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Amuzgo language

January 01, 1970

Amuzgo is an Oto-Manguean language spoken in the Costa Chica region of the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca by about 44,000 speakers.[2] Like other Oto-Manguean languages, Amuzgo is a tonal language. From syntactical point of view Amuzgo can be considered as an active language. The name Amuzgo is claimed to be a Nahuatl exonym but its meaning is shrouded in controversy; multiple proposals have been made, including [amoʃ-ko] 'moss-in'.[3]

Amuzgo
Amuzgoan
Native toMexico
RegionGuerrero, Oaxaca
EthnicityAmuzgo people
Native speakers
60,000 (2020 census)[1]
Oto-Manguean
  • Eastern
    • Amuzgo–Mixtecan?
      • Amuzgo
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
amu – Northern (Guerrero) Amuzgo
azm – Ipalapa Amuzgo
azg – San Pedro Amuzgos (Oaxaca) Amuzgo
Glottologamuz1254
The Amuzgo language, number 12 (darker blue), southwest.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

A significant percentage of the Amuzgo speakers are monolingual; the remainder also speak Spanish.

Four varieties of Amuzgo are officially recognized by the governmental agency, the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI).[4] They are:

  • (i) Northern Amuzgo (amuzgo del norte, commonly known as Guerrero or (from its major town) Xochistlahuaca Amuzgo);
  • (ii) Southern Amuzgo (amuzgo del sur, heretofore classified as a subdialect of Northern Amuzgo);
  • (iii) Upper Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo alto del este, commonly known as Oaxaca Amuzgo or San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo);
  • (iv) Lower Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo bajo del este, commonly known as Ipalapa Amuzgo).

These varieties are very similar, but there is a significant difference between western varieties (Northern and Southern) and eastern varieties (Upper Eastern and Lower Eastern), as revealed by recorded text testing done in the 1970s.[5]

Three dictionaries have been published for Upper Eastern Amuzgo in recent years. For Northern Amuzgo, no dictionary has yet been published, yet it too is very actively written. Lower Eastern Amuzgo and Southern Amuzgo (spoken in Huixtepec (Ometepec), for example) are still not well documented, but work is underway.

While the Mixtecan subdivision may indeed be the closest to Amuzgo within Oto-Manguean,[6] earlier claims that Amuzgo is part of it have been contested.[7]

Phonology edit

Consonants edit

The dialect presented in the following chart is Upper Eastern, as spoken in San Pedro Amuzgos as analyzed by Smith & Tapia (2002).

The following chart is based on Coronado Nazario et al. (2009) for the variety of Southern Amuzgo spoken in Huixtepec. The phonetic facts are very similar to that of other varieties, but the analysis is different.

In this analysis, the nasals and central approximants have distinctive allophones that depend on whether or not they precede a nasalized vowel. The approximant /w/, which is [b] before oral vowels or consonants in Huixtepec, is [m] before nasalized vowels. The approximant /j/ is likewise nasalized before nasalized vowels, and [j] elsewhere. The nasals are pronounced with an oral non-nasal release when they precede an oral vowel, and as such sound like [nd] in that context. Various other important details about the phonetics of Amuzgo are not presented in a simplified chart such as the one shown above.

Vowels edit

Amuzgo distinguishes seven vowels with respect to quality. In all the documented dialects, all but the two close vowels may be nasalized. Some descriptions claim that Amuzgo also has ballistic syllables, a possible type of supra-glottal phonation. Ballistic syllables are also a feature of the phonology of another Oto-Manguean branch, Chinantec.

Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Close
 i u
Close-mid e ẽ o õ
Open-mid ɛ ɛ̃ ɔ ɔ̃
Open
 a ã

Tones edit

Amuzgo has three basic tones: high, mid, and low. But it also has several combinations of tones on single syllables. The contour high-low is a common one. The following words are apparently distinguished only by tone in Huixtepec: /ha/ 'sour' (low), /ha/ (mid) 'I', /ha/ (high-low) 'we (exclusive)', and /ha/ (high) 'we (inclusive)'. See also the set: /ta/ 'hill' (low), /ta/ 'thick' (mid), /ta/ ' father (vocative)' (high-low), /ta/ 'slice' (high).[8]

Morphology edit

Nouns are pluralized by a prefix. The common plural prefix is n-. Compare /thã/ 'skin', /n-thã/ 'skins' (Northern and Southern Amuzgo). Typically the consonant /ts/ drops when the noun is pluralized: /tsʔɔ/ 'hand', /l-ʔɔ/ 'hands' (Northern Amuzgo), /n-ʔɔ/ 'hands' (Southern Amuzgo).

