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Western Libya campaign

February 16, 2024

Not to be confused with Western Desert campaign.
Western Libya campaign
Part of the Second Libyan Civil War

Above: Map showing the Libyan National Army's offensive and Government of National Accord's counterattack within western Libya
  Libyan National Army control
  Government of National Accord control
  Neutral area (Bani Walid)
(For a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see here).
DateFirst phase: 4 April 2019 – 25 March 2020
(11 months and 3 weeks)
Second phase: 26 March – 5 June 2020
(2 months, 1 week and 2 days)
Location
Western Libya
Result

GNA victory[35]

Belligerents

House of Representatives

Wagner Group[3][4][5]
 Sudan (RSF)[6]
PFLL[7]
Supported by:
 United Arab Emirates[8][9][10][11]
 Russia[12]
 Egypt[10][13][14]
 Saudi Arabia[12]
 Israel (allegedly, denied by LNA)[15][16][17][18]
 France[19][11][20]
 Jordan[21]
 Syria[22]
 Iran (alleged)[23]

Government of National Accord

Tripoli Protection Force[26]
Misrata militias[27]
Zawiya militias[26]
Libya Shield Force (alleged)[7]
SNA (since Dec. 2019)[28]
Supported by:

 Turkey[29][30]
 Qatar[31]
 Italy[32][33][34]
Commanders and leaders
Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar
(LNA supreme commander)
Maj. Gen. Abdulrazek al-Nadoori[38]
(Chief of staff)
Maj. Gen. Abdul Salam al-Hassi
(Senior commander)
Brig. Gen. Ahmed al-Mismari
(Senior commander)
 Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj
(head of Presidential Council)
Maj. Gen. Osama al-Juwaili
(joint operations room leader)
Maj. Gen. Abdul Basset Marwan[39]
(Tripoli Military Region commander)
Emad al-Tarabelsi[24]
(Capital security commander)
Atef Braqeek
(Tripoli Protection Force commander)
Abu Yaroub Al-Athari[40] †
(al-Wefaq militia Commander)
Units involved
See order of battle See order of battle
Strength

3,000[41]
200–2,000[3][4][42]
300–400[citation needed]
3,000[43]

unknown

5,000 total[41][44]

  • 3,000 (in Tripoli)
  • 2,000 (in Tripoli's surroundings)
13,000 (June 2020)[40]
50 advisors[45]
Casualties and losses
513 killed
1 MiG-21MF[a][46] 1 AN-26 lost[47] 2 Il-76 destroyed 2 Mi-35 captured,[48][49] and 8 UAVs lost,[50]
5 Pantsir destroyed or captured[51]
10–35 PMCs killed[52][53]
6 soldiers killed (per GNA; disputed)[b]
1 killed[54]

940 killed (per LNA; 2019 only)[55]
3 Mirage F1, 5 L-39, 1 Il-78, 1 helicopter & 21 UAVs lost[56]
351[57]–500[58] killed, 27 captured[59]
2 killed[60]

1 Italian MQ-9 Reaper UAV lost[61][62]
2,458+ killed overall (2,000+ combatants and 458 civilians)[63]
146,000 displaced[63]
1 US MQ-9 Reaper UAV lost[62]
a On May 2020, GNA captured Al-Watiya Air Base and seized the remains of 2 Mirage F1 and 1 Su-22, but none of them were operational and mostly were used to make spare parts.[64]
b UAE announced the death of six soldiers in a car collision in Yemen. However, the GNA stated that they were killed by GNA airstrikes in Libya.[65][66][67]

The Western Libya campaign was a military campaign initiated on 4 April 2019 by the Operation Flood of Dignity (Arabic: عملية طوفان الكرامة) of the Libyan National Army, which represents the Libyan House of Representatives, to capture the western region of Libya and eventually the capital Tripoli held by the United Nations Security Council-recognised Government of National Accord. The Government of National Accord regained control over all of Tripoli in June 2020 and the LNA forces withdrew from the capital, after fourteen months of fighting.[68]

The offensive resulted in over 2,468 dead.[63] It began on 4 April 2019,[69] 10 days before the Libyan National Conference for organising presidential and parliamentary elections in Libya had been planned to take place,[70] and five days after the first session of the 2019 Libyan local elections was held successfully.[71] As a result of the offensive, United Nations Support Mission in Libya postponed the forthcoming Libyan National Conference.[70]

