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End of World War II in Asia

April 21, 2023

See also: Asiatic-Pacific Theater

World War II officially ended in Asia on September 2, 1945, with the surrender of Japan on the USS Missouri. Before that, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, and the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, causing Emperor Hirohito to announce the acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration on August 15, 1945, which would eventually lead to the surrender ceremony on September 2.

After the ceremony, Japanese forces continued to surrender across the Pacific, with the last major surrender occurring on October 25, 1945, with the surrender of Japanese forces in Taiwan to Chiang Kai-shek. The Americans occupied Japan after the end of the war until April 28, 1952, when the Treaty of San Francisco came into effect.

Prelude

Soviet agreements to invade Japan

At the Tehran Conference, between November 28 and December 1, 1943, the Soviet Union agreed to invade Japan "after the defeat of Germany", but this would not be finalized until the Yalta Conference between February 4 and February 11, 1945, when the Soviet Union agreed to invade Japan within 2 or 3 months.[1][2] On April 5, 1945, the Soviet Union denounced the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact that had been signed on April 13, 1941, as now the Soviet Union had plans for war with Japan.[3]

Surrender of Axis forces in Europe

See also: End of World War II in Europe

Japan's biggest allies in Europe began to surrender in 1945, with the last Italian troops surrender in the "Rendition of Caserta" on April 29, 1945,[4] and the Germans surrendering on May 8, 1945,[5] leaving Japan as the last major Axis power standing.

The Potsdam Conference and Declaration

On July 17, 1945, the Potsdam Conference began. While mostly dealing with events in Europe after the Axis surrenders, the Allies also discussed the war against Japan,[6] leading to the Potsdam Declaration being issued on July 26, 1945, calling for the unconditional surrender of Japan, and "prompt and utter destruction" if Japan failed to surrender. Yet, the ultimatum also claimed that Japan would not "be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation".[7]

 
From left to right: Clement Attlee, Harry S. Truman, and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference.

Japan's peace attempts and response to the Potsdam Declaration

Peace attempts

Before the Potsdam Declaration was issued, Japan had wanted to attempt peace with the Allies, with some early moves by the government apparent as early as the spring of 1944. By the time the Suzuki cabinet took office on April 7, 1945, it became clear that the government's unannounced aim was to secure peace.[8] The repeated attempts to establish unofficial communication with the Allies included sending Prince Fumimaro Konoe to Moscow to try to get the Soviet Union to make the Americans stop the war. However, the Soviet Union did not want the Allies to have peace with Japan until they declared war on Japan.[8]

Response to the Potsdam Declaration

When the Potsdam Declaration was issued, Japan's government followed a policy of mokusatsu, which can be roughly translated as "to withhold comment", most likely the closest to what the government meant.[8] However, Japan's propaganda agencies, like Radio Tokyo and the Domei News Agency, broadcast that Japan was "ignoring" the Potsdam Declaration, another possible translation of mokusatsu, making it seem like Japan outright ignored the Potsdam Declaration, leading to the United States dropping nuclear weapons on Japan a few days later.[8]

Final stages

See also: Pacific War § Final stages, Burma Campaign § Final operations, and Victory over Japan Day

Before the informal surrender of Japan

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Main article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 
Atomic cloud over Hiroshima after "Little Boy" is dropped on the city

On August 6, 1945, a gun-type nuclear bomb, Little Boy, was dropped on Hiroshima from a special B-29 Superfortress named Enola Gay, flown by Col. Paul Tibbets. It was the first use of atomic weapons in combat. 70,000 were killed instantly; 30,000 more would die by the end of the year. Hiroshima was chosen as the target to demonstrate the destructiveness of the bomb.[9]

After the bombing of Hiroshima, Harry Truman said that "We have spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history—and won." Japan still continued the war, though, despite some officials' attempts to make peace through the Soviets.[9]

On August 9, 1945, a second, and more powerful plutonium implosion atomic bomb, Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki from a different Silverplate B-29 named Bockscar, flown by Major General Charles Sweeney. The original target was Kokura, but thick clouds covered the city, so the plane was flown to the secondary target, Nagasaki, instead. It killed 40,000 instantly, and another 30,000 would die by the end of the year.[9]

The atomic bombings were one possible reason why Emperor Hirohito decided to surrender to the Allies.[9]

Soviet war against Japan

On August 8, 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, breaking the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact This dashed any hopes of peace negotiated through the Soviet Union and was a big factor in the surrender of Japan[10] The next day after, Soviet armies invaded Manchuria, attacking from all sides, except the south.[10] On August 10, 1945, Soviet forces invaded Karafuto Prefecture.[11] Following the declaration, Japan was at war with almost all non-neutral nations.

