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Submarine power cable

A submarine power cable is a transmission cable for carrying electric power below the surface of the water.[1] These are called "submarine" because they usually carry electric power beneath salt water (arms of the ocean, seas, straits, etc.) but it is also possible to use submarine power cables beneath fresh water (large lakes and rivers). Examples of the latter exist that connect the mainland with large islands in the St. Lawrence River.

Cross section of the submarine power cable used in Wolfe Island Wind Farm.
HVDC connections around Europe
Red=in operation
Green=decided/under construction
Blue=planned

Design technologies edit

The purpose of submarine power cables is the transport of electric current at high voltage. The electric core is a concentric assembly of inner conductor, electric insulation, and protective layers (resembling the design of a coaxial cable).[2] Modern three-core cables (e.g. for the connection of offshore wind turbines) often carry optical fibers for data transmission or temperature measurement, in addition to the electrical conductors.

Conductor edit

The conductor is made from copper or aluminum wires, the latter material having a small but increasing market share. Conductor sizes ≤ 1200 mm2 are most common, but sizes ≥ 2400 mm2 have been made occasionally. For voltages ≥ 12 kV the conductors are round so that the insulation is exposed to a uniform electric field gradient. The conductor can be stranded from individual round wires or can be a single solid wire. In some designs, profiled wires (keystone wires) are laid up to form a round conductor with very small interstices between the wires.

Insulation edit

Three different types of electric insulation around the conductor are mainly used today. Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is used up to 420 kV system voltage. It is produced by extrusion, with an insulation thickness of up to about 30 mm; 36 kV class cables have only 5.5 – 8 mm insulation thickness. Certain formulations of XLPE insulation can also be used for DC. Low-pressure oil-filled cables have an insulation lapped from paper strips. The entire cable core is impregnated with a low-viscosity insulation fluid (mineral oil or synthetic). A central oil channel in the conductor facilitates oil flow in cables up to 525 kV for when the cable gets warm but rarely used in submarine cables due to oil pollution risk with cable damage. Mass-impregnated cables have also a paper-lapped insulation but the impregnation compound is highly viscous and does not exit when the cable is damaged. Mass-impregnated insulation can be used for massive HVDC cables up to 525 kV.

Armoring edit

Cables ≥ 52 kV are equipped with an extruded lead sheath to prevent water intrusion. No other materials have been accepted so far. The lead alloy is extruded onto the insulation in long lengths (over 50 km is possible). In this stage the product is called cable core. In single-core cables the core is surrounded by concentric armoring. In three-core cables, three cable cores are laid-up in a spiral configuration before the armoring is applied. The armoring consists most often of steel wires, soaked in bitumen for corrosion protection. Since the alternating magnetic field in AC cables causes losses in the armoring those cables are sometimes equipped with non-magnetic metallic materials (stainless steel, copper, brass).

AC or DC edit

Most electrical power transmission systems use alternating current (AC), because transformers can easily change voltages as needed. High-voltage direct current transmission requires a converter at each end of a direct current line to interface to an alternating current grid. A system using submarine power cables may be less costly overall if using high-voltage direct current transmission, especially on a long link where the capacitance of the cable would require too much additional charging current. The inner and outer conductors of a cable form the plates of a capacitor, and if the cable is long (on the order of tens of kilometres), the current that flows through this capacitance may be significant compared to the load current. This would require larger, therefore more costly, conductors for a given quantity of usable power to be transmitted.

Operational submarine power cables edit

Alternating current cables edit

Alternating-current (AC) submarine cable systems for transmitting lower amounts of three-phase electric power can be constructed with three-core cables in which all three insulated conductors are placed into a single underwater cable. Most offshore-to-shore wind-farm cables are constructed this way.

For larger amounts of transmitted power, the AC systems are composed of three separate single-core underwater cables, each containing just one insulated conductor and carrying one phase of the three phase electric current. A fourth identical cable is often added in parallel with the other three, simply as a spare in case one of the three primary cables is damaged and needs to be replaced. This damage can happen, for example, from a ship's anchor carelessly dropped onto it. The fourth cable can substitute for any one of the other three, given the proper electrical switching system.

