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Eastern Algonquian languages

January 30, 2023

The Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a subgroup of the Algonquian languages. Prior to European contact, Eastern Algonquian consisted of at least 17 languages, whose speakers collectively occupied the Atlantic coast of North America and adjacent inland areas, from what are now the Maritimes of Canada to North Carolina. The available information about individual languages varies widely. Some are known only from one or two documents containing words and phrases collected by missionaries, explorers or settlers, and some documents contain fragmentary evidence about more than one language or dialect.[4] Many of the Eastern Algonquian languages were greatly affected by colonization and dispossession. Miꞌkmaq and Malecite-Passamaquoddy have appreciable numbers of speakers, but Western Abenaki and Lenape (Delaware) are each reported to have fewer than 10 speakers after 2000.

Eastern Algonquian
Eastern Algonkian
Geographic
distribution		Atlantic Coast of North America
Linguistic classificationAlgic
Proto-languageProto-Eastern Algonquian
Subdivisions
Glottologeast2700

Eastern Algonquian constitutes a separate genetic subgroup within Algonquian. Two other recognized groups of Algonquian languages, Plains Algonquian and Central Algonquian, are geographic but do not refer to genetic subgroupings.

Classification

A consensus classification of the known Eastern Algonquian languages and dialects by Goddard (1996)[5] is given below with some emendation, for example treatment of Massachusett and Narragansett as distinct languages.[6] In the case of poorly attested languages, particularly in southern New England, conclusive classification of written records as representing separate languages or dialects may be ultimately impossible. Headings in upper case denote proposed subgroups within Eastern Algonquian.[4][7][8]

Possible genetic subgroup

The languages assigned to the Eastern Algonquian group are hypothesized to descend from an intermediate common ancestor proto-language, referred to as Proto-Eastern Algonquian (PEA). By virtue of their common ancestry, the Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a genetic subgroup, and the individual Eastern Algonquian languages descend from PEA. By contrast, other Algonquian languages are hypothesized to descend directly from Proto-Algonquian, the ultimate common language ancestor of the Algonquian languages.[15][16]

In historical linguistics in general, the primary criterion for status as a genetic subgroup is that there are shared innovations assigned to the proposed subgroup that cannot be assigned to the ultimate ancestor language.[17][18][19] A complex series of phonological and morphological innovations define Eastern Algonquian as a subgroup. "There is less diversity, by any measure, among [Eastern Algonquian languages] as a group than among the Algonquian languages as a whole or among the non-Eastern languages."

The validity of PEA as a genetic subgroup has been disputed by Pentland and Proulx. Pentland questions the Eastern Algonquian status of the southern New England languages and Powhatan and Carolina Algonquian.[1] Proulx has proposed that the similarities can be explained as the result of diffusion.[20] Goddard has countered that the extent of the similarities would require extensive diffusion very early in the breakup of the Eastern Algonquian languages and that such a position would be difficult in principle to differentiate from analyzing PEA as a genetic subgroup.[21]

Eastern Algonquian subgroupings

Similarities among subsets of some of the Eastern Algonquian languages have led to several proposals for further subgroupings within Eastern Algonquian: Abenakian, Southern New England Algonquian (SNEA), and Delawaran, with the latter consisting of Mahican and Common Delaware, a further subgroup. The amount of evidence for each subgrouping varies, and the incomplete record for many parts of the Eastern Algonquian area makes interpretation of relations between the languages difficult.

As well, diffusion means that some common features may have spread beyond their original starting point through contact, and as a result, a number of characteristics occur in a language assigned to a proposed subgroup, but the same feature is also found in other adjacent languages that are not analyzed as part of the subgroup in question. Appeal to both genetic subgroups and areal diffusion is required. Goddard notes: "Each Eastern Algonquian language shares features with each of its immediate neighbors, and the resulting continuum is of a sort that is likely to have resulted from the spread of linguistic innovations among forms of speech that were already partly differentiated but still similar enough to make partial bilingualism easy."[22]

Proceeding north to south, the languages of the Maritimes and New England are strongly differentiated from those farther south (Mahican, the Delaware languages, Nanticoke, Carolina Algonquian, and Powhatan). At the same time the Southern New England languages (discussed below) share significant similarities, indicating a closer degree of relationship between them.[23]

Micmac has innovated significantly relative to other Eastern Algonquian languages, particularly in terms of grammatical features, but it shares a number of phonological innovations and lexical features with Maliseet-Passamaquoddy and Eastern and Western Abenaki.[23]