War crimes and crimes against humanity that take place during the conflict are covered by the mandate of the International Criminal Court investigation in Libya under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970.[72][73]

Background edit

See also: Libyan Civil War (2011) and Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)
 
Situation in western Libya before the April 2019 LNA offensive

Following the overthrow and death of Muammar Gaddafi and the fall of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in 2011, political and military control in Libya were in a state of flux. Fighting between different factions escalated in 2014, with the House of Representatives, based in the eastern city of Tobruk, being the main political force claiming to be the legitimate government of Libya. The House of Representatives was supported by Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar's Libyan National Army. In early 2016 a rival government, the Government of National Accord (GNA), was established in Tripoli with the backing of the UN and several countries.[74] There were multiple attempts to negotiate between the two governments and organise new elections throughout 2017 and 2018.[75][76][77] Haftar and GNA Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj met and spoke with each other twice for negotiations, in November 2018 and February 2019.[78] The Supreme Judicial Council of Libya, created in 2011,[79] retained its structure as a single national body despite the political split,[80] and in 2019 went through Libya-wide "transparent elections" and a "peaceful transfer of power".[81]

Face-to-face consultations with 7,000 Libyans and online consultations with 130,000 Libyans during 2018–2019, coordinated by the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) and the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, led to a plan to hold the Libyan National Conference in Ghadames during 14–16 April 2019 in order to recommend to the Libyan House of Representatives and High Council of State methods and dates for holding 2019 presidential and parliamentary elections in Libya.[70] The first batch of the 2019 municipal elections in Libya took place on 30 March 2019.[71] Other aims of the conference, to which representatives of all political factions were invited, included creating a unity government between Sarraj and Haftar and proposing a framework for creating a new constitution.[1] In March 2019, the advance of Haftar's forces in southern Libya during the preceding few months started to cause concern for the organisers of the conference.[82] Ghassan Salamé, head of UNSMIL, stated on 4 April 2019 that the conference would be postponed because of the outburst of military events, but that it would be held

"as soon as possible because we do not have the right to allow this historic opportunity to be corrupted. At the same time, we cannot ask for the presence of the Conference, with the [cannons] firing and the raids ongoing, without making sure that all those who are willing to respond to this historic national duty from all regions of the country are able to ensure their safety and freedom by expressing their opinion."[70]

On 4 April 2019, an audio recording was published on Facebook by Marshal Haftar declaring war on the UN-recognised Government of National Accord and announcing that the LNA would militarily take over the capital city Tripoli.[83] In response, the government in Tripoli, led by Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj and the Presidential Council ordered a general mobilisation of all of its security forces.[84][85] On 6 April, Prime Minister Sarraj, as supreme commander of the Libyan Army, created a joint operations room under the western military region commander, Major General Osama al-Juwaili, to coordinate their operations.[86]

International (non-UNSMIL) edit

From early 2015, during the years prior to the April 2019 attack on Tripoli, Haftar received long-term support from French authorities, including French "advisers, clandestine operatives, and special forces"[87] helping the LNA's military operations in the east and south of Libya.[88][89] Three of the French special-forces soldiers died in a helicopter accident near Benghazi in July 2016.[87] Bloomberg News stated that the al-Sarraj administration had long-term support from Italian authorities.[88] The Economist argued that a May 2018 meeting between al-Sarraj and Haftar, hosted by French president Emmanuel Macron in the context of French-Italian rivalry with regards to Libya, "undermined" the efforts of Ghassan Salamé in facilitating the organising of the Libyan National Conference by Libyans. The Economist pointed to the Greenstream pipeline natural gas pipeline and French and Italian crude oil interests in Libya as significant factors in the two countries' relations with Libyan political forces in 2018.[90]

Bloomberg News described Russia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates as "backers" of Haftar.[88] Prior to the LNA attack on Tripoli, the Saudi Arabian government gave twenty million US dollars to the LNA in support of the attack, "to buy the loyalty of tribal leaders, recruit and pay fighters, and other military purposes."[91]

On 27 December 2019, Bloomberg News reported that Turkey intended to deploy its navy to protect Tripoli and send troops to help train GNA forces. Additionally Turkmen rebel groups fighting in northern Syria were expected to transfer to Tripoli.[92][93] By 29 December, 650 Syrian National Army personnel (also called: Syrian National Army) had arrived in Libya and were stationed on the eastern frontline in Tripoli.[94]

