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Minimalism

In visual arts, music and other media, minimalism is an art movement that began in post–World War II in Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Anne Truitt and Frank Stella.[2][3] The movement is often interpreted as a reaction against abstract expressionism and modernism; it anticipated contemporary postminimal art practices, which extend or reflect on minimalism's original objectives.

Minimalism
Top: Untitled, by Donald Judd, concrete sculpture, 1991, Israel Museum
Centre: the Zollverein School of Management and Design [de] Essen, Germany, 2005–2006, by SANAA
Bottom: House no. 4A on Strada Dimitrie Racoviță, Bucharest, Romania, 2017, by Corina Dîndărean[1]
Years active1960s–present

Minimalism in music often features repetition and gradual variation, such as the works of La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Julius Eastman and John Adams. The term minimalist often colloquially refers to anything or anyone that is spare or stripped to its essentials. It has accordingly been used to describe the plays and novels of Samuel Beckett, the films of Robert Bresson, the stories of Raymond Carver, and the automobile designs of Colin Chapman. The word was first used in English in the early 20th century to describe a 1915 composition by the Soviet painter Kasimir Malevich, Black Square.[4][failed verification]

Visual arts edit

 
Tony Smith, Free Ride, 1962, 6'8 x 6'8 x 6'8

Minimalism in visual art, sometimes called "minimal art", "literalist art" [5] and "ABC Art",[6] refers to a specific movement of artists that emerged in New York in the early 1960s in response to abstract expressionism.[7] Examples of artists working in painting that are associated with Minimalism include Nassos Daphnis, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Al Held, Ellsworth Kelly, Robert Ryman and others; those working in sculpture include Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, David Smith, Anthony Caro and more. Minimalism in painting can be characterized by the use of the hard edge, linear lines, simple forms, and an emphasis on two dimensions.[7] Minimalism in sculpture can be characterized by very simple geometric shapes often made of industrial materials like plastic, metal, aluminum, concrete, and fiberglass;[7] these materials are usually left raw or painted a solid colour.

Minimalism was in part a reaction against the painterly subjectivity of Abstract Expressionism that had been dominant in the New York School during the 1940s and 1950s.[8] Dissatisfied with the intuitive and spontaneous qualities of Action Painting, and Abstract Expressionism more broadly, Minimalism as an art movement asserted that a work of art should not refer to anything other than itself and should omit any extra-visual association.[9]

Donald Judd's work was showcased in 1964 at Green Gallery in Manhattan, as were Flavin's first fluorescent light works, while other leading Manhattan galleries like Leo Castelli Gallery and Pace Gallery also began to showcase artists focused on minimalist ideas.

Minimalism in visual art broadly edit

 
Kazimir Malevich, Black Square, 1915, oil on canvas, 79.5 x 79.5 cm, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow

In a more general sense, minimalism as a visual strategy can be found in the geometric abstractions of painters associated with the Bauhaus movement, in the works of Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian and other artists associated with the De Stijl movement, the Russian Constructivist movement, and in the work of the Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncuși.[10][11]

Minimalism as a formal strategy has been deployed in the paintings of Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Josef Albers, and the works of artists as diverse as Pablo Picasso, Yayoi Kusama, Giorgio Morandi, and others. Yves Klein had painted monochromes as early as 1949, and held the first private exhibition of this work in 1950—but his first public showing was the publication of the Artist's book Yves: Peintures in November 1954.[12][13]

Design, architecture, and spaces edit

 
The reconstruction of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's German Pavilion in Barcelona

The term minimalism is also used to describe a trend in design and architecture, wherein the subject is reduced to its necessary elements.[14] Minimalist architectural designers focus on the connection between two perfect planes, elegant lighting, and the void spaces left by the removal of three-dimensional shapes in an architectural design.[according to whom?][citation needed] Minimalist architecture became popular in the late 1980s in London and New York,[15] whereby architects and fashion designers worked together in the boutiques to achieve simplicity, using white elements, cold lighting, and large spaces with minimal furniture and few decorative elements.

Minimalistic design has been highly influenced by Japanese traditional design and architecture.[16] The works of De Stijl artists are a major reference: De Stijl expanded the ideas of expression by meticulously organizing basic elements such as lines and planes.[17] With regard to home design, more attractive "minimalistic" designs are not truly minimalistic because they are larger, and use more expensive building materials and finishes.[citation needed]

 
330 North Wabash in Chicago, a minimalist building by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

There are observers who describe the emergence of minimalism as a response to the brashness and chaos of urban life. In Japan, for example, minimalist architecture began to gain traction in the 1980s when its cities experienced rapid expansion and booming population. The design was considered an antidote to the "overpowering presence of traffic, advertising, jumbled building scales, and imposing roadways."[18] The chaotic environment was not only driven by urbanization, industrialization, and technology but also the Japanese experience of constantly having to demolish structures on account of the destruction wrought by World War II and the earthquakes, including the calamities it entails such as fire. The minimalist design philosophy did not arrive in Japan by way of another country, as it was already part of the Japanese culture rooted on the Zen philosophy. There are those who specifically attribute the design movement to Japan's spirituality and view of nature.[19]

Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969) adopted the motto "Less is more" to describe his aesthetic.[a] His tactic was one of arranging the necessary components of a building to create an impression of extreme simplicity—he enlisted every element and detail to serve multiple visual and functional purposes; for example, designing a floor to also serve as the radiator, or a massive fireplace to also house the bathroom. Designer Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983) adopted the engineer's goal of "Doing more with less", but his concerns were oriented toward technology and engineering rather than aesthetics.[20]

Concepts and design elements edit

The concept of minimalist architecture is to strip everything down to its essential quality and achieve simplicity.[21] The idea is not completely without ornamentation,[22] but that all parts, details, and joinery are considered as reduced to a stage where no one can remove anything further to improve the design.[23]

The considerations for 'essences' are light, form, detail of material, space, place, and human condition.[24] Minimalist architects not only consider the physical qualities of the building. They consider the spiritual dimension and the invisible, by listening to the figure and paying attention to details, people, space, nature, and materials.,[25] believing this reveals the abstract quality of something that is invisible and aids the search for the essence of those invisible qualities—such as natural light, sky, earth, and air. In addition, they "open a dialogue" with the surrounding environment to decide the most essential materials for the construction and create relationships between buildings and sites.[22]

In minimalist architecture, design elements strive to convey the message of simplicity. The basic geometric forms, elements without decoration, simple materials and the repetitions of structures represent a sense of order and essential quality.[26] The movement of natural light in buildings reveals simple and clean spaces.[24] In the late 19th century as the arts and crafts movement became popular in Britain, people valued the attitude of 'truth to materials' with respect to the profound and innate characteristics of materials.[27] Minimalist architects humbly 'listen to figure,' seeking essence and simplicity by rediscovering the valuable qualities in simple and common materials.[25]

Influences from Japanese tradition edit

 
Ryōan-ji dry garden. The clay wall, which is stained by age with subtle brown and orange tones, reflects "wabi" and the rock garden "sabi", together reflecting the Japanese worldview or aesthetic of "wabi-sabi".[28]