Korea

On August 11, 1945, with the drafting of General Order No. 1, the 38th Parallel was set as the delineation between the Soviet and US occupation zones in Korea, with Japanese forces north the parallel surrendering to the Soviets, and south of it surrendering to the Americans.[12]

The informal Japanese surrender

On August 9, after the Nagasaki atomic bombing, shortly before midnight, Hirohito entered a meeting with his cabinet, where he said that he did not believe Japan could continue to fight the war. The next day, the Japanese Foreign Ministry transmitted to the Allies that they would accept the Potsdam Declaration. In the evening of August 14, Hirohito was recorded accepting the Potsdam Declaration at the NHK broadcasting studio. It would not be broadcast until the next day at noon.[13]

After the informal surrender

 
Minister of Foreign Affairs Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the instrument of surrender on USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945

Douglas MacArthur

General Douglas MacArthur was the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, and as such had complete control over the occupation of Japan. He issued General Order No. 1 on August 17, which ordered all Japanese forces to unconditionally surrender to an Allied power in the Pacific, depending on the location.[14][15] On August 30, General Douglas MacArthur arrived at Atsugi Air Base in Japan to begin the occupation of Japan by the Allied Powers.[16]

Last air casualty

On August 18, Japanese pilots attacked two B-32s of the 386th Bombardment Squadron and 312th Bombardment Group on a photo reconnaissance mission over Japan. Sergeant Anthony Marchione, 19, a photographer's assistant, was fatally wounded in the attack and would be the last American killed in air combat in the Second World War.[17]

Allied operations after the informal surrender

Troop actions

On August 18, Soviet troops began invading the Kuril Islands, starting with amphibious landings in Shumshu. Five days later, the last Japanese troops there surrendered.[18] On August 30, after the informal surrender, British forces returned to Hong Kong.[19]

August 27, 1945
B-29s begin to drop supplies to prisoners in Japanese camps as part of Operation "Blacklist", which included providing Allied prisoners of war with adequate supplies and care and to evacuate them from their prisons.[20]
August 29, 1945
A B-29 was shot down over Korea supplying P.O.W.s in the camp of Konan. Bill Streifer and Irek Sabitov argue the Soviets shot the plane down to prevent the Americans from identifying facilities supporting Japan's atomic bomb program.[21]
September 2, 1945
Formal Japanese surrender ceremony aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay; U.S. President Harry S. Truman declares Victory over Japan Day.[16]

Aftermath

See also: South East Asia Command § Post–World War II
 
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, March 1945
September 2, 1945
Japanese garrison in Penang surrenders, while the British begin to retake Penang under Operation Jurist.[22]
September 4, 1945
Japanese troops on Wake Island surrender.[23]
September 5, 1945
The British land in Singapore.[22]
September 5, 1945
The Soviets complete their occupation of the Kuril Islands.[24]
September 6, 1945
Japanese forces in Rabaul and across Papua New Guinea surrender.[25]
September 8, 1945
MacArthur enters Tokyo.[26]
September 8, 1945
US forces land at Incheon to occupy Korea south of the 38th parallel.[27]
September 9, 1945
Japanese forces in China surrender.[28]
September 9, 1945
Japanese forces on the Korean Peninsula surrender.[27]
September 10, 1945
Japanese forces in Borneo surrender.[29]
September 10, 1945
Japanese in Labuan surrender.[30]
September 11, 1945
Japanese in Sarawak surrender.[31]
September 12, 1945
Japanese in Singapore formally surrender.[32]
September 13, 1945
Japanese in Burma formally surrender.[33]
September 16, 1945
Japanese in Hong Kong formally surrender.[34]
October 25, 1945
Japanese in Taiwan surrender to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek.[35]

Thailand (Siam)

After Japan's defeat in 1945, most of the international community, with the exception of Britain, did not accept Thailand's declaration of war, as it had been signed under duress. Thailand was not occupied by the Allies, but it was forced to return the territory it had regained to the French.[36] In the postwar period Thailand had relations with the United States, which it saw as a protector from the communist revolutions in neighbouring countries.[37]

