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African diaspora in the Americas

February 15, 2024

The African diaspora in the Americas refers to the people born in the Americas with partial, predominant, or complete sub-Saharan African ancestry. Many are descendants of persons enslaved in Africa and transferred to the Americas by Europeans, then forced to work mostly in European-owned mines and plantations, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Significant groups have been established in the United States (African Americans), in Latin America (Afro-Latin Americans), in Canada (Black Canadians), and in the Caribbean (Afro-Caribbean).

African diaspora in the Americas
Total population
~100,000,000
+250,000,000 (including mixed ancestry)
Regions with significant populations
 United States46,936,733[1]
 Brazil20,656,458[2]
 Haiti10,896,000[3]
 Colombia4,671,160[4][5][6][7][8]
 Mexico2,576,213[9]
 Jamaica2,531,000[10]
 Dominican Republic1,704,000[11][12]
 Panama1,258,915[13]
 Canada1,198,540[14]
 Cuba1,034,044[15]
 Venezuela936,770[16][17]
 Peru828,824[18]
 Ecuador814,468[19]
 Puerto Rico574,287[20]
 Nicaragua572,000[21]
 Trinidad and Tobago452,536[22]
 Bahamas324,000[23]
 Barbados280,000[24]
 Uruguay255,074[25]
 Guyana227,062[26]
 Suriname202,500[27]
 Honduras191,000[28][29]
 Argentina149,493[30][31][32]
 Saint Lucia142,000[33]
 Belize108,000[34]
Languages
English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Haitian Creole, Papiamento, Dutch
Religion
Christianity, Rastafari, Afro-American religions, Traditional African religions, Islam, others
Related ethnic groups
African diaspora, Maroons

History edit

Main article: Atlantic slave trade

After the United States achieved independence, next came the independence of Haiti, a country populated almost entirely by people of African descent and the second American colony to win its independence from European colonial powers. After the process of independence, many countries have encouraged European immigration to America, thus reducing the proportion of black and mulatto population throughout the country: Brazil, the United States, and the Dominican Republic. Miscegenation and more flexible concepts of race have also reduced the overall population identifying as black in Latin America, whereas the one-drop rule in the United States has had the opposite effect.[35]

From 21 to 25 November 1995, the Continental Congress of Black Peoples of the Americas was held. Black people still face discrimination in most parts of the continent. According to David D.E. Ferrari, vice president of the World Bank for the Region of Latin America and the Caribbean, black people have lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, more frequent and more widespread diseases, higher rates of illiteracy and lower income than Americans of different ethnic origin. Women, also the subjects of gender discrimination, suffer worse living conditions.

On 4 November 2008, the first black U.S. president, Barack Obama, won 52% of the vote. His father was from Kenya and his mother was from Kansas.[36]

Distribution edit

African diaspora in the Americas by percentage of population
Country %Black African %Mixed Black African
  Haiti[3] 95% ~5%
  Saint Kitts and Nevis 92.5% 3%
  Barbados[24] 92.4% 3.1%
  Martinique
92.4%
  Jamaica[10] 92.1% 6.1%
  Curaçao
91.8%
  The Bahamas[23] 90.6% 2.1%
  Turks and Caicos 87.6% 2.5%
  Antigua and Barbuda 87.3% 4.7%
  Montserrat 86.2% 4.8%
  Saint Lucia[33] 85.3% 10.9%
  Anguilla 85.3% 3.8%
  Dominica 84.7% 9%
  Grenada 82.4% 13.3%
  British Virgin Islands 76.3% 5.4%
  U.S. Virgin Islands 76% 2.1%
  Vincent and the Grenadines 71.2% 23%
  French Guiana[37]
66%
  Bermuda 52% 9%
  Suriname[27] 37.4% 13.4%
  Guyana[26] 30.2% 16.7%
  Trinidad and Tobago 34.2%[38] 22.8%[22]
  Panama[13]
32.8%
  Belize[34] 25.6% 6.1%
  Cayman Islands 20% 40%
  Dominican Republic[11] 15.8% 70.4%
  United States[1] 12.4% 1.8%
  Brazil 10.2% 45.3%
  Guadeloupe 10% 76.7%
  Cuba 9.3% 26.6%
  Colombia[39]
9.34%
  Nicaragua
9%
  Puerto Rico[20] 7% 10.5%
  Ecuador
4.8%
  Uruguay[25] 4.6% 3.2%
  Canada
4.26%
  Venezuela[16] 3.6% 51.6%
  Peru[18]
3.6%
  Mexico
2.04%
  Honduras[28][29]
2%
  Costa Rica[40] 1.1% 6.7%
  Argentina
0.37%
  Guatemala
0.3%
  Bolivia
0.2%
  El Salvador
0.13%
  Paraguay
0.13%
  Chile
0.06%