Abenakian

The proposed Abenakian subdivision comprises Eastern and Western Abenaki as well as Maliseet-Passamaquoddy; several phonological innovations are shared by the three languages.[24]

Southern New England Algonquian (SNEA)

Goddard notes the similarities shared by the Southern New England languages.[25] Siebert made the first explicit proposal for a Southern New England subgroup.[26] Costa develops the proposal in some detail, providing arguments based upon several shared innovations found within SNEA.[7]

Costa, largely following Siebert, proposes that the following languages are assigned to SNEA: Massachusett, Narragansett, Mohegan-Pequot-Montauk (probably also including Western and Niantic), Quiripi-Naugatuck, Unquachog, and Loup A.[27] Etchemin may also have been part of this group but the very small amount of material available precludes a more definitive conclusion. Costa outlines three sound changes that are innovations uniquely assignable to Proto-Eastern Algonquian, and hence constitute evidence for the subgrouping (the asterisk denotes a reconstructed sound in the proto-language: (a) palatalization of Proto-Eastern-Algonquian (PEA) *k; (b) merger of PEA consonant clusters *hr and *hx; (c) shift of word-final PEA *r to š, all of which occur in Massachusett phonology.[28]

As well, refining a proposal made by Siebert, Costa adduces evidence indicating an east-west split with the SNEA subgroup. On both phonological and lexical grounds, a distinction within SNEA can be made between a Western SNEA group consisting of the languages of central and Eastern Long Island, Connecticut and southern Rhode Island: Mohegan-Pequot-Montauk, Quiripi-Naugatuck, and Unquachog; and an Eastern group consisting of Massachusett and Narragansett. Loup, probably aboriginally found on the northern border of the Western SNEA area and to the west of Massachusett, would appear to share features of the Western and Eastern subgroups.[29]

Delawaran and Common Delaware

The closely related Lenape (Delaware) languages Munsee and Unami form a subgroup, with the two languages descending from an immediate ancestor called Common Delaware (CD).[30] Goddard notes a small number of innovations in morphology and phonology that set Munsee and Unami off from their neighbours.[31] As well, similarities between the Delaware languages and Mahican have been recognized in that Mahican shares innovations with Munsee and Unami, suggesting a subgroup containing Common Delaware and Mahican; this group has been referred to as Delawaran.[2]


Preservation & Revival

Efforts to preserve and revive the Eastern Algonquian language and culture are being undertaken by a group called the Medicine Singers[32] (aka 'Eastern Medicine Singers'[33][34]) in cooperation with a number of kindred tribes and tribal members, the Pocasset Pokanoket Land Trust[35] (partly administered by Darryl Jamieson[36]), theater & educational company Atelier Jaku,[37] record labels Joyful Noise Recordings[38] & Stone Tapes, and producer Yonatan Gat (founder & curator of Stone Tapes). The labor involved in this endeavor includes educational symposia, storytelling presentations, traditional ceremonies, and especially the production and performance of music with lyrics written and sung in Eastern Algonquian.[39]

