Historically, the Afridi have been known for the strategic location they inhabit in South Asia and their belligerence against foreign forces.[1] Under the leadership of Darya Khan Afridi, they engaged in protracted warfare against the Mughal army in the 1670s.[4] During the First, Second, and Third Anglo-Afghan Wars, Afridis fought against the British on the Afghan side; these skirmishes comprised some of the fiercest fighting of the Anglo-Afghan Wars.[5]Ajab Khan Afridi was a well-known Pashtun independence activist against British rule in India.
The British colonial administration frequently classified the peoples of Colonial Indian with fixed personality or "racial" traits and regarded the Pashtun Afridi tribesmen "martial" under the martial races theory. Different Afridi clans also cooperated with the British in exchange for subsidies, and some even served with the Khyber Rifles, an auxiliary force of the British Indian Army.[citation needed]
The Afridis, classically called the Abaörteans (/ˌæbə.ɔːrˈtiːənz/; Latin: Abaortae), have their original homeland in Tirah, Khyber Agency.
A tribe of ancient Pashtuns
Herodotus mentions a tribe of Aryans as Aparytai (Ἀπαρύται).[7] Scholars Grierson, Stein and Olaf Caroe equate these with modern Afridis on the basis of linguistic and geographic analysis.[8]
All Afridi clans have their own areas in the Tirah Valley, and most of them extend down into the Khyber Pass over which they have always exercised the right of toll. The Malikdin Khel live in the centre of the Tirah and hold Bagh, the traditional meeting place of Afridi jirgas or assemblies. The Aka Khel are scattered in the hills south of Jamrud. All of this area is included in the Khyber Agency. The Adam Khel live in the hills between Peshawar and Kohat. Their preserve is the Kohat Pass in which several of the most important Afridi gun factories are located.
Religion
All Afridis follow the Sunni sect of Islam. Their conversion to Islam is attributed to Sultan (Emperor) Mahmud of Ghazni by Ibbetson[12] and Haroon Rashid.[13]
History
Resistance against the Mughals
The Afridis and their allies Khalils were first mentioned in the memoirs of Mughal Emperor Babar as violent tribes in need of subduing.[14] The Afridi tribes controlled the Khyber Pass, which has served as a corridor connecting the Indian subcontinent with Afghanistan and Central Asia. Its strategic value was not lost on the Mughals to whom the Afridis were implacably hostile.[15]
Over the course of Mughal rule, Emperors Akbar and Jahangir both dispatched punitive expeditions to suppress the Afridis, to little success.[16]
The Afridis once destroyed two large Mughal armies of Emperor Aurangzeb: in 1672, in a surprise attack between Peshawar and Kabul, and in the winter of 1673, in an ambush in the mountain passes.[17] The emperor sent his Rajpoot general Rai Tulsidas with reinforcements into the mountains to suffocate the revolt and liberate the mountain.[17][18]
Allegedly, only five Afridis made it out of the battle alive.[19][20][21]
Meat is an important part of their diet, which they often eat in the form of kabab (minced meat fried in oil), lamb shorba, chicken shorba, or goat shorba. The hotels in Peshawar Namak Mandi Bazar represent the traditional food of Afridis, especially lamb karahi.[22]
Ahmad Kamal Faridi (Colonel Fareedi, Colonel Faridi), internationally famous character of Ibn-e-Safi, world renowned mystery writer/novelist of Pakistan. Ibn-e-Safi showed in his two novels (out of 125 novels) of Jasoosi Dunya (The Spy World) novel number 52 and novel number 117 that Colonel Fareedi belongs to Afridi tribe.
Malik Sher Muhammad Khan Afridi, Chief of Sepah. He along with the Maliks of Khyber Agency visited Kolkatta on train from Peshawar along with Political Agent, Colonel Robert Warburton.[23] He also was a key figure in the relations between the Pathans especially the Afridis and the British Government during the 19th century, also mentioned in the book Eighteen Years in the Khyber.[24]
Malik Sher Muhammad Khan Afridi Sipah, then at the age of 9 (young boy sitting on the ground), serving under major Roos-Keppel (back row, center)
^ abcAfridi demographics in Pakistan and Afghanistan The excessive figure sometimes mentioned in Afghanistan reflects in a particular way the Afghan claim to Pashtunistan and actually represents an estimate of the whole of the Afridi tribe on both sides of the frontier.
