fbpx
Wikipedia

Afro-Surinamese

January 01, 1970

Afro-Surinamese are the inhabitants of Suriname of mostly West African and Central African ancestry. They are descended from enslaved Africans brought to work on sugar plantations. Many of them escaped the plantations and formed independent settlements together, becoming known as Maroons and Bushinengue. They maintained vestiges of African culture and language. They are usually split into two ethnic subgroups (Creoles and Maroons).

Afro-Surinamese
Regions with significant populations
Suriname (Paramaribo · Coronie · Brokopondo · Marowijne · Para)
Netherlands
Languages
Dutch, Sranan Tongo, Maroon languages
Religion
Christianity, Winti

Origins edit

Most of the enslaved people imported to Suriname came from West Central Africa (circa 61,500 slaves, 27% of the total number), Gold Coast (Ghana) (circa 46,000, 21% of the total), Windward Coast (circa 45,000, 20%), and Bight of Benin (more than 32,000, 14% of the total). Thousands of enslaved people also arrived from Bight of Biafra (circa 11,000, 5.0% of the total) and Sierra Leone (circa 3,600, 1.6% of the total).[1] The total number of enslaved people was estimated at 220,000.[2]

The Akans from the central Ghana were, officially, the predominant ethnic group of slaves in Suriname. However, in practice, enslaved people from Loango,[3] purchased in Cabinda, Angola,[4] were the largest group of slaves in Suriname since 1670; they surpassed the number on the Gold Coast in almost all periods. Enslaved people including the Ewe (who live in southern Ghana, Togo and Benin), Igbo (from Nigeria), Yoruba (from Benin[5]) and Kongo (who live in the Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola), all left their cultural footprints in Suriname.

History edit

The Dutch were involved in the slave trade during the early colonial years. They sought office space for their plantations. The space they received was when the British in the Treaty of Breda (1667) gave land on the northern coast of South America, ceded to them in exchange for New York. Suriname became a slave colony. Slaves were rapidly shipped from Africa to Suriname to work on coffee, cocoa, and sugar plantations for the Dutch and other Europeans.[6]

Afro-Surinamese scholar Gloria Wekker argues, for example, that working-class Afro-Surinamese women retained pre-colonial African cultural understandings of gender, sexuality, and spirituality. She, and other theorists, argue that African cultural retentions are found most often in Afro-diasporic communities that either had irregular contact with dominant groups of the host community or that shielded their cultural retentions from their colonizers. As Wekker observes, Surinamese slaves socialized, communicated, and communed with little white cultural, social, or linguistic interference.[7]

Maroons edit

See also: Maroons (people)
 
Maroon group in 1930

Escaped enslaved people in Suriname and French Guiana, known as Maroons or Bushinengues, fled to the interior and joined with indigenous peoples to create several independent tribes, among them the Saramaka, the Paramaka, the Ndyuka (Aukan), the Kwinti, the Aluku (Boni), the Matawai,[8] and the Brooskampers.[9] By 1740, the maroons had formed clans and felt strong enough to challenge the Dutch colonists, forcing them to sign peace treaties. Because of their long isolation in interior rainforests, they maintained more African culture than did ethnic Africans in the cities.

From 1972 to 1978, two American professors, S. Allen Counter and David L. Evans, made seven voyages upriver into the maroon areas. Both African Americans, they wanted to contact these communities and learn about the peoples, to see what African cultures they followed.[10]

By the 1980s, the maroons in Suriname had begun to fight for their land rights to protect territory which they had long occupied.[11] They won an important case in 2007 at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which ruled they had rights to their traditional lands.[11]