The inaugural album by the Medicine Singers is called Daybreak.[40]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Etchemin is known only from a list of words for numbers taken in 1609 from people living between the St. John and Kennebec rivers by Marc Lescarbot. The numbers in this list share features in common with different Algonquian languages from Massachusetts to New Brunswick, but as a set do not match any other known Algonquian language. Some other materials that have been labelled as Etchemin appear to represent other languages.[9]
  2. ^ 'Loup A' is the name given to an otherwise unknown language represented primarily by a single 124-page word list of a language probably spoken in central Massachusetts and nearby areas of northeastern Connecticut and northwestern Rhode Island.The manuscript contains some dialect mixture, and may reflect the language of known tribes in the area such as Nipmuck or Pocumtuck. A more definitive conclusion is not possible.[11][12]
  3. ^ 'Loup B' is known only from a 14–page word list that represents a number of different speech varieties. It has some features of Mahican and Western Abenaki but there is no further information available.[13][14]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Pentland 1992, p. 15.
  2. ^ a b Goddard 1996, p. 5.
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Delawaran". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. from the original on 2022-10-30. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
  4. ^ a b Goddard 1978.
  5. ^ Goddard 1996, pp. 4–5.
  6. ^ Goddard 1978, p. 72.
  7. ^ a b Costa 2007.
  8. ^ Siebert 1975.
  9. ^ Goddard 1978, pp. 70–71.
  10. ^ "Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project in Mashpee, MA". Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
  11. ^ Costa 2007, p. 71, 83.
  12. ^ Goddard 1978, p. 71.
  13. ^ Goddard 1972.
  14. ^ Goddard 1978, pp. 71–72.
  15. ^ Goddard 1980, pp. 143, 155.
  16. ^ Goddard 1979a, p. 95.
  17. ^ Campbell 2004, pp. 190–191.
  18. ^ Goddard 1979b.
  19. ^ Goddard 1980.
  20. ^ Proulx 1984, pp. 99–102.
  21. ^ Goddard 1979b, p. 19.
  22. ^ Goddard 1978, p. 70.
  23. ^ a b Goddard 1978, p. 76.
  24. ^ Goddard 1978, pp. 74, 75 Table 2; Goddard 1996.
  25. ^ Goddard 1978, pp. 74, 75 Table 2.
  26. ^ Siebert 1975, pp. 442–443, 445–446.
  27. ^ Costa 2007, pp. 81–82.
  28. ^ Costa 2007, pp. 84–90.
  29. ^ Costa 2007, pp. 99–102.
  30. ^ Goddard 1978, p. 74.
  31. ^ Goddard 1978, pp. 74, 75.
  32. ^ "Medicine Singers | Joyful Noise Recordings". www.joyfulnoiserecordings.com. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  33. ^ "Home". Eastern Medicine Singers. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  34. ^ Performance by The Eastern Medicine Singers | The Eastern Medicine Singers | TEDxProvidence, retrieved 2022-04-13
  35. ^ "Home". Pocasset Pokanoket Land Trust Inc. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  36. ^ "Daryl Jamieson — News". daryljamieson.com. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  37. ^ "atelier jaku • english". atelier jaku. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  38. ^ "2022 Artist In Residence | Joyful Noise Recordings | Joyful Noise Recordings". www.joyfulnoiserecordings.com. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  39. ^ "New Mix: Joan Shelley, Craig Finn, Florist, more : All Songs Considered". NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  40. ^ "Medicine Singers announce debut LP, share "Daybreak"". The FADER. Retrieved 2022-04-13.

References

  • Campbell, Lyle (2004). Historical linguistics: An introduction (Second ed.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Costa, David. J. (2007). "The dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian". In H.C. Wolfart (ed.). Papers of the 38th Algonquian Conference. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. pp. 81–127.
  • Goddard, Ives (1972). "Three new Algonquian languages". Algonquian Linguistics. 1 (2/3): 5–6. ISSN 0703-4768.
  • Goddard, Ives (1978). "Eastern Algonquian Languages". In Trigger, Bruce (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 15, Northeast. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 70–77.
  • Goddard, Ives (1979a). "Comparative Algonquian". In Campbell, Lyle; Mithun, Marianne (eds.). The languages of Native America. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 70–132.
  • Goddard, Ives (1979b). "The evidence for Eastern Algonquian as a genetic subgroup". Algonquian Linguistics. 5 (2): 19–22. ISSN 0703-4768.
  • Goddard, Ives (1980). "Eastern Algonquian as a genetic subgroup". In Cowan, William (ed.). Papers of the eleventh Algonquian Conference. Ottawa: Carleton University. pp. 143–158.
  • Goddard, Ives (1982). "The historical phonology of Munsee". International Journal of American Linguistics. 48: 16–48. doi:10.1086/465711.
  • Goddard, Ives (1994). "The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology". In Cowan, William (ed.). Papers of the 25th Algonquian Conference. Ottawa: Carleton University. pp. 187–211.
  • Goddard, Ives (1996). "Introduction". In Goddard, Ives (ed.). The Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 17, Languages. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution. pp. 1–16.
  • Proulx, Paul (1984). "Two models of Algonquian linguistic prehistory". International Journal of American Linguistics. 50: 165–207.
  • Rudes, Blair (1997). "Resurrecting Wampano (Quiripi) from the dead: Phonological preliminaries". Anthropological Linguistics. 39: 1–59.
  • Siebert, Frank (1975). "Resurrecting Virginia Algonquian from the dead: The reconstituted and historical phonology of Powhatan". In Crawford, James M. (ed.). Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages. Athens: University of Georgia Press. pp. 285–453.