Occupation of Japan

At the end of World War II, Japan was occupied by the Allies, led by the United States with contributions also from Australia, India, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. This foreign presence marked the first time in its history that the island nation had been occupied by a foreign power.[38] The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and after it came into force on April 28, 1952, Japan was once again an independent country.[39]

International Military Tribunal for the Far East

During the occupation of Japan, leading Japanese war crime charges were reserved for those who participated in a joint conspiracy to start and wage war, termed "Class A" (crimes against peace), and were brought against those in the highest decision-making bodies; "Class B" crimes were reserved for those who committed "conventional" atrocities or crimes against humanity; "Class C" crimes were reserved for those in "the planning, ordering, authorization, or failure to prevent such transgressions at higher levels in the command structure."[40]

Twenty-eight Japanese military and political leaders were charged with Class A crimes, and more than 5,500 others were charged with Class B and C crimes, as lower-ranking war criminals. The Republic of China held 13 tribunals of its own, resulting in 504 convictions and 149 executions.[41]

Emperor Hirohito and all members of the imperial family such as Prince Asaka, were not prosecuted for involvement in any the three categories of crimes. Herbert Bix explains that "the Truman administration and General MacArthur both believed the occupation reforms would be implemented smoothly if they used Hirohito to legitimise their changes."[42] As many as 50 suspects, such as Nobusuke Kishi, who later became Prime Minister were charged but released without ever being brought to trial in 1947 and 1948.[43] Shiro Ishii received immunity in exchange for data gathered from his experiments on live prisoners.[44] The lone dissenting judge to exonerate all indictees was Indian jurist Radhabinod Pal.[45]

The tribunal was adjourned on November 12, 1948.[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Milestones: 1937–1945 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  2. ^ "Yalta Conference | Summary, Dates, Consequences, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  3. ^ "The Avalon Project : Soviet Denunciation of the Pact with Japan". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  4. ^ "The Day the War Ended in Italy". Italy Star Association 1943-1945. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  5. ^ "Germany's surrender | World War II [1945]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  6. ^ "Potsdam Conference | Facts, History, & Significance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  7. ^ "Potsdam Declaration | Definition, Terms, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  8. ^ a b c d Kawai, Kazuo (1950-11-01). "Mokusatsu, Japan's Response to the Potsdam Declaration". Pacific Historical Review. 19 (4): 409–414. doi:10.2307/3635822. ISSN 0030-8684. JSTOR 3635822.
  9. ^ a b c d "atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki | Date, Facts, Significance, Timeline, Deaths, & Aftermath". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  10. ^ a b "Soviet-Japan and the termination of the Second World War". The National Archives. 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  11. ^ "KOREA IS INVADED; Russians Also Strike into South Sakhalin Island, Says Tokyo GAIN IN MANCHURIA Soviets Cross Amur and Ussuri Rivers, Advance Near Lake Bor RUSSIAN PINCERS GRIP MANCHURIA Heaviest Fighting in West Russians Bomb Harbor". The New York Times. 1945-08-10. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  12. ^ "Korea - Division of Korea". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  13. ^ Polmar, Thomas B. Allen, Norman (2015-08-07). "The 4-Minute Radio Broadcast That Ended World War II". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  14. ^ "SWNCC 21/8: Unconditional Surrender of Japan". National Diet Library Digital Collections. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  15. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The Far East, China, Volume VII". US State Department - Office of the Historian. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  16. ^ a b "Timeline: Last Days of Imperial Japan". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  17. ^ Roblin, Sébastien (February 10, 2018). . The National Interest. Archived from the original on February 11, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2018 – via Yahoo.com.
  18. ^ Russell, Richard A., Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan, Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997, ISBN 0-945274-35-1, pp. 30-31.
  19. ^ "Three Years and Eight Months: Hong Kong during the Japanese Occupation". HKUST Library. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  20. ^ "Chapter 4: Relief of Prisoners of War and Internees". history.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  21. ^ "The Flight of the Hog Wild - by Bill Streifer and Irek Sabitov". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  22. ^ a b "BBC - WW2 People's War - Operation Jurist and the end of the War". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  23. ^ "1945: September 4: Japanese Surrender and Prisoners of War on Wake Island". public1.nhhcaws.local. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  24. ^ Russell, Richard A., Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan, Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997, ISBN 0-945274-35-1, pp. 33, 34.
  25. ^ "Instrument of Surrender – surrender of all Japanese Armed Forces in Papua New Guinea | naa.gov.au". www.naa.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  26. ^ "Occupation of Japan and the New Constitution | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  27. ^ a b "Surrender of Japan in Korea". history.navy.mil. Retrieved 2021-11-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ^ "Witnessing Japan's surrender in China". BBC News. 2015-09-02. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  29. ^ "BALIKPAPAN, BORNEO, 1945-09-10. SURRENDER OF ALL JAPANESE FORCES IN THE BALIKPAPAN AREA, AT THE ..." www.awm.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  30. ^ "Surrender to Major-General Wootten at Labuan". www.awm.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  31. ^ "Sarawak to commemorate Japan Surrender". Borneo Post Online. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  32. ^ "Japanese surrender | Infopedia". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  33. ^ "THE JAPANESE SURRENDER IN BURMA, 1945". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  34. ^ "What happened when the Japanese surrendered?". South China Morning Post. 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  35. ^ "Lien\'s campaign TV ads to stress love for Taiwan - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 2003-10-07. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  36. ^ "Thailand - The postwar crisis and the return of Phibunsongkhram". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  37. ^ "The lost territories: Franco-Thai relations after WWII". 27 August 2015.
  38. ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Japan, 1900 a.d.–present". Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  39. ^ "volume- 136-i- 1832-english.pdf" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ "International Military Tribunal for the Far East" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ^ "Tokyo War Crimes Trial". The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  42. ^ "Herbert P. Bix". HarperCollins US.
  43. ^ . 2012-08-01. Archived from the original on 2012-08-01. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  44. ^ Kaye, Jeffrey (2021-04-27). "Department of Justice Official Releases Letter Admitting U.S. Amnesty of Unit 731 War Criminals". Medium. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  45. ^ Varadarajan, Latha (2015-12-01). "The trials of imperialism: Radhabinod Pal's dissent at the Tokyo tribunal". European Journal of International Relations. 21 (4): 793–815. doi:10.1177/1354066114555775. ISSN 1354-0661. S2CID 143839380.
  46. ^ "The International Military Tribunal for the Far East". imtfe.law.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-08.

