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Architecture of Australia

November 30, 2023

Architecture of Australia has generally been consistent with architectural trends in the wider Western world, with some special adaptations to compensate for distinctive Australian climatic and cultural factors. Indigenous Australians produced a wide range of structures and places prior to colonisation. Contemporary Indigenous practitioners are active in a broad range of built environment fields. During Australia's early Western history, it was a collection of British colonies in which architectural styles were strongly influenced by British designs. However, the unique climate of Australia necessitated adaptations, and 20th-century trends reflected the increasing influence of American urban designs and a diversification of the cultural tastes and requirements of an increasingly multicultural Australian society.

Notable Australian architectural adaptations include the Queenslander and Federation styles of residential architecture. Iconic Australian designs include the UNESCO listed Sydney Opera House, Melbourne Royal Exhibition Building, Brisbane City Hall and the 11 remnant penal colony sites selected for World Heritage protection in 2010.

History edit

 
A 19th-century engraving of an indigenous Australian encampment, representing the Indigenous mode of life in the cooler parts of Australia before the arrival of Europeans

In the period before European settlement of Australia, there were diverse forms of Indigenous architecture across Australia. The rich architecture traditions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples generally went unrecognised, and when it was recognised generally downplayed by the European Settlers.[1] However, many early colonists and explorers including Sir Thomas Mitchell and Charles Sturt recorded many Indigenous building styles including stone houses and houses grouped in villages.[1] As a British colony, the first European buildings were derivative of the European fashions of the time. As most of the colonialists where from England the first buildings reflected English ideas.[2]

Georgian architecture is seen in early government buildings and the homes of the wealthy. The architect Francis Greenway, who appears on the Australian ten-dollar note designed early buildings in the Georgian style. Examples include the Hyde Park Barracks, St James' Church and St Matthews Church at Windsor.[2]

Another European style to gain favour in 19th century Australia, particularly in churches, was Gothic Revival architecture. Pointed arches, turrets, battlements and gothic ornaments could also be found on bank, insurance offices, university buildings and homes.[2] One of the best examples of this style can be seen at the lower end of Collins Street in Melbourne.

 
Australian cities suffered from lax or nonexistent heritage preservation and protection, resulting in widespread loss of prominent early architectural styles–for example, Melbourne's Queen Anne style APA Building, built in 1889, was one of the world's tallest buildings in the 1890s but was demolished in the contemporary-conscious early 1980s.[3]

With the Australian gold rushes of the mid-19th-century major buildings, largely in Melbourne and Sydney and to a lesser extent in regional capitals such as Ballarat and Bendigo were built in the style of Victorian architecture.[citation needed] From about 1850 to 1893 Italianate architecture was also popular as it allowed greater displays of prosperity through rich and ornate decorate features such as cast iron lace work and slate roofs.[2] Towards the end of the century the style was pushed to an extreme by some architects. Buildings became over-burdened with excess columns, balustrades, exaggerated entrances and other lavish decorations. Medley Hall in Carlton is an example of this style which became known as the Boom Style from 1880 to 1893.[2]

One of the most significant architectural movements in Australian architecture was the Federation architecture style of the turn of the 20th century, where Australia began to play with the idea of a "style of our own", and the modern styles of the late 20th century which sought to reject historicism.

Walter Burley Griffin was an American architect and landscape architect who, with fellow architect Marion Mahony Griffin, played a key role in designing Canberra, Australia's capital city. A legacy of their unique architecture remains in a small number of Melbourne buildings and the Sydney suburb of Castlecrag. Castlecrag was planned by the Griffins and also features a number of houses designed in the organic Modernist style they developed after the Prairie School architecture that marked his earlier career in the United States. The simple, flat-roofed cottages that the Griffins designed in Canberra used their innovative, patented techniques for concrete construction.