Timeline edit

See also: Timeline of the Libyan Civil War (2014–2020) and Libyan peace process § Salamé three-point peace plan

2019 edit

April edit

4 April

On the first day of the offensive, 4 April 2019, the LNA captured Gharyan.[95] Haftar urged pro-GNA militias to surrender, saying "Those who lay down their weapons are safe, and those who raise the white banner are safe."[96] Interior minister Fathi Bashagha condemned the offensive, declaring that "We will not be subdued by any use of force by any side or any person. And if anyone is willing to use force against us we're ready for sacrifice but we will not give up on democracy which we've always wanted from the beginning."[96]

5 April

On 5 April, the Libyan National Army stated that they had captured Qasr bin Ghashir, Wadi al-Rabie and Suq al-Khamis.[97] LNA then marched toward Tripoli from several directions, reaching the city's outskirts after receiving orders to capture the city.[98][99] The LNA reported asserting control over the town of ‘Aziziya.[69][100] The LNA briefly captured a key checkpoint, known as Gate 27, on the road between Tripoli and Tunisia, but withdrew overnight.[101] The GNA interior ministry ordered all of its forces to be placed on maximum alert.[102] The United Nations Security Council scheduled an emergency meeting on the same day to discuss the recent developments in Libya.[103] Later in the day the LNA reported capturing the village of Suq al-Khamis, located 20 kilometres (20,000 m) south of Tripoli, after clashes with pro-GNA militias.[104] Meanwhile, the leader of the LNA, Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar, met with UN Secretary General António Guterres in the former's office in Tobruk.[105] During the late hours of the day a battle broke out over Tripoli International Airport, in which LNA forces were able to successfully capture the airfield and defend it from a GNA counter-attack.[106]

6 April

On 6 April, the LNA air force declared western Libya a no-fly zone[107][108] and began to engage GNA targets,[109] after GNA jets targeted LNA positions in Mizdah and Suq al-Khamis.[24] Haftar issued orders against using the LNA's aircraft in battle.[1] The LNA reported recapturing Gate 27,[110] as well as asserting control over Salah al-Din[111] and Ain Zara neighbourhood in southern Tripoli,[112] after pro-GNA militias surrendered to the LNA.[113] By nightfall forces loyal to the GNA launched a counterattack on the airport in southern Tripoli,[114] which was repelled by the advancing LNA, according to Haftar.[115]

7 April
 
Situation in western Libya before the GNA counteroffensive

A US military contingent and a contingent of Indian police peacekeepers were evacuated from Tripoli.[116]

Colonel Mohamed Gnounou, the GNA military spokesman, announced that they started a counteroffensive to reclaim the territories in Tripoli taken by the LNA, dubbed "Operation Volcano of Anger". The UN mission in Libya asked for a two-hour ceasefire in south Tripoli to evacuate civilians.[117][118]

In an official declaration, the Ministry of Health of the GNA declared their casualties at 21 dead and 27 wounded.[119]

The LNA conducted an airstrike against a GNA position in southern Tripoli, the Bab al-Azizia military compound,[120] the first LNA airstrike to target a part of the city.[2][121][122] It is thought that Haftar has a superior air force, supplied by the United Arab Emirates,[123] although the Libyan Air Force is nominally loyal to the GNA.[25]

By the end of the day, an LNA spokesman, Major General al-Mesmari, reported that the LNA reached the Fernaj neighbourhood of Tripoli and are advancing through the eastern neighbourhoods of the city.[124][125]

8 April-9 April

The GNA airforce launched an air strike on the early hours of Monday on al-Watiyah, the only airbase captured by LNA since the launch of the operation, located 130 kilometres (80 miles) southeast of Tripoli.[126]

As part of the operation Volcano of Anger launched by GNA, Mistrata militias mobilized on the frontlines of Tripoli to prevent the LNA from capturing it.[127]