April 21, 2023
world, asia, also, asiatic, pacific, theater, world, officially, ended, asia, september, 1945, with, surrender, japan, missouri, before, that, united, states, dropped, atomic, bombs, japan, soviet, union, declared, japan, causing, emperor, hirohito, announce, . See also Asiatic Pacific Theater World War II officially ended in Asia on September 2 1945 with the surrender of Japan on the USS Missouri Before that the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan and the Soviet Union declared war on Japan causing Emperor Hirohito to announce the acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration on August 15 1945 which would eventually lead to the surrender ceremony on September 2 After the ceremony Japanese forces continued to surrender across the Pacific with the last major surrender occurring on October 25 1945 with the surrender of Japanese forces in Taiwan to Chiang Kai shek The Americans occupied Japan after the end of the war until April 28 1952 when the Treaty of San Francisco came into effect Contents 1 Prelude 1 1 Soviet agreements to invade Japan 1 2 Surrender of Axis forces in Europe 1 3 The Potsdam Conference and Declaration 1 3 1 Japan s peace attempts and response to the Potsdam Declaration 1 3 1 1 Peace attempts 1 3 1 2 Response to the Potsdam Declaration 2 Final stages 2 1 Before the informal surrender of Japan 2 1 1 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2 1 2 Soviet war against Japan 2 1 3 Korea 2 2 The informal Japanese surrender 2 3 After the informal surrender 2 3 1 Douglas MacArthur 2 3 2 Last air casualty 2 3 3 Allied operations after the informal surrender 2 3 3 1 Troop actions 3 Aftermath 3 1 Thailand Siam 3 2 Occupation of Japan 3 3 International Military Tribunal for the Far East 4 See also 5 ReferencesPrelude EditSoviet agreements to invade Japan Edit At the Tehran Conference between November 28 and December 1 1943 the Soviet Union agreed to invade Japan after the defeat of Germany but this would not be finalized until the Yalta Conference between February 4 and February 11 1945 when the Soviet Union agreed to invade Japan within 2 or 3 months 1 2 On April 5 1945 the Soviet Union denounced the Soviet Japanese Neutrality Pact that had been signed on April 13 1941 as now the Soviet Union had plans for war with Japan 3 Surrender of Axis forces in Europe Edit See also End of World War II in EuropeJapan s biggest allies in Europe began to surrender in 1945 with the last Italian troops surrender in the Rendition of Caserta on April 29 1945 4 and the Germans surrendering on May 8 1945 5 leaving Japan as the last major Axis power standing The Potsdam Conference and Declaration Edit On July 17 1945 the Potsdam Conference began While mostly dealing with events in Europe after the Axis surrenders the Allies also discussed the war against Japan 6 leading to the Potsdam Declaration being issued on July 26 1945 calling for the unconditional surrender of Japan and prompt and utter destruction if Japan failed to surrender Yet the ultimatum also claimed that Japan would not be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation 7 From left to right Clement Attlee Harry S Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference Japan s peace attempts and response to the Potsdam Declaration Edit Peace attempts Edit Before the Potsdam Declaration was issued Japan had wanted to attempt peace with the Allies with some early moves by the government apparent as early as the spring of 1944 By the time the Suzuki cabinet took office on April 7 1945 it became clear that the government s unannounced aim was to secure peace 8 The repeated attempts to establish unofficial communication with the Allies included sending Prince Fumimaro Konoe to Moscow to try to get the Soviet Union to make the Americans stop the war However the Soviet Union did not want the Allies to have peace with Japan until they declared war on Japan 8 Response to the Potsdam Declaration Edit When the Potsdam Declaration was issued Japan s government followed a policy of mokusatsu which can be roughly translated as to withhold comment most likely the closest to what the government meant 8 However Japan s propaganda agencies like Radio Tokyo and the Domei News Agency broadcast that Japan was ignoring the Potsdam Declaration another possible translation of mokusatsu making it seem like Japan outright ignored the Potsdam Declaration leading to the United States dropping