External links

  • Algonquian Family

January 30, 2023
eastern, algonquian, languages, constitute, subgroup, algonquian, languages, prior, european, contact, eastern, algonquian, consisted, least, languages, whose, speakers, collectively, occupied, atlantic, coast, north, america, adjacent, inland, areas, from, wh. The Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a subgroup of the Algonquian languages Prior to European contact Eastern Algonquian consisted of at least 17 languages whose speakers collectively occupied the Atlantic coast of North America and adjacent inland areas from what are now the Maritimes of Canada to North Carolina The available information about individual languages varies widely Some are known only from one or two documents containing words and phrases collected by missionaries explorers or settlers and some documents contain fragmentary evidence about more than one language or dialect 4 Many of the Eastern Algonquian languages were greatly affected by colonization and dispossession Miꞌkmaq and Malecite Passamaquoddy have appreciable numbers of speakers but Western Abenaki and Lenape Delaware are each reported to have fewer than 10 speakers after 2000 Eastern AlgonquianEastern AlgonkianGeographicdistributionAtlantic Coast of North AmericaLinguistic classificationAlgicAlgonquianEastern AlgonquianProto languageProto Eastern AlgonquianSubdivisionsAbenakian Southern New England Delawaran 1 2 3 Delaware and Mohican Nanticockan Powhatan PamlicoGlottologeast2700Eastern Algonquian constitutes a separate genetic subgroup within Algonquian Two other recognized groups of Algonquian languages Plains Algonquian and Central Algonquian are geographic but do not refer to genetic subgroupings Contents 1 Classification 2 Possible genetic subgroup 2 1 Eastern Algonquian subgroupings 2 1 1 Abenakian 2 1 2 Southern New England Algonquian SNEA 2 1 3 Delawaran and Common Delaware 3 Preservation amp Revival 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksClassification EditA consensus classification of the known Eastern Algonquian languages and dialects by Goddard 1996 5 is given below with some emendation for example treatment of Massachusett and Narragansett as distinct languages 6 In the case of poorly attested languages particularly in southern New England conclusive classification of written records as representing separate languages or dialects may be ultimately impossible Headings in upper case denote proposed subgroups within Eastern Algonquian 4 7 8 Abenakian Miꞌkmaq Abenaki Western Abenaki Eastern Abenaki Maliseet Passamaquoddy Etchemin a Southern New England Massachusett Wampanoag New Massachusett 10 Narragansett Loup A b Loup B c Quiripi Mohegan Pequot Delawaran Mahican Delaware Munsee Unami Nanticockan Nanticoke Piscataway Powhatan Pamlico Possible genetic subgroup EditThe languages assigned to the Eastern Algonquian group are hypothesized to descend from an intermediate common ancestor proto language referred to as Proto Eastern Algonquian PEA By virtue of their common ancestry the Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a genetic subgroup and the individual Eastern Algonquian languages descend from PEA By contrast other Algonquian languages are hypothesized to descend directly from Proto Algonquian the ultimate common language ancestor of the Algonquian languages 15 16 In historical linguistics in general the primary criterion for status as a genetic subgroup is that there are shared innovations assigned to the proposed subgroup that cannot be assigned to the ultimate ancestor language 17 18 19 A complex series of phonological and morphological innovations define Eastern Algonquian as a subgroup There is less diversity by any measure among Eastern Algonquian languages as a group than among the Algonquian languages as a whole or among the non Eastern languages The validity of PEA as a genetic subgroup has been disputed by Pentland and Proulx Pentland questions the Eastern Algonquian status of the southern New England languages and Powhatan and Carolina Algonquian 1 Proulx has proposed that the similarities can be explained as the result of diffusion 20 Goddard has countered that the extent of the similarities would require extensive diffusion very early in the breakup of the Eastern Algonquian languages and that such a position would be difficult in principle to differentiate from analyzing PEA as a genetic subgroup 21 Eastern Algonquian subgroupings Edit Similarities among subsets of some of the Eastern Algonquian languages have led to several proposals for further subgroupings within Eastern Algonquian Abenakian Southern New England Algonquian SNEA and Delawaran with the latter consisting of Mahican and Common Delaware a further subgroup The amount of evidence for each subgrouping varies and the incomplete record for many parts of the Eastern Algonquian area