LNA forces under Hifter conducted an airstrike against the GNA-held Mitiga International Airport in Tripoli, Libya's last functioning civilian airport, on 8 April.[27][128][129] The closure left Misrata Airport, located 200 km (125 miles) to the east down the coast, as the nearest airport for Tripoli residents.[27] UN special representative for Libya Ghassan Salamé condemned the attack as "a serious violation of international humanitarian law."[128] Wolfram Lacher, a scholar of Libya at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, said that the strike showed Hifter's willingness "to reduce Tripoli to rubble so that he can rule Libya, which is the only option he has left now anyway."[128] Flights were temporarily suspended; by 9 April, a coalition of local and regional militias[128] and GNA forces[27] had pushed Hifter's forces from the airport, and flights resumed, with clashes continuing in multiple locations on the southern fringes of Tripoli.[128] On 8 April, the LGA said 19 of its soldiers died in recent days in the fighting in and around Tripoli, while a spokesman for the GNA's said that "fighting in the south of the capital had killed at least 25 people, including fighters and civilians, and wounded 80."[27]

From the beginning of April 2019 to mid-May 2019, southern Tripoli's Yarmouk military camp/barracks had changed hands between the GNA and the LNA at least five times.[130]

The LNA used BM-21 Grad MRLs against GNA positions[131] in retaliation for GNA airstrikes.[132]

According to Libya al-Ahrar TV as cited by The Libya Observer, a team of French "military experts" arrived in Gharyan and created a "control room to monitor the attack on Tripoli".[133][134]

10 April

The GNA reported bombing LNA targets within the LNA-held town of Gharyan.[135] The LNA announced that they have captured the 4th Brigade Headquarters in the town of Azizya after fierce fighting with the GNA.[136] The UNHCR attempted to evacuate detained refugees from the Qasir bin Gashir detention center, after it became stuck in crossfire between the two sides.[137] Reports suggest most detainees were transferred to Sekah Road detention center, but around 120 people were left behind and were still in the Qasir bin Gashir detention center by the morning.[138] During the afternoon, the LNA air force conducted an airstrike against GNA targets near Tripoli airport.[139] By sunset, LNA spokesperson, Brig. Gen. Ahmed al-Mismari, stated that the LNA have secured al-Yarmouk camp and are advancing toward the Dabali military camp.[140] He also reported that the LNA have arrested pro-GNA "african mercenaries" at Tripoli Int'l Airport.[141] Shortly thereafter, al-Mismari stated that the LNA have shot down a GNA Aero L-39 Albatros that attempted to relocate from Misrata to Tripoli.[142][143]

11 April

The Chief of the GNA Tripoli Military Zone, Maj. Gen. Abdul-Basit Marwan, stated that the LNA were shelling GNA positions in southern Tripoli with BM-21 Grad MRLs.[144] The GNA claimed several airstrikes on LNA targets in Suq al-Khamis and Tarhuna city.[145] The LNA retaliated by launching an airstrike on GNA targets in the contested Ayn Zara region.[146] A GNA spokesman reported that the GNA have recaptured Wadie Alrabie, Bridge 27, Bridge of Souq Al-Ahad and Tripoli International Airport. Brig. Gen. Al-Mismari, LNA spokesperson, reported that the "things on the ground are in favour of the [Libyan National] army," adding that they have seized 14 GNA armoured vehicles and tanks, positioning themselves a mere 2 km from Tripoli's city centre after a GNA retreat. He stated that Tripoli Int'l Airport is "still a fire zone," but did not comment on who controlled it at that time. He also promised to "surprise everyone" with a plan to seize all of Tripoli.[147] By nightfall, the GNA claimed that it negotiated the surrender of soldiers belonging to the LNA 8th brigade in Ayn Zara, after they were left without fuel or ammunition for more than a day.[148] The LNA shelled the contested town of Al Swatani.[149] An LNA spokesman stated that the Libyan National Army has issued an arrest warrant for Fayez al-Sarraj, head of the GNA.[150]

