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Afro-Caribbean people

February 15, 2024

For the Afro-Caribbean community in the United Kingdom, see British African-Caribbean people.

Afro-Caribbean people or African Caribbean are Caribbean people who trace their full or partial ancestry to Africa. The majority of the modern Afro-Caribbean people descend from the Africans (primarily from Central and West Africa) taken as slaves to colonial Caribbean via the trans-Atlantic slave trade between the 15th and 19th centuries to work primarily on various sugar plantations and in domestic households. Other names for the ethnic group include Black Caribbean, Afro or Black West Indian or Afro or Black Antillean. The term Afro-Caribbean was not coined by Caribbean people themselves but was first used by European Americans in the late 1960s.[7]

Afro-Caribbean people
Total population
23,394,739
Regions with significant populations
 Haiti8.9 million
 United States2.88 million
 Jamaica2.2 million
 Dominican Republic2.0 million[1]
 France1.2 million[2]
 Cuba1.03 million[3]
 United Kingdom1.0 million[4]
 Trinidad and Tobago452,536[5]
 Canada383,533
 Bahamas372,000
 Puerto Rico342,000
 Barbados253,771
 Guyana225,860
 Suriname202,500
 Saint Lucia173,765
 Curaçao148,000
 Grenada101,309
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines98,693[6]
 Belize93,394
 Antigua and Barbuda82,041
 U.S. Virgin Islands80,868
 Dominica72,660
 Honduras51,000 (approx) in Bay Islands Department
 Saint Kitts and Nevis38,827
 Cayman Islands18,837
Languages
English
English Creole
Caribbean
Jamaican, Trinidadian, Tobagonian, Garifuna, Bahamian, Guyanese, Bajan, Grenadian, Belizean, Saint Kitts, Vincentian, Sranan Tongo
French
French Creole
Haitian, Saint Lucian, Antillean
Spanish
Caribbean Spanish
Papiamento
Religion
Predominantly:
Minority:
  • Others
Related ethnic groups
Afro–Latin Americans, Americo-Liberians, African Americans, Sierra Leone Creoles, West Africans

People of Afro-Caribbean descent today are largely of Central and West African ancestry, and may additionally be of other origins, including European, Chinese, South Asian and Amerindian descent, as there has been extensive intermarriage and unions among the peoples of the Caribbean over the centuries.

Although most Afro-Caribbean people today continue to live in English, French and Spanish-speaking Caribbean nations and territories, there are also significant diaspora populations throughout the Western world, especially in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands. Caribbean peoples are predominantly of Christian faith, though some practice African-derived or syncretic religions, such as Santeria, Vodou and Winti. Many speak creole languages, such as Haitian Creole, Jamaican Patois, Sranantongo, Saint Lucian Creole or Papiamento.

Both the home and diaspora populations have produced a number of individuals who have had a notable influence on modern African, Caribbean and Western societies; they include political activists such as Marcus Garvey and C. L. R. James; writers and theorists such as Aimé Césaire and Frantz Fanon; US military leader and statesman Colin Powell; athletes such as Usain Bolt, Tim Duncan and David Ortiz; and musicians Bob Marley, Nicki Minaj and Rihanna.

History edit

Main article: Afro-Caribbean history

16th–18th centuries edit

During the post-Columbian era, the archipelagos and islands of the Caribbean were the first sites of African diaspora dispersal in the western Atlantic. Specifically, in 1492, Pedro Alonso Niño, an African-Spanish seafarer, was recorded as piloting one of Columbus' ships. He returned in 1499, but did not settle. In the early 16th century, more Africans began to enter the population of the Spanish Caribbean colonies, sometimes arriving as free men of mixed ancestry or as indentured servants, but increasingly as enslaved workers and servants. This increasing demand for African labour in the Caribbean was in part the result of massive depopulation of the native Taino and other indigenous peoples caused by the new infectious diseases, harsh conditions, and warfare brought by European colonists. By the mid-16th century, the slave trade from West Africa to the Caribbean was so profitable that Francis Drake and John Hawkins were prepared to engage in piracy as well as break Spanish colonial laws, in order to forcibly transport approximately 1500 enslaved people from Sierra Leone to Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic).[8]