Connecting Connecting Voltage (kV) Length(km) Year Notes
Peloponnese, Greece Crete, Greece 150 135 2021 Two 3-core XLPE cables with total capacity of 2x200MVA. 174 km total length including the underground segments. Maximum depth 1000m. Total cost 380 million EUR. It is the longest submarine/underground AC cable interconnection in the world.[3][4][5]
Mainland British Columbia to Gulf Islands Galiano Island, Parker Island, and Saltspring Island thence to North Cowichan Vancouver Island 138 33 1956 "The cable became operational on 25 September 1956" [6]
Mainland British Columbia to Texada Island to Nile Creek Terminal Vancouver Island / Dunsmuir Substation 525 35 1985 Twelve, separate, oil filled single-phase cables. Nominal rating 1200 MW.[7]
Tarifa, Spain
(Spain-Morocco interconnection)
Fardioua, Morocco
through the Strait of Gibraltar
400 26 1998 A second one from 2006[8] Maximum depth: 660 m (2,170 ft).[9]
Norwalk, CT, USA Northport, NY, USA 138 18 A 3 core, XLPE insulated cable
Sicily Malta 220 95 2015 The Malta–Sicily interconnector
Mainland Sweden Bornholm Island, Denmark 60 43.5 The Bornholm Cable
Mainland Italy Sicily 380 38 1985 Messina Strait submarine cable replacing the "Pylons of Messina". A second 380 kV cable began operation in 2016
Germany Heligoland 30 53 [10]
Negros Island Panay Island, the Philippines 138
Douglas Head, Isle of Man, Bispham, Blackpool, England 90 104 1999 The Isle of Man to England Interconnector, a 3 core cable
Wolfe Island, Canada
for the Wolfe Island Wind Farm
Kingston, Canada 245 7.8 2008 The first three-core XLPE submarine cable for 245 kV[11]
Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick Borden-Carleton, PEI 138 17 2017 Prince Edward Island Cables[12]
Taman Peninsula, Mainland Russia Kerch Peninsula, Crimea 57 2015 ru:Энергомост в Крым

Direct current cables edit

Name Connecting Body of water Connecting kilovolts (kV) Undersea distance Notes
Baltic Cable Germany Baltic Sea Sweden 450 250 km (160 mi)
Basslink mainland State of Victoria Bass Strait island State of Tasmania, Australia 500 290 km (180 mi)[13]
BritNed Netherlands North Sea Great Britain 450 260 km (160 mi)
COBRAcable Netherlands North Sea Denmark 320 325 km (202 mi) Commissioned September 2019
Cross Sound Cable Long Island, New York Long Island Sound State of Connecticut 150 [citation needed]
East–West Interconnector Dublin, Ireland Irish Sea North Wales and thus the British grid 200 186 km (116 mi) Inaugurated 20 September 2012
Estlink northern Estonia Gulf of Finland southern Finland 330 105 km (65 mi)
Fenno-Skan Sweden Baltic Sea Finland 400 233 km (145 mi)
HVDC Cross-Channel French mainland English Channel England 270 73 km (45 mi) very high power cable (2000 MW)[citation needed]