The idea of simplicity appears in many cultures, especially the Japanese traditional culture of Zen Buddhist philosophy. Japanese manipulate the Zen culture into aesthetic and design elements for their buildings.[29] This idea of architecture has influenced Western society, especially in America since the mid 18th century.[30] Moreover, it inspired the minimalist architecture in the 19th century.[23]

Zen concepts of simplicity transmit the ideas of freedom and essence of living.[23] Simplicity is not only aesthetic value, it has a moral perception that looks into the nature of truth and reveals the inner qualities and essence of materials and objects.[31] For example, the sand garden in Ryōan-ji temple demonstrates the concepts of simplicity and the essentiality from the considered setting of a few stones and a huge empty space.[32]

The Japanese aesthetic principle of Ma refers to empty or open space. It removes all the unnecessary internal walls and opens up the space. The emptiness of spatial arrangement reduces everything down to the most essential quality.[33]

The Japanese aesthetic of wabi-sabi values the quality of simple and plain objects.[34] It appreciates the absence of unnecessary features, treasures a life in quietness and aims to reveal the innate character of materials.[35] For example, the Japanese floral art of ikebana has the central principle of letting the flower express itself. People cut off the branches, leaves and blossoms from the plants and only retain the essential part of the plant. This conveys the idea of essential quality and innate character in nature.[36]

Minimalist architects and their works edit

The Japanese minimalist architect Tadao Ando conveys the Japanese traditional spirit and his own perception of nature in his works. His design concepts are materials, pure geometry and nature. He normally uses concrete or natural wood and basic structural form to achieve austerity and rays of light in space. He also sets up dialogue between the site and nature to create relationship and order with the buildings.[37] Ando's works and the translation of Japanese aesthetic principles are highly influential on Japanese architecture.[19]

Another Japanese minimalist architect, Kazuyo Sejima, works on her own and in conjunction with Ryue Nishizawa, as SANAA, producing iconic Japanese Minimalist buildings. Credited with creating and influencing a particular genre of Japanese Minimalism,[38] Sejimas delicate, intelligent designs may use white color, thin construction sections and transparent elements to create the phenomenal building type often associated with minimalism. Works include New Museum (2010) New York City, Small House (2000) Tokyo, House surrounded By Plum Trees (2003) Tokyo.

In Vitra Conference Pavilion, Weil am Rhein, 1993, the concepts are to bring together the relationships between building, human movement, site and nature. Which as one main point of minimalism ideology that establish dialogue between the building and site. The building uses the simple forms of circle and rectangle to contrast the filled and void space of the interior and nature. In the foyer, there is a large landscape window that looks out to the exterior. This achieves the simple and silence of architecture and enhances the light, wind, time and nature in space.[39]

John Pawson is a British minimalist architect; his design concepts are soul, light, and order. He believes that though reduced clutter and simplification of the interior to a point that gets beyond the idea of essential quality, there is a sense of clarity and richness of simplicity instead of emptiness. The materials in his design reveal the perception toward space, surface, and volume. Moreover, he likes to use natural materials because of their aliveness, sense of depth and quality of an individual. He is also attracted by the important influences from Japanese Zen Philosophy.[40]

Calvin Klein Madison Avenue, New York, 1995–96, is a boutique that conveys Calvin Klein's ideas of fashion. John Pawson's interior design concepts for this project are to create simple, peaceful and orderly spatial arrangements. He used stone floors and white walls to achieve simplicity and harmony for space. He also emphasises reduction and eliminates the visual distortions, such as the air conditioning and lamps, to achieve a sense of purity for the interior.[41]

Alberto Campo Baeza is a Spanish architect and describes his work as essential architecture. He values the concepts of light, idea and space. Light is essential and achieves the relationship between inhabitants and the building. Ideas are to meet the function and context of space, forms, and construction. Space is shaped by the minimal geometric forms to avoid decoration that is not essential.[42]

Literature edit

Literary minimalism is characterized by an economy with words and a focus on surface description. Minimalist writers eschew adverbs and prefer allowing context to dictate meaning. Readers are expected to take an active role in creating the story, to "choose sides" based on oblique hints and innuendo, rather than react to directions from the writer.[43]

Some 1940s-era crime fiction of writers such as James M. Cain and Jim Thompson adopted a stripped-down, matter-of-fact prose style to considerable effect; some[who?] classify this prose style as minimalism.

Another strand of literary minimalism arose in response to the metafiction trend of the 1960s and early 1970s (John Barth, Robert Coover, and William H. Gass). These writers were also sparse with prose and kept a psychological distance from their subject matter.[citation needed]

Minimalist writers, or those who are identified with minimalism during certain periods of their writing careers, include the following: Raymond Carver,[44] Ann Beattie,[45] Bret Easton Ellis,[46][47] Charles Bukowski,[48][49] Ernest Hemingway,[50][51][52][53][54] K. J. Stevens,[55] Amy Hempel,[56][57][58] Bobbie Ann Mason,[59][60][61] Tobias Wolff,[62][63][64] Grace Paley,[65][66] Sandra Cisneros,[67] Mary Robison,[68] Frederick Barthelme,[69] Richard Ford, Patrick Holland,[70] Cormac McCarthy,[71][72] and Alicia Erian.[citation needed]

American poets such as Stephen Crane, William Carlos Williams, early Ezra Pound, Robert Creeley, Robert Grenier, and Aram Saroyan are sometimes identified with their minimalist style. The term "minimalism" is also sometimes associated with the briefest of poetic genres, haiku, which originated in Japan, but has been domesticated in English literature by poets such as Nick Virgilio, Raymond Roseliep, and George Swede.[citation needed]

The Irish writer Samuel Beckett is well known for his minimalist plays and prose, as is the Norwegian writer Jon Fosse.[73]

Dimitris Lyacos's With the People from the Bridge, combining elliptical monologues with a pared-down prose narrative, is a contemporary example of minimalist playwrighting.[74][75]

In his novel The Easy Chain, Evan Dara includes a 60-page section written in the style of musical minimalism, in particular inspired by composer Steve Reich. Intending to represent the psychological state (agitation) of the novel's main character, the section's successive lines of text are built on repetitive and developing phrases.[citation needed]

Music edit

The term "minimal music" was derived around 1970 by Michael Nyman from the concept of minimalism, which was earlier applied to the visual arts.[76][77] More precisely, it was in a 1968 review in The Spectator that Nyman first used[78] the term, to describe a ten-minute piano composition by the Danish composer Henning Christiansen, along with several other unnamed pieces played by Charlotte Moorman and Nam June Paik at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London.[79]

However, the roots of minimal music are older. In France between 1947 and 1948,[80] Yves Klein conceived his Monotone Symphony (1949, formally The Monotone-Silence Symphony) that consisted of a single 20-minute sustained chord followed by a 20-minute silence[81][82] – a precedent to both La Monte Young's drone music and John Cage's 4′33″.

