493035328 Sibley Brian February 10 1997 Obituary Adriana Caselotti The Independent London Archived from the original on January 14 2013 Retrieved October 8 2017 The Wizard of Oz Full Cast amp Crew TV Guide TV Guide Retrieved October 17 2022 Fricke John Scarfone Jay Stillman William 1986 The Wizard of Oz The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History New York NY Warner Books Inc p 18 ISBN 978 0 446 51446 0 a b c d e The Wonderful Wizard of Oz the Making of a Movie Classic 1990 CBS Television narrated by Angela Lansbury Co produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz a b c d Aljean Harmetz 2004 The Making of The Wizard of Oz Hyperion ISBN 0 7868 8352 9 See the Chapter Special Effects Coan Stephen December 22 2011 KZN s very own screen wizard The Witness Archived from the original on April 24 2014 Retrieved April 24 2014 a b Warner Bros Wizard of Oz Timeline Warnerbros com Archived from the original on September 7 2007 Retrieved September 10 2007 Democracy Now November 25 2004 Archived November 14 2007 at the Wayback Machine Fordin Hugh 1976 World of Entertainment Avon Books ISBN 978 0 380 00754 7 Hollywood Reporter October 20 2005 dead link Clarke Gerald 2001 Get Happy The Life of Judy Garland Delta p 94 ISBN 978 0 385 33515 7 Cemetery Guide Hollywood Remains to Be Seen Mark Masek Archived May 21 2010 at the Wayback Machine Fricke John and Scarfone and William Stillman The Wizard of Oz The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History Warner Books 1989 Nissen Axel 2007 Actresses of a Certain Character Forty Familiar Hollywood Faces from the Thirties to the Fifties McFarland amp Company pp 196 202 ISBN 978 0 7864 2746 8 Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 Lev Peter March 15 2013 Twentieth Century Fox The Zanuck Skouras Years 1935 1965 University of Texas Press pp 67 68 ISBN 978 0 292 74447 9 Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 Hearn Michael Patrick Keynote address The International Wizard of Oz Club Centennial convention Indiana University August 2000 a b Care Ross July 1980 Two Animation Books The Animated Raggedy Ann and Andy John Canemaker The Making of the Wizard of Oz Aljean Harmetz PDF Film Quarterly 33 4 45 47 doi 10 1525 fq 1980 33 4 04a00350 ISSN 0015 1386 Archived from the original on November 14 2020 Retrieved September 4 2019 Smalling Allen 1989 The Making of the Wizard of Oz Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM Hyperion ISBN 978 0 7868 8352 3 Harrod Horatia December 25 2015 Stormier than Kansas how The Wizard of Oz was made The Telegraph Archived from the original on May 9 2020 Retrieved September 5 2020 Interview of Ray Bolger 1990 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 50 Years of Magic Jack Haley Jr Productions Leopold Ted August 25 2014 The Wizard of Oz at 75 Did you know CNN Archived from the original on September 2 2017 Retrieved September 1 2017 Margaret Hamilton s copper based makeup as the Wicked Witch was poisonous so she lived on a liquid diet during the film and the makeup was carefully cleaned off her each day Aylesworth Thomas 1984 History of Movie Musicals New York City Gallery Books pp 97 ISBN 978 0 8317 4467 0 a b Harmetz Aljean 2013 The Making of The Wizard of Oz Chicago Review Press ISBN 978 1 61374 835 0 Archived from the original on November 14 2020 Retrieved October 5 2020 a b I ll ruin you Judy Garland on being groped and harassed by powerful Hollywood men The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved May 25 2021 Bertram Colin Judy Garland Was Put on a Strict Diet and Encouraged to Take Pep Pills While Filming The Wizard of Oz Biography Retrieved May 25 2021 a b Claims that Wizard of Oz munchkins molested Judy Garland deserve a response ABC News April 4 2018 Retrieved May 25 2021 Snyder S James December 22 2008 Why Victor Fleming Was Hollywood s Hidden Genius Time Retrieved December 30 2021 Van Luling Todd August 25 2015 5 Things You Still Don t Know About The Wizard Of Oz Retrieved December 30 2021 Desta Yohana February 8 2017 Judy Garland Was Groped by Munchkins on Wizard of Oz Set New Memoir Claims Vanity Fair Retrieved May 25 2021 Judy Garland sexually harassed by munchkin co stars on Wizard of Oz set The Guardian February 8 2017 Retrieved May 25 2021 Adams Thelma October 17 2017 Casting Couch Tactics Plagued Hollywood Long Before Harvey Weinstein Variety Retrieved May 25 2021 Hejzlar Zdenek