One of the most important local introduction to Australian architecture was the verandah.[2] As pastoralists took up land and built solid, single story dwellings the addition of verandahs proved popular as they provided shade and looked attractive. They were often integrated into the symmetry of Georgian style homes.[2]

Like elsewhere in the world, socio-political factors have played their roles in shaping Australian architecture. During the early 20th century, cities across Australia had placed building height limits, typically 150 feet (45 m), thus hampering the development of American-style skyscrapers until the limits were lifted in the late 1950s. Likewise the popular notion of the "Australian Dream", in which families seek to own their free-standing houses with backyards, meant that high-density housings were rare in Australia until the end of the 20th century. The design of housing in Australia after World War II, which was mostly undertaken by builders, has been described as poor aesthetically and environmentally.[4]

Significant concern was raised during the 1960s, with green bans and heritage concerns responding to the destruction of earlier buildings and the skyscraper boom, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne, but affecting other major cities including Adelaide, Perth and Brisbane. Green bans helped to protect historic 18th-century buildings in The Rocks from being demolished to make way for office towers, and prevented the Royal Botanic Gardens from being turned into a carpark for the Sydney Opera House. In Melbourne a battle was fought to preserve historic Carlton, Victoria from slum reclamation for public housing, while gentrification played a big part in the suburb's salvation. In Melbourne's city centre, the destruction was particularly profound: Whelan the Wrecker was a family owned and operated demolition company that operated from 1892 until 1992, which became well known through the 1950s, 70s and 80s when signs stating that "Whelan the Wrecker is Here" appeared on many of the grand Victorian era buildings of Marvellous Melbourne. One of the most lamented losses in Melbourne was the Federal Coffee Palace on Collins Street and the APA Building (inspired by Chicago's early skyscrapers) at 49 Elizabeth Street. Many of the destruction occurred after the International Modernism style arrived in Australia, making Australians particularly conscious about Victorian architecture they felt was "dated".[5]

In the 21st century, many Australian architects have taken a more avant-garde approach to design, and many buildings have emerged that are truly unique and reflective of Australia's culture and values. As a result, many Australian practices are beginning to expand their influence overseas rather than the reverse which was often the case. Melbourne is seen as the city at the forefront of design ideas. Sydney is focusing on the humanist approach tending towards minimalism and architecture in Queensland is interested in outdoor rooms and the filtering of light.[4] Furthermore, greater appreciation for Australia's historic architecture has led to increased heritage protection for many buildings in Australia's cities, though not all buildings are protected, and some allow for façadism if the interior is unsustainable or unsafe.

Australian architectural styles edit

 
Internationally, the Sydney Opera House is the most recognised symbol of Sydney
Main article: Australian architectural styles
See also: Australian non-residential architectural styles

Architectural styles have been basically exotic and derivative. Only recently have climate and environment played a major role.

During the 19th century, Australian architects were inspired by developments in England. From the 1930s on, North American and International influences started to appear.

Buildings were often heavily influenced by the origins of their patrons, hence while the British would like to be reminded of their Gothic churches and Tudoresque cottages of a perfect England, the Dutch, German, Polish, Greek, Italian and other nationalities would also attempt to recreate the architecture of their homelands.

Gallery edit

Victorian edit

Post-modernism edit

Residential edit

See also: Australian residential architectural styles

Australian architects edit

 
Fraction of over 15 year olds with a qualification in architecture or building by Statistical Local Area as of the 2011 Australian Census
Main article: List of Australian architects

Significant architects include:

Significant firms include:

Notable structures edit

 
Sydney Harbour Bridge

There are many notable structures, of particular importance are:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Pascoe, Bruce (2014). Dark emu: black seeds agriculture or accident?. Broome, W.A. ISBN 9781922142436. OCLC 863984459.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Hopwood, Graham (1989). Handbook of Art. Black Rock, Victoria: Graham Hopwood Publications. pp. 61–68. ISBN 0-9599271-0-7.
  3. ^ "Australian Property Investment Co. Building". National Trust Database. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  4. ^ a b MacMahon, Bill (2001). The Architecture of East Australia. Edition Axel Menges. pp. 10–12. ISBN 3-930698-90-0. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  5. ^ Annear, Robyn (2005). A city lost & found : Whelan the Wrecker's Melbourne (1st ed.). Melbourne, Vic.: Black Inc. ISBN 9781863953894. OCLC 70257350.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Architecture of Australia.