Film and cinema edit

In film, minimalism usually is associated with filmmakers such as Robert Bresson, Chantal Akerman, Carl Theodor Dreyer, and Yasujirō Ozu. Their films typically tell a simple story with straightforward camera usage and minimal use of score. Paul Schrader named their kind of cinema: "transcendental cinema".[83] In the present, a commitment to minimalist filmmaking can be seen in film movements such as Dogme 95, mumblecore, and the Romanian New Wave. Abbas Kiarostami,[84] Elia Suleiman,[85] and Kelly Reichardt are also considered minimalist filmmakers.

The Minimalists – Joshua Fields Millburn, Ryan Nicodemus, and Matt D'Avella – directed and produced the film Minimalism: A Documentary,[86] which showcased the idea of minimal living in the modern world.

In other fields edit

Cooking edit

Breaking from the complex, hearty dishes established as orthodox haute cuisine, nouvelle cuisine was a culinary movement that consciously drew from minimalism and conceptualism. It emphasized more basic flavors, careful presentation, and a less involved preparation process. The movement was mainly in vogue during the 1960s and 1970s, after which it once again gave way to more traditional haute cuisine, retroactively titled cuisine classique. However, the influence of nouvelle cuisine can still be felt through the techniques it introduced.[87]

Fashion edit

The capsule wardrobe is an example of minimalism in fashion. Constructed of only a few staple pieces that do not go out of style, and generally dominated by only one or two colors, capsule wardrobes are meant to be light, flexible and adaptable, and can be paired with seasonal pieces when the situation calls for them.[88] The modern idea of a capsule wardrobe dates back to the 1970s, and is credited to London boutique owner Susie Faux. The concept was further popularized in the next decade by American fashion designer Donna Karan, who designed a seminal collection of capsule workwear pieces in 1985.[89]

Science communication edit

 
A warming stripes timeline graphic portraying global warming in the industrial era,[90] with blues indicating cooler years and reds indicating warmer years. Warming stripes graphics are deliberately devoid of scientific or technical indicia, for ease of understanding by non-scientists.[91]

To portray global warming to non-scientists, in 2018 British climate scientist Ed Hawkins developed warming stripes graphics that are deliberately devoid of scientific or technical indicia, for ease of understanding by non-scientists.[91] Hawkins explained that "our visual system will do the interpretation of the stripes without us even thinking about it".[92]

Warming stripe graphics resemble color field paintings in stripping out all distractions and using only color to convey meaning.[93] Color field pioneer artist Barnett Newman said he was "creating images whose reality is self-evident", an ethos that Hawkins is said to have applied to the problem of climate change and leading one commentator to remark that the graphics are "fit for the Museum of Modern Art or the Getty."[93]

A tempestry—a portmanteau of "temperature" and "tapestry"—is a tapestry using stripes of specific colors of yarn to represent respective temperature ranges.[94] The tapestries visually represent global warming occurring at given locations.[94]

Minimalist lifestyle edit

In a lifestyle adopting minimalism, there is an effort to use materials which are most essential and in quantities that do not exceed certain limits imposed by the user themselves. There have been many terms evolved from the concept, like minimalist decors, minimalist skincare, minimalist style, minimalist accessories, etc. All such terms signify the usage of only essential products in that niche into one's life. This can help one to focus on things that are important in one's life. It can reduce waste. It can also save the time of acquiring the excess materials that may be found unnecessary.[95][96]

A minimalist lifestyle helps to enjoy life with simple things that are available without undue efforts to acquire things that may be bought at great expenses.[97] Minimalism also can lead to less clutter in living spaces.[98]

See also edit

Notes and references edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ See Johnson 1947. A similar sentiment was conveyed by industrial designer Dieter Rams' motto, "Less but better."

References edit

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  2. ^ "Christopher Want, Minimalism, Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2009". Moma.org. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
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  4. ^ "Minimalism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 July 2023.
  5. ^ Fried, Michael (June 1967). "Art and Objecthood". Artforum. Vol. 5. pp. 12–23. Reprinted: "Art and Objecthood". Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews. University of Chicago Press. 1998. pp. 148–172. ISBN 0-226-26318-5.
  6. ^ Rose, Barbara. "ABC Art", Art in America 53, no. 5 (October–November 1965): 57–69.
  7. ^ a b c "Minimalism". Britannica. 20 July 1998.
  8. ^ Battcock, Gregory (3 August 1995). Gregory Battcock, Minimal Art: a critical anthology, pp 161–172. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520201477. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  9. ^ "Minimalism". Britannica. 20 July 1998.
  10. ^ "Maureen Mullarkey, Art Critical, Giorgio Morandi". Artcritical.com. October 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  11. ^ Marzona, Daniel (2004). Daniel Marzona, Uta Grosenick; Minimal art, p.12. Taschen. ISBN 9783822830604. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  12. ^ Hannah Weitemeier, Yves Klein, 1928–1962: International Klein Blue, Original-Ausgabe (Cologne: Taschen, 1994), 15. ISBN 3-8228-8950-4.
  13. ^ "Restoring the Immaterial: Study and Treatment of Yves Klein's Blue Monochrome (IKB42)". Modern Paint Uncovered.
  14. ^ Sfetcu, Nicolae (7 May 2014). The Music Sound. Nicolae Sfetcu.
  15. ^ Cerver 1997, pp. 8–11.
  16. ^ Vasilski, Dragana (2015). "Minimalism in architecture: Abstract conceptualization of architecture". Arhitektura I Urbanizam (40): 16–23. doi:10.5937/a-u0-6858. ISSN 0354-6055.
  17. ^ "De Stijl Movement Overview". The Art Story. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  18. ^ Ostwald, Michael; Vaughan, Josephine (2016). The Fractal Dimension of Architecture. Mathematics and the Built Environment. Cham, Switzerland: Birkhäuser; Springer International Publishing. p. 316. ISBN 9783319324241.
  19. ^ a b Cerver 1997, p. 13.
  20. ^ Johnson 1947, p. 49.
  21. ^ Bertoni 2002, p. 10.
  22. ^ a b Rossell 2005, p. 6
  23. ^ a b c Pawson 1996, p. 7
  24. ^ a b Bertoni 2002, pp. 15–16
  25. ^ a b Bertoni 2002, p. 21
  26. ^ Pawson 1996, p. 8.
  27. ^ Saito 2007, pp. 87–88.
  28. ^ 森神逍遥 『侘び然び幽玄のこころ』桜の花出版、2015年 Morigami Shouyo, "Wabi sabi yugen no kokoro: seiyo tetsugaku o koeru joi ishiki" (Japanese) ISBN 978-4434201424
  29. ^ Saito 2007, pp. 85–97.
  30. ^ Lancaster 1953, pp. 217–224.
  31. ^ Saito 2007, p. 87.
  32. ^ Pawson 1996, p. 98.
  33. ^ Bertoni 2002, p. 23.
  34. ^ Saito 2007, p. 85.
  35. ^ Pawson 1996, pp. 10–11.
  36. ^ Saito 2007, p. 86.
  37. ^ Bertoni 2002, pp. 96–106.
  38. ^ Puglisi, L. P. (2008), New Directions in Contemporary Architecture, Chichester, John Wiley and Sons.
  39. ^ Cerver 1997, pp. 18–29.
  40. ^ Pawson 1996, pp. 10–14.
  41. ^ Cerver 1997, pp. 170–177.
  42. ^ Bertoni 2002, p. 182.
  43. ^ Clark, Robert C. (2014). American literary minimalism (1st ed.). Tuscaloosa, Alabama. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8173-8750-1. OCLC 901275325.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  76. ^ Bernard, Jonathan W. (Winter 1993). "The Minimalist Aesthetic in the Plastic Arts and in Music". Perspectives of New Music. 31 (1): 87. doi:10.2307/833043. JSTOR 833043., citing Dan Warburton as his authority.
  77. ^ Warburton, Dan. "A Working Terminology for Minimal Music". Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  78. ^ Spectator (6 December 2018). "The Birth of Minimalism". Retrieved 3 June 2023., but note that although this article claims that Nyman's article was "The Origin of Minimalism", that word appears nowhere in the text
  79. ^ Nyman, Michael (11 October 1968). "Minimal Music". The Spectator. Vol. 221, no. 7320. pp. 518–519 (519).
  80. ^ . documents/biography. Yves Klein Archives & McDourduff. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  81. ^ Gilbert Perlein & Bruno Corà (eds) & al., Yves Klein: Long Live the Immaterial! ("An anthological retrospective", catalog of an exhibition held in 2000), New York: Delano Greenidge, 2000, ISBN 978-0-929445-08-3, p. 226: "This symphony, 40 minutes in length (in fact 20 minutes followed by 20 minutes of silence) is constituted of a single 'sound' stretched out, deprived of its attack and end which creates a sensation of vertigo, whirling the sensibility outside time."
  82. ^ See also at YvesKleinArchives.org a 1998 sound excerpt of The Monotone Symphony 2008-12-08 at the Wayback Machine (Flash plugin required), its short description 2008-10-28 at the Wayback Machine, and Klein's "Chelsea Hotel Manifesto" 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine (including a summary of the 2-part Symphony).
  83. ^ Paul Schrader on Revisiting Transcendental Style in Film. 2017 Toronto International Film Festival – via YouTube.
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Sources edit