HVDC Gotland Swedish mainland Baltic Sea Swedish island of Gotland 150 98 km (61 mi) 1954, the first HVDC submarine power cable (non-experimental)[14] Gotland 2 and 3 installed in 1983 and 1987.
HVDC Inter-Island South Island Cook Strait North Island 350 40 km (25 mi) between the power-rich South Island (much hydroelectric power) of New Zealand and the more-populous North Island. Commissioned in 1965.
HVDC Italy-Corsica-Sardinia (SACOI) Italian mainland Mediterranean Sea the Italian island of Sardinia, and its neighboring French island of Corsica 200 385 km (239 mi) 3 cables, 1967, 1988, 1992[15]
HVDC Italy-Greece Italian mainland - Galatina HVDC Static Inverter Adriatic Sea Greek mainland - Arachthos HVDC Static Inverter 400 160 km (99 mi) Total length of the line is 313 km (194 mi)
HVDC Leyte - Luzon Leyte Island Pacific Ocean Luzon in the Philippines[citation needed]
HVDC Moyle Scotland Irish Sea Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom, and thence to the Republic of Ireland 250 63.5 km (39.5 mi) 500MW
HVDC Vancouver Island Vancouver Island Strait of Georgia mainland of the Province of British Columbia 280 33 km In operation in 1968 and was extended in 1977
Kii Channel HVDC system Honshu Kii Channel Shikoku 250 50 km (31 mi) in 2010 the world's highest-capacity[citation needed] long-distance submarine power cable[inconsistent] (rated at 1400 megawatts). This power cable connects two large islands in the Japanese Home Islands
Kontek Germany Baltic Sea Denmark
Konti-Skan[16] Sweden Kattegat Denmark 400 149 km (93 mi)
Maritime Link Newfoundland Atlantic Ocean Nova Scotia 200 170 km (110 mi) 500 MW link went online in 2017 with two subsea HVdc cables spanning the Cabot Strait.[17]
Nemo-Link[18] Belgium North Sea United Kingdom 400 140 km (87 mi)
Neptune Cable State of New Jersey Atlantic Ocean Long Island, New York 500 104.6 km (65.0 mi)[19]
NordBalt Sweden Baltic Sea Lithuania 300 400 km (250 mi) Operations started on February 1, 2016 with an initial power transmission at 30 MW.[20]
NordLink Ertsmyra, Norway North Sea Büsum, Germany 500 623 km (387 mi) Operational May 2021[21]
NorNed Eemshaven, Netherlands Feda, Norway 450 580 km (360 mi) 700 MW in 2012 previously the longest undersea power cable[22]
North Sea Link Kvilldal, Suldal, in Norway, Cambois near Blyth North Sea United Kingdom, Norway 515 720 km (450 mi) 1.4 GW the longest undersea power cable
Skagerrak 1-4 Norway Skagerrak Denmark (Jutland) 500 240 km (150 mi) 4 cables - 1700 MW in all[23]
SwePol Poland Baltic Sea Sweden 450
Western HVDC Link Scotland Irish Sea Wales 600 422 km (262 mi) Longest 2200 MW cable, first 600kV undersea cable[24]