^Amir Mizroch (9 January 2010). . The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011.
^Sachin Parashar (11 January 2010). . The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.
^Rory McCarthy (17 January 2010). "Pashtun clue to lost tribes of Israel". The Observer.
^Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H. A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Castes of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 217, Vol. III, Published by Asian Educational Services
^History of the Pathans by Haroon Rashid Published by Haroon Rashid, 2002 Item notes: v. 1 Page 45 Original from the University of Michigan
^A. S. Beveridge, Babor-nama London, 1922 [repr. 1969], p. 412
^History of Khyber Agency: Gateway to the Subcontinent 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Office of the Political Agent, Khyber Agency
^ abRichards, John F. (1996), "Imperial expansion under Aurangzeb 1658–1869. Testing the limits of the empire: the Northwest.", The Mughal Empire, New Cambridge history of India: The Mughals and their contemporaries, vol. 5 (illustrated, reprint ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 170–171, ISBN978-0-521-56603-2
^Geoffrey Powell; J. S. W. Powell (1983), Famous regiments (illustrated ed.), Secker & Warburg, p. 69, ISBN978-0-436-37910-9
^Robert E. L. Masters; Eduard Lea (1963). Perverse crimes in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and necrophilia from ancient to modern times. Julian Press. p. 211. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
^Robert E. L. Masters; Eduard Lea (1963). Sex crimes in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and necrophilia, from ancient to modern times. Julian Press. p. 211. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
^"The End of Afghan Cuisine in Pakistan?". 8 May 2018.
^"Eighteen Years in the Khyber, 1879-1898 — Viewer — World Digital Library".
^"Review of Eighteen Years in the Khyber, 1879–1898 by Col. Sir Robert Warburton"
afridi, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, schola. For other uses see Afridi disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Afridi news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Afridi Pashto اپريدی Apridai plur اپريدي Apridi Urdu آفریدی are a Pashtun tribe present in Pakistan with substantial numbers in Afghanistan The Afridis are most dominant in Pakistan s Federally Administered Tribal Areas inhabiting about 100p mi2 8000 km2 of rough hilly area in the Zarlash eastern Spin Ghar range west of Peshawar covering most of Khyber Agency FR Peshawar and FR Kohat 2 Their territory includes the Khyber Pass and Maidan in Tirah Afridi migrants are also found in India mostly in the states of Uttar Pradesh Bihar and in the Kupwara district of Jammu and Kashmir 3 Afridiافریدی Four Afridi soldiers of the Punjab Frontier Force at the Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1902Total population 450 000 1 Regions with significant populations Pakistan 440 000 2 Afghanistan 10 000LanguagesPashtoReligionSunni IslamRelated ethnic groupsKhattaks Orakzais Wazirs Mehsudsand other Karlani Pashtun tribesHistorically the Afridi have been known for the strategic location they inhabit in South Asia and their belligerence against foreign forces 1 Under the leadership of Darya Khan Afridi they engaged in protracted warfare against the Mughal army in the 1670s 4 During the First Second and Third Anglo Afghan Wars Afridis fought against the British on the Afghan side these skirmishes comprised some of the fiercest fighting of the Anglo Afghan Wars 5 Ajab Khan Afridi was a well known Pashtun independence activist against British rule in India The British colonial administration frequently classified the peoples of Colonial Indian with fixed personality or racial traits and regarded the Pashtun Afridi tribesmen martial under the martial races theory Different Afridi clans also cooperated with the British in exchange for subsidies and some even served with the Khyber Rifles an auxiliary force of the British Indian Army citation needed Shortly after the Partition of India and creation of Pakistan Afridi tribesmen were among the ranks of the Pashtun militias that invaded the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947 sparking the Indo Pakistani War of 1947 1948 and