nuclear weapons on Japan a few days later 8 Final stages EditSee also Pacific War Final stages Burma Campaign Final operations and Victory over Japan Day Before the informal surrender of Japan Edit Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Edit Main article Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic cloud over Hiroshima after Little Boy is dropped on the city On August 6 1945 a gun type nuclear bomb Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima from a special B 29 Superfortress named Enola Gay flown by Col Paul Tibbets It was the first use of atomic weapons in combat 70 000 were killed instantly 30 000 more would die by the end of the year Hiroshima was chosen as the target to demonstrate the destructiveness of the bomb 9 After the bombing of Hiroshima Harry Truman said that We have spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history and won Japan still continued the war though despite some officials attempts to make peace through the Soviets 9 On August 9 1945 a second and more powerful plutonium implosion atomic bomb Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki from a different Silverplate B 29 named Bockscar flown by Major General Charles Sweeney The original target was Kokura but thick clouds covered the city so the plane was flown to the secondary target Nagasaki instead It killed 40 000 instantly and another 30 000 would die by the end of the year 9 The atomic bombings were one possible reason why Emperor Hirohito decided to surrender to the Allies 9 Soviet war against Japan Edit On August 8 1945 the Soviet Union declared war on Japan breaking the Soviet Japanese Neutrality Pact This dashed any hopes of peace negotiated through the Soviet Union and was a big factor in the surrender of Japan 10 The next day after Soviet armies invaded Manchuria attacking from all sides except the south 10 On August 10 1945 Soviet forces invaded Karafuto Prefecture 11 Following the declaration Japan was at war with almost all non neutral nations Korea Edit On August 11 1945 with the drafting of General Order No 1 the 38th Parallel was set as the delineation between the Soviet and US occupation zones in Korea with Japanese forces north the parallel surrendering to the Soviets and south of it surrendering to the Americans 12 The informal Japanese surrender Edit On August 9 after the Nagasaki atomic bombing shortly before midnight Hirohito entered a meeting with his cabinet where he said that he did not believe Japan could continue to fight the war The next day the Japanese Foreign Ministry transmitted to the Allies that they would accept the Potsdam Declaration In the evening of August 14 Hirohito was recorded accepting the Potsdam Declaration at the NHK broadcasting studio It would not be broadcast until the next day at noon 13 After the informal surrender Edit Minister of Foreign Affairs Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the instrument of surrender on USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2 1945 Douglas MacArthur Edit General Douglas MacArthur was the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and as such had complete control over the occupation of Japan He issued General Order No 1 on August 17 which ordered all Japanese forces to unconditionally surrender to an Allied power in the Pacific depending on the location 14 15 On August 30 General Douglas MacArthur arrived at Atsugi Air Base in Japan to begin the occupation of Japan by the Allied Powers 16 Last air casualty Edit On August 18 Japanese pilots attacked two B 32s of the 386th Bombardment Squadron and 312th Bombardment Group on a photo reconnaissance mission over Japan Sergeant Anthony Marchione 19 a photographer s assistant was fatally wounded in the attack and would be the last American killed in air combat in the Second World War 17 Allied operations after the informal surrender Edit Troop actions Edit On August 18 Soviet troops began invading the Kuril Islands starting with amphibious landings in Shumshu Five days later the last Japanese troops there surrendered 18 On August 30 after the informal surrender British forces returned to Hong Kong 19 August 27 1945 B 29s begin to drop supplies to prisoners in Japanese camps as part of Operation Blacklist which included providing Allied prisoners of war with adequate supplies and care and to evacuate them from their prisons 20 August 29 1945 A B 29 was shot down over Korea supplying P O W s in the camp of