External links edit

  • Australian Institute of Architects (AIA)
  • Australian Architects under World Architects www.world-architects.com
  • ArchitectureAU - online repository of Architecture Australia, the magazine of the Australian Institute of Architects
  • Australian Design Review
  • Gallery of Australian Architecture
  • Gallery of Federation Architecture
  • Gallery of Sydney Architecture
  • Australian Architects
  • Frank and Eunice Corley House Photographs ca. 1970, State Library of Queensland. Large collection of black and white photographs of houses in Queensland.

November 30, 2023
architecture, australia, generally, been, consistent, with, architectural, trends, wider, western, world, with, some, special, adaptations, compensate, distinctive, australian, climatic, cultural, factors, indigenous, australians, produced, wide, range, struct. Architecture of Australia has generally been consistent with architectural trends in the wider Western world with some special adaptations to compensate for distinctive Australian climatic and cultural factors Indigenous Australians produced a wide range of structures and places prior to colonisation Contemporary Indigenous practitioners are active in a broad range of built environment fields During Australia s early Western history it was a collection of British colonies in which architectural styles were strongly influenced by British designs However the unique climate of Australia necessitated adaptations and 20th century trends reflected the increasing influence of American urban designs and a diversification of the cultural tastes and requirements of an increasingly multicultural Australian society Notable Australian architectural adaptations include the Queenslander and Federation styles of residential architecture Iconic Australian designs include the UNESCO listed Sydney Opera House Melbourne Royal Exhibition Building Brisbane City Hall and the 11 remnant penal colony sites selected for World Heritage protection in 2010 Contents 1 History 2 Australian architectural styles 2 1 Gallery 2 1 1 Victorian 2 1 2 Post modernism 2 1 3 Residential 3 Australian architects 4 Notable structures 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory edit nbsp A 19th century engraving of an indigenous Australian encampment representing the Indigenous mode of life in the cooler parts of Australia before the arrival of EuropeansIn the period before European settlement of Australia there were diverse forms of Indigenous architecture across Australia The rich architecture traditions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples generally went unrecognised and when it was recognised generally downplayed by the European Settlers 1 However many early colonists and explorers including Sir Thomas Mitchell and Charles Sturt recorded many Indigenous building styles including stone houses and houses grouped in villages 1 As a British colony the first European buildings were derivative of the European fashions of the time As most of the colonialists where from England the first buildings reflected English ideas 2 Georgian architecture is seen in early government buildings and the homes of the wealthy The architect Francis Greenway who appears on the Australian ten dollar note designed early buildings in the Georgian style Examples include the Hyde Park Barracks St James Church and St Matthews Church at Windsor 2 Another European style to gain favour in 19th century Australia particularly in churches was Gothic Revival architecture Pointed arches turrets battlements and gothic ornaments could also be found on bank insurance offices university buildings and homes 2 One of the best examples of this style can be seen at the lower end of Collins Street in Melbourne nbsp Australian cities suffered from lax or nonexistent heritage preservation and protection resulting in widespread loss of prominent early architectural styles for example Melbourne s Queen Anne style APA Building built in 1889 was one of the world s tallest buildings in the 1890s but was demolished in the contemporary conscious early 1980s 3 With the Australian gold rushes of the mid 19th century major buildings largely in Melbourne and Sydney and to a lesser extent in regional capitals such as Ballarat and Bendigo were built in the style of Victorian architecture citation needed From about 1850 to 1893 Italianate architecture was also popular as it allowed greater displays of prosperity through rich and ornate decorate features such as cast iron lace work and slate roofs 2 Towards the end of the century the style was pushed to an extreme by some architects Buildings became over burdened with excess columns balustrades exaggerated entrances and other lavish decorations Medley Hall in Carlton is an example of this style which became known as the Boom Style from 1880 to 1893 2 One of the most significant architectural movements in Australian architecture was the Federation architecture style of the turn of the 20th century where Australia began to play with the idea of a