Notable people of African descent in the Americas edit

Related bibliography edit

  • Ethnic domination and racist discourse in Spain and Latin America. Dijk, Teun A. van. van. Gedisa Editorial SA ISBN 84-7432-997-3
  • Gender, class and race in Latin America: some contributions. Luna, Lola G. Ed PPU, SA ISBN 84-7665-959-8
  • Gender, race and class "color" desensientes Latinas. Impoexports, Colombia, Yumbo
  • Afro Atlantic Histories resource, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "US Census Bureau" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  2. ^ "Tabela 1.3.1 – População residente, por cor ou raça, segundo o sexo e os grupos de idade – Brasil – 2010" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Haiti — The World Factbook". CIA.
  4. ^ "Grupos étnicos información técnica".
  5. ^ Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon (4 December 2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
  6. ^ Mooney, Jazlyn A.; Huber, Christian D.; Service, Susan; Hoon Sul, Jae; Marsden, Clare D.; Zhang, Zhongyang; Sabatti, Chiara; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Bedoya, Gabriel (25 October 2018). "Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates". PLOS Genetics. 103 (5): 707–726. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.013. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 6218714. PMID 30401458.
  7. ^ Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; Avila, Francisco de; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge (25 September 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4177621. PMID 25254375.
  8. ^ "Afrocolombianos". encolombia.com (in Spanish). 6 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  9. ^ "Sociodemographic panorama of Mexico 2020". 25 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Jamaica – People".
  11. ^ a b "Dominican Republic — The World Factbook". CIA.
  12. ^ Moya Pons, Frank (2010). Historia de la República Dominicana (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Editorial CSIC. ISBN 978-84-00-09240-5. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  13. ^ a b "El 32,8 % de la población de Panamá se reconoce como afrodescendiente". March 2023.
  14. ^ Census Profile, 2016 Census 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine Statistics Canada. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  15. ^ (PDF). www.one.cu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ a b "Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011" (PDF). Ine.gov.ve. May 2014. p. 29. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  17. ^ Censo poblacional de Venezuela 2011
  18. ^ a b "Población Afroperuana" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  19. ^ http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/cpv/[dead link]
  20. ^ a b "Puerto Rico 2020 census".
  21. ^ "Nicaragua — The World Factbook". CIA.
  22. ^ a b (PDF). Central Statistical Office. 30 November 2012. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  23. ^ a b "ThebBahamas — The World Factbook". CIA.
  24. ^ a b "Barbados — The World Factbook". CIA.
  25. ^ a b "La población Afro-uruguaya en el Censo 2011" (in Spanish). 7 March 2021.
  26. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ a b (PDF). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname). p. 76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  28. ^ a b "Honduras — The World Factbook". CIA.
  29. ^ a b . Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Honduras. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
  30. ^ Perfil, Redacción (28 March 2015). "Los afro- argentinos y el racismo que perdura". Perfil.com.
  31. ^ [Table P42. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private households by sex, according to age group, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 29 October 2013.
  32. ^ [Table P43. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private homes by sex, according to place of birth, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 18 April 2014.
  33. ^ a b "Saint Lucia — The World Factbook". CIA.
  34. ^ a b "Belize — The World Factbook". CIA.
  35. ^ Daniel, G. Reginald. Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-271-02883-1
  36. ^ Goldstein, Bonnie (30 July 2012). "Obama descended from slave ancestor". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  37. ^ . CIA. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  38. ^ Bethel, Camille (February 2013). . Trinidadexpress.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  39. ^ "Grupos étnicos información técnica". dane.gov.co. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  40. ^ "Costa Rica". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.