Worlund John 2007 Chapter 1 Scope of Phase I Environmental Site Assessments Technical Aspects of Phase I II Environmental Site Assessments 2nd Edition ASTM International pp 15 15 11 doi 10 1520 mnl11243m ISBN 978 0803142732 Cabin in the Sky 1943 Tornado Scene YouTube Retrieved July 11 2021 Miller Ron 2006 Special Effects An Introduction to Movie Magic Twenty First Century Books ISBN 978 0 7613 2918 3 Hogan David J June 1 2014 The Wizard of Oz FAQ All That s Left to Know About Life According to Oz Hal Leonard Corporation ISBN 978 1 4803 9719 4 Scarfone Jay Stillman William 2004 The Wizardry of Oz Hal Leonard Corporation ISBN 978 1 61774 843 1 Archived from the original on November 14 2020 Retrieved October 5 2020 The Wizard of Oz Cowardly Lion costume fetches 3 million at auction CBS News CBS AP November 25 2014 Archived from the original on August 23 2018 Retrieved August 23 2018 Rushdie Salman 1992 The Wizard of Oz Macmillan ISBN 978 0 85170 300 8 Archived from the original on August 19 2020 Retrieved August 23 2018 Eschner Kat The Crazy Tricks Early Filmmakers Used To Fake Snow Smithsonian Archived from the original on August 21 2018 Retrieved August 21 2018 McCulloch Jock Tweedale Geoffrey 2008 Defending the Indefensible The Global Asbestos Industry and its Fight for Survival OUP Oxford ISBN 978 0 19 156008 8 Archived from the original on September 8 2019 Retrieved August 23 2018 The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary News Archived from the original on May 13 2011 The Wizard of Oz Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original Soundtrack Songs Reviews Credits Awards AllMusic Archived from the original on August 9 2020 Retrieved April 28 2020 The Wizard of Oz Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The Deluxe Edition 2 CD set original recording remastered Rhino Records 71964 July 18 1995 Warner Bros 2005 The Wizard of Oz Deluxe DVD edition program notes and audio extras The Making of the Wizard of Oz Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM and the Miracle of Production 1060 10th Edition Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc Random House 1989 Jim s Wizard of Oz Website Directory The Wizard of Oz A Movie Timeline geocities com Archived from the original on November 14 2007 Retrieved September 10 2007 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a author has generic name help AFI Catalog catalog afi com Archived from the original on January 25 2020 Retrieved September 3 2019 Down The Yellow Brick Road The Making of The Wizard Of Oz McClelland 1976 Publisher Pyramid Publications Harcourt Brace Jonavich Williams Scott July 21 2009 Hello yellow brick road Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Archived from the original on January 16 2010 Retrieved October 21 2011 John Fricke a historian who has written books about The Wizard of Oz said that MGM executives arranged advance screenings in a handful of small communities to find out how audiences would respond to the musical adventure which cost nearly 3 million to produce Fricke said he believes the first showings were on the 11th one day before Oconomowoc s preview on Cape Cod in Dennis Massachusetts and in another southeastern Wisconsin community Kenosha a b Cisar Katjusa August 18 2009 No Place Like Home Wizard of Oz premiered here 70 years ago Madison com Archived from the original on August 25 2017 Retrieved October 21 2011 Oconomowoc s Strand Theatre was one of three small town movie theaters across the country where Oz premiered in the days prior to its official Hollywood opening on Aug 15 1939 It s possible that one of the other two test sites Kenosha and the Cape Cinema in Dennis Massachusetts screened the film a day earlier but Oconomowoc is the only one to lay claim and embrace the world premiere as its own Beloved movie s premiere was far from L A limelight Wisconsin State Journal August 12 2009 p a2 Grauman s Chinese Makeover How the Hollywood Landmark Will Be Revamped The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on August 3 2020 Retrieved April 28 2020 Chan November 7 1956 Television reviews Wizard of Oz Variety p 33 Retrieved October 27 2019 via Archive org Brooks Tim Marsh Earle 2003 Ford Star Jubilee The Complete Directory to Prime Time Cable and Network Shows 1946 present Ballantine Books p 425 ISBN 978 0 345 45542 0 Last telecast November 3 1956 The last telecast of Ford Star Jubilee however