Submarine power cables under construction edit

  • 500 MW capacity, 165 km DC Maritime Transmission Link between the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador and the province of Nova Scotia.[25]
  • British and Danish power companies (National Grid and Energinet.dk, respectively) are building Viking Link, a 740 km cable to provide the two countries with 1,400 MW transmission by 2022.[26][27]
  • Black Sea submarine electric cable with a capacity of 1 GW and voltage of 500 kV will transfer green electricity from Azerbaijan through Georgia, Romania, Moldova to the EU. It is estimated to be approximately 1100 km in length and to be built in late 2029.[28]

Proposed submarine power cables edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Underwater Cable an Alternative to Electrical Towers, Matthew L. Wald, New York Times, 2010-03-16, accessed 2010-03-18.
  2. ^ "Submarine Power Cables - Design, Installation, Repair, Environmental aspects", by T Worzyk, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2009
  3. ^ "Crete-Peloponnese: The record-breaking interconnection is completed". IPTO.
  4. ^ . admieholding.gr. Archived from the original on 2020-10-18. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
  5. ^ "Crete – Peloponnese 150kV AC Interconnection" – via www.researchgate.net.
  6. ^ "The 132,000 volt submarine cable in the Mainland - Vancouver Island interconnection : part 3, cable laying - RBCM Archives". search-bcarchives.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  7. ^ "British Columbia Transmission Corporation Application for Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity For Vancouver Island Transmission Reinforcement Project" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-26.
  8. ^ "A Bridge Between Two Continents", Ramón Granadino and Fatima Mansouri, Transmission & Distribution World, May 1, 2007. Consulted March 28, 2014.
  9. ^ "Energy Infrastructures in the Mediterranean: Fine Accomplishments but No Global Vision", Abdelnour Keramane, IEMed Yearbook 2020-10-20 at the Wayback Machine 2014 (European Institute of the Mediterranean), under publication. Consulted 28 March 2014.
  10. ^ . Dithmarscher Kreiszeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 19 July 2011.
  11. ^ "Wolfe Island Wind Project" (PDF). Canadian Copper CCBDA (156). 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  12. ^ "P.E.I.'s underwater electric cable project officially plugged in - New underwater cables supply about 75% of the Island's electricity". CBC News. Aug 29, 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  13. ^ "Basslink - About". www.basslink.com.au. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  14. ^ "European Subsea Cables Association - Submarine Power Cables". www.escaeu.org.
  15. ^ "Sardinia's electricity transmission network". 2009.
  16. ^ . www.transmission.bpa.gov. Archived from the original on 2005-09-02.
  17. ^ "Maritime Link Infrastructure". Emera Newfoundland and Labrador.
  18. ^ Chestney, Nina (January 14, 2019). "New UK-Belgium power link to start operating on Jan. 31". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.
  19. ^ "Home". Neptune Regional Transmission System.
  20. ^ "Power successfully transmitted through NordBalt cable". litgrid.eu. 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
  21. ^ "NordLink - TenneT". www.tennet.eu. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  22. ^ "The Norned HVDC Cable Link" (PDF). www05.abb.com.
  23. ^ . new.abb.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-20. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  24. ^ "None". www.westernhvdclink.co.uk.
  25. ^ . Nalcor Energy. Archived from the original on 2016-11-29. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  26. ^ . energinet.dk. Archived from the original on 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  27. ^ . nationalgrid.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
  28. ^ . Archived from the original on 2022-12-17. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  29. ^ "Australia Fast Tracks Approval Process for $16 Billion Solar Power Export Project". Reuters. 2020-07-30. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-03.
  30. ^ The EuroAsia Interconnector document, www.euroasia-interconnector.com October 2017.
  31. ^ "ENERGY: End to electricity isolation a step closer". Financial Mirror. 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
  32. ^ . Reuters. 2012-01-23. Archived from the original on 2012-01-26.
  33. ^ Transmission Developers Inc. (2010-05-03), Application for Authority to Sell Transmission Rights at Negotiated Rates and Request for Expedited Action, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, p. 7, retrieved 2010-08-02
  34. ^ . stcroixsource.com. June 29, 2010. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
  35. ^ HVDC Transmission & India-Sri Lanka Power Link www.geni.org 2010
  36. ^ "Malta signs €182 million interconnector contract". Times of Malta.
  37. ^ . www.taipower.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17.
  38. ^ Carrington, Damian (2012-04-11). "Iceland's volcanoes may power UK". The Guardian. London.
  39. ^ FAB website fablink.net, as well as (fr) Interconnexion France Aurigny Grand-Bretagne website rte-france.com, site of Réseau de Transport d'Électricité.
  40. ^ "EuroAfrica Interconnector". www.euroafrica-interconnector.com.
  41. ^ Electricity Cable Aims to Link Cyprus, Egypt, Greece Bloomberg, February 8, 2017
  42. ^ "ENERGY: EuroAfrica 2,000MW cable boosts Egypt-Cyprus ties". Financial Mirror. February 8, 2017.
  43. ^ "EEHC, Euro Africa Company sign MoU to conduct a feasibility study to link Egypt, Cyprus, Greece". dailynewsegypt.com. February 6, 2017.
  44. ^ "Proposed 11kV Submarine Cables Replacement Connecting Liu Ko Ngam and Pak Sha Tau Tsui at Kat O" (PDF). Government of Hong Kong. 22 January 2016. (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.

External links edit

  • Subsea Cables UK - An organisation of submarine cable owners, operators and suppliers aimed at promoting marine safety and protecting cable installations on the UK continental shelf
  • The International Cable Protection Committee
  • Subsea Cables UK article on Submarine Power Cables
  • Export cables from Offshore Wind farms to Offshore substations
  • Transmission cables from Offshore converter to shore
  • History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications—Power Cables (Cross sections of historic power cables)