During the 17th and 18th centuries, European colonial development in the Caribbean became increasingly reliant on plantation slavery to cultivate and process the lucrative commodity crop of sugarcane. On many islands shortly before the end of the 18th century, the enslaved Afro-Caribbeans greatly outnumbered their European masters. In addition, there developed a class of free people of color, especially in the French islands, where persons of mixed race were given certain rights.[9] On Saint-Domingue, free people of color and slaves rebelled against harsh conditions, and constant inter-imperial warfare. Inspired by French revolutionary sentiments that at one point freed the slaves, Toussaint L'Ouverture and Jean Jacques Dessalines led the Haitian Revolution that gained the independence of Haiti in 1804, the first Afro-Caribbean republic in the Western Hemisphere.

19th–20th centuries edit

In 1804, Haiti, with its overwhelmingly African population and leadership, became the second nation in the Americas to win independence from a European state. During the 19th century, continuous waves of rebellion, such as the Baptist War, led by Sam Sharpe in Jamaica, created the conditions for the incremental abolition of slavery in the region by various colonial powers. Great Britain abolished slavery in its holdings in 1834. Cuba was the last island to be emancipated, when Spain abolished slavery in its colonies.

During the 20th century, Afro-Caribbean people, who were a majority in many Caribbean societies, began to assert their cultural, economic, and political rights with more vigor on the world stage. Marcus Garvey was among many influential immigrants to the United States from Jamaica, expanding his UNIA movement in New York City and the U.S.[10] Afro-Caribbeans were influential in the Harlem Renaissance as artists and writers. Aimé Césaire developed a négritude movement.

In the 1960s, the West Indian territories were given their political independence from British colonial rule. They were pre-eminent in creating new cultural forms such as reggae music, calypso and Rastafari within the Caribbean. Beyond the region, a developing Afro-Caribbean diaspora in the United States, including such figures as Stokely Carmichael and DJ Kool Herc, was influential in the development of the Black Power movement of the 1960s and the hip-hop movement of the 1980s. African-Caribbean individuals also contributed to cultural developments in Europe, as evidenced by influential theorists such as Frantz Fanon[11] and Stuart Hall.[12]

Notable people edit

Politics edit

Science and philosophy edit

Arts and culture edit

Sports edit

Main groups edit

Culture edit

Main page: Category:Afro-Caribbean culture

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Results   Archived 12 February 2020 at archive.today American Fact Finder (US Census Bureau)
  2. ^ INSEE. "Populations légales 2017 des départements et collectivités d'outre-mer" (in French). Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  3. ^ . www.miamiherald.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ 2011 Census UK Government Web Archive
  5. ^ (PDF). Central Statistical Office. 30 November 2012. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  6. ^ . www.stats.gov.vc. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States Congress House (1970). "Hearings". pp. 64–69.
  8. ^ Some Historical Account of Guinea: With an Inquiry into the Rise and Progress of the Slave Trade, p. 48, at Google Books
  9. ^ Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis, W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research, Harvard University. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". Stephen Behrendt (1999). "Transatlantic Slave Trade". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00071-5.
  10. ^ Martin, Tony. Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggle of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976.
  11. ^ Nigel C. Gibson, Fanon: The Postcolonial Imagination (2003: Oxford, Polity Press)
  12. ^ Chen, Kuan-Hsing. "The Formation of a Diasporic Intellectual: An interview with Stuart Hall," collected in David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen (eds), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, New York: Routledge, 1996.
  13. ^ "The Hon. Wendy Phipps". Ministry of Finance [St Kitts and Nevis]. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2024.