was really something special It was the first airing of what later became a television tradition Garland s classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz with Judy s 10 year old daughter Liza Minnelli and Lahr the Cowardly Lion from the film on hand to introduce it a b Hit Movies on U S TV Since 1961 Variety January 24 1990 p 160 MGM CBS Home Video ad Billboard November 22 1980 Archived from the original on November 14 2020 Retrieved April 20 2011 Julien Wilk February 28 2010 LaserDisc Database Search Wizard of Oz Lddb com Archived from the original on August 16 2012 Retrieved March 6 2010 WOO CED Exclusive Archived from the original on November 25 2014 Retrieved July 7 2014 The Wizard of Oz 1939 3D Prime Focus World Archived from the original on April 21 2016 Retrieved April 9 2016 Off To See The Wizards HDD Gets An In Depth Look at the Restoration of The Wizard of Oz Highdefdigest com September 11 2009 Archived from the original on February 12 2010 Retrieved March 6 2010 The Wizard of Oz Blu ray Release Date December 1 2009 archived from the original on April 7 2020 retrieved March 5 2020 The Wizard of Oz DVD Release Date March 16 2010 archived from the original on April 7 2020 retrieved March 5 2020 a b Wizard of Oz coming back to theaters for IMAX 3D run Archived from the original on June 16 2013 Retrieved June 4 2013 Wizard of Oz Goes 3D for W B 90th Celebration ETonline com Archived from the original on December 10 2012 Retrieved November 2 2012 WOO Best Buy SteelBook Exclusive Archived from the original on July 15 2014 Retrieved July 7 2014 WOO Target Exclusive Archived from the original on November 23 2018 Retrieved July 7 2014 The Wizard of Oz 4K Blu ray Archived August 26 2019 at the Wayback Machine Blu ray com August 23 2019 Cruz Gilbert August 30 2010 The Wizard of Oz Time Archived from the original on December 18 2011 Retrieved January 21 2011 The Wizard of Oz 1939 U S Kiddiematinee com November 3 1956 Archived from the original on January 12 2010 Retrieved March 6 2010 The Wizard of Oz 2002 re issue 2002 boxofficemojo com Archived from the original on November 24 2018 Retrieved April 28 2020 The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary Encore Event Creative Loading November 17 2009 Archived from the original on August 30 2017 Retrieved August 30 2017 Graser Marc August 28 2013 Warner Bros Plans 25 Million Campaign Around The Wizard of Oz Variety Archived from the original on September 2 2013 Retrieved September 11 2013 The Wizard of Oz 3D IMAX 2013 Box Office Mojo October 17 2013 Archived from the original on August 25 2017 Retrieved August 25 2017 Hicks Chris August 14 2013 Chris Hicks The Wizard of Oz reissue could signal the end of the G rating Deseret News Archived from the original on March 3 2016 Retrieved May 21 2016 TCM Presents The Wizard of Oz Variety Archived from the original on September 29 2015 Retrieved September 6 2015 Wizard of Oz is returning to theaters for its 80th anniversary Archived from the original on February 2 2019 Retrieved February 1 2019 Miller Caroline The Wizard of Oz Returns to Theaters for Judy Garland s 100 Birthday Celebration Movieweb com May 8 2022 a b c Nugent Frank S August 18 1939 The Wizard of Oz Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood Works Its Magic on the Capitol s Screen The New York Times Archived from the original on July 19 2011 Retrieved October 21 2011 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Music Monthly March 18 2007 The 50 Greatest Film Soundtracks The Guardian London Archived from the original on September 15 2007 Retrieved September 10 2007 50 films to see by age 15 UPDATED British Film Institute Archived from the original on May 28 2020 Retrieved June 2 2020 Nicholson Peter Debruge Owen Gleiberman Lisa Kennedy Jessica Kiang Tomris Laffly Guy Lodge Amy Debruge Peter Gleiberman Owen Kennedy Lisa Kiang Jessica Laffly Tomris Lodge Guy Nicholson Amy December 21 2022 The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time Variety Retrieved December 23 2022 The Wizard of Oz Production Timeline Archived from the original on February 28 2012 Retrieved February 28 2012 The first official sequel to The Wizard of Oz is released an animated film titled Journey Back to Oz Abramowitz Jack December 2012 The Secrets of Oz Revealed Back Issue 61 TwoMorrows Publishing Maslin Janet June 21 1985 Film A New Oz Gives Dorothy New Friends The New York