  • Bertoni, Franco (2002). Minimalist Architecture, edited by Franco Cantini, translated from the Italian by Lucinda Byatt and from the Spanish by Paul Hammond. Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser. ISBN 3-7643-6642-7.
  • Cerver, Francisco Asencio (1997). The Architecture of Minimalism. New York: Arco. ISBN 0-8230-6149-3.
  • Johnson, Philip (1947). Mies van der Rohe. Museum of Modern Art.
  • Lancaster, Clay (September 1953). "Japanese Buildings in the United States before 1900: Their Influence upon American Domestic Architecture". The Art Bulletin. 35 (3): 217–224. doi:10.1080/00043079.1953.11408188.
  • Pawson, John (1996). Minimum. London, England: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-3262-6.
  • Rossell, Quim (2005). Minimalist Interiors. New York: Collins Design. ISBN 0-688-17487-6.
  • Saito, Yuriko (Winter 2007). "The Moral Dimension of Japanese Aesthetics". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 65 (1): 85–97. doi:10.1111/j.1540-594X.2007.00240.x.

Further reading edit

External links edit

  •   Media related to Minimalism at Wikimedia Commons
  • Agence Photographique de la Réunion des musées nationaux et du Grand Palais des Champs-Elysées
  • "A Short History of Minimalism—Donald Judd, Richard Wollheim, and the origins of what we now describe as minimalist" By Kyle Chayka January 14, 2020 The Nation