External links edit

  •   The dictionary definition of Afro-Caribbean at Wiktionary

February 15, 2024
afro, caribbean, people, afro, caribbean, community, united, kingdom, british, african, caribbean, people, african, caribbean, caribbean, people, trace, their, full, partial, ancestry, africa, majority, modern, descend, from, africans, primarily, from, central. For the Afro Caribbean community in the United Kingdom see British African Caribbean people Afro Caribbean people or African Caribbean are Caribbean people who trace their full or partial ancestry to Africa The majority of the modern Afro Caribbean people descend from the Africans primarily from Central and West Africa taken as slaves to colonial Caribbean via the trans Atlantic slave trade between the 15th and 19th centuries to work primarily on various sugar plantations and in domestic households Other names for the ethnic group include Black Caribbean Afro or Black West Indian or Afro or Black Antillean The term Afro Caribbean was not coined by Caribbean people themselves but was first used by European Americans in the late 1960s 7 Afro Caribbean peopleTotal population23 394 739Regions with significant populations Haiti8 9 million United States2 88 million Jamaica2 2 million Dominican Republic2 0 million 1 France1 2 million 2 Cuba1 03 million 3 United Kingdom1 0 million 4 Trinidad and Tobago452 536 5 Canada383 533 Bahamas372 000 Puerto Rico342 000 Barbados253 771 Guyana225 860 Suriname202 500 Saint Lucia173 765 Curacao148 000 Grenada101 309 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines98 693 6 Belize93 394 Antigua and Barbuda82 041 U S Virgin Islands80 868 Dominica72 660 Honduras51 000 approx in Bay Islands Department Saint Kitts and Nevis38 827 Cayman Islands18 837LanguagesEnglishEnglish CreoleCaribbeanJamaican Trinidadian Tobagonian Garifuna Bahamian Guyanese Bajan Grenadian Belizean Saint Kitts Vincentian Sranan TongoFrenchFrench CreoleHaitian Saint Lucian AntilleanSpanishCaribbean SpanishPapiamentoReligionPredominantly Christianity Minority Islam Bahaʼi Judaism Traditional African religion Afro American religion Obeah Rastafari Santeria Orisha Trinidad Orisha Yoruba Vodou WintiOthersRelated ethnic groupsAfro Latin Americans Americo Liberians African Americans Sierra Leone Creoles West AfricansPeople of Afro Caribbean descent today are largely of Central and West African ancestry and may additionally be of other origins including European Chinese South Asian and Amerindian descent as there has been extensive intermarriage and unions among the peoples of the Caribbean over the centuries Although most Afro Caribbean people today continue to live in English French and Spanish speaking Caribbean nations and territories there are also significant diaspora populations throughout the Western world especially in the United States Canada United Kingdom France and the Netherlands Caribbean peoples are predominantly of Christian faith though some practice African derived or syncretic religions such as Santeria Vodou and Winti Many speak creole languages such as Haitian Creole Jamaican Patois Sranantongo Saint Lucian Creole or Papiamento Both the home and diaspora populations have produced a number of individuals who have had a notable influence on modern African Caribbean and Western societies they include political activists such as Marcus Garvey and C L R James writers and theorists such as Aime Cesaire and Frantz Fanon US military leader and statesman Colin Powell athletes such as Usain Bolt Tim Duncan and David Ortiz and musicians Bob Marley Nicki Minaj and Rihanna Contents 1 History 1 1 16th 18th centuries 1 2 19th 20th centuries 2 Notable people 2 1 Politics 2 2 Science and philosophy 2 3 Arts and culture 2 4 Sports 3 Main groups 4 Culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory editMain article Afro Caribbean history 16th 18th centuries edit During the post Columbian era the archipelagos and islands of the Caribbean were the first sites of African diaspora dispersal in the western Atlantic Specifically in 1492 Pedro Alonso Nino an African Spanish seafarer was recorded as piloting one of Columbus ships He returned in 1499 but did not settle In the early 16th century more Africans began to enter the population of the Spanish Caribbean colonies sometimes arriving as free men of mixed ancestry or as indentured servants but increasingly as enslaved workers and servants This increasing demand for African labour in the Caribbean was in