February 15, 2024
african, diaspora, americas, refers, people, born, americas, with, partial, predominant, complete, saharan, african, ancestry, many, descendants, persons, enslaved, africa, transferred, americas, europeans, then, forced, work, mostly, european, owned, mines, p. The African diaspora in the Americas refers to the people born in the Americas with partial predominant or complete sub Saharan African ancestry Many are descendants of persons enslaved in Africa and transferred to the Americas by Europeans then forced to work mostly in European owned mines and plantations between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries Significant groups have been established in the United States African Americans in Latin America Afro Latin Americans in Canada Black Canadians and in the Caribbean Afro Caribbean African diaspora in the AmericasTotal population 100 000 000 250 000 000 including mixed ancestry Regions with significant populations United States46 936 733 1 Brazil20 656 458 2 Haiti10 896 000 3 Colombia4 671 160 4 5 6 7 8 Mexico2 576 213 9 Jamaica2 531 000 10 Dominican Republic1 704 000 11 12 Panama1 258 915 13 Canada1 198 540 14 Cuba1 034 044 15 Venezuela936 770 16 17 Peru828 824 18 Ecuador814 468 19 Puerto Rico574 287 20 Nicaragua572 000 21 Trinidad and Tobago452 536 22 Bahamas324 000 23 Barbados280 000 24 Uruguay255 074 25 Guyana227 062 26 Suriname202 500 27 Honduras191 000 28 29 Argentina149 493 30 31 32 Saint Lucia142 000 33 Belize108 000 34 LanguagesEnglish Portuguese Spanish French Haitian Creole Papiamento DutchReligionChristianity Rastafari Afro American religions Traditional African religions Islam othersRelated ethnic groupsAfrican diaspora Maroons Contents 1 History 2 Distribution 3 Notable people of African descent in the Americas 4 Related bibliography 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory editMain article Atlantic slave trade After the United States achieved independence next came the independence of Haiti a country populated almost entirely by people of African descent and the second American colony to win its independence from European colonial powers After the process of independence many countries have encouraged European immigration to America thus reducing the proportion of black and mulatto population throughout the country Brazil the United States and the Dominican Republic Miscegenation and more flexible concepts of race have also reduced the overall population identifying as black in Latin America whereas the one drop rule in the United States has had the opposite effect 35 From 21 to 25 November 1995 the Continental Congress of Black Peoples of the Americas was held Black people still face discrimination in most parts of the continent According to David D E Ferrari vice president of the World Bank for the Region of Latin America and the Caribbean black people have lower life expectancy higher infant mortality more frequent and more widespread diseases higher rates of illiteracy and lower income than Americans of different ethnic origin Women also the subjects of gender discrimination suffer worse living conditions On 4 November 2008 the first black U S president Barack Obama won 52 of the vote His father was from Kenya and his mother was from Kansas 36 Distribution editAfrican diaspora in the Americas by percentage of population Country Black African Mixed Black African nbsp Haiti 3 95 5 nbsp Saint Kitts and Nevis 92 5 3 nbsp Barbados 24 92 4 3 1 nbsp Martinique 92 4 nbsp Jamaica 10 92 1 6 1 nbsp Curacao 91 8 nbsp The Bahamas 23 90 6 2 1 nbsp Turks and Caicos 87 6 2 5 nbsp Antigua and Barbuda 87 3 4 7 nbsp Montserrat 86 2 4 8 nbsp Saint Lucia 33 85 3 10 9 nbsp Anguilla 85 3 3 8 nbsp Dominica 84 7 9 nbsp Grenada 82 4 13 3 nbsp British Virgin Islands 76 3 5 4 nbsp U