12 April

The LNA conducted an airstrike against the GNA in Abdel Samad Camp, south of Zuwarah.[151] Heavy gunfire and explosions were reported from downtown Tripoli.[152] The LNA stated that they have received major military reinforcements, that they have killed dozens of GNA fighters in the previous day's offensive, and that the LNA 9th brigade is advancing in the Al-Khalla region. It also reported that several young GNA fighters defected to the LNA.[153] The LNA air force conducted air raids against GNA targets in Wadi Al Rabie, south of Tripoli.[154] In the late afternoon, the LNA conducted airstrikes against a GNA military camp,[155] as well as an arms cache in the North-East Tripoli neighbourhood of Tajura.[156] Explosions were reported at GNA-held Mitiga International Airport. Conflicting reports emerged as to whether they were from an LNA airstrike[157] on the airport or as a result of GNA anti-aircraft guns firing.[158] The LNA claimed that residential houses and civilian buildings in LNA-held suburbs of Tripoli were subjected to bombardment by the GNA.[159] LNA spokesman, Brig. Gen. Al-Mismari, accused former President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, of sending two planes loaded with 28 fighters, as well as a large amount of weapons and ammunition, from Khartoum to GNA-held Mitiga International Airport on 28 March.[160] Fathi Bashagha, Interior Minister of the Presidential Council, stated on 12 April that the United Arab Emirates sent military equipment to the LNA at Benina International Airport in Benghazi.[161] The UNHCR called for the release and evacuation of detained refugees held in wartorn areas. The UNHCR confirmed that 728 people were still trapped in the contested Qasir Bin Gashir detention center, stating that it attempted to evacuate them to the Zintan detention center the previous day. The detainees refused to go, insisting that they be evacuated out of Libya.[162]

13 April

Speaker of the Tobruk-based House of Representatives, Aguila Saleh Issa, called for a partial lifting of the international arms embargo imposed on Libya, to allow countries to legally arm the Libyan National Army.[163] He stated that the Tobruk-based government intends to hold elections after capturing Tripoli.[164] The LNA conducted several airstrikes on GNA targets in the southern party of the city, amid intense street battles between the two sides.[165] The World Health Organization delivered medical kits to local hospitals, but cautioned that Tripoli only has enough medical supplies for two weeks.[166] GNA forces once again took control of Al-Yarmouk camp.[167]

14 April

The LNA issued a statement, reporting that internationally designated terrorist groups were fighting alongside the GNA in Tripoli. The GNA Presidential Council denied the claims.[168] A GNA plane targeted an LNA military post in Southern Tripoli.[169] President of Egypt, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, met with LNA Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar in Cairo.[13][14] An intensification of LNA air force activity was reported, with LNA Mi-35 helicopters and Su-22 bombers targeting numerous GNA positions in Azizya, Wadi Al Rabie, the 4th Brigade HQ, Al Sawani, Ayn Zara and Tajura.[170] The LNA reportedly made advances toward the center of Tripoli, as well as Salah Al-Din.[171] The LNA recaptured Yarmouk camp, as well as several other military camps in the area and is positioning itself toward capturing the Green Plateau of Tripoli.[172] The LNA was reported to have taken control of Spring Valley Bridge in the south of the capital.[173] The LNA sent military reinforcements to Ra's Lanuf and Es Sider oil ports, in anticipation of a counter-attack by the GNA.[174] A LNA MiG-21MF was shot down by GNA forces in Zara, Tripoli, with a Chinese-made FN-6 MANPADS.[175][176] LNA Brig. Gen. Al-Mismari confirmed that the aircraft was shot down by a missile, fired by GNA forces from a suburb of Tripoli. He added that the pilot was alive and in good health.[177] He also accused a GNA militia commander of planning to bring over 350 mercenaries to the capital to fight the LNA.[178] Detainees at the contested Qasir bin Gashir detention center told Al Jazeera that they have been abandoned by their GNA guards since the previous day and were left to fend for themselves in the crossfire. They stated that there were still 728 detained refugees residing in the camp. They accused the GNA of subjecting them to "years of much torture and suffering", reiterating their desire to leave the country entirely.[179]

15 April

Heavy clashes were reported between LNA and GNA forces in Tripoli's Ayn Zara suburb.[180] The LNA military information division stated that "large reinforcements" had arrived in LNA-controlled Gharyan and were preparing to join the assault on the capital.[181] A GNA official claimed that more than 3 million books were destroyed as a result of shelling on a building belonging to the Libyan ministry of education. Both sides accused each other of the attack.[182] A new spokesperson for the GNA Presidential Council (the previous spokesman, who was born in Eastern Libya, was replaced without explanation) accused foreign governments and "statelets" of plotting to cause instability in Libya. He claimed that GNA forces were "constantly advancing on all axes", managing to "defeat the aggressor force" and that they were able to "inflict on the [LNA] aggressor militias huge casualty." He also accused the LNA of various war crimes.[183] GNA head, Fayez al-Sarraj, vowed to have all LNA leaders and commanders involved in the offensive prosecuted.[184]