part the result of massive depopulation of the native Taino and other indigenous peoples caused by the new infectious diseases harsh conditions and warfare brought by European colonists By the mid 16th century the slave trade from West Africa to the Caribbean was so profitable that Francis Drake and John Hawkins were prepared to engage in piracy as well as break Spanish colonial laws in order to forcibly transport approximately 1500 enslaved people from Sierra Leone to Hispaniola modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic 8 During the 17th and 18th centuries European colonial development in the Caribbean became increasingly reliant on plantation slavery to cultivate and process the lucrative commodity crop of sugarcane On many islands shortly before the end of the 18th century the enslaved Afro Caribbeans greatly outnumbered their European masters In addition there developed a class of free people of color especially in the French islands where persons of mixed race were given certain rights 9 On Saint Domingue free people of color and slaves rebelled against harsh conditions and constant inter imperial warfare Inspired by French revolutionary sentiments that at one point freed the slaves Toussaint L Ouverture and Jean Jacques Dessalines led the Haitian Revolution that gained the independence of Haiti in 1804 the first Afro Caribbean republic in the Western Hemisphere 19th 20th centuries edit In 1804 Haiti with its overwhelmingly African population and leadership became the second nation in the Americas to win independence from a European state During the 19th century continuous waves of rebellion such as the Baptist War led by Sam Sharpe in Jamaica created the conditions for the incremental abolition of slavery in the region by various colonial powers Great Britain abolished slavery in its holdings in 1834 Cuba was the last island to be emancipated when Spain abolished slavery in its colonies During the 20th century Afro Caribbean people who were a majority in many Caribbean societies began to assert their cultural economic and political rights with more vigor on the world stage Marcus Garvey was among many influential immigrants to the United States from Jamaica expanding his UNIA movement in New York City and the U S 10 Afro Caribbeans were influential in the Harlem Renaissance as artists and writers Aime Cesaire developed a negritude movement In the 1960s the West Indian territories were given their political independence from British colonial rule They were pre eminent in creating new cultural forms such as reggae music calypso and Rastafari within the Caribbean Beyond the region a developing Afro Caribbean diaspora in the United States including such figures as Stokely Carmichael and DJ Kool Herc was influential in the development of the Black Power movement of the 1960s and the hip hop movement of the 1980s African Caribbean individuals also contributed to cultural developments in Europe as evidenced by influential theorists such as Frantz Fanon 11 and Stuart Hall 12 Notable people editPolitics edit Sir Grantley Adams Barbados politician and lawyer the first and only Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation 1958 1962 Jean Bertrand Aristide politician priest and head of state Haiti Dean Barrow head of government Belize Maurice Bishop Grenada revolutionary leader Paul Bogle Jamaica political activist Ertha Pascal Trouillot Haiti first Black female president in the world lawyer Juan Almeida Bosque Cuban revolutionary and politician Dutty Boukman Haitian freedom fighter Forbes Burnham Guyana head of government Bussa Barbados freedom fighter Stokely Carmichael Trinidad born civil rights activist and leader in the US Mary Eugenia Charles Dominican head of government Perry Christie Bahamian politician and lawyer Henri Christophe Haiti revolutionary general and head of state David Clarke sheriff Barbudan former Sheriff of Milwaukee John Compton Saint Lucia politician and lawyer Francisco del Rosario Sanchez Dominican Republic founding father revolutionary and president Paris Dennard Grenada former CNN political commentator Jean Jacques Dessalines Haiti est 1804 revolutionary general and first head of state of independent Haiti Papa Doc Duvalier dictator of Haiti 20th century Marcus Garvey Jamaica politician and writer founder of UNIA and active in US politics from 1916 to 1927 Philip Goldson Belize politician Ulises Heureaux Dominican Republic president and military leader Sam Hinds