submarine, power, cable, submarine, power, cable, transmission, cable, carrying, electric, power, below, surface, water, these, called, submarine, because, they, usually, carry, electric, power, beneath, salt, water, arms, ocean, seas, straits, also, possible,. A submarine power cable is a transmission cable for carrying electric power below the surface of the water 1 These are called submarine because they usually carry electric power beneath salt water arms of the ocean seas straits etc but it is also possible to use submarine power cables beneath fresh water large lakes and rivers Examples of the latter exist that connect the mainland with large islands in the St Lawrence River Cross section of the submarine power cable used in Wolfe Island Wind Farm HVDC connections around EuropeRed in operationGreen decided under constructionBlue planned Contents 1 Design technologies 1 1 Conductor 1 2 Insulation 1 3 Armoring 1 4 AC or DC 2 Operational submarine power cables 2 1 Alternating current cables 2 2 Direct current cables 3 Submarine power cables under construction 4 Proposed submarine power cables 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksDesign technologies editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The purpose of submarine power cables is the transport of electric current at high voltage The electric core is a concentric assembly of inner conductor electric insulation and protective layers resembling the design of a coaxial cable 2 Modern three core cables e g for the connection of offshore wind turbines often carry optical fibers for data transmission or temperature measurement in addition to the electrical conductors Conductor edit The conductor is made from copper or aluminum wires the latter material having a small but increasing market share Conductor sizes 1200 mm2 are most common but sizes 2400 mm2 have been made occasionally For voltages 12 kV the conductors are round so that the insulation is exposed to a uniform electric field gradient The conductor can be stranded from individual round wires or can be a single solid wire In some designs profiled wires keystone wires are laid up to form a round conductor with very small interstices between the wires Insulation edit Three different types of electric insulation around the conductor are mainly used today Cross linked polyethylene XLPE is used up to 420 kV system voltage It is produced by extrusion with an insulation thickness of up to about 30 mm 36 kV class cables have only 5 5 8 mm insulation thickness Certain formulations of XLPE insulation can also be used for DC Low pressure oil filled cables have an insulation lapped from paper strips The entire cable core is impregnated with a low viscosity insulation fluid mineral oil or synthetic A central oil channel in the conductor facilitates oil flow in cables up to 525 kV for when the cable gets warm but rarely used in submarine cables due to oil pollution risk with cable damage Mass impregnated cables have also a paper lapped insulation but the impregnation compound is highly viscous and does not exit when the cable is damaged Mass impregnated insulation can be used for massive HVDC cables up to 525 kV Armoring edit Cables 52 kV are equipped with an extruded lead sheath to prevent water intrusion No other materials have been accepted so far The lead alloy is extruded onto the insulation in long lengths over 50 km is possible In this stage the product is called cable core In single core cables the core is surrounded by concentric armoring In three core cables three cable cores are laid up in a spiral configuration before the armoring is applied The armoring consists most often of steel wires soaked in bitumen for corrosion protection Since the alternating magnetic field in AC cables causes losses in the armoring those cables are sometimes equipped with non magnetic metallic materials stainless steel copper brass AC or DC edit Most electrical power transmission systems use alternating current AC because transformers can easily change voltages as needed High voltage direct current transmission requires a converter at each end of a direct current line to interface to an alternating current grid A system using submarine power cables may be less costly overall if using high voltage direct current transmission especially on a long link where the capacitance of the cable would require too much additional charging current The inner and outer conductors of a cable form the plates of a capacitor and if the cable is long on the order of tens of kilometres the current that flows through this capacitance may be significant compared to the load current This would require larger therefore more costly conductors for a given quantity of usable power to be transmitted Operational submarine power cables editAlternating current cables edit Alternating current AC submarine cable systems for transmitting lower amounts of three phase electric power can be constructed with three