the ongoing Kashmir conflict 6 Today Afridis make use of their dominant positions along the Durand Line in areas of Pakistan s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province by controlling transport and various businesses including trade in armaments munitions and goods 1 Contents 1 Etymology and origins 1 1 A tribe of ancient Pashtuns 1 2 Theory of Afridi descent from Israelites 2 Clans 3 Religion 4 History 4 1 Resistance against the Mughals 5 Cuisine 6 List of notable Afridis 7 References 8 External linksEtymology and origins EditThe Afridis classically called the Abaorteans ˌ ae b e ɔːr ˈ t iː e n z Latin Abaortae have their original homeland in Tirah Khyber Agency A tribe of ancient Pashtuns Edit Herodotus mentions a tribe of Aryans as Aparytai Ἀparytai 7 Scholars Grierson Stein and Olaf Caroe equate these with modern Afridis on the basis of linguistic and geographic analysis 8 Theory of Afridi descent from Israelites Edit See also Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites Ten Lost Tribes and Ten Lost Tribes The Afridis Yusufzais and other Pashtuns of Afghanistan and Pakistan have also been alleged to be the descendants of the lost Jewish tribes such as the Efraim citation needed However DNA and other research towards validating such claims has been inconclusive 9 10 11 Clans EditThe Afridi Tribe is subclassified into eight sub tribes listed below Kuki Khel Qambar Khel Zakha Khel Kamar Khel Malikdin Khel Aka Khel Sepah Adam KhelAll Afridi clans have their own areas in the Tirah Valley and most of them extend down into the Khyber Pass over which they have always exercised the right of toll The Malikdin Khel live in the centre of the Tirah and hold Bagh the traditional meeting place of Afridi jirgas or assemblies The Aka Khel are scattered in the hills south of Jamrud All of this area is included in the Khyber Agency The Adam Khel live in the hills between Peshawar and Kohat Their preserve is the Kohat Pass in which several of the most important Afridi gun factories are located Religion EditAll Afridis follow the Sunni sect of Islam Their conversion to Islam is attributed to Sultan Emperor Mahmud of Ghazni by Ibbetson 12 and Haroon Rashid 13 History EditResistance against the Mughals Edit The Afridis and their allies Khalils were first mentioned in the memoirs of Mughal Emperor Babar as violent tribes in need of subduing 14 The Afridi tribes controlled the Khyber Pass which has served as a corridor connecting the Indian subcontinent with Afghanistan and Central Asia Its strategic value was not lost on the Mughals to whom the Afridis were implacably hostile 15 Over the course of Mughal rule Emperors Akbar and Jahangir both dispatched punitive expeditions to suppress the Afridis to little success 16 The Afridis once destroyed two large Mughal armies of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1672 in a surprise attack between Peshawar and Kabul and in the winter of 1673 in an ambush in the mountain passes 17 The emperor sent his Rajpoot general Rai Tulsidas with reinforcements into the mountains to suffocate the revolt and liberate the mountain 17 18 Allegedly only five Afridis made it out of the battle alive 19 20 21 Cuisine EditSee also Pashtun cuisine Meat is an important part of their diet which they often eat in the form of kabab minced meat fried in oil lamb shorba chicken shorba or goat shorba The hotels in Peshawar Namak Mandi Bazar represent the traditional food of Afridis especially lamb karahi 22 List of notable Afridis EditSee also Category Afridi people Shahid Afridi at the County Ground Taunton during Pakistan s 2010 tour of England Shahid Afridi Pakistani cricketer and former national captain Mirza Muhammad Afridi Pakistani politician and senator Deputy Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan and a member of Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf Zakir Husain Khan third President of India from 13 May 1967 until his death on 3 May 1969 Javed Afridi owner of PSL team Peshawar Zalmi and owner of Haier Pakistan Khatir Afridi Pashto poet Malik Mehrun Nisa Afridi twice member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from Pakistan Peoples Party Riaz Afridi former cricketer for the Pakistan Cricket Team Shaheen Afridi Pakistani cricketer Yasir Afridi Pakistani