S Virgin Islands 76 2 1 nbsp Vincent and the Grenadines 71 2 23 nbsp French Guiana 37 66 nbsp Bermuda 52 9 nbsp Suriname 27 37 4 13 4 nbsp Guyana 26 30 2 16 7 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago 34 2 38 22 8 22 nbsp Panama 13 32 8 nbsp Belize 34 25 6 6 1 nbsp Cayman Islands 20 40 nbsp Dominican Republic 11 15 8 70 4 nbsp United States 1 12 4 1 8 nbsp Brazil 10 2 45 3 nbsp Guadeloupe 10 76 7 nbsp Cuba 9 3 26 6 nbsp Colombia 39 9 34 nbsp Nicaragua 9 nbsp Puerto Rico 20 7 10 5 nbsp Ecuador 4 8 nbsp Uruguay 25 4 6 3 2 nbsp Canada 4 26 nbsp Venezuela 16 3 6 51 6 nbsp Peru 18 3 6 nbsp Mexico 2 04 nbsp Honduras 28 29 2 nbsp Costa Rica 40 1 1 6 7 nbsp Argentina 0 37 nbsp Guatemala 0 3 nbsp Bolivia 0 2 nbsp El Salvador 0 13 nbsp Paraguay 0 13 nbsp Chile 0 06 Notable people of African descent in the Americas editThis section may contain unverified or indiscriminate information in embedded lists Please help clean up the lists by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article November 2019 This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Charlie Davies American football player Hayden Knight American football player Kareem Abdul Jabbar American basketball player Archie Alleyne Canadian musician Deandre Ayton Bahamian basketball player Ronald Acuna Jr Venezuelan baseball player Ozzie Albies Curacaoan baseball player Laz Alonso Cuban actor Edem Awumey Canadian writer Susana Baca Peruvian musician Leandro Barbosa Brazilian basketball player Charles Barkley American basketball player RJ Barrett Canadian basketball player Abelardo Barroso Cuban singer Mario Bazan Peruvian athlete DaMarcus Beasley American football player Jean Beausejour Chilean football player Adrian Beltre Dominican baseball player Halle Berry American actress Beyonce American singer Usain Bolt Jamaican sprinter Cory Booker American politician E R Braithwaite Guyanese writer educator and diplomat Melvin Brown Mexican football player Rudel Calero Nicaraguan football player Mariah Carey American singer Sueli Carneiro Brazilian philosopher and political activist Ramiro Castillo Bolivian football player Aime Cesaire Martinican author philosopher and politician Bill Cosby American actor and comedian Celia Cruz Cuban singer Teofilo Cubillas Peruvian football player Stephen Curry American basketball player Leon Damas French Guianese writer Edwidge Danticat Haitian American author Oscar D Leon Venezuelan musician Giovani dos Santos Mexican football player Drake Canadian rapper Tim Duncan American basketball player Kevin Durant American basketball player Giovanny Espinoza Ecuadorian football player Patrick Ewing Jamaican basketball player Frantz Fanon Martinican philosopher and Pan Africanist Jefferson Farfan Peruvian football player Marielle Franco Brazilian politician Marcus Garvey Jamaican Pan Africanist Gilberto Gil Brazilian musician and politician Juan Jose Nieto Gil Colombian president Edray H Goins African American president of the National Association of Mathematicians NAM Eddy Grant Guyanese pop and reggae music star Kevin Hanchard Canadian actor Devern Hansack Nicaraguan baseball pitcher James Harden American basketball player Kamala Harris American politician Vice President of the United States Wilson Harris Guyanese writer Buddy Hield Bahamian basketball player Kyrie Irving American basketball player Michael Jackson American singer Janet Jackson American singer Lamar Jackson American football player C L R James Trinidadian historian and academic LeBron James American basketball player Wyclef Jean Haitian musician Dwayne Johnson American actor and wrestler Magic Johnson American basketball player Michael Jordan American basketball player Colin Kaepernick American civil rights activist and American football player Martin Luther King Jr