style of our own and the modern styles of the late 20th century which sought to reject historicism Walter Burley Griffin was an American architect and landscape architect who with fellow architect Marion Mahony Griffin played a key role in designing Canberra Australia s capital city A legacy of their unique architecture remains in a small number of Melbourne buildings and the Sydney suburb of Castlecrag Castlecrag was planned by the Griffins and also features a number of houses designed in the organic Modernist style they developed after the Prairie School architecture that marked his earlier career in the United States The simple flat roofed cottages that the Griffins designed in Canberra used their innovative patented techniques for concrete construction One of the most important local introduction to Australian architecture was the verandah 2 As pastoralists took up land and built solid single story dwellings the addition of verandahs proved popular as they provided shade and looked attractive They were often integrated into the symmetry of Georgian style homes 2 Like elsewhere in the world socio political factors have played their roles in shaping Australian architecture During the early 20th century cities across Australia had placed building height limits typically 150 feet 45 m thus hampering the development of American style skyscrapers until the limits were lifted in the late 1950s Likewise the popular notion of the Australian Dream in which families seek to own their free standing houses with backyards meant that high density housings were rare in Australia until the end of the 20th century The design of housing in Australia after World War II which was mostly undertaken by builders has been described as poor aesthetically and environmentally 4 Significant concern was raised during the 1960s with green bans and heritage concerns responding to the destruction of earlier buildings and the skyscraper boom particularly in Sydney and Melbourne but affecting other major cities including Adelaide Perth and Brisbane Green bans helped to protect historic 18th century buildings in The Rocks from being demolished to make way for office towers and prevented the Royal Botanic Gardens from being turned into a carpark for the Sydney Opera House In Melbourne a battle was fought to preserve historic Carlton Victoria from slum reclamation for public housing while gentrification played a big part in the suburb s salvation In Melbourne s city centre the destruction was particularly profound Whelan the Wrecker was a family owned and operated demolition company that operated from 1892 until 1992 which became well known through the 1950s 70s and 80s when signs stating that Whelan the Wrecker is Here appeared on many of the grand Victorian era buildings of Marvellous Melbourne One of the most lamented losses in Melbourne was the Federal Coffee Palace on Collins Street and the APA Building inspired by Chicago s early skyscrapers at 49 Elizabeth Street Many of the destruction occurred after the International Modernism style arrived in Australia making Australians particularly conscious about Victorian architecture they felt was dated 5 In the 21st century many Australian architects have taken a more avant garde approach to design and many buildings have emerged that are truly unique and reflective of Australia s culture and values As a result many Australian practices are beginning to expand their influence overseas rather than the reverse which was often the case Melbourne is seen as the city at the forefront of design ideas Sydney is focusing on the humanist approach tending towards minimalism and architecture in Queensland is interested in outdoor rooms and the filtering of light 4 Furthermore greater appreciation for Australia s historic architecture has led to increased heritage protection for many buildings in Australia s cities though not all buildings are protected and some allow for facadism if the interior is unsustainable or unsafe Australian architectural styles edit nbsp Internationally the Sydney Opera House is the most recognised symbol of SydneyMain article Australian architectural styles See also Australian non residential architectural styles Architectural styles have been basically exotic and derivative Only recently have climate and environment played a major role During the 19th century Australian architects were inspired by developments in England From the 1930s on North American and International influences started to appear Buildings were often heavily influenced by the origins of their patrons hence while the British would like to be reminded of their Gothic churches and Tudoresque cottages of a perfect England the Dutch German Polish Greek Italian and other nationalities would also attempt to recreate the architecture of their homelands Gallery edit Victorian edit nbsp Sydney General Post Office with an ornate mansard roof and clock tower 1891 nbsp The Queen Victoria Building 1898 Sydney nbsp The Sydney Town Hall 1886 nbsp A mix of various Victorian styles along