core cables in which all three insulated conductors are placed into a single underwater cable Most offshore to shore wind farm cables are constructed this way For larger amounts of transmitted power the AC systems are composed of three separate single core underwater cables each containing just one insulated conductor and carrying one phase of the three phase electric current A fourth identical cable is often added in parallel with the other three simply as a spare in case one of the three primary cables is damaged and needs to be replaced This damage can happen for example from a ship s anchor carelessly dropped onto it The fourth cable can substitute for any one of the other three given the proper electrical switching system Connecting Connecting Voltage kV Length km Year NotesPeloponnese Greece Crete Greece 150 135 2021 Two 3 core XLPE cables with total capacity of 2x200MVA 174 km total length including the underground segments Maximum depth 1000m Total cost 380 million EUR It is the longest submarine underground AC cable interconnection in the world 3 4 5 Mainland British Columbia to Gulf Islands Galiano Island Parker Island and Saltspring Island thence to North Cowichan Vancouver Island 138 33 1956 The cable became operational on 25 September 1956 6 Mainland British Columbia to Texada Island to Nile Creek Terminal Vancouver Island Dunsmuir Substation 525 35 1985 Twelve separate oil filled single phase cables Nominal rating 1200 MW 7 Tarifa Spain Spain Morocco interconnection Fardioua Morocco through the Strait of Gibraltar 400 26 1998 A second one from 2006 8 Maximum depth 660 m 2 170 ft 9 Norwalk CT USA Northport NY USA 138 18 A 3 core XLPE insulated cableSicily Malta 220 95 2015 The Malta Sicily interconnectorMainland Sweden Bornholm Island Denmark 60 43 5 The Bornholm CableMainland Italy Sicily 380 38 1985 Messina Strait submarine cable replacing the Pylons of Messina A second 380 kV cable began operation in 2016Germany Heligoland 30 53 10 Negros Island Panay Island the Philippines 138Douglas Head Isle of Man Bispham Blackpool England 90 104 1999 The Isle of Man to England Interconnector a 3 core cableWolfe Island Canada for the Wolfe Island Wind Farm Kingston Canada 245 7 8 2008 The first three core XLPE submarine cable for 245 kV 11 Cape Tormentine New Brunswick Borden Carleton PEI 138 17 2017 Prince Edward Island Cables 12 Taman Peninsula Mainland Russia Kerch Peninsula Crimea 57 2015 ru Energomost v KrymDirect current cables edit See also List of HVDC projects Name Connecting Body of water Connecting kilovolts kV Undersea distance NotesBaltic Cable Germany Baltic Sea Sweden 450 250 km 160 mi Basslink mainland State of Victoria Bass Strait island State of Tasmania Australia 500 290 km 180 mi 13 BritNed Netherlands North Sea Great Britain 450 260 km 160 mi COBRAcable Netherlands North Sea Denmark 320 325 km 202 mi Commissioned September 2019Cross Sound Cable Long Island New York Long Island Sound State of Connecticut 150 citation needed East West Interconnector Dublin Ireland Irish Sea North Wales and thus the British grid 200 186 km 116 mi Inaugurated 20 September 2012Estlink northern Estonia Gulf of Finland southern Finland 330 105 km 65 mi Fenno Skan Sweden Baltic Sea Finland 400 233 km 145 mi HVDC Cross Channel French mainland English Channel England 270 73 km 45 mi very high power cable 2000 MW citation needed HVDC Gotland Swedish mainland Baltic Sea Swedish island of Gotland 150 98 km 61 mi 1954 the first HVDC submarine power cable non experimental 14 Gotland 2 and 3 installed in 1983 and 1987 HVDC Inter Island South Island Cook Strait North Island 350 40 km 25 mi between the power rich South Island much hydroelectric power of New Zealand and the more populous North Island Commissioned in 1965 HVDC Italy Corsica Sardinia SACOI Italian mainland Mediterranean Sea the Italian island of Sardinia and its neighboring French island of Corsica 200 385 km 239 mi 3 cables 1967 1988 1992 15 HVDC Italy Greece Italian mainland Galatina HVDC Static Inverter Adriatic Sea Greek mainland Arachthos HVDC Static Inverter 400 160 km 99 mi Total length of the line is 313 km 194 mi HVDC Leyte Luzon Leyte Island Pacific Ocean Luzon in the Philippines citation needed HVDC Moyle Scotland Irish Sea Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom and thence to the Republic of Ireland 250 63 5 km 39 5 mi 500MWHVDC Vancouver Island Vancouver Island Strait of Georgia mainland of the Province of British Columbia 280 33 km In operation in 1968 and was extended in 1977Kii Channel HVDC system Honshu Kii Channel Shikoku 250 50 km 31 mi in 2010 the world s highest capacity citation needed long distance submarine power cable inconsistent rated at 1400 megawatts This power cable connects two large islands in the Japanese Home IslandsKontek Germany Baltic Sea DenmarkKonti Skan 16 Sweden Kattegat Denmark 400 149 km 93 mi Maritime Link Newfoundland Atlantic Ocean Nova Scotia 200 170 km 110 mi 500 MW link went