Notable Afro-Surinamese people edit

References edit

  1. ^ Borges 2014, p. 41, : Based on embarkation with 10% undetermined, therefore all figures are at least ±10%
  2. ^ Borges 2014, p. 41.
  3. ^ Identidades en juego, identidades en guerra (in Spanish: Identities at stake, identities at war) - Page 49
  4. ^ "Batey. Revista Cubana de Antropología Sociocultural (ISSN 2225-529X)". www.revista-batey.com. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
  5. ^ Publico.es: Los genes narran la rebelión de los esclavos December 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish: Genes tell the Revolt of the slaves). Posted by Núñez Domínguez.
  6. ^ "Bittersweet: Sugar, Slavery, and Science in Dutch Suriname".
  7. ^ Wekker, Gloria. The Politics of Passion: Women’s Sexual Culture in the Afro-Surinamese Diaspora. Columbia University Press, 2006.
  8. ^ Scholtens 1994, pp. 155–156.
  9. ^ Scholtens 1994, p. 33.
  10. ^ Vincent Harding, "A remarkable search for roots;" I Sought My Brother: An Afro-American Reunion, by S. Allen Counter and David L. Evans, Christian Science Monitor, 12 March 1982, accessed 2 October 2013
  11. ^ a b Case of the Saramaka People v. Suriname, Judgment of November 28, 2007, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos), accessed 21 May 2009

Bibliography edit

  • Borges, Roger (2014). The Life of Language. Dynamics of language contact in Suriname (PDF) (Thesis). Utrecht: Radboud University Nijmegen.
  • Scholtens, Ben (1994). Bosneger en overheid in Suriname. Radboud University Nijmegen (Thesis) (in Dutch). Paramaribo: Afdeling Cultuurstudies/Minov. ISBN 9991410155.