Konan Bill Streifer and Irek Sabitov argue the Soviets shot the plane down to prevent the Americans from identifying facilities supporting Japan s atomic bomb program 21 September 2 1945 Formal Japanese surrender ceremony aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay U S President Harry S Truman declares Victory over Japan Day 16 Aftermath EditSee also South East Asia Command Post World War II Generalissimo Chiang Kai shek March 1945 September 2 1945 Japanese garrison in Penang surrenders while the British begin to retake Penang under Operation Jurist 22 September 4 1945 Japanese troops on Wake Island surrender 23 September 5 1945 The British land in Singapore 22 September 5 1945 The Soviets complete their occupation of the Kuril Islands 24 September 6 1945 Japanese forces in Rabaul and across Papua New Guinea surrender 25 September 8 1945 MacArthur enters Tokyo 26 September 8 1945 US forces land at Incheon to occupy Korea south of the 38th parallel 27 September 9 1945 Japanese forces in China surrender 28 September 9 1945 Japanese forces on the Korean Peninsula surrender 27 September 10 1945 Japanese forces in Borneo surrender 29 September 10 1945 Japanese in Labuan surrender 30 September 11 1945 Japanese in Sarawak surrender 31 September 12 1945 Japanese in Singapore formally surrender 32 September 13 1945 Japanese in Burma formally surrender 33 September 16 1945 Japanese in Hong Kong formally surrender 34 October 25 1945 Japanese in Taiwan surrender to Generalissimo Chiang Kai shek 35 Thailand Siam Edit After Japan s defeat in 1945 most of the international community with the exception of Britain did not accept Thailand s declaration of war as it had been signed under duress Thailand was not occupied by the Allies but it was forced to return the territory it had regained to the French 36 In the postwar period Thailand had relations with the United States which it saw as a protector from the communist revolutions in neighbouring countries 37 Occupation of Japan Edit At the end of World War II Japan was occupied by the Allies led by the United States with contributions also from Australia India New Zealand and the United Kingdom This foreign presence marked the first time in its history that the island nation had been occupied by a foreign power 38 The San Francisco Peace Treaty signed on September 8 1951 marked the end of the Allied occupation and after it came into force on April 28 1952 Japan was once again an independent country 39 International Military Tribunal for the Far East Edit International Military Tribunal for the Far East court chamber During the occupation of Japan leading Japanese war crime charges were reserved for those who participated in a joint conspiracy to start and wage war termed Class A crimes against peace and were brought against those in the highest decision making bodies Class B crimes were reserved for those who committed conventional atrocities or crimes against humanity Class C crimes were reserved for those in the planning ordering authorization or failure to prevent such transgressions at higher levels in the command structure 40 Twenty eight Japanese military and political leaders were charged with Class A crimes and more than 5 500 others were charged with Class B and C crimes as lower ranking war criminals The Republic of China held 13 tribunals of its own resulting in 504 convictions and 149 executions 41 Emperor Hirohito and all members of the imperial family such as Prince Asaka were not prosecuted for involvement in any the three categories of crimes Herbert Bix explains that the Truman administration and General MacArthur both believed the occupation reforms would be implemented smoothly if they used Hirohito to legitimise their changes 42 As many as 50 suspects such as Nobusuke Kishi who later became Prime Minister were charged but released without ever being brought to trial in 1947 and 1948 43 Shiro Ishii received immunity in exchange for data gathered from his experiments on live prisoners 44 The lone dissenting judge to exonerate all indictees was Indian jurist Radhabinod Pal 45 The tribunal was adjourned on November 12 1948 46 See also EditTimeline of Axis surrenders in World War II Japanese holdout Aftermath of World War IIReferences Edit Milestones 1937 1945 Office of the Historian history state gov Retrieved 2021 11 04 Yalta Conference Summary Dates Consequences amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 11 04 