Guyana head of government Hubert Ingraham Bahamian politician and lawyer Toussaint L Ouverture Saint Domingue revolutionary general and governor Joseph Robert Love Bahamian born medical doctor Jamaican politician and political activist who influenced Marcus Garvey Gregorio Luperon Dominican Republic revolutionary general and president Antonio Maceo Grajales Cuban revolutionary and general Michael Manley Jamaica politician Jon Miller Montserrat Conservative Review BlazeTV Host Nanny of the Maroons Jamaica freedom fighter Jeanne Odo Haiti abolitionist Candace Owens British Virgin Islander PragerU Radio and Founder of Blexit Wendy Phipps born 1967 is a Kittitian politician and businesswoman 13 Lynden Pindling Bahamian politician and first Prime minister of the Bahamas Samuel Jackman Prescod Barbados first elected Afro Caribbean politician in the House of Assembly Sam Sharpe Jamaica freedom fighter Solitude Guadeloupe freedom fighter Eric Eustace Williams Trinidad and Tobago politician writer and head of government Shirley Chisholm Guyanese and Bajan descent first black woman elected to the US Congress first black major party US presidential candidate Colin Powell Jamaican descent US Army General Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Kamala Devi Harris Jamaican descent first Black American first Asian American and first female Vice President of the United StatesScience and philosophy edit Alfredo Bowman Dr Sebi International herbalist healer from Honduras Frantz Fanon Martinique writer psychiatrist and freedom fighter Hubert Harrison St Croix writer orator educator critic and race and class conscious political activist based in Harlem New York Stuart Hall Jamaican philosopher C L R James Trinidad and Tobago activist and writer W Arthur Lewis Saint Lucia economist and Nobel Prize recipient Pedro Alonso Nino Afro Spanish explorer Arlie Petters Belizean mathematician Walter Rodney Guyanese activist and writer Mary Seacole Jamaican nurse and hospital directorArts and culture edit Carlos Acosta Cuba ballet dancer Beenie Man Jamaica artist and musician Frank Bowling Guyana painter Esther Rolle Actress of Bahamian descent Aime Cesaire Martinique fiction writer Celia Cruz Cuba singer Stacey Dash Barbadian descent actress Bert Williams Bahamian entertainer and probably the first successful Afro Caribbean entertainer in America AngelaMaria Davila Puerto Rican poet Eddy Grant Guyana singer and musician Edward W Hardy Puerto Rican composer and musician C L R James Trinidad historian essayist and journalist Wyclef Jean Haitian singer composer and activist Earl Lovelace Trinidad novelist and writer Luis Pales Matos Puerto Rican poet Bob Marley Jamaica singer and musician Ziggy Marley Bob Marley s son Jamaica singer and musician Myke Towers Puerto Rican rapper The Mighty Sparrow Grenadian Trinidadian singer and composer Trinidad James Trinidad rapper Zoe Saldana American actress of Dominican and Puerto Rican descent Nicki Minaj Trinidad rapper and singer Sean Paul Jamaica dancehall artist Shyne Belize rapper Sidney Poitier Bahamas first actor of African American or Afro Caribbean descent to win an Academy Award in the USA Rihanna Barbados singer Chevalier de Saint Georges Guadeloupe composer Cardi B Dominican Republic rapper Naomi Campbell Jamaican English supermodel Lewis Hamilton Grenadian Formula 1 driver FKA Twigs Jamaican alternative singer Antony Santos Dominican Republic bachata singer Peter Tosh Jamaica singer and musician Bebo Valdes Cuban musician Johnny Ventura Dominican Republic salsa and merengue singer Corinne Bailey Rae singer of Kittian descent Derek Walcott Saint Lucia poet recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature Pop Smoke American rapper of Jamaican and Panamanian descentSports edit Kirani James Grenada Grenada s first Olympic Gold Medalist and World s fastest 400m runner from 2012 to 2016 Omar Amir Bahamas professional wrestler in the Ohio Valley Wrestling Arena Deandre Ayton Bahamas 1 Overall Pick of the 2018 NBA Draft and player for the Phoenix Suns Ozzie Albies Curacao MLB player for the Atlanta Braves John Barnes Jamaican born English footballer Usain Bolt Jamaica Olympics gold medalist and the fastest man in history Robinson Cano Dominican Republic MLB player Kingsley Coman Guadeloupe football player Carmelo Anthony Puerto Rican American basketball player Tonique Williams Darling Bahamas 400m runner and Olympic gold medalist Tim Duncan St Croix Anguilla parentage basketball player