minimalism, this, article, about, concept, arts, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, attention, from, exp. This article is about the concept in the arts For other uses see Minimalism disambiguation This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs attention from an expert in architecture or arts The specific problem is to prune redundant content and deal with large tracts of unsourced and unverified text and in text lists WikiProject Architecture or WikiProject Arts may be able to help recruit an expert August 2016 This article is missing information about minimalism in user interface design Please expand the article to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page September 2019 This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Minimalism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message In visual arts music and other media minimalism is an art movement that began in post World War II in Western art most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd Agnes Martin Dan Flavin Carl Andre Robert Morris Anne Truitt and Frank Stella 2 3 The movement is often interpreted as a reaction against abstract expressionism and modernism it anticipated contemporary postminimal art practices which extend or reflect on minimalism s original objectives MinimalismTop Untitled by Donald Judd concrete sculpture 1991 Israel MuseumCentre the Zollverein School of Management and Design de Essen Germany 2005 2006 by SANAABottom House no 4A on Strada Dimitrie Racoviță Bucharest Romania 2017 by Corina Dindărean 1 Years active1960s presentMinimalism in music often features repetition and gradual variation such as the works of La Monte Young Terry Riley Steve Reich Philip Glass Julius Eastman and John Adams The term minimalist often colloquially refers to anything or anyone that is spare or stripped to its essentials It has accordingly been used to describe the plays and novels of Samuel Beckett the films of Robert Bresson the stories of Raymond Carver and the automobile designs of Colin Chapman The word was first used in English in the early 20th century to describe a 1915 composition by the Soviet painter Kasimir Malevich Black Square 4 failed verification Contents 1 Visual arts 1 1 Minimalism in visual art broadly 2 Design architecture and spaces 2 1 Concepts and design elements 2 2 Influences from Japanese tradition 2 3 Minimalist architects and their works 3 Literature 4 Music 5 Film and cinema 6 In other fields 6 1 Cooking 6 2 Fashion 6 3 Science communication 6 4 Minimalist lifestyle 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8 1 Notes 8 2 References 8 3 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External linksVisual arts editMain article Minimalism visual arts nbsp Tony Smith Free Ride 1962 6 8 x 6 8 x 6 8Minimalism in visual art sometimes called minimal art literalist art 5 and ABC Art 6 refers to a specific movement of artists that emerged in New York in the early 1960s in response to abstract expressionism 7 Examples of artists working in painting that are associated with Minimalism include Nassos Daphnis Frank Stella Kenneth Noland Al Held Ellsworth Kelly Robert Ryman and others those working in sculpture include Donald Judd Dan Flavin David Smith Anthony Caro and more Minimalism in painting can be characterized by the use of the hard edge linear lines simple forms and an emphasis on two dimensions 7 Minimalism in sculpture can be characterized by very simple geometric shapes often made of industrial materials like plastic metal aluminum concrete and fiberglass 7 these materials are usually left raw or painted a solid colour Minimalism was in part a reaction against the painterly subjectivity of Abstract Expressionism that had been dominant in the New York School during the 1940s and 1950s 8 Dissatisfied with the intuitive and spontaneous qualities of Action Painting and Abstract Expressionism more broadly Minimalism as an art movement asserted that a work of art should not refer to anything other than itself and should omit any extra visual association 9 Donald Judd s work was showcased in 1964 at Green Gallery in Manhattan as were Flavin s first fluorescent light works while other leading Manhattan galleries like Leo Castelli Gallery and Pace Gallery also began to showcase artists focused on minimalist ideas Minimalism in visual art broadly edit nbsp Kazimir Malevich Black Square 1915 oil on canvas 79 5 x 79 5 cm Tretyakov Gallery MoscowIn a more general sense minimalism as a visual strategy can be found in the geometric abstractions of painters associated with the Bauhaus movement in the works of Kazimir Malevich Piet Mondrian and other artists associated with the De Stijl movement the Russian Constructivist movement and in the work of the Romanian sculptor Constantin Brancuși 10 11 Minimalism as a formal strategy has been deployed in the paintings of Barnett Newman Ad Reinhardt Josef Albers and the works of artists as diverse as Pablo Picasso Yayoi Kusama Giorgio Morandi and others Yves Klein had painted monochromes as early as 1949 and held the first private exhibition of this work in 1950 but his first public showing was the publication of the Artist s book Yves Peintures in November 1954 12 13 Design architecture and spaces editThis section has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed May 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject s importance use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance October 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp The reconstruction of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe s German Pavilion in BarcelonaThe term minimalism is also used to describe a trend in design and architecture wherein the subject is reduced to its necessary elements 14 Minimalist architectural designers focus on the connection between two perfect planes elegant lighting and the void spaces left by the removal of three dimensional shapes in an architectural design according to whom citation needed Minimalist architecture became popular in the late 1980s in London and New York 15 whereby architects and fashion designers worked together in the boutiques to achieve simplicity using white elements cold lighting and large spaces with minimal furniture and few decorative elements Minimalistic design has been highly influenced by Japanese traditional design and architecture 16 The works of De Stijl artists are a major reference De Stijl expanded the ideas of expression by meticulously organizing basic elements such as lines and planes 17 With regard to home design more attractive minimalistic designs are not truly minimalistic because they are larger and use more expensive building materials and finishes citation needed nbsp 330 North Wabash in Chicago a minimalist building by Ludwig Mies van der RoheThere are observers who describe the emergence of minimalism as a response to the brashness and chaos of urban life In Japan for example minimalist architecture began to gain traction in the 1980s when its cities experienced rapid expansion and booming population The design was considered an antidote to the overpowering presence of traffic advertising jumbled building scales and imposing roadways 18 The chaotic environment was not only driven by urbanization industrialization and technology but also the Japanese experience of constantly having to demolish structures on account of the destruction wrought by World War II and the earthquakes including the calamities it entails such as fire The minimalist design philosophy did not arrive in Japan by way of another country as it was already part of the Japanese culture rooted on the Zen philosophy There are those who specifically attribute the design movement to Japan s spirituality and view of nature 19 Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 1886 1969 adopted the motto Less is more to describe his aesthetic a His tactic was one of arranging the necessary components of a building to create an impression of extreme simplicity he enlisted every element and detail to serve multiple visual and functional purposes for example designing a floor to also serve as the radiator or a massive fireplace to also house the bathroom Designer Buckminster Fuller 1895 1983 adopted the engineer s goal of Doing more with less but his concerns were oriented toward technology and engineering rather than aesthetics 20 Concepts and design elements edit The concept of minimalist architecture is to strip everything down to its essential quality and achieve simplicity 21 The idea is not completely without ornamentation 22 but that all parts details and joinery are considered as reduced to a stage where no one can remove anything further to improve the design 23 The considerations for