Bombardments of Tripoli with Grad dockets and missiles[185] continued with late-night shelling on April 15.[186] Four people were reported dead.[186] The Tripoli-based internationally recognized government reported that a 5-year-old boy was killed, and his three siblings seriously injured, in shelling of the Tariq al-Soor neighborhood; separately, a 66-year-old women was killed, and two children were wounded, in the Abu Salim neighborhood[185] in southern Tripoli.[186] The Tripoli government accused Haftar's LNA of targeting residential areas, which the LNA denied.[186]

A UN spokesperson on April 17 condemned the attacks that had begun two days earlier, saying: "Tripoli witnessed the heaviest fighting since the outbreak of the clashes with indiscriminate rocket fire on a high density neighborhood in the Libyan capital....In the past 24 hours, we have also seen the highest single day increase in displacement with more than 4,500 displaced."[187]

16 April
17 April

Two GNA soldiers were killed by an LNA airstrike on Tripoli's Ayn Zara suburb.[188] The GNA air force bombed a medical post in Qasir bin Gashir.[189][190] The LNA was reported to have taken up positions 50 kilometres (50,000 m) to the east of Sirte.[191] The GNA conducted an airstrike on Wadi Al Rabea, a suburb south of Tripoli. No casualties or damage is reported.[192] The LNA's 201st battalion received reinforcements in the south of the city.[193]

18 April

Heavy clashes occurred between GNA and LNA forces, after GNA units attempted to advance towards the Saadiya area. The LNA air force conducted multiple airstrikes on GNA targets in the area.[194] LNA jets also conducted several air raids against GNA targets in Libya's Wadi al Rabie suburb.[195]

20 April

LNA drone aircraft, allegedly supplied by United Arab Emirates, have struck the GNA military camp in Sabaa district, south of Tripoli city center.[196]

23 April

A GNA Mirage F1 is reported lost in Western Libya. LNA media published photos of the wreck.[197]

30 April

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan voiced his support for the GNA, saying that Turkey would "spare no effort in confronting the conspiracy against the Libyan people."[198] GNA forces captured the settlement of El-Sbeaa (Espiaa), south of Tripoli.[199]

May edit

7 May

On 7 May, a GNA Mirage F1 aircraft was shot down near al-Hira and the pilot was detained by the LNA. In a video interview with the pilot, he said he was from Portugal and that was hired as a civilian pilot by the GNA.[200][201] He was requested by his employers to "attack roads and bridges".[202] The Portuguese Ministry of Defence stated that the pilot was not a Portuguese soldier.[203] The GNA stated that the downed aircraft was not one of its own.[204]

8 May

A clearly marked ambulance carrying the Director of the Tripoli Ambulance and Medical Emergency Services and two medical personnel was destroyed in Twaisha in Qasr bin Ghashir in Tripoli on 8 May by the LNA. The Director lost his legs and as of 8 May 2019 remained in critical conditions. The two medical staff were injured. The representative in Libya of the World Health Organization, Syed Jaffar Hussain, said that the attack against the ambulance was a "shocking and intolerable violation of international humanitarian law."[205]

10 May

A number of extremist armed groups announced that would not bound by any cease-fire agreement that may be signed between GNA Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj and LNA commander Khalifa Haftar. Al-Samoud Brigade from Misurata, led by Salah Badi who is under U.S. and U.N. sanctions,[206] said: "the true rebels will not accept any agreements with the war criminal Haftar," asserting that their fight against the LNA forces is "Jihad for God that will not stop until complete victory".[207]

11 May

Haftar advanced in Tripoli's southern districts, most notably the al-Aziziya area.[208] The LNA also carried out air strikes on several militia positions in the Wadi al-Rabih and Ain Zara areas.[208] Photos also were released showing the LNA advancing towards Sirte.[208]

13 May

By 13 May, the GNA announced that Haftar's forces occupied both the Tripoli Airport and Gharyan, which were struck by the GNA air force.[209] Haftar's forces also occupied the areas in Tripoli Airport Road, Qasir Benghashir and near Gharyan as well as in Sooq Al-Khamis, which were also targeted by the GNA.[209] Meanwhile, Haftar's LNA forces bombed Al-Zawiya city to the west of Tripoli, causing massive material damage.[209]