Shelly Ann Fraser Pryce Jamaica athlete Thierry Henry Guadeloupe football player best French scorer Buddy Hield Bahamas NBA player for the Sacramento Kings Kenley Jansen Curacao MLB player for the Los Angeles Dodgers Brian Lara Trinidad cricketer Anthony Martial Guadeloupe French football player Shaunae Miller Bahamian 400m and 200m runner and Olympic gold medalist David Ortiz Dominican Republic MLB player Burgess Owens Barbadian born former American football player Sir Vivian Richards Antigua cricketer Teddy Riner Guadeloupe Judoka Errol Spence Jr Jamaican American boxer current Unified Welterweight Champion Mike McCallum Jamaica Boxer World Champion in 3 different weight classes Julian Jackson boxer Saint Thomas boxer 3 time world champion in 2 weight classes Darren Sammy Saint Lucia cricketer Kimbo Slice Bahamian boxer and MMA fighter Sir Garfield Sobers Barbados cricketer Sammy Sosa Dominican Republic MLB player Karl Anthony Towns Dominican Republic descended NBA player 1 overall pick in the 2015 NBA draft NBA player for the Minnesota Timberwolves Marcellus Wiley Martinican American former American football player and FOX Sports commentator host Adam Sanford Dominican cricketer Jayde Riviere Dominican football Player Jay Emmanuel Thomas Dominican football player Konrad de la Fuente Dominican American football player Vurnon Anita Curacao football player Joe Willock Jamaican football player Fabrice Noel Haitian footballer Jaron Vicario Curacaoan football player Sanchez Watt Jamaican football playerMain groups editAfro Antiguan and Barbudan Afro Bahamian Afro Barbadian Afro Bermudian Afro Curacaoans Afro Colombians Afro Costa Ricans Afro Cuban Afro Dominican Dominica Afro Dominican Dominican Republic Afro Grenadian Afro Guatemalan Afro Guyanese Afro Haitians Afro Hondurans Afro Jamaican Afro Kittian and Nevisian Afro Mexicans Afro Nicaraguan Afro Panamanian Afro Puerto Ricans Afro Saint Lucian Afro Salvadoran Afro Surinamese Afro Trinidadians and Tobagonians Afro Venezuelan Afro Vincentian Belizean Creole people Other members of the African diaspora in or from the CaribbeanCulture editMain page Category Afro Caribbean culture Afro Caribbean culture Afro Caribbean music Afro Caribbean religionSee also editAfro Latin Americans African diaspora in the AmericasReferences edit Results Archived 12 February 2020 at archive today American Fact Finder US Census Bureau INSEE Populations legales 2017 des departements et collectivites d outre mer in French Retrieved 29 January 2021 Archived copy www miamiherald com Archived from the original on 21 August 2013 Retrieved 3 September 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link 2011 Census UK Government Web Archive Trinidad and Tobago 2011 population and housing census demographic report PDF Central Statistical Office 30 November 2012 p 94 Archived from the original PDF on 19 October 2017 Retrieved 5 March 2016 Archived copy www stats gov vc Archived from the original on 11 September 2018 Retrieved 11 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Committee on Foreign Affairs United States Congress House 1970 Hearings pp 64 69 Some Historical Account of Guinea With an Inquiry into the Rise and Progress of the Slave Trade p 48 at Google Books Stephen D Behrendt David Richardson and David Eltis W E B Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research Harvard University Based on records for 27 233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas Stephen Behrendt 1999 Transatlantic Slave Trade Africana The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience New York Basic Civitas Books ISBN 978 0 465 00071 5 Martin Tony Race First The Ideological and Organizational Struggle of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association Westport Conn Greenwood Press 1976 Nigel C Gibson Fanon The Postcolonial Imagination 2003 Oxford Polity Press Chen Kuan Hsing The Formation of a Diasporic Intellectual An interview with Stuart Hall collected in David Morley and Kuan Hsing Chen eds Stuart Hall Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies New York Routledge 1996 The Hon Wendy Phipps Ministry of Finance St Kitts and Nevis 5 February 2019 Retrieved 31 January 2024 External links edit nbsp The dictionary definition of Afro Caribbean at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Afro Caribbean people amp oldid 1207427892, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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