makes interpretation of relations between the languages difficult As well diffusion means that some common features may have spread beyond their original starting point through contact and as a result a number of characteristics occur in a language assigned to a proposed subgroup but the same feature is also found in other adjacent languages that are not analyzed as part of the subgroup in question Appeal to both genetic subgroups and areal diffusion is required Goddard notes Each Eastern Algonquian language shares features with each of its immediate neighbors and the resulting continuum is of a sort that is likely to have resulted from the spread of linguistic innovations among forms of speech that were already partly differentiated but still similar enough to make partial bilingualism easy 22 Proceeding north to south the languages of the Maritimes and New England are strongly differentiated from those farther south Mahican the Delaware languages Nanticoke Carolina Algonquian and Powhatan At the same time the Southern New England languages discussed below share significant similarities indicating a closer degree of relationship between them 23 Micmac has innovated significantly relative to other Eastern Algonquian languages particularly in terms of grammatical features but it shares a number of phonological innovations and lexical features with Maliseet Passamaquoddy and Eastern and Western Abenaki 23 Abenakian Edit The proposed Abenakian subdivision comprises Eastern and Western Abenaki as well as Maliseet Passamaquoddy several phonological innovations are shared by the three languages 24 Southern New England Algonquian SNEA Edit Goddard notes the similarities shared by the Southern New England languages 25 Siebert made the first explicit proposal for a Southern New England subgroup 26 Costa develops the proposal in some detail providing arguments based upon several shared innovations found within SNEA 7 Costa largely following Siebert proposes that the following languages are assigned to SNEA Massachusett Narragansett Mohegan Pequot Montauk probably also including Western and Niantic Quiripi Naugatuck Unquachog and Loup A 27 Etchemin may also have been part of this group but the very small amount of material available precludes a more definitive conclusion Costa outlines three sound changes that are innovations uniquely assignable to Proto Eastern Algonquian and hence constitute evidence for the subgrouping the asterisk denotes a reconstructed sound in the proto language a palatalization of Proto Eastern Algonquian PEA k b merger of PEA consonant clusters hr and hx c shift of word final PEA r to s all of which occur in Massachusett phonology 28 As well refining a proposal made by Siebert Costa adduces evidence indicating an east west split with the SNEA subgroup On both phonological and lexical grounds a distinction within SNEA can be made between a Western SNEA group consisting of the languages of central and Eastern Long Island Connecticut and southern Rhode Island Mohegan Pequot Montauk Quiripi Naugatuck and Unquachog and an Eastern group consisting of Massachusett and Narragansett Loup probably aboriginally found on the northern border of the Western SNEA area and to the west of Massachusett would appear to share features of the Western and Eastern subgroups 29 Delawaran and Common Delaware Edit The closely related Lenape Delaware languages Munsee and Unami form a subgroup with the two languages descending from an immediate ancestor called Common Delaware CD 30 Goddard notes a small number of innovations in morphology and phonology that set Munsee and Unami off from their neighbours 31 As well similarities between the Delaware languages and Mahican have been recognized in that Mahican shares innovations with Munsee and Unami suggesting a subgroup containing Common Delaware and Mahican this group has been referred to as Delawaran 2 Preservation amp Revival EditEfforts to preserve and revive the Eastern Algonquian language and culture are being undertaken by a group called the Medicine Singers 32 aka Eastern Medicine Singers 33 34 in cooperation with a number of kindred tribes and tribal members the Pocasset Pokanoket Land Trust 35 partly administered by Darryl Jamieson 36 theater amp educational company Atelier Jaku 37 record labels Joyful Noise Recordings 38 amp Stone Tapes and producer Yonatan Gat founder amp curator of Stone Tapes The labor involved in this endeavor includes educational symposia storytelling presentations traditional ceremonies and especially the production and performance of music with lyrics written and sung in Eastern Algonquian 39 The inaugural album by the Medicine Singers is called Daybreak 40 See also EditAlgonquian languages Algonquian peoples Proto Algonquian languageFootnotes Edit Etchemin is known only from a list of words for numbers taken in 1609 from people