14 May

By 14 May, the LNA announced that their ground defenses shot down a military aircraft of the GNA in the Jufra District, in central Libya.[citation needed]

June edit

6 June

LNA air attacks on Mitiga Airport left 2 GNA Bayraktar TB2 drones destroyed along an operation room.[210][211]

13 June

The LNA spokesman announced that LNA forces successfully shot down a GNA warplane which was firing at their forces in Al-Dafiniya, west of Tripoli.[212] The warplane took off from Misrata Airbase, and later crashed approximately 20 km from Misrata as the pilot was returning to the airbase following the incident.[212] The pilot was also killed after the plane crashed.[212] The GNA also acknowledged that a plane crashed, but alleged that it was due to a mechanical failure.[212] A GNA Air force helicopter is reported shot down by the LNA near the city of Misrata. GNA acknowledged the loss of the helicopter but ruled out it was shot down and attributed the loss to an accident.[213]

26 June
 
Situation in western Libya after the GNA retook control of Gharyan (June 2019)

The GNA announced that it had captured the town of Gharyan from the LNA.[214] Dozens of LNA soldiers were killed in fighting in the town, and at least 18 others were reportedly captured by the GNA.[215] The GNA's airforce attacked convoys of LNA troops as they withdrew from the area.[214]

30 June

A GNA Bayraktar Tactical UAS drone is destroyed by LNA defenses.[216][217]

July edit

2 July
 
GNA forces at Tripoli, July 2019
Main article: 2019 Tajoura migrant center airstrike

An airstrike by the LNA hit the Tajoura Detention Center outside Tripoli, Libya, while hundreds of people were inside the facility. It killed at least 53 of them and injured 130 others.[218] The detention center was being used as a holding facility for migrants and refugees trying to reach Europe when a storage hangar that it used as a residential facility was hit by the airstrike.[218]

4 July

A GNA Air Force L-39 is shot down by General Haftar forces near Tarhuna, 80 km southeast of Tripoli. GNA forces acknowledged the loss.[219][220]

6 July

It was reported that the Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya had joined the LNA in its offensive.[7]

17 July

A parliamentary member for Benghazi, Seham Sergiwa, was detained by the LNA 106th Brigade in a raid at her home in which the 106th Brigade also wounded her husband and son and prevented them from having visitors in hospital.[221] As of 23 July 2019, Sergewa's location remained unknown.[222]

25 July

The first 1000 of 4000 planned arrivals of Sudanese Rapid Support Forces (RSF), veterans of the Darfur genocide and 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre,[223] arrived by 25 July in Libya, to relieve LNA troops guarding oil installations and free them for attacking Tripoli.[224] The same day two LNA Ilyushin Il-76TD cargo planes are destroyed in the ground in al-Jufra Air base by an attack made by Bayraktar TB2 drones.[225]

29 July

On 29 July 2019, Ghassan Salamé, head of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL), proposed a three-point Libyan peace plan to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), which would "require consensus in [the UNSC] and amongst the Member States who exert influence on the ground" and require Libyans "to listen to their better angels" rather than "[fight] the wars of others and in so doing [destroy] their country."[226] Salamé's plan includes a truce between the Government of National Accord (GNA) and Libyan National Army (LNA) and their associated militias on Eid al-Adha, along with confidence-building measures such as prisoner exchanges, releasing arbitrarily detained prisoners and exchanging the remains of victims of the conflict;[226] an international meeting of countries implicated in the conflict, to stop the fighting, implement the legally existing arms embargo, and promote the following of international human rights law;[226] and a Libyan meeting similar to the originally planned Libyan National Conference.[226]

August edit

6 August

A GNA Ilyushin Il-76TD cargo plane is destroyed in the ground on Misrata Airport by a LNA Wing Long drone.[227]

11 August

A truce took place on Eid al-Adha that UNSMIL head Salamé described as a "substantial reduction in violence along the main fronts in southern Tripoli and elsewhere" with "some violations" and that "broadly speaking, the truce held for the duration of the Eid festivities." The truce constituted the first stage of the 3-phase Salamé peace plan.[228]

20–29 August

The LNA launched several failed attempts to capture Gharyan.[229][230][231]

September edit

13 September

GNA claimed they killed six United Arab Emirates soldiers during airstrikes on Al-Jufra airbase. However, the UAE announced that six of its soldiers were killed in a car collision in Yemen.[65][66][67]