Animate nouns (most animals and insects, plus some other nouns) carry the classifier prefix /ka/. This classifier precedes the inflected noun, as in /ka-tsueʔ/ 'dog', /ka-l-ueʔ/ 'dogs' (Northern Amuzgo), /ka-n-ueʔ/ 'dogs' (Southern Amuzgo).

Syntax edit

Amuzgo has been proposed to be an active–stative language.[9] Like many other Otomanguean languages, it distinguishes between first person inclusive plural and first person exclusive plural pronouns.

Media edit

Amuzgo-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XEJAM, based in Santiago Jamiltepec, Oaxaca, and by the community radio station Radio Ñomndaa[1] in Xochistlahuaca-Suljaa'.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020 INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
  2. ^ 2005 census; http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen10&c=3337. Retrieved 2010-07-21. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ Campbell (1997:402)
  4. ^ Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas. . Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2013-07-17..
  5. ^ Egland, Bartholomew & Cruz Ramos, 1983:8.
  6. ^ Campbell (1997:158)
  7. ^ Longacre (1961, 1966a, 1966b); Longacre & Millon (1961)
  8. ^ Coronado et al. (2009).
  9. ^ Smith & Tapia 2002

References edit

  • Bauernschmidt, Amy. 1965. Amuzgo syllable dynamics. Language, 41:471-83.
  • Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press.
  • Coronado Nazario, Hilario M.; Ebenecer Coronado Nolasco; Pánfilo de la Cruz Morales; Maurilio Hilario Juárez, & Stephen A. Marlett. 2009. Amuzgo del sur (Huixtepec). Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International y Universidad Ricardo Palma.[2].
  • Cuevas Suárez, Susana. 1977. Fonología generativa del amuzgo de San Pedro Amuzgos, Oaxaca. Tesis de Licenciatura, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.
  • Cuevas Suárez, Susana. 1985. Fonología generativa del amuzgo. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
  • Cuevas Suárez, Susana. 1996. Fonología funcional-generativa de una lengua otomangue. In Susana Cuevas and Julieta Haidar (coords.), La imaginación y la inteligencia en el lenguaje: Homenaje a Roman Jakobson. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
  • Egland, Steven; Doris Bartholomew & Saúl Cruz Ramos. 1983. La inteligibilidad interdialectal en México: Resultados de algunos sondeos. México, D.F: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
  • Herrera Zendejas, Esther. 2000. Descripción fonética del amuzgo de Xochistlahuaca, Guerrero. In María del Carmen Morúa Leyva and Gerardo López Cruz (eds.), Memorias del V Encuentro Internacional de Lingüística en el Noroeste, volume 2, 97–116. Hermosillo: Universidad de Sonora.
  • Longacre, Robert E. 1961. Swadesh's Macro-Mixtecan hypothesis. International Journal of American Linguistics, 27:9–29.
  • Longacre, Robert E. 1966a. The linguistic affinities of Amuzgo. In Antonio Pompa y Pompa (ed.), Summa anthropologica: En homenaje a Roberto J. Weitlaner. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 541–60.
  • Longacre, Robert E. 1966b. On linguistic affinities of Amuzgo. International Journal of American Linguistics, 32:46–49.
  • Longacre, Robert E. and René Millon. 1961. Proto-Mixtecan and Proto-Amuzgo-Mixtecan vocabularies: a preliminary cultural analysis. Anthropological Linguistics, 3(4):1–44.
  • Smith, Thomas C, & Fermin Tapia. 2002, Amuzgo como lengua activa. In Paulette Levy (ed.) Del Cora al Maya Yucateco: estudios lingüisticos sobre algunas lenguas indigenas mexicanas. Mexico City: UNAM.
  • Stewart, Cloyd & Ruth D. Stewart, compilers. 2000. Diccionario Amuzgo de San Pedro Amuzgos Oaxaca. Coyoacán, D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
  • Tapia García, L Fermín. 1999. Diccionario amuzgo-español: El amuzgo de San Pedro Amuzgos, Oaxaca. Mexico City: Plaza y Valdés Editores.
  • Tapia García, Fermín. 2000. Diccionario amuzgo-español. Mexico City: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS).
  • "Estadística básica de la población hablante de lenguas indígenas nacionales 2015". site.inali.gob.mx. Retrieved 2019-10-26.