January 01, 1970
afro, surinamese, inhabitants, suriname, mostly, west, african, central, african, ancestry, they, descended, from, enslaved, africans, brought, work, sugar, plantations, many, them, escaped, plantations, formed, independent, settlements, together, becoming, kn. Afro Surinamese are the inhabitants of Suriname of mostly West African and Central African ancestry They are descended from enslaved Africans brought to work on sugar plantations Many of them escaped the plantations and formed independent settlements together becoming known as Maroons and Bushinengue They maintained vestiges of African culture and language They are usually split into two ethnic subgroups Creoles and Maroons Afro SurinameseRegions with significant populationsSuriname Paramaribo Coronie Brokopondo Marowijne Para NetherlandsLanguagesDutch Sranan Tongo Maroon languagesReligionChristianity Winti Contents 1 Origins 2 History 3 Maroons 4 Notable Afro Surinamese people 5 References 6 BibliographyOrigins editMost of the enslaved people imported to Suriname came from West Central Africa circa 61 500 slaves 27 of the total number Gold Coast Ghana circa 46 000 21 of the total Windward Coast circa 45 000 20 and Bight of Benin more than 32 000 14 of the total Thousands of enslaved people also arrived from Bight of Biafra circa 11 000 5 0 of the total and Sierra Leone circa 3 600 1 6 of the total 1 The total number of enslaved people was estimated at 220 000 2 The Akans from the central Ghana were officially the predominant ethnic group of slaves in Suriname However in practice enslaved people from Loango 3 purchased in Cabinda Angola 4 were the largest group of slaves in Suriname since 1670 they surpassed the number on the Gold Coast in almost all periods Enslaved people including the Ewe who live in southern Ghana Togo and Benin Igbo from Nigeria Yoruba from Benin 5 and Kongo who live in the Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola all left their cultural footprints in Suriname History editThe Dutch were involved in the slave trade during the early colonial years They sought office space for their plantations The space they received was when the British in the Treaty of Breda 1667 gave land on the northern coast of South America ceded to them in exchange for New York Suriname became a slave colony Slaves were rapidly shipped from Africa to Suriname to work on coffee cocoa and sugar plantations for the Dutch and other Europeans 6 Afro Surinamese scholar Gloria Wekker argues for example that working class Afro Surinamese women retained pre colonial African cultural understandings of gender sexuality and spirituality She and other theorists argue that African cultural retentions are found most often in Afro diasporic communities that either had irregular contact with dominant groups of the host community or that shielded their cultural retentions from their colonizers As Wekker observes Surinamese slaves socialized communicated and communed with little white cultural social or linguistic interference 7 Maroons editSee also Maroons people nbsp Maroon group in 1930 Escaped enslaved people in Suriname and French Guiana known as Maroons or Bushinengues fled to the interior and joined with indigenous peoples to create several independent tribes among them the Saramaka the Paramaka the Ndyuka Aukan the Kwinti the Aluku Boni the Matawai 8 and the Brooskampers 9 By 1740 the maroons had formed clans and felt strong enough to challenge the Dutch colonists forcing them to sign peace treaties Because of their long isolation in interior rainforests they maintained more African culture than did ethnic Africans in the cities From 1972 to 1978 two American professors S Allen Counter and David L Evans made seven voyages upriver into the maroon areas Both African Americans they wanted to contact these communities and learn about the peoples to see what African cultures they followed 10 By the 1980s the maroons in Suriname had begun to fight for their land rights to protect territory which they had long occupied 11 They won an important case in 2007 at the Inter American Court of Human Rights which ruled they had rights to their traditional lands 11 Notable Afro Surinamese people editAndwele Slory Anduele Pryor Belfon Aboikoni Maroon leader Alice Amafo politician Boni freedom fighter Remy Bonjasky kickboxer Darl Douglas Dion Malone Desi Bouterse politician Diego Biseswar Dwight Tiendalli Edson Braafheid football player Ian Maatsen Jayden Oosterwolde Ronnie Brunswijk politician and rebel leader Humphrey Campbell singer Redlight Boogie singer Romeo Castelen football player Romano Denneboom Nelli Cooman athlete Edgar Davids football player Wanze Eduards Maroon leader Kurt Elshot football player Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink football player Ernesto Hoost kickboxer Hugo Jabini politician Ruth Jacott singer Andre Kamperveen football player politician and entrepreneur Patrick Kluivert football player Anton de Kom resistance fighter and author Melvin Manhoef mixed martial artist and kickboxer Gazon Matodya Maroon leader Jan Ernst Matzeliger inventor Che Nunnely football player Frits Purperhart football player Sophie Redmond physician and activist Michael Reiziger football player Frank Rijkaard football player Jairzinho Rozenstruik mixed martial artist and kickboxer Elisabeth Samson 18th century coffee plantation owner Clarence Seedorf football player Regilio Tuur boxer Ryan Donk Virgil van Dijk football player Bono Velanti Maroon leader Ronald Venetiaan politician Gleofilo Vlijter football player Letitia Vriesde athlete Jules Wijdenbosch politician Georginio Wijnaldum football player Crysencio Summerville Don Ceder Javairo Dilrosun Mitchell te Vrede Ricardo Moniz Alvaro Verwey Florian Jozefzoon Galgyto Talea Kevin Wattamaleo Gilbert Yvel mixed martial artist and kickboxer Jamilhio Rigters Jahri Valentijn Owen Wijndal footballer Eva Simons singer Gleofilo Vlijter Ivenzo Comvalius Jeffrey Bruma footballer Lorenzo Davids Purrel Frankel Romeo Castelen Sergino EduardReferences edit Borges 2014 p 41 Based on embarkation with 10 undetermined therefore all figures are at least 10 Borges 2014 p 41 Identidades en juego identidades en guerra in Spanish Identities at stake identities at war Page 49 Batey Revista Cubana de Antropologia Sociocultural ISSN 2225 529X www revista batey com Retrieved 2019 04 29 Publico es Los genes narran la rebelion de los esclavos Archived December 14 2010 at the Wayback Machine in Spanish Genes tell the Revolt of the slaves Posted by Nunez Dominguez Bittersweet Sugar Slavery and Science in Dutch Suriname Wekker Gloria The Politics of Passion Women s Sexual Culture in the Afro Surinamese Diaspora Columbia University Press 2006 Scholtens 1994 pp 155 156 Scholtens 1994 p 33 Vincent Harding A remarkable search for roots I Sought My Brother An Afro American Reunion by S Allen Counter and David L Evans Christian Science Monitor 12 March 1982 accessed 2 October 2013 a b Case of the Saramaka People v Suriname Judgment of November 28 2007 Inter American Court of Human Rights La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos accessed 21 May 2009Bibliography editBorges Roger 2014 The Life of Language Dynamics of language contact in Suriname PDF Thesis Utrecht Radboud University Nijmegen Scholtens Ben 1994 Bosneger en overheid in Suriname Radboud University Nijmegen Thesis in Dutch Paramaribo Afdeling Cultuurstudies Minov ISBN 9991410155 Portals nbsp Africa nbsp Suriname Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Afro Surinamese amp oldid 1214671863, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.