Times Retrieved March 8 2013 Instead of the Wizard of Oz sequel that its title suggests Return to Oz is more of a grim variation This time in a story derived largely from L Frank Baum s The Land of Oz sic and Ozma of Oz a pint sized Dorothy has been brought to the screen with a different set of sidekicks for instance instead of traveling to Oz with Toto Dorothy is this time accompanied by a different Baum creation Billina the Chicken Once there she meets a whole new set of friends Geraghty Lincoln 2011 American Hollywood Intellect Books p 187 ISBN 978 1 84150 415 5 Flashback Exclusive A Return to Oz ET Online March 5 2013 Archived from the original on June 3 2013 Retrieved March 15 2013 Tom and Jerry amp The Wizard of Oz Blu ray Archived June 5 2016 at the Wayback Machine Blu ray Retrieved June 17 2016 TOM AND JERRY BACK TO OZ Archived November 16 2018 at the Wayback Machine Warnerbros com Retrieved June 18 2016 Oz The Great and Powerful 2013 Box Office Mojo August 28 2013 Archived from the original on May 1 2016 Retrieved April 28 2020 Oz 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Aljean 1998 The Making of the Wizard of Oz Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM ISBN 978 0 7868 8352 3 Dwight Blocker Bowers January 2010 The Ruby Slippers Inventing an American Icon The Lemelson Center Archived from the original on April 20 2010 Retrieved April 28 2010 Burke Monte December 3 2008 Inside The Search For Dorothy s Slippers Forbes Archived from the original on February 10 2011 Retrieved April 28 2010 Frank Baum L Frank Lyman Wallace Denslow William Albert Hamlin Fred Frederic Yipsel Harburg E Y Edgar Harold Arlen April 21 2000 To See the Wizard The Wizard of Oz An American Fairy Tale Exhibitions Library of Congress www loc gov Archived from the original on September 29 2018 Retrieved December 29 2017 Debbie Reynolds Auction Breaks Up Historic Hollywood Collection Archived from the original on March 18 2014 Retrieved January 23 2014 Cullinane Susannah July 21 2021 University finds missing Dorothy dress from The Wizard of Oz WLS TV Retrieved July 24 2021 via CNN The Wonderful World of Disney Has a Long History With the Wonderful World of Oz October 22 2019 Finding Oz in Disneyland Paris March 11 2013 Bibliography EditMemories of a Munchkin An Illustrated Walk Down the Yellow Brick Road by Meinhardt Raabe and Daniel Kinske Back Stage Books 2005 ISBN 0 8230 9193 7 The Ruby Slippers of Oz by Rhys Thomas Tale Weaver 1989 ISBN 0 942139 09 7 978 0 942139 09 9 The Wizardry of Oz The Artistry And Magic of the 1939 MGM Classic Revised and Expanded by Jay Scarfone and William Stillman Applause Books 2004 ISBN 0 517 20333 2 978 0 517 20333 0 The Munchkins of Oz by Stephen Cox Cumberland House 1996 ISBN 1 58182 269 3 978 1 58182 269 4 Did these stories really happen by Michelle Bernier Createspace 2010 ISBN 1 4505 8536 1 Green Stanley 1999 Hollywood Musicals Year by Year 2nd ed pub Hal Leonard Corporation ISBN 0 634 00765 3 pages 88 89 Further reading EditBurger Alissa November 29 2022 The Wizard of Oz Cinema and Media Studies Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 OBO 9780199791286 0360 ISBN 978 0 19 979128 6 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wizard of Oz film Wikiquote has quotations related to The Wizard of Oz The Wizard of Oz essay 1 by Peter Keough at National Film Registry The Wizard of Oz essay by Daniel Eagan in America s Film Legacy The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry A amp C Black 2010 ISBN 0826429777 pages 292 293 America s Film Legacy The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry Official website The Wizard of Oz at IMDb The Wizard of Oz at the American Film Institute Catalog The Wizard of Oz at AllMovie The Wizard of Oz at the TCM Movie Database The Wizard of Oz at Box Office Mojo The Wizard of Oz at Rotten Tomatoes Finding aid author John N Gillespie 2013 The Wizard of Oz recordings and recording logs Prepared for the L Tom Perry Special Collections Provo UT The Wizard of Oz on Lux Radio Theater December 25 1950 Character drawings for The Wizard of Oz Margaret Herrick Library Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Portals Film Kansas United States World War II Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Wizard of Oz 1939 film amp oldid 1132079216, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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