essences are light form detail of material space place and human condition 24 Minimalist architects not only consider the physical qualities of the building They consider the spiritual dimension and the invisible by listening to the figure and paying attention to details people space nature and materials 25 believing this reveals the abstract quality of something that is invisible and aids the search for the essence of those invisible qualities such as natural light sky earth and air In addition they open a dialogue with the surrounding environment to decide the most essential materials for the construction and create relationships between buildings and sites 22 In minimalist architecture design elements strive to convey the message of simplicity The basic geometric forms elements without decoration simple materials and the repetitions of structures represent a sense of order and essential quality 26 The movement of natural light in buildings reveals simple and clean spaces 24 In the late 19th century as the arts and crafts movement became popular in Britain people valued the attitude of truth to materials with respect to the profound and innate characteristics of materials 27 Minimalist architects humbly listen to figure seeking essence and simplicity by rediscovering the valuable qualities in simple and common materials 25 Influences from Japanese tradition edit See also Japanese architecture nbsp Ryōan ji dry garden The clay wall which is stained by age with subtle brown and orange tones reflects wabi and the rock garden sabi together reflecting the Japanese worldview or aesthetic of wabi sabi 28 The idea of simplicity appears in many cultures especially the Japanese traditional culture of Zen Buddhist philosophy Japanese manipulate the Zen culture into aesthetic and design elements for their buildings 29 This idea of architecture has influenced Western society especially in America since the mid 18th century 30 Moreover it inspired the minimalist architecture in the 19th century 23 Zen concepts of simplicity transmit the ideas of freedom and essence of living 23 Simplicity is not only aesthetic value it has a moral perception that looks into the nature of truth and reveals the inner qualities and essence of materials and objects 31 For example the sand garden in Ryōan ji temple demonstrates the concepts of simplicity and the essentiality from the considered setting of a few stones and a huge empty space 32 The Japanese aesthetic principle of Ma refers to empty or open space It removes all the unnecessary internal walls and opens up the space The emptiness of spatial arrangement reduces everything down to the most essential quality 33 The Japanese aesthetic of wabi sabi values the quality of simple and plain objects 34 It appreciates the absence of unnecessary features treasures a life in quietness and aims to reveal the innate character of materials 35 For example the Japanese floral art of ikebana has the central principle of letting the flower express itself People cut off the branches leaves and blossoms from the plants and only retain the essential part of the plant This conveys the idea of essential quality and innate character in nature 36 Minimalist architects and their works edit The Japanese minimalist architect Tadao Ando conveys the Japanese traditional spirit and his own perception of nature in his works His design concepts are materials pure geometry and nature He normally uses concrete or natural wood and basic structural form to achieve austerity and rays of light in space He also sets up dialogue between the site and nature to create relationship and order with the buildings 37 Ando s works and the translation of Japanese aesthetic principles are highly influential on Japanese architecture 19 Another Japanese minimalist architect Kazuyo Sejima works on her own and in conjunction with Ryue Nishizawa as SANAA producing iconic Japanese Minimalist buildings Credited with creating and influencing a particular genre of Japanese Minimalism 38 Sejimas delicate intelligent designs may use white color thin construction sections and transparent elements to create the phenomenal building type often associated with minimalism Works include New Museum 2010 New York City Small House 2000 Tokyo House surrounded By Plum Trees 2003 Tokyo In Vitra Conference Pavilion Weil am Rhein 1993 the concepts are to bring together the relationships between building human movement site and nature Which as one main point of minimalism ideology that establish dialogue between the building and site The building uses the simple forms of circle and rectangle to contrast the filled and void space of the interior and nature In the foyer there is a large landscape window that looks out to the exterior This achieves the simple and silence of architecture and enhances the light wind time and nature in space 39 John Pawson is a British minimalist architect his design concepts are soul light and order He believes that though reduced clutter and simplification of the interior to a point that gets beyond the idea of essential quality there is a sense of clarity and richness of simplicity instead of emptiness The materials in his design reveal the perception toward space surface and volume Moreover he likes to use natural materials because of their aliveness sense of depth and quality of an individual He is also attracted by the important influences from Japanese Zen Philosophy 40 Calvin Klein Madison Avenue New York 1995 96 is a boutique that conveys Calvin Klein s ideas of fashion John Pawson s interior design concepts for this project are to create simple peaceful and orderly spatial arrangements He used stone floors and white walls to achieve simplicity and harmony for space He also emphasises reduction and eliminates the visual distortions such as the air conditioning and lamps to achieve a sense of purity for the interior 41 Alberto Campo Baeza is a Spanish architect and describes his work as essential architecture He values the concepts of light idea and space Light is essential and achieves the relationship between inhabitants and the building Ideas are to meet the function and context of space forms and construction Space is shaped by the minimal geometric forms to avoid decoration that is not essential 42 Literature editSee also Concision Literary minimalism is characterized by an economy with words and a focus on surface description Minimalist writers eschew adverbs and prefer allowing context to dictate meaning Readers are expected to take an active role in creating the story to choose sides based on oblique hints and innuendo rather than react to directions from the writer 43 Some 1940s era crime fiction of writers such as James M Cain and Jim Thompson adopted a stripped down matter of fact prose style to considerable effect some who classify this prose style as minimalism Another strand of literary minimalism arose in response to the metafiction trend of the 1960s and early 1970s John Barth Robert Coover and William H Gass These writers were also sparse with prose and kept a psychological distance from their subject matter citation needed Minimalist writers or those who are identified with minimalism during certain periods of their writing careers include the following Raymond Carver 44 Ann Beattie 45 Bret Easton Ellis 46 47 Charles Bukowski 48 49 Ernest Hemingway 50 51 52 53 54 K J Stevens 55 Amy Hempel 56 57 58 Bobbie Ann Mason 59 60 61 Tobias Wolff 62 63 64 Grace Paley 65 66 Sandra Cisneros 67 Mary Robison 68 Frederick Barthelme 69 Richard Ford Patrick Holland 70 Cormac McCarthy 71 72 and Alicia Erian citation needed American poets such as Stephen Crane William Carlos Williams early Ezra Pound Robert Creeley Robert Grenier and Aram Saroyan are sometimes identified with their minimalist style The term minimalism is also sometimes associated with the briefest of poetic genres haiku which originated in Japan but has been domesticated in English literature by poets such as Nick Virgilio Raymond Roseliep and George Swede citation needed The Irish writer Samuel Beckett is well known for his minimalist plays and prose as is the Norwegian writer Jon Fosse 73 Dimitris Lyacos s With the People from the Bridge combining elliptical monologues with a pared down prose narrative is a contemporary example of minimalist playwrighting 74 75 In his novel The Easy Chain Evan Dara includes a 60 page section written in the style of musical minimalism in particular inspired by composer Steve Reich Intending to represent the psychological state agitation of the novel s main character the section s successive lines of text are built on repetitive and developing phrases citation needed Music editMain article Minimal music The term minimal music was derived around 1970 by Michael