online in 2017 with two subsea HVdc cables spanning the Cabot Strait 17 Nemo Link 18 Belgium North Sea United Kingdom 400 140 km 87 mi Neptune Cable State of New Jersey Atlantic Ocean Long Island New York 500 104 6 km 65 0 mi 19 NordBalt Sweden Baltic Sea Lithuania 300 400 km 250 mi Operations started on February 1 2016 with an initial power transmission at 30 MW 20 NordLink Ertsmyra Norway North Sea Busum Germany 500 623 km 387 mi Operational May 2021 21 NorNed Eemshaven Netherlands Feda Norway 450 580 km 360 mi 700 MW in 2012 previously the longest undersea power cable 22 North Sea Link Kvilldal Suldal in Norway Cambois near Blyth North Sea United Kingdom Norway 515 720 km 450 mi 1 4 GW the longest undersea power cableSkagerrak 1 4 Norway Skagerrak Denmark Jutland 500 240 km 150 mi 4 cables 1700 MW in all 23 SwePol Poland Baltic Sea Sweden 450Western HVDC Link Scotland Irish Sea Wales 600 422 km 262 mi Longest 2200 MW cable first 600kV undersea cable 24 Submarine power cables under construction edit500 MW capacity 165 km DC Maritime Transmission Link between the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador and the province of Nova Scotia 25 British and Danish power companies National Grid and Energinet dk respectively are building Viking Link a 740 km cable to provide the two countries with 1 400 MW transmission by 2022 26 27 Black Sea submarine electric cable with a capacity of 1 GW and voltage of 500 kV will transfer green electricity from Azerbaijan through Georgia Romania Moldova to the EU It is estimated to be approximately 1100 km in length and to be built in late 2029 28 Proposed submarine power cables editThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information April 2020 Australia ASEAN Power Link AAPL or the Australia Singapore Power Link ASPL is a proposed electricity infrastructure project that is planned to include the world s longest submarine power cable A solar farm in Northern Territory Australia will produce 10 gigawatts of electricity most of which will be exported to Singapore by a 4 500 km 2 800 mi 3 GW HVDC transmission line 29 EuroAsia Interconnector a 1 520 km submarine power cable reaching depths of up to 3 km 1 9 mi under sea level with the capacity to transmit 2 000 megawatts of electricity connecting Asia and Europe Israel Cyprus Greece 30 31 32 Champlain Hudson Power Express 335 mile line The Transmission Developers Company of Toronto Ontario is proposing to use the Hudson River for the most ambitious underwater transmission project yet Beginning south of Montreal a 335 mile line would run along the bottom of Lake Champlain and then down the bed of the Hudson all the way to New York City 33 Power Bridge Hawaii 1 Power Bridge State of Maine 1 Puerto Rico to the Virgin Islands 34 400 kV HVDC India to Sri Lanka 35 220 kV HVAC 225 megawatts 117 km Malta Sicily interconnector between Magħtab Malta and Ragusa Sicily 36 The 58 9 km 161 kV Taiwan Island to the Penghu Islands submarine power cable system T P cable the first submarine project of the Taiwan Power Company Taipower at this level scheduled for completion in 2014 On 24 December 2010 the Taiwan Penghu Undersea Cable Project of Taipower was approved to connect the electrical grid in Taiwan Island to the Penghu Islands 37 The British and Icelandic Governments are supposedly in active discussion to build a cable Icelink between Scotland and Iceland to carry geothermal power to Scotland It would be 1 000 to 1 500 km long and by far the longest in the world 38 assuming a longer cable not yet built like the proposed 4 200 km Australia Singapore cable FAB between Great Britain and France via Alderney Island in the Channel Islands 39 EuroAfrica Interconnector a 1 707 km submarine power cable reaching depths of up to 3 km 1 9 mi under sea level with the capacity to transmit 2 000 megawatts of electricity connecting Africa and Europe Egypt Cyprus Greece 40 41 42 43 11 kV submarine replacement cables connecting Liu Ko Ngam and Pak Sha Tau Tsui at Kat O Northeast Hong Kong approximately 880 m in length 44 See also editCable landing point Electric power transmission Single wire earth return List of HVDC projects List of high voltage underground and submarine cables Electrical interconnector e g between grids Submarine communications cableReferences edit a b c Underwater Cable an Alternative to Electrical Towers Matthew L Wald New York Times 2010 03 16 accessed 2010 03 18 Submarine Power Cables Design Installation Repair Environmental aspects by T Worzyk Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2009 Crete Peloponnese The record breaking interconnection is completed IPTO Crete Peloponnese Interconnection Selection of tenderers for the cables of one of the most important submarine interconnection projects globally admieholding gr Archived from the original on 2020 10 18 Retrieved 2020 03 05 Crete Peloponnese 150kV AC Interconnection via www researchgate net The 132 000 volt submarine cable in