The Avalon Project Soviet Denunciation of the Pact with Japan avalon law yale edu Retrieved 2021 11 04 The Day the War Ended in Italy Italy Star Association 1943 1945 Retrieved 2021 11 04 Germany s surrender World War II 1945 Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 11 04 Potsdam Conference Facts History amp Significance Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 11 04 Potsdam Declaration Definition Terms amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 11 04 a b c d Kawai Kazuo 1950 11 01 Mokusatsu Japan s Response to the Potsdam Declaration Pacific Historical Review 19 4 409 414 doi 10 2307 3635822 ISSN 0030 8684 JSTOR 3635822 a b c d atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Date Facts Significance Timeline Deaths amp Aftermath Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 11 04 a b Soviet Japan and the termination of the Second World War The National Archives 2020 09 02 Retrieved 2021 11 05 KOREA IS INVADED Russians Also Strike into South Sakhalin Island Says Tokyo GAIN IN MANCHURIA Soviets Cross Amur and Ussuri Rivers Advance Near Lake Bor RUSSIAN PINCERS GRIP MANCHURIA Heaviest Fighting in West Russians Bomb Harbor The New York Times 1945 08 10 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2021 11 05 Korea Division of Korea Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 11 05 Polmar Thomas B Allen Norman 2015 08 07 The 4 Minute Radio Broadcast That Ended World War II The Atlantic Retrieved 2021 11 05 SWNCC 21 8 Unconditional Surrender of Japan National Diet Library Digital Collections Retrieved 2021 11 05 Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers 1945 The Far East China Volume VII US State Department Office of the Historian Retrieved 2022 01 26 a b Timeline Last Days of Imperial Japan Council on Foreign Relations Retrieved 2021 11 06 Roblin Sebastien February 10 2018 The B 32 Waged America s Last Air Battle in World War II After the War Ended The National Interest Archived from the original on February 11 2018 Retrieved February 11 2018 via Yahoo com Russell Richard A Project Hula Secret Soviet American Cooperation in the War Against Japan Washington D C Naval Historical Center 1997 ISBN 0 945274 35 1 pp 30 31 Three Years and Eight Months Hong Kong during the Japanese Occupation HKUST Library Retrieved 2022 01 26 Chapter 4 Relief of Prisoners of War and Internees history army mil Retrieved 2021 11 05 The Flight of the Hog Wild by Bill Streifer and Irek Sabitov Library of Congress Retrieved 2021 11 06 a b BBC WW2 People s War Operation Jurist and the end of the War www bbc co uk Retrieved 2021 11 06 1945 September 4 Japanese Surrender and Prisoners of War on Wake Island public1 nhhcaws local Retrieved 2021 11 06 Russell Richard A Project Hula Secret Soviet American Cooperation in the War Against Japan Washington D C Naval Historical Center 1997 ISBN 0 945274 35 1 pp 33 34 Instrument of Surrender surrender of all Japanese Armed Forces in Papua New Guinea naa gov au www naa gov au Retrieved 2021 11 06 Occupation of Japan and the New Constitution American Experience PBS www pbs org Retrieved 2021 11 06 a b 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lost territories Franco Thai relations after WWII 27 August 2015 The Metropolitan Museum of Art Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Japan 1900 a d present Retrieved 2009 02 01 volume 136 i 1832 english pdf PDF a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link International Military Tribunal for the Far East PDF a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Tokyo War Crimes Trial The National WWII Museum New Orleans Retrieved 2021 11 08 Herbert P Bix HarperCollins US JPRI Working Paper No 11 2012 08 01 Archived from the original on 2012 08 01 Retrieved 2021 11 09 Kaye Jeffrey 2021 04 27 Department of Justice Official Releases Letter Admitting U S Amnesty of Unit 731 War Criminals Medium Retrieved 2021 11 09 Varadarajan Latha 2015 12 01 The trials of imperialism Radhabinod Pal s dissent at the Tokyo tribunal European Journal of International Relations 21 4 793 815 doi 10 1177 1354066114555775 ISSN 1354 0661 S2CID 143839380 The International Military Tribunal for the Far East imtfe law virginia edu Retrieved 2021 11 08 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title End of World War II in Asia amp oldid 1144693561, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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