Nyman from the concept of minimalism which was earlier applied to the visual arts 76 77 More precisely it was in a 1968 review in The Spectator that Nyman first used 78 the term to describe a ten minute piano composition by the Danish composer Henning Christiansen along with several other unnamed pieces played by Charlotte Moorman and Nam June Paik at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London 79 However the roots of minimal music are older In France between 1947 and 1948 80 Yves Klein conceived his Monotone Symphony 1949 formally The Monotone Silence Symphony that consisted of a single 20 minute sustained chord followed by a 20 minute silence 81 82 a precedent to both La Monte Young s drone music and John Cage s 4 33 Film and cinema editIn film minimalism usually is associated with filmmakers such as Robert Bresson Chantal Akerman Carl Theodor Dreyer and Yasujirō Ozu Their films typically tell a simple story with straightforward camera usage and minimal use of score Paul Schrader named their kind of cinema transcendental cinema 83 In the present a commitment to minimalist filmmaking can be seen in film movements such as Dogme 95 mumblecore and the Romanian New Wave Abbas Kiarostami 84 Elia Suleiman 85 and Kelly Reichardt are also considered minimalist filmmakers The Minimalists Joshua Fields Millburn Ryan Nicodemus and Matt D Avella directed and produced the film Minimalism A Documentary 86 which showcased the idea of minimal living in the modern world In other fields editCooking edit Breaking from the complex hearty dishes established as orthodox haute cuisine nouvelle cuisine was a culinary movement that consciously drew from minimalism and conceptualism It emphasized more basic flavors careful presentation and a less involved preparation process The movement was mainly in vogue during the 1960s and 1970s after which it once again gave way to more traditional haute cuisine retroactively titled cuisine classique However the influence of nouvelle cuisine can still be felt through the techniques it introduced 87 Fashion edit The capsule wardrobe is an example of minimalism in fashion Constructed of only a few staple pieces that do not go out of style and generally dominated by only one or two colors capsule wardrobes are meant to be light flexible and adaptable and can be paired with seasonal pieces when the situation calls for them 88 The modern idea of a capsule wardrobe dates back to the 1970s and is credited to London boutique owner Susie Faux The concept was further popularized in the next decade by American fashion designer Donna Karan who designed a seminal collection of capsule workwear pieces in 1985 89 Science communication edit nbsp A warming stripes timeline graphic portraying global warming in the industrial era 90 with blues indicating cooler years and reds indicating warmer years Warming stripes graphics are deliberately devoid of scientific or technical indicia for ease of understanding by non scientists 91 To portray global warming to non scientists in 2018 British climate scientist Ed Hawkins developed warming stripes graphics that are deliberately devoid of scientific or technical indicia for ease of understanding by non scientists 91 Hawkins explained that our visual system will do the interpretation of the stripes without us even thinking about it 92 Warming stripe graphics resemble color field paintings in stripping out all distractions and using only color to convey meaning 93 Color field pioneer artist Barnett Newman said he was creating images whose reality is self evident an ethos that Hawkins is said to have applied to the problem of climate change and leading one commentator to remark that the graphics are fit for the Museum of Modern Art or the Getty 93 A tempestry a portmanteau of temperature and tapestry is a tapestry using stripes of specific colors of yarn to represent respective temperature ranges 94 The tapestries visually represent global warming occurring at given locations 94 Minimalist lifestyle edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2022 In a lifestyle adopting minimalism there is an effort to use materials which are most essential and in quantities that do not exceed certain limits imposed by the user themselves There have been many terms evolved from the concept like minimalist decors minimalist skincare minimalist style minimalist accessories etc All such terms signify the usage of only essential products in that niche into one s life This can help one to focus on things that are important in one s life It can reduce waste It can also save the time of acquiring the excess materials that may be found unnecessary 95 96 A minimalist lifestyle helps to enjoy life with simple things that are available without undue efforts to acquire things that may be bought at great expenses 97 Minimalism also can lead to less clutter in living spaces 98 See also editFormalism art KISS principle Lyrical abstraction Neo minimalism Maximalism Minimalism computing Simple living List of minimalist artists Neogeo art Arte PoveraNotes and references editNotes edit See Johnson 1947 A similar sentiment was conveyed by industrial designer Dieter Rams motto Less but better References edit Casa Racoviță anuala ro Retrieved 26 March 2022 Christopher Want Minimalism Grove Art Online Oxford University Press 2009 Moma org Retrieved 27 June 2014 Minimalism theartstory org 2012 Minimalism Encyclopaedia Britannica 13 July 2023 Fried Michael June 1967 Art and Objecthood Artforum Vol 5 pp 12 23 Reprinted Art and Objecthood Art and Objecthood Essays and Reviews University of Chicago Press 1998 pp 148 172 ISBN 0 226 26318 5 Rose Barbara ABC Art Art in America 53 no 5 October November 1965 57 69 a b c Minimalism Britannica 20 July 1998 Battcock Gregory 3 August 1995 Gregory Battcock Minimal Art a critical anthology pp 161 172 University of California Press ISBN 9780520201477 Retrieved 27 June 2014 Minimalism Britannica 20 July 1998 Maureen Mullarkey Art Critical Giorgio Morandi Artcritical com October 2004 Retrieved 27 June 2014 Marzona Daniel 2004 Daniel Marzona Uta Grosenick Minimal art p 12 Taschen ISBN 9783822830604 Retrieved 27 June 2014 Hannah Weitemeier Yves Klein 1928 1962 International Klein Blue Original Ausgabe Cologne Taschen 1994 15 ISBN 3 8228 8950 4 Restoring the Immaterial Study and Treatment of Yves Klein s Blue Monochrome IKB42 Modern Paint Uncovered Sfetcu Nicolae 7 May 2014 The Music Sound Nicolae Sfetcu Cerver 1997 pp 8 11 Vasilski Dragana 2015 Minimalism in architecture Abstract conceptualization of architecture Arhitektura I Urbanizam 40 16 23 doi 10 5937 a u0 6858 ISSN 0354 6055 De Stijl Movement Overview The Art Story Retrieved 26 October 2022 Ostwald Michael Vaughan Josephine 2016 The Fractal Dimension of Architecture Mathematics and the Built Environment Cham Switzerland Birkhauser Springer International Publishing p 316 ISBN 9783319324241 a b Cerver 1997 p 13 Johnson 1947 p 49 Bertoni 2002 p 10 a b Rossell 2005 p 6 a b c Pawson 1996 p 7 a b Bertoni 2002 pp 15 16 a b Bertoni 2002 p 21 Pawson 1996 p 8 Saito 2007 pp 87 88 森神逍遥 侘び然び幽玄のこころ 桜の花出版 2015年 Morigami Shouyo Wabi sabi yugen no kokoro seiyo tetsugaku o koeru joi ishiki Japanese ISBN 978 4434201424 Saito 2007 pp 85 97 Lancaster 1953 pp 217 224 Saito 2007 p 87 Pawson 1996 p 98 Bertoni 2002 p 23 Saito 2007 p 85 Pawson 1996 pp 10 11 Saito 2007 p 86 Bertoni 2002 pp 96 106 Puglisi L P 2008 New Directions in Contemporary Architecture Chichester John Wiley and Sons Cerver 1997 pp 18 29 Pawson 1996 pp 10 14 Cerver 1997 pp 170 177 Bertoni 2002 p 182 Clark Robert C 2014 American literary minimalism 1st ed Tuscaloosa Alabama p 13 ISBN 978 0 8173 8750 1 OCLC 901275325 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Wiegand David 19 December 2009 Serendipitous stay led writer to Raymond Carver San Francisco Chronicle Archived from the original on 31 March 2022 Retrieved 31 March 2022 Gale Cengage Learning 2016 A Study Guide for Ann Beattie s Janus Farmington Hills Gale Cengage Learning ISBN 978 1 4103 5001 5 OCLC 956647072 Wagner Katharina 27 January 2020 Simulacra and Nothingness in Bret Easton Ellis Less Than Zero GRIN Verlag ISBN 978 3 346 10821 0 Obispo Brian Anderson Gil California Polytechnic State University San Luis 24 May 2020 Bret Easton Ellis Remains a Strong Example of a Brave Writer Study Breaks Retrieved 25 March 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Conway Mark 26 July 2017 Bukowski Charles Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780190201098 013 603 ISBN 978 0 19 020109 8 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Dirty Realism Poem Analysis Retrieved 25 March 2023 Obendorf Hartmut 2009 Minimalism designing simplicity Dordrecht The Netherlands Springer p 52 ISBN 978 1 84882 371 6 OCLC 432702821 