External links edit

  • Sample of Amuzgo writing
  • Amuzgo on Native Languages of the Americas
 
Look up Amuzgo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

January 01, 1970
amuzgo, language, amuzgo, manguean, language, spoken, costa, chica, region, mexican, states, guerrero, oaxaca, about, speakers, like, other, manguean, languages, amuzgo, tonal, language, from, syntactical, point, view, amuzgo, considered, active, language, nam. Amuzgo is an Oto Manguean language spoken in the Costa Chica region of the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca by about 44 000 speakers 2 Like other Oto Manguean languages Amuzgo is a tonal language From syntactical point of view Amuzgo can be considered as an active language The name Amuzgo is claimed to be a Nahuatl exonym but its meaning is shrouded in controversy multiple proposals have been made including amoʃ ko moss in 3 AmuzgoAmuzgoanNative toMexicoRegionGuerrero OaxacaEthnicityAmuzgo peopleNative speakers60 000 2020 census 1 Language familyOto Manguean EasternAmuzgo Mixtecan AmuzgoLanguage codesISO 639 3Variously a href https iso639 3 sil org code amu class extiw title iso639 3 amu amu a Northern Guerrero Amuzgo a href https iso639 3 sil org code azm class extiw title iso639 3 azm azm a Ipalapa Amuzgo a href https iso639 3 sil org code azg class extiw title iso639 3 azg azg a San Pedro Amuzgos Oaxaca AmuzgoGlottologamuz1254The Amuzgo language number 12 darker blue southwest This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA A significant percentage of the Amuzgo speakers are monolingual the remainder also speak Spanish Four varieties of Amuzgo are officially recognized by the governmental agency the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indigenas INALI 4 They are i Northern Amuzgo amuzgo del norte commonly known as Guerrero or from its major town Xochistlahuaca Amuzgo ii Southern Amuzgo amuzgo del sur heretofore classified as a subdialect of Northern Amuzgo iii Upper Eastern Amuzgo amuzgo alto del este commonly known as Oaxaca Amuzgo or San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo iv Lower Eastern Amuzgo amuzgo bajo del este commonly known as Ipalapa Amuzgo These varieties are very similar but there is a significant difference between western varieties Northern and Southern and eastern varieties Upper Eastern and Lower Eastern as revealed by recorded text testing done in the 1970s 5 Three dictionaries have been published for Upper Eastern Amuzgo in recent years For Northern Amuzgo no dictionary has yet been published yet it too is very actively written Lower Eastern Amuzgo and Southern Amuzgo spoken in Huixtepec Ometepec for example are still not well documented but work is underway While the Mixtecan subdivision may indeed be the closest to Amuzgo within Oto Manguean 6 earlier claims that Amuzgo is part of it have been contested 7 Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Consonants 1 2 Vowels 1 3 Tones 2 Morphology 3 Syntax 4 Media 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksPhonology editConsonants edit The dialect presented in the following chart is Upper Eastern as spoken in San Pedro Amuzgos as analyzed by Smith amp Tapia 2002 Bilabial Dental Alveolar Alveopalatal Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ Plosive t d tʲ dʲ k ɡ ʔ Affricate t s t ʃ Fricative s ʃ h Approximant j w The following chart is based on Coronado Nazario et al 2009 for the variety of Southern Amuzgo spoken in Huixtepec The phonetic facts are very similar to that of other varieties but the analysis is different Bilabial Apico dental Apico lamino alveolar Post alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal n nʲ Plosive p t tʲ k kʷ ⁿk ʔ Affricate t s t ʃ Fricative s ʃ h Lateral approximant l Central approximant j w Tap ɾ In this analysis the nasals and central approximants have distinctive allophones that depend on whether or not they precede a nasalized vowel The approximant w which is b before oral vowels or consonants in Huixtepec is m before nasalized vowels The approximant j is likewise nasalized before nasalized vowels and j elsewhere The nasals are pronounced with an oral non nasal release when they precede an oral vowel and as such sound like nd in that context Various other important details about the phonetics of Amuzgo are not presented in a simplified chart such as the one shown above Vowels edit Amuzgo distinguishes seven vowels with respect to quality In all the documented dialects all but the two close vowels may be nasalized Some descriptions claim that Amuzgo also has ballistic syllables a possible type of supra glottal phonation Ballistic syllables are also a feature of the phonology of another Oto Manguean branch Chinantec Front Central Back oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal Close i u Close mid e ẽ o o Open mid ɛ ɛ ɔ ɔ Open a a Tones edit Amuzgo has three basic tones high mid and low But it also has several combinations of tones on single