American civil rights activist Don Lemon American journalist Mia Love American politician Malcolm X American human rights activist Bob Marley Jamaican reggae musician Jackson Martinez Colombian football player Margareth Menezes Brazilian singer and producer Toto la Momposina Colombian singer Zeze Motta Brazilian actress Morella Munoz Venezuelan singer Milton Nascimento Brazilian singer Anthony Nesty Surinamese swimmer Lupita Nyong o Mexican actress Barack Obama American politician first black president of the United States Michelle Obama American politician former First Lady of the United States Shaquille O Neal American basketball player David Ortiz Dominican baseball player Deval Patrick American politician Chris Paul American basketball player Pele Brazilian soccer player Carlos Posadas Argentine musician Alex Quinonez Ecuadorian Olympic sprinter Ruben Rada Uruguayan singer Lionel Richie American singer Robinho Brazilian football player Walter Rodney Guyanese historian and political activist Arturo Rodriguez Argentine boxer Bill Russell American basketball player Carlos Andres Sanchez Uruguayan football player Jerry Jeudy American football player Pablo Sandoval Venezuelan athlete Milton Santos Brazilian geographer Tupac Shakur American rapper Cayetano Alberto Silva Uruguayan musician Will Smith American actor and singer Domingo Sosa Argentine soldier Sloane Stephens American tennis player Maria Isabel Urrutia Colombian athlete Bebo Valdes Cuban pianist Elcina Valencia Colombian teacher Dwyane Wade American basketball player Derek Walcott Saint Lucian poet playwright and the 1992 Nobel Prize Literature Winner Denzel Washington American actor The Weeknd Canadian singer Kanye West American singer Russell Westbrook American basketball player Andrew Wiggins Canadian basketball player Eric Eustace Williams Trinidad and Tobago s first Prime Minister Serena Williams American tennis player Zion Williamson American basketball player Russell Wilson American football player Tiger Woods American golferRelated bibliography editEthnic domination and racist discourse in Spain and Latin America Dijk Teun A van van Gedisa Editorial SA ISBN 84 7432 997 3 Gender class and race in Latin America some contributions Luna Lola G Ed PPU SA ISBN 84 7665 959 8 Gender race and class color desensientes Latinas Impoexports Colombia Yumbo Afro Atlantic Histories resource National Gallery of Art Washington DC See also editAfrican Latin American African CaribbeanReferences edit a b US Census Bureau PDF Census gov Retrieved 2 October 2013 Tabela 1 3 1 Populacao residente por cor ou raca segundo o sexo e os grupos de idade Brasil 2010 PDF in Portuguese Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica Retrieved 28 July 2015 a b Haiti The World Factbook CIA Grupos etnicos informacion tecnica Homburger Julian R Moreno Estrada Andres Gignoux Christopher R Nelson Dominic Sanchez Elena Ortiz Tello Patricia Pons Estel Bernardo A Acevedo Vasquez Eduardo Miranda Pedro Langefeld Carl D Gravel Simon 4 December 2015 Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America PLOS Genetics 11 12 e1005602 doi 10 1371 journal pgen 1005602 ISSN 1553 7404 PMC 4670080 PMID 26636962 Mooney Jazlyn A Huber Christian D Service Susan Hoon Sul Jae Marsden Clare D Zhang Zhongyang Sabatti Chiara Ruiz Linares Andres Bedoya Gabriel 25 October 2018 Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates PLOS Genetics 103 5 707 726 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2018 09 013 ISSN 1553 7404 PMC 6218714 PMID 30401458 Ruiz Linares Andres Adhikari Kaustubh Acuna Alonzo Victor Quinto Sanchez Mirsha Jaramillo Claudia Arias William Fuentes Macarena Pizarro Maria Everardo Paola Avila Francisco de Gomez Valdes Jorge 25 September 2014 Admixture in Latin America Geographic