Sydney s York Street nbsp Victorian architecture featuring ornate heritage lamp posts and bluestone alleys in Bank Place Melbourne nbsp The Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne built for the 1880s World s Fair is on the World Heritage Register nbsp Collins Street Melbourne 19th century boom style buildings contrast with 20th century corporate skyscrapers in urban Australia nbsp South Melbourne Town Hall 1879 Post modernism edit nbsp Parliament House Canberra The main entrance and the flag nbsp Australian architecture is characterised largely by an international style with moderate alterations such as the colonial style R G Menzies House in Canberra This is a modern recreation of early American Colonial nbsp Australia Square in Sydney emblematic of 1960s modernism was designed by Harry Seidler nbsp Crown Sydney nbsp Melbourne is home to 71 skyscrapers the two tallest being Australia 108 left the Southern Hemisphere s only 100 plus storey building and Eureka Tower right nbsp Q1 Gold Coast QueenslandResidential edit See also Australian residential architectural styles nbsp A typical Queenslander house in Ascot Queensland a unique regional style influenced by location and climate nbsp The Gothic Revival Garthowen in Launceston Tasmania nbsp Italianate terrace houses in Erskineville New South Wales nbsp 19th century three storey Victorian terrace houses in East Melbourne nbsp Arts and Crafts shingle and bungalow inspired style home in the Sydney suburb of Lindfield on the Upper North Shore nbsp Modern townhouses in Boronia Victoria on a subdivided plot of land Australian architects edit nbsp Fraction of over 15 year olds with a qualification in architecture or building by Statistical Local Area as of the 2011 Australian CensusMain article List of Australian architects Significant architects include Robin Boyd John James Clark Francis Greenway Roy Grounds Neville Gruzman Harry Howard Bryce Mortlock Glenn Murcutt John Horbury Hunt Nonda Katsalidis Joseph Reed Harry Seidler Walter Liberty Vernon Mortimer Lewis George McRae Howard Joseland James Barnet Lily Isabel Maude Addison Edmund Blacket Beverley Ussher Muir and Shepherd Amir Vala Meshkin Ruth Alsop Brit Andresen Beverley Bolin Eva Buhrich Stroma Buttrose Kerry and Lindsay Clare Louise Cox Eleanor Cullis Hill Suzanne Dance Maggie Edmond Rosina Edmunds Zahava Elenberg Cassandra Fahey Margaret Feilman Margaret Findlay Abbie Galvin Jill Garner Eli Giannini Eileen Good Kristin Green Marion Mahony Griffin Winsome Hall Andrew Laura Harding Ellison Harvie Beatrice Hutton Louise St John Kennedy Helen Lochhead Bill and Ruth Lucas Kirsteen Mackay Kooi Ying Mah Nellie McCredie Margaret Pitt Morison Elina Mottram Phyllis Murphy Andrea Nield Ellice Nosworthy Alexis Ord Shelley Penn Christine Phillips Susan Phillips Caroline Pidcock Dimity Reed Penelope Seidler Mary Turner Shaw Muriel Stott Florence Mary Taylor Jennifer Taylor Cynthia Teague Kerstin Thompson Yvonne von Hartel Emma YoungSignificant firms include Ashton Raggatt McDougall Bates Smart Lyons architecture firm Searle x Waldron Kennedy NolanNotable structures edit nbsp Sydney Harbour BridgeThere are many notable structures of particular importance are the Sydney Opera House original design being by Jorn Utzon UNESCO World Heritage the Brisbane City Hall the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne UNESCO World Heritage Federation Square Melbourne Parliament House Canberra Sydney Harbour BridgeSee also edit nbsp Architecture portal nbsp Australia portalUrban planning in AustraliaReferences edit a b Pascoe Bruce 2014 Dark emu black seeds agriculture or accident Broome W A ISBN 9781922142436 OCLC 863984459 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link a b c d e f g Hopwood Graham 1989 Handbook of Art Black Rock Victoria Graham Hopwood Publications pp 61 68 ISBN 0 9599271 0 7 Australian Property Investment Co Building National Trust Database Retrieved 10 December 2017 a b MacMahon Bill 2001 The Architecture of East Australia Edition Axel Menges pp 10 12 ISBN 3 930698 90 0 Retrieved 12 September 2012 Annear Robyn 2005 A city lost amp found Whelan the Wrecker s Melbourne 1st ed Melbourne Vic Black Inc ISBN 9781863953894 OCLC 70257350 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Architecture of Australia External links editAustralian Institute of Architects AIA Australian Architects under World Architects www world architects com ArchitectureAU online repository of Architecture Australia the magazine of the Australian Institute of Architects Australian Design Review Gallery of Australian Architecture Gallery of Federation Architecture Gallery of Sydney Architecture Australian Architects Frank and Eunice Corley House Photographs ca 1970 State Library of Queensland Large collection of black and white photographs of houses in Queensland Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Architecture of Australia amp oldid 1176351684, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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