syllables The contour high low is a common one The following words are apparently distinguished only by tone in Huixtepec ha sour low ha mid I ha high low we exclusive and ha high we inclusive See also the set ta hill low ta thick mid ta father vocative high low ta slice high 8 Morphology editNouns are pluralized by a prefix The common plural prefix is n Compare tha skin n tha skins Northern and Southern Amuzgo Typically the consonant ts drops when the noun is pluralized tsʔɔ hand l ʔɔ hands Northern Amuzgo n ʔɔ hands Southern Amuzgo Animate nouns most animals and insects plus some other nouns carry the classifier prefix ka This classifier precedes the inflected noun as in ka tsueʔ dog ka l ueʔ dogs Northern Amuzgo ka n ueʔ dogs Southern Amuzgo Syntax editAmuzgo has been proposed to be an active stative language 9 Like many other Otomanguean languages it distinguishes between first person inclusive plural and first person exclusive plural pronouns Media editAmuzgo language programming is carried by the CDI s radio station XEJAM based in Santiago Jamiltepec Oaxaca and by the community radio station Radio Nomndaa 1 in Xochistlahuaca Suljaa Notes edit Lenguas indigenas y hablantes de 3 anos y mas 2020 INEGI Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda 2020 2005 census http www inegi org mx est contenidos espanol rutinas ept asp t mlen10 amp c 3337 Retrieved 2010 07 21 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Campbell 1997 402 Catalogo de las lenguas indigenas nacionales Variantes linguisticas de Mexico con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadisticas Variantes linguisticas de la agrupacion zapoteco Archived from the original on 2007 11 16 Retrieved 2013 07 17 Egland Bartholomew amp Cruz Ramos 1983 8 Campbell 1997 158 Longacre 1961 1966a 1966b Longacre amp Millon 1961 Coronado et al 2009 Smith amp Tapia 2002References editBauernschmidt Amy 1965 Amuzgo syllable dynamics Language 41 471 83 Campbell Lyle 1997 American Indian languages the historical linguistics of Native America Oxford University Press Coronado Nazario Hilario M Ebenecer Coronado Nolasco Panfilo de la Cruz Morales Maurilio Hilario Juarez amp Stephen A Marlett 2009 Amuzgo del sur Huixtepec Ilustraciones foneticas de lenguas amerindias ed Stephen A Marlett Lima SIL International y Universidad Ricardo Palma 2 Cuevas Suarez Susana 1977 Fonologia generativa del amuzgo de San Pedro Amuzgos Oaxaca Tesis de Licenciatura Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia Mexico City Cuevas Suarez Susana 1985 Fonologia generativa del amuzgo Mexico City Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia Cuevas Suarez Susana 1996 Fonologia funcional generativa de una lengua otomangue In Susana Cuevas and Julieta Haidar coords La imaginacion y la inteligencia en el lenguaje Homenaje a Roman Jakobson Mexico City Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia Egland Steven Doris Bartholomew amp Saul Cruz Ramos 1983 La inteligibilidad interdialectal en Mexico Resultados de algunos sondeos Mexico D F Instituto Linguistico de Verano Herrera Zendejas Esther 2000 Descripcion fonetica del amuzgo de Xochistlahuaca Guerrero In Maria del Carmen Morua Leyva and Gerardo Lopez Cruz eds Memorias del V Encuentro Internacional de Linguistica en el Noroeste volume 2 97 116 Hermosillo Universidad de Sonora Longacre Robert E 1961 Swadesh s Macro Mixtecan hypothesis International Journal of American Linguistics 27 9 29 Longacre Robert E 1966a The linguistic affinities of Amuzgo In Antonio Pompa y Pompa ed Summa anthropologica En homenaje a Roberto J Weitlaner Mexico Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia pp 541 60 Longacre Robert E 1966b On linguistic affinities of Amuzgo International Journal of American Linguistics 32 46 49 Longacre Robert E and Rene Millon 1961 Proto Mixtecan and Proto Amuzgo Mixtecan vocabularies a preliminary cultural analysis Anthropological Linguistics 3 4 1 44 Smith Thomas C amp Fermin Tapia 2002 Amuzgo como lengua activa In Paulette Levy ed Del Cora al Maya Yucateco estudios linguisticos sobre algunas lenguas indigenas mexicanas Mexico City UNAM Stewart Cloyd amp Ruth D Stewart compilers 2000 Diccionario Amuzgo de San Pedro Amuzgos Oaxaca Coyoacan D F Instituto Linguistico de Verano Tapia Garcia L Fermin 1999 Diccionario amuzgo espanol El amuzgo de San Pedro Amuzgos Oaxaca Mexico City Plaza y Valdes Editores Tapia Garcia Fermin 2000 Diccionario amuzgo espanol Mexico City Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social CIESAS Estadistica basica de la poblacion hablante de lenguas indigenas nacionales 2015 site inali gob mx Retrieved 2019 10 26 External links editSample of Amuzgo writing Amuzgo on Native Languages of the Americas nbsp Look up Amuzgo in Wiktionary the free dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Amuzgo language amp oldid 1200642735, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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