Davidow Shelley 2016 Playing with Words A Introduction to Creative Craft Paul Williams London Macmillan Education UK p 90 ISBN 978 1 137 53254 1 OCLC 1164505442 Meyer Michael J 2004 Literature and the Writer Boston BRILL p 213 ISBN 978 94 012 0134 6 OCLC 1239991574 Ernest Hemingway is an example of minimalist writing that indicates flexibility in using relevant phrases shown in his book Research paper for students Campuscrosswalk 9 April 2019 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Greaney Philip John 2006 Less is More American Short Story Minimalism in Ernest Hemingway Raymond Carver and Frederick Barthelme phd thesis The Open University K J Stevens The Crooked Steeple 25 November 2014 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Amy Hempel www beloit edu Retrieved 25 March 2023 Franklin Ruth 19 March 2019 Amy Hempel Is the Master of the Minimalist Short Story The Atlantic Retrieved 25 March 2023 Mambrol Nasrullah 23 April 2020 Analysis of Amy Hempel s Stories Literary Theory and Criticism Retrieved 25 March 2023 Shiloh Writing Style www shmoop com Retrieved 25 March 2023 Marin Candela Delgado 1 December 2016 Bobbie Ann Mason Challenges the Myth of Southernness Postmodern Identities Blurring Borders and Literary Labels Journal of the Short Story in English Les Cahiers de la nouvelle 67 223 242 ISSN 0294 0442 Bobbie Ann Mason Biography amp Writing Style StudySmarter UK Retrieved 25 March 2023 Guerrero Strachan Santiago Rodriguez 1 January 2012 Realism and Narrators in Tobias Wolff s Short Stories Brill ISBN 978 94 012 0839 0 Literary Minimalism and Tobias Wolff prezi com Retrieved 25 March 2023 Wolff Tobias www encyclopedia com Retrieved 25 March 2023 النهار عبد الاله 1 October 2018 غريس بالي کاتبة اختزالية معاصرة حوليات أداب عين شمس 46 أکتوبر دیسمبر ج 375 384 doi 10 21608 aafu 2018 48113 ISSN 1110 7227 S2CID 204619942 Grace Paley Master of Minimalist Writing A Women s Thing 21 March 2017 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Bloom Harold 2010 Sandra Cisneros s The house on Mango Street New ed New York City NY USA Bloom s Literature ISBN 978 1604138122 OCLC 401141774 OL 24478421M Jones Sophie A 22 May 2020 Minimalism s Attention Deficit Distraction Description and Mary Robison s Why Did I Ever American Literary History England Oxford University Press 32 2 301 327 doi 10 1093 alh ajaa004 PMC 7446296 PMID 32863576 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Academic Book Novels and Short Stories of Frederick Barthelme A Literary Critical Analysis mellenpress com Retrieved 25 March 2023 Patrick Holland The Hong Kong International Literary Festival Archived from the original on 25 March 2023 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Bailey Jeremy R December 2010 Mining for meaning A study of minimalism in American literature PhD dissertation Texas Tech University hdl 2346 ETD TTU 2010 12 1149 Greenwood Willard P 2009 Reading Cormac McCarthy Santa Barbara Calif ISBN 978 0 313 35665 0 OCLC 615600400 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Davies Paul Samuel Beckett Literary Encyclopedia Retrieved 2 December 2016 From the Ruins of Europe Lyacos s Debt Riddled Greece by Joseph Labernik Tikkun 21 August 2015 The Commonline Journal Review of Dimitris Lyacos s With the People from the Bridge Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 The Commonline Journal Review of Dimitris Lyacos s with the People from the Bridge Editor Note by Ada Fetters Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 Retrieved 13 August 2019 dead link Bernard Jonathan W Winter 1993 The Minimalist Aesthetic in the Plastic Arts and in Music Perspectives of New Music 31 1 87 doi 10 2307 833043 JSTOR 833043 citing Dan Warburton as his authority Warburton Dan A Working Terminology for Minimal Music Retrieved 11 January 2014 Spectator 6 December 2018 The Birth of Minimalism Retrieved 3 June 2023 but note that although this article claims that Nyman s article was The Origin of Minimalism that word appears nowhere in the text Nyman Michael 11 October 1968 Minimal Music The Spectator Vol 221 no 7320 pp 518 519 519 Yves Klein 1928 1962 documents biography Yves Klein Archives amp McDourduff Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 Retrieved 12 May 2013 Gilbert Perlein amp Bruno Cora eds amp al Yves Klein Long Live the Immaterial An anthological retrospective catalog of an exhibition held in 2000 New York Delano Greenidge 2000 ISBN 978 0 929445 08 3 p 226 This symphony 40 minutes in length in fact 20 minutes followed by 20 minutes of silence is constituted of a single sound stretched out deprived of its attack and end which creates a sensation of vertigo whirling the sensibility outside time See also at YvesKleinArchives org a 1998 sound excerpt of The Monotone Symphony Archived 2008 12 08 at the Wayback Machine Flash plugin required its short description Archived 2008 10 28 at the Wayback Machine and Klein s Chelsea Hotel Manifesto Archived 2010 06 13 at the Wayback Machine including a summary of the 2 part Symphony Paul Schrader on Revisiting Transcendental Style in Film 2017 Toronto International Film Festival via YouTube Taste of Cherry Cinematheque Cleveland Institute of Art September 2016 Retrieved 14 January 2022 Gautaman Bhaskaran 23 October 2019 It Must Be Heaven Elia Suleiman s sardonic take on the world Arab News Retrieved 14 January 2022 Films by The Minimalists The Minimalists Retrieved 9 April 2019 Mennel Stephan All Manners of Food eating and taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the present 2nd ed Chicago University of Illinois Press 1996 163 164 Susie Faux Capsule Wardrobe Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 Retrieved 6 April 2012 Donna Karan voguepedia Vogue Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 Retrieved 6 April 2012 Data Land Ocean 1850 Recent Monthly Global Average Temperature annual summary Berkeley Earth 2019 Archived from the original on 8 December 2021 Retrieved 4 July 2019 a b Kahn Brian 17 June 2019 This Striking Climate Change Visualization Is Now Customizable for Any Place on Earth Gizmodo Archived from the original on 26 June 2019 Retrieved 10 July 2019 This Has Got to Be One of The Most Beautiful And Powerful Climate Change Visuals We ve Ever Seen Science Alert 25 May 2018 Archived from the original on 28 June 2019 a b Kahn Brian 25 May 2018 This Climate Visualization Belongs in a Damn Museum Gizmodo Archived from the original on 19 June 2019 a b Schwab Katharine 11 January 2019 Crafting takes a dark turn in the age of climate crisis Fast Company Archived from the original on 11 January 2019 Jeon Hannah 17 June 2020 A Minimalist Home Can Reduce Stress and Improve Your Well Being Experts Say Good Housekeeping Retrieved 17 June 2022 Osborne Eric 23 August 2023 A Complete guide on financial minimalism Financial Guide Retrieved 17 June 2022 Town Phil Council Post Five Ways A Minimalist Lifestyle Can Put Money In Your Pocket Forbes Retrieved 4 July 2022 Jeon Hannah 17 June 2020 A Minimalist Home Can Reduce Stress and Improve Your Well Being Experts Say Good Housekeeping Retrieved 4 July 2022 Sources edit Bertoni Franco 2002 Minimalist Architecture edited by Franco Cantini translated from the Italian by Lucinda Byatt and from the Spanish by Paul Hammond Basel Boston and Berlin Birkhauser ISBN 3 7643 6642 7 Cerver Francisco Asencio 1997 The Architecture of Minimalism New York Arco ISBN 0 8230 6149 3 Johnson Philip 1947 Mies van der Rohe Museum of Modern Art Lancaster Clay September 1953 Japanese Buildings in the United States before 1900 Their Influence upon American Domestic Architecture The Art Bulletin 35 3 217 224 doi 10 1080 00043079 1953 11408188 Pawson John 1996 Minimum London England Phaidon Press ISBN 0 7148 3262 6 Rossell Quim 2005 Minimalist Interiors New York Collins Design ISBN 0 688 17487 6 Saito Yuriko Winter 2007 The Moral Dimension of Japanese Aesthetics The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 65 1 85 97 doi 10 1111 j 1540 594X 2007 00240 x Further reading editChayka Kyle 2020 The Longing for Less Living with Minimalism New York Bloomsbury ISBN 9781635572100 Keenan David and Michael Nyman 4 February 2001 Claim to Frame Sunday HeraldExternal links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Minimalism nbsp Media related to Minimalism at Wikimedia Commons Agence Photographique de la Reunion des musees nationaux et du Grand Palais des Champs Elysees A Short History of Minimalism Donald Judd Richard Wollheim and the origins of what we now describe as minimalist By Kyle Chayka January 14 2020 The Nation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Minimalism amp oldid 1199767584, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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