Structure Phenotypic Diversity and Self Perception of Ancestry Based on 7 342 Individuals PLOS Genetics 10 9 e1004572 doi 10 1371 journal pgen 1004572 ISSN 1553 7404 PMC 4177621 PMID 25254375 Afrocolombianos encolombia com in Spanish 6 April 2020 Retrieved 20 June 2022 Sociodemographic panorama of Mexico 2020 25 July 2020 a b Jamaica People a b Dominican Republic The World Factbook CIA Moya Pons Frank 2010 Historia de la Republica Dominicana in Spanish Vol 2 Editorial CSIC ISBN 978 84 00 09240 5 Retrieved 28 July 2015 a b El 32 8 de la poblacion de Panama se reconoce como afrodescendiente March 2023 Census Profile 2016 Census Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine Statistics Canada Retrieved 6 November 2017 Archived copy PDF www one cu Archived from the original PDF on 3 June 2014 Retrieved 11 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b Resultado Basico del XIV Censo Nacional de Poblacion y Vivienda 2011 PDF Ine gov ve May 2014 p 29 Retrieved 8 September 2014 Censo poblacional de Venezuela 2011 a b Poblacion Afroperuana PDF in Spanish 2017 Retrieved 25 January 2023 http www ecuadorencifras gob ec cpv dead link a b Puerto Rico 2020 census Nicaragua The World Factbook CIA a b Trinidad and Tobago 2011 population and housing census demographic report PDF Central Statistical Office 30 November 2012 p 94 Archived from the original PDF on 19 October 2017 Retrieved 5 March 2016 a b ThebBahamas The World Factbook CIA a b Barbados The World Factbook CIA a b La poblacion Afro uruguaya en el Censo 2011 in Spanish 7 March 2021 a b Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 21 July 2011 Retrieved 26 October 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b Censusstatistieken 2012 PDF Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname General Statistics Bureau of Suriname p 76 Archived from the original PDF on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 26 October 2017 a b Honduras The World Factbook CIA a b Honduras XVII Censo de Poblacion y VI de Vivienda 2013 Instituto Nacional de Estadistica de Honduras Archived from the original on 25 February 2021 Perfil Redaccion 28 March 2015 Los afro argentinos y el racismo que perdura Perfil com Cuadro P42 Total del pais Poblacion afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo segun grupo de edad Ano 2010 Table P42 Total for the country African descendant population in private households by sex according to age group 2010 INDEC in Spanish Archived from the original XLS on 29 October 2013 Cuadro P43 Total del pais Poblacion afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo segun lugar de nacimiento Ano 2010 Table P43 Total for the country African descendant population in private homes by sex according to place of birth 2010 INDEC in Spanish Archived from the original XLS on 18 April 2014 a b Saint Lucia The World Factbook CIA a b Belize The World Factbook CIA Daniel G Reginald Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States Converging Paths University Park Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State University Press 2006 ISBN 0 271 02883 1 Goldstein Bonnie 30 July 2012 Obama descended from slave ancestor The Washington Post Retrieved 11 June 2022 CIA The World Factbook French Guiana CIA Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 Retrieved 13 October 2013 Bethel Camille February 2013 Census Mixed population on the rise Trinidad Express Newspaper News Trinidadexpress com Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 Retrieved 26 November 2013 Grupos etnicos informacion tecnica dane gov co Retrieved 20 June 2022 Costa Rica The World Factbook Langley Virginia Central Intelligence Agency 2011 Retrieved 4 October 2011 Retrieved from https en 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