An English-based creole language (often shortened to English creole) is a creole language for which English was the lexifier, meaning that at the time of its formation the vocabulary of English served as the basis for the majority of the creole's lexicon.[1] Most English creoles were formed in British colonies, following the great expansion of British naval military power and trade in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The main categories of English-based creoles are Atlantic (the Americas and Africa) and Pacific (Asia and Oceania).
Over 76.5 million people globally are estimated to speak an English-based creole. Sierra Leone, Malaysia, Nigeria, Ghana, Jamaica, Suriname and Singapore have the largest concentrations of creole speakers.
It is disputed to what extent the various English-based creoles of the world share a common origin. The monogenesis hypothesis[2][3] posits that a single language, commonly called proto–Pidgin English, spoken along the West African coast in the early sixteenth century, was ancestral to most or all of the Atlantic creoles (the English creoles of both West Africa and the Americas).
^According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Black Seminoles have also been known as Seminole Maroons or Seminole Freedmen and were a group of free blacks and runaway slaves who joined with a group of Native Americans in Florida after the Spanish abolished slavery there in 1793.[12]
^Although Hawaii is part of the United States, Hawaiian Pidgin is mostly considered a Pacific rather than Atlantic creole language, which is further discussed in John Holm's An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles.[13]
Referencesedit
^Velupillai, Viveka (2015). Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 519. ISBN978-90-272-5272-2.
^Hancock, I. F. (1969). "A provisional comparison of the English-based Atlantic creoles". African Language Review. 8: 7–72.
^Gilman, Charles (1978). "A Comparison of Jamaican Creole and Cameroon Pidgin English". English Studies. 59: 57–65. doi:10.1080/00138387808597871.
^ abEberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (25th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
^"Virgin Islands English Creole". Ethnologue. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
^Villanueva Feliciano, Orville Omar. 2009. A Contrastive analysis of English Influences on the Lexicon of Puerto Rican Spanish in Puerto Rico and St. Croix
^"Virgin Islands Creole English". Find a Bible. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
^Staff Consortium. "What Does the USVI and Puerto Rico Have in Common? A Summary of a Stimulating Discussion on Self-Determination in the Virgin Islands". The Virgin Islands Consortium. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
^Sprawe, Gilbert A. "About Man Betta Man, Fission and Fusion, and Creole, Calypso and Cultural Survival in the Virgin Islands" (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
^"Afro-Seminole Creole". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
^"Creoles in Texas – 'The Afro-Seminoles'." Kreol Magazine. March 28, 2014. Accessed April 11, 2018.
^Sasaoka, Kyle (2019). "Toward a writing system for Hawai'i Creole". ScholarSpace.
^ Velupillai, Viveka (2013). "Hawai'i Creole". In Michaelis, Susanne Maria; Maurer, Philippe; Haspelmath, Martin; Huber, Magnus (eds.). The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 252–261. ISBN978-0-19-969140-1.
^Velupillai, Viveka (2013), "Hawai'i Creole structure dataset", Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, retrieved 2021-08-20
^Avram, Andrei (2003). "Pitkern and Norfolk revisited". English Today. 19 (1): 44–49. doi:10.1017/S0266078403003092. S2CID 144835575.
Further readingedit
Holm, John A., ed. (1983). Central American English. Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag. ISBN3-87276-295-8.
Holm, John A. (1989). "English-based varieties". Pidgins and Creoles. Vol. 2, Reference Survey. Cambridge University Press. pp. 405–551. ISBN978-0-521-35940-5.
Holm, John A. (2000). An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-58581-1.
Arends, Jacques; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (1995). Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN90-272-5236-X.