footballer Sher Ali Afridi former policeman from Peshawar who assassinated Lord Mayo the Viceroy of British India in 1872 Umar Gul of the Malak Din Khel Pakistani International cricketer Shakeel Afridi physician Ayub Afridi drug lord Ahmad Kamal Faridi Colonel Fareedi Colonel Faridi internationally famous character of Ibn e Safi world renowned mystery writer novelist of Pakistan Ibn e Safi showed in his two novels out of 125 novels of Jasoosi Dunya The Spy World novel number 52 and novel number 117 that Colonel Fareedi belongs to Afridi tribe Malik Sher Muhammad Khan Afridi Chief of Sepah He along with the Maliks of Khyber Agency visited Kolkatta on train from Peshawar along with Political Agent Colonel Robert Warburton 23 He also was a key figure in the relations between the Pathans especially the Afridis and the British Government during the 19th century also mentioned in the book Eighteen Years in the Khyber 24 Malik Sher Muhammad Khan Afridi Sipah then at the age of 9 young boy sitting on the ground serving under major Roos Keppel back row center Malik Muhammad Akbar Afridi Sepah 1946 1998 former Chieftain of the Bara of Khyber Agency met Princess Diana and former British Prime Minister John Major during their visits to Peshawar Pakistan References Edit a b c Afridi demographics in Pakistan and Afghanistan The excessive figure sometimes mentioned in Afghanistan reflects in a particular way the Afghan claim to Pashtunistan and actually represents an estimate of the whole of the Afridi tribe on both sides of the frontier a b Afridi demographics in FATA and FR Kohat Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India Khyber org retrieved 30 January 2008 Momand Ahmad Gul The Bare Language of Khoshal s Poetry Nangarhar University p 13 L Thomas Beyond Khyber Pass London n d ca 1925 M K Teng 2001 Kashmir The Bitter Truth Archived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Kashmir Information Network The History of Herodotus Chapter 3 Verse 91 Written 440 B C E Translated by G C Macaulay sacred texts com Retrieved 21 February 2015 Caroe Olaf 1957 The Pathans 550 B C A D 1957 Oxford University Press p 37 ISBN 0 19 577221 0 Amir Mizroch 9 January 2010 Are Taliban descendants of Israelites The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 Sachin Parashar 11 January 2010 Lucknow Pathans have Jewish roots The Times of India Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 Rory McCarthy 17 January 2010 Pashtun clue to lost tribes of Israel The Observer Denzil Ibbetson Edward MacLagan H A Rose A Glossary of The Tribes amp Castes of The Punjab amp North West Frontier Province 1911 AD Page 217 Vol III Published by Asian Educational Services History of the Pathans by Haroon Rashid Published by Haroon Rashid 2002 Item notes v 1 Page 45 Original from the University of Michigan A S Beveridge Babor nama London 1922 repr 1969 p 412 History of Khyber Agency Gateway to the Subcontinent Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine Office of the Political Agent Khyber Agency C M Kieffer Afridi Encyclopaedia Iranica a b Richards John F 1996 Imperial expansion under Aurangzeb 1658 1869 Testing the limits of the empire the Northwest The Mughal Empire New Cambridge history of India The Mughals and their contemporaries vol 5 illustrated reprint ed Cambridge University Press pp 170 171 ISBN 978 0 521 56603 2 Khyber Agency Khyber org 3 July 2005 Geoffrey Powell J S W Powell 1983 Famous regiments illustrated ed Secker amp Warburg p 69 ISBN 978 0 436 37910 9 Robert E L Masters Eduard Lea 1963 Perverse crimes in history evolving concepts of sadism lust murder and necrophilia from ancient to modern times Julian Press p 211 Retrieved 5 April 2011 Robert E L Masters Eduard Lea 1963 Sex crimes in history evolving concepts of sadism lust murder and necrophilia from ancient to modern times Julian Press p 211 Retrieved 5 April 2011 The End of Afghan Cuisine in Pakistan 8 May 2018 Eighteen Years in the Khyber 1879 1898 Viewer World Digital Library Review of Eighteen Years in the Khyber 1879 1898 by Col Sir Robert Warburton External links Edit Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Afridi Encyclopaedia Iranica AFRiDi Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Afridi amp oldid 1131944215, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