the Mainland Vancouver Island interconnection part 3 cable laying RBCM Archives search bcarchives royalbcmuseum bc ca British Columbia Transmission Corporation Application for Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity For Vancouver Island Transmission Reinforcement Project PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2021 05 26 A Bridge Between Two Continents Ramon Granadino and Fatima Mansouri Transmission amp Distribution World May 1 2007 Consulted March 28 2014 Energy Infrastructures in the Mediterranean Fine Accomplishments but No Global Vision Abdelnour Keramane IEMed Yearbook Archived 2020 10 20 at the Wayback Machine 2014 European Institute of the Mediterranean under publication Consulted 28 March 2014 Mit der Zukunft Geschichte schreiben Dithmarscher Kreiszeitung in German Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Wolfe Island Wind Project PDF Canadian Copper CCBDA 156 2008 Retrieved 3 September 2013 P E I s underwater electric cable project officially plugged in New underwater cables supply about 75 of the Island s electricity CBC News Aug 29 2017 Retrieved 1 August 2020 Basslink About www basslink com au Retrieved 11 February 2018 European Subsea Cables Association Submarine Power Cables www escaeu org Sardinia s electricity transmission network 2009 THE KONTI SKAN HVDC SCHEME www transmission bpa gov Archived from the original on 2005 09 02 Maritime Link Infrastructure Emera Newfoundland and Labrador Chestney Nina January 14 2019 New UK Belgium power link to start operating on Jan 31 Reuters via www reuters com Home Neptune Regional Transmission System Power successfully transmitted through NordBalt cable litgrid eu 2016 02 01 Retrieved 2016 02 02 NordLink TenneT www tennet eu Retrieved 2021 10 17 The Norned HVDC Cable Link PDF www05 abb com Skagerrak An excellent example of the benefits that can be achieved through interconnections new abb com Archived from the original on 2016 01 20 Retrieved 2016 01 21 None www westernhvdclink co uk Lower Churchill Project Nalcor Energy Archived from the original on 2016 11 29 Retrieved 2013 06 08 Kabel til England Viking Link energinet dk Archived from the original on 2017 03 23 Retrieved 2015 11 12 Denmark National Grid nationalgrid com Archived from the original on 2016 03 03 Retrieved 2016 02 03 Quadrilateral agreement inked on Black Sea electric cable Link Archived from the original on 2022 12 17 Retrieved 2022 12 17 Australia Fast Tracks Approval Process for 16 Billion Solar Power Export Project Reuters 2020 07 30 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2020 11 03 The EuroAsia Interconnector document www euroasia interconnector com October 2017 ENERGY End to electricity isolation a step closer Financial Mirror 2017 10 19 Retrieved 2017 01 04 Cyprus group plans Greece Israel electricity link Reuters 2012 01 23 Archived from the original on 2012 01 26 Transmission Developers Inc 2010 05 03 Application for Authority to Sell Transmission Rights at Negotiated Rates and Request for Expedited Action Federal Energy Regulatory Commission p 7 retrieved 2010 08 02 Territory to Study Linking Power Grid to Puerto Rico stcroixsource com June 29 2010 Archived from the original on July 16 2011 HVDC Transmission amp India Sri Lanka Power Link www geni org 2010 Malta signs 182 million interconnector contract Times of Malta Taiwan power company Taipower Events www taipower com tw Archived from the original on 2014 05 17 Carrington Damian 2012 04 11 Iceland s volcanoes may power UK The Guardian London FAB website fablink net as well as fr Interconnexion France Aurigny Grand Bretagne website rte france com site of Reseau de Transport d Electricite EuroAfrica Interconnector www euroafrica interconnector com Electricity Cable Aims to Link Cyprus Egypt Greece Bloomberg February 8 2017 ENERGY EuroAfrica 2 000MW cable boosts Egypt Cyprus ties Financial Mirror February 8 2017 EEHC Euro Africa Company sign MoU to conduct a feasibility study to link Egypt Cyprus Greece dailynewsegypt com February 6 2017 Proposed 11kV Submarine Cables Replacement Connecting Liu Ko Ngam and Pak Sha Tau Tsui at Kat O PDF Government of Hong Kong 22 January 2016 Archived PDF from the original on 13 March 2022 Retrieved 13 March 2022 External links editSubsea Cables UK An organisation of submarine cable owners operators and suppliers aimed at promoting marine safety and protecting cable installations on the UK continental shelf The International Cable Protection Committee Subsea Cables UK article on Submarine Power Cables Export cables from Offshore Wind farms to Offshore substations Transmission cables from Offshore converter to shore History of the Atlantic Cable amp Undersea Communications Power Cables Cross sections of historic power cables Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Submarine power cable amp oldid 1187310610, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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