External linksedit
Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures
January 01, 1970
english, based, creole, languages, english, creole, redirects, here, confused, with, middle, english, creole, hypothesis, english, based, creole, language, often, shortened, english, creole, creole, language, which, english, lexifier, meaning, that, time, form. English creole redirects here Not to be confused with Middle English creole hypothesis An English based creole language often shortened to English creole is a creole language for which English was the lexifier meaning that at the time of its formation the vocabulary of English served as the basis for the majority of the creole s lexicon 1 Most English creoles were formed in British colonies following the great expansion of British naval military power and trade in the 17th 18th and 19th centuries The main categories of English based creoles are Atlantic the Americas and Africa and Pacific Asia and Oceania Over 76 5 million people globally are estimated to speak an English based creole Sierra Leone Malaysia Nigeria Ghana Jamaica Suriname and Singapore have the largest concentrations of creole speakers Contents 1 Origin 2 List of languages 2 1 Atlantic 2 1 1 Western Caribbean 2 1 2 Eastern Caribbean 2 1 3 North America 2 1 4 West Africa 2 2 Pacific 3 Marginal 4 Other 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksOrigin editIt is disputed to what extent the various English based creoles of the world share a common origin The monogenesis hypothesis 2 3 posits that a single language commonly called proto Pidgin English spoken along the West African coast in the early sixteenth century was ancestral to most or all of the Atlantic creoles the English creoles of both West Africa and the Americas List of languages editAtlantic edit Name Country Number of speakers 4 Notes Western Caribbean edit Bahamian Creole nbsp Bahamas 330 000 2018 Turks and Caicos Creole English nbsp Turks and Caicos 34 000 2019 Jamaican Patois nbsp Jamaica 3 000 000 2001 Belizean Creole nbsp Belize 170 000 2014 Miskito Coast Creole nbsp Nicaragua 18 000 2009 Dialect Rama Cay Creole Limonese Creole nbsp Costa Rica 55 000 2013 Dialect of Jamaican Patois Bocas del Toro Creole nbsp Panama 270 000 2000 Dialect of Jamaican Patois San Andres Providencia Creole nbsp Colombia 12 000 1981 Eastern Caribbean edit Virgin Islands Creole nbsp US Virgin Islands nbsp British Virgin Islands nbsp Sint Maarten nbsp Puerto Rico 5 6 7 8 9 nbsp Saint Martin nbsp Sint Eustatius nbsp Saba 90 000 2019 Anguillan Creole nbsp Anguilla 12 000 2001 Dialect of Leeward Caribbean English Creole Antiguan Creole nbsp Antigua and Barbuda 83 000 2019 Dialect of Leeward Caribbean English Creole Saint Kitts Creole nbsp Saint Kitts and Nevis 51 000 2015 Dialect of Leeward Caribbean English Creole Montserrat Creole nbsp Montserrat 5 100 2020 Dialect of Leeward Caribbean English Creole Vincentian Creole nbsp Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 110 000 2016 Grenadian Creole nbsp Grenada 110 000 2020 Tobagonian Creole nbsp Trinidad and Tobago 300 000 2011 Trinidadian Creole nbsp Trinidad and Tobago 1 000 000 2011 Bajan Creole nbsp Barbados 260 000 2018 Guyanese Creole nbsp Guyana 720 000 2021 Sranan Tongo nbsp Suriname 670 000 2016 2018 Including 150 000 L2 users Saramaccan nbsp Suriname 35 000 2018 Ndyuka nbsp Suriname 68 000 2018 Dialects Aluku Paramaccan Kwinti nbsp Suriname 250 2018 North America edit Gullah nbsp United States 390 2015 Ethnic population 250 000 Afro Seminole Creole nbsp United States nbsp Mexico 200 1990 10 11 a Dialect of the Gullah language West Africa edit Krio nbsp Sierra Leone 8 200 000 2019 Including 7 400 000 L2 speakers Kreyol nbsp Liberia 5 100 000 2015 Including 5 000 000 L2 speakers Ghanaian Pidgin nbsp Ghana 5 000 000 2011 Nigerian Pidgin nbsp Nigeria 120 000 000 Including 120 000 000 L2 users Cameroonian Pidgin nbsp Cameroon 12 000 000 2017 Equatorial Guinean Pidgin nbsp Equatorial Guinea 200 000 2020 Including 190 000 L2 users 2020 Pacific edit Name Country Number of speakers 4 Notes Hawaiian Pidgin b nbsp Hawaii nbsp United States 600 000 2015 Including 400 000 L2 users 14 15 16 17 Ngatikese Creole nbsp Micronesia 700 1983 Tok Pisin nbsp Papua New Guinea 4 100 000 Including 4 000 000 L2 users 2001 Pijin nbsp Solomon Islands 560 000 2012 2019 530 000 L2 users 1999 