living between the St John and Kennebec rivers by Marc Lescarbot The numbers in this list share features in common with different Algonquian languages from Massachusetts to New Brunswick but as a set do not match any other known Algonquian language Some other materials that have been labelled as Etchemin appear to represent other languages 9 Loup A is the name given to an otherwise unknown language represented primarily by a single 124 page word list of a language probably spoken in central Massachusetts and nearby areas of northeastern Connecticut and northwestern Rhode Island The manuscript contains some dialect mixture and may reflect the language of known tribes in the area such as Nipmuck or Pocumtuck A more definitive conclusion is not possible 11 12 Loup B is known only from a 14 page word list that represents a number of different speech varieties It has some features of Mahican and Western Abenaki but there is no further information available 13 14 Notes Edit a b Pentland 1992 p 15 sfn error no target CITEREFPentland1992 help a b Goddard 1996 p 5 Hammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin Bank Sebastian 2022 05 24 Delawaran Glottolog Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Archived from the original on 2022 10 30 Retrieved 2022 10 29 a b Goddard 1978 Goddard 1996 pp 4 5 Goddard 1978 p 72 a b Costa 2007 Siebert 1975 Goddard 1978 pp 70 71 Wopanaak Language Reclamation Project in Mashpee MA Wopanaak Language Reclamation Project Retrieved 2020 07 08 Costa 2007 p 71 83 Goddard 1978 p 71 Goddard 1972 Goddard 1978 pp 71 72 Goddard 1980 pp 143 155 Goddard 1979a p 95 Campbell 2004 pp 190 191 Goddard 1979b Goddard 1980 Proulx 1984 pp 99 102 Goddard 1979b p 19 Goddard 1978 p 70 a b Goddard 1978 p 76 Goddard 1978 pp 74 75 Table 2 Goddard 1996 Goddard 1978 pp 74 75 Table 2 Siebert 1975 pp 442 443 445 446 Costa 2007 pp 81 82 Costa 2007 pp 84 90 Costa 2007 pp 99 102 Goddard 1978 p 74 Goddard 1978 pp 74 75 Medicine Singers Joyful Noise Recordings www joyfulnoiserecordings com Retrieved 2022 04 13 Home Eastern Medicine Singers Retrieved 2022 04 13 Performance by The Eastern Medicine Singers The Eastern Medicine Singers TEDxProvidence retrieved 2022 04 13 Home Pocasset Pokanoket Land Trust Inc Retrieved 2022 04 13 Daryl Jamieson News daryljamieson com Retrieved 2022 04 13 atelier jaku english atelier jaku Retrieved 2022 04 13 2022 Artist In Residence Joyful Noise Recordings Joyful Noise Recordings www joyfulnoiserecordings com Retrieved 2022 04 13 New Mix Joan Shelley Craig Finn Florist more All Songs Considered NPR org Retrieved 2022 04 13 Medicine Singers announce debut LP share Daybreak The FADER Retrieved 2022 04 13 References EditCampbell Lyle 2004 Historical linguistics An introduction Second ed Cambridge MA The MIT Press Costa David J 2007 The dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian In H C Wolfart ed Papers of the 38th Algonquian Conference Winnipeg University of Manitoba pp 81 127 Goddard Ives 1972 Three new Algonquian languages Algonquian Linguistics 1 2 3 5 6 ISSN 0703 4768 Goddard Ives 1978 Eastern Algonquian Languages In Trigger Bruce ed Handbook of North American Indians Vol 15 Northeast Washington Smithsonian Institution pp 70 77 Goddard Ives 1979a Comparative Algonquian In Campbell Lyle Mithun Marianne eds The languages of Native America Austin University of Texas Press pp 70 132 Goddard Ives 1979b The evidence for Eastern Algonquian as a genetic subgroup Algonquian Linguistics 5 2 19 22 ISSN 0703 4768 Goddard Ives 1980 Eastern Algonquian as a genetic subgroup In Cowan William ed Papers of the eleventh Algonquian Conference Ottawa Carleton University pp 143 158 Goddard Ives 1982 The historical phonology of Munsee International Journal of American Linguistics 48 16 48 doi 10 1086 465711 Goddard Ives 1994 The West to East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology In Cowan William ed Papers of the 25th Algonquian Conference Ottawa Carleton University pp 187 211 Goddard Ives 1996 Introduction In Goddard Ives ed The Handbook of North American Indians Vol 17 Languages Washington D C The Smithsonian Institution pp 1 16 Proulx Paul 1984 Two models of Algonquian linguistic prehistory International Journal of American Linguistics 50 165 207 Rudes Blair 1997 Resurrecting Wampano Quiripi from the dead Phonological preliminaries Anthropological Linguistics 39 1 59 Siebert Frank 1975 Resurrecting Virginia Algonquian from the dead The reconstituted and historical phonology of Powhatan In Crawford James M ed Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages Athens University of Georgia Press pp 285 453 External links EditAlgonquian Family Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eastern Algonquian languages amp oldid 1131165057, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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