Bislama nbsp Vanuatu 13 000 2011 Pitcairn Norfolk nbsp Pitcairn nbsp Norfolk Island 1 800 Almost no L2 users Has been classified as an Atlantic creole based on internal structure 18 Australian Kriol nbsp Australia 17 000 Including 10 000 L2 users 1991 Torres Strait Creole nbsp Australia 6 200 2016 Bonin English nbsp Japan Possibly 1 000 2 000 2004 citation needed Sometimes considered a mixed language by whom Singlish nbsp Singapore 2 100 000 citation needed Manglish nbsp Malaysia 10 000 000 citation needed Marginal editIyaric Rastafarian Jamaican Maroon Spirit Possession LanguageOther editNot strictly creoles but sometimes called thus Bay Islands English Cayman Islands EnglishSee also editList of English based pidgins Middle English creole hypothesis World Englishes Belter CreoleNotes edit According to Encyclopedia Britannica Black Seminoles have also been known as Seminole Maroons or Seminole Freedmen and were a group of free blacks and runaway slaves who joined with a group of Native Americans in Florida after the Spanish abolished slavery there in 1793 12 Although Hawaii is part of the United States Hawaiian Pidgin is mostly considered a Pacific rather than Atlantic creole language which is further discussed in John Holm s An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles 13 References edit Velupillai Viveka 2015 Pidgins Creoles and Mixed Languages Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company p 519 ISBN 978 90 272 5272 2 Hancock I F 1969 A provisional comparison of the English based Atlantic creoles African Language Review 8 7 72 Gilman Charles 1978 A Comparison of Jamaican Creole and Cameroon Pidgin English English Studies 59 57 65 doi 10 1080 00138387808597871 a b Eberhard David M Simons Gary F Fennig Charles D eds 2022 Ethnologue Languages of the World 25th ed Dallas Texas SIL International Virgin Islands English Creole Ethnologue Retrieved 27 March 2023 Villanueva Feliciano Orville Omar 2009 A Contrastive analysis of English Influences on the Lexicon of Puerto Rican Spanish in Puerto Rico and St Croix Virgin Islands Creole English Find a Bible Retrieved 11 February 2023 Staff Consortium What Does the USVI and Puerto Rico Have in Common A Summary of a Stimulating Discussion on Self Determination in the Virgin Islands The Virgin Islands Consortium Retrieved 10 July 2022 Sprawe Gilbert A About Man Betta Man Fission and Fusion and Creole Calypso and Cultural Survival in the Virgin Islands PDF Retrieved 6 April 2023 Afro Seminole Creole Ethnologue Retrieved 11 February 2023 Creoles in Texas The Afro Seminoles Kreol Magazine March 28 2014 Accessed April 11 2018 Kuiper Kathleen Black Seminoles In Encyclopedia Britannica Accessed April 13 2018 Holm John A 2000 An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles Cambridge University Press p 95 ISBN 9780521584609 Sasaoka Kyle 2019 Toward a writing system for Hawai i Creole ScholarSpace Velupillai Viveka 2013 Hawai i Creole In Michaelis Susanne Maria Maurer Philippe Haspelmath Martin Huber Magnus eds The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages Vol 1 Oxford University Press pp 252 261 ISBN 978 0 19 969140 1 Hawai i Pidgin Ethnologue Retrieved 2018 06 25 Velupillai Viveka 2013 Hawai i Creole structure dataset Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online Leipzig Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology retrieved 2021 08 20 Avram Andrei 2003 Pitkern and Norfolk revisited English Today 19 1 44 49 doi 10 1017 S0266078403003092 S2CID 144835575 Further reading editHolm John A ed 1983 Central American English Heidelberg Julius Groos Verlag ISBN 3 87276 295 8 Holm John A 1989 English based varieties Pidgins and Creoles Vol 2 Reference Survey Cambridge University Press pp 405 551 ISBN 978 0 521 35940 5 Holm John A 2000 An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 58581 1 Schreier Daniel Trudgill Peter Schneider Edgar W Williams Jeffrey P eds 2010 The Lesser Known Varieties of English An Introduction Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 139 48741 2 Arends Jacques Muysken Pieter Smith Norval 1995 Pidgins and Creoles An Introduction John Benjamins Publishing ISBN 90 272 5236 X External links editAtlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title English based creole languages amp oldid 1217581296, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