21 September

The GNA announced that a residential area in Tripoli became a target to drones from the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The attack in al-Hadaba area caused severe injuries to several members of a family.[232]

October edit

1 October

Khalifa Haftar's forces, backed by the United Arab Emirates (UAE), launched artillery shells on Mitiga Airport in Tripoli, according to sources from Burkan Al-Ghadab Operation (Volcano of Rage Operation) of the Libyan Army under the GNA command.[233]

6 October

Airstrikes on Misrata Airport by the foreign warplanes, backed by the LNA, injured one member of staff and damaged two airplanes, said media office of Volcano of Rage Operation.[234]

Air raids by LNA aircraft targeted the Equestrian School in Janzour, west of Tripoli. The attack wounded at least three children and one old man, along with killing a couple of horses.[235]

15 October

UNICEF issued a statement expressing "sadness and shock" at the killing of children and their mother during the airstrike by the LNA on the al-Furnaj area in Tripoli.[236]

18 October

A LNA Wing Loong II combat drone is shot down in Misrata by a surface-air missile.[237]

19 October

Mohammed Gununu, spokesperson for the Libyan Army under the command of GNA, claimed that a Wing Loong drone, supplied by the UAE to the LNA, was shot down in Misurata.[238]

November edit

14 November

The LNA raided Sirte and repelled an attack south of Tripoli.[239]

18 November

Ten people, including two Libyans and several migrants, were killed and 35 people were injured in an airstrike against a biscuit factory in Wadi Rabi'a in Tripoli.[240]

19 November

The LNA carried out air strikes on the port city of Misrata, targeting armored vehicles delivered from Turkey and a munitions depot.[241]

December edit

12 December

Haftar announced the beginning of a new offensive in what he said would be the "final battle" for the capital.[242]

14 December

A GNA Bayraktar TB2 drone is shot down in Ain Zara, Tripoli.[243]

21 December

The LNA seized a vessel flying a Grenada flag with several Turkish crew members.[244] The LNA released the ship and the crew two days later.[245]

27 December

Turkish-backed Syrian rebels, Sultan Murad Division and Sham Legion, were fighting for the GNA in "Al-Takbali" camp in Salah al-Din area in southern Tripoli, being transported through Mitiga and Misrata International Airports.[246]

2020 edit

January edit

4 January

An airstrike on a military academy in Tripoli killed 28 cadets and wounded 24, according to the GNA. BBC News attributed the attack to the LNA.[247] The Turkish Ministry of National Defense stated: "We strongly condemn the attack by Haftar's forces, the enemies of peace, on the Military Academy in Tripoli aiming to realize their unlawful intentions."[248] UNSMIL condemned the attack.[249]

5 January

The first Syrian fighter, part of the Sultan Murad Division, was reported killed fighting in behalf of the GNA.[250]

6 January

The LNA captured Sirte[251] after the defection of Brigade 604 — a Madkhali militia present in the city — forced the GNA-affiliated Sirte Protection and Security Force to retreat after brief clashes.[252]

A meeting of 19 Libyan economic and financial experts representing diverse Libyan interests was held in Tunis as part of the intra-Libyan component of the Salamé three-point peace plan.[253]

12 January
 
Situation in western Libya after the LNA took control of Sirte (Jan 2020)

A Russian–Turkish proposed ceasefire, supported by German and Italian leaders, was expected to be implemented as a component of the peace process.[254][255][256] General Khalifa Haftar refused to sign the ceasefire agreement after talks in Moscow brokered by Russia and Turkey with Government of National Accord leader Fayez al-Sarraj, with Haftar stating that the deal "ignores many of the Libyan army's demands".[257]

19 January
Main article: Libyan peace process § Berlin conference
 
Anti-Haftar protest at the 19 January 2020 Berlin conference

After five international preparation meetings over several months,[258] the Berlin conference for the political leaders of states alleged to have violated the arms embargo on Libya and of other major international powers took place in Berlin on 19 January 2020, with the aim of stopping international involvement in the Libyan conflict. The conference launched the second component of the three-point peace plan.[259] Serraj and Haftar were both present in Berlin, but didn't participate directly in the main talks, as they refused to be in the same room as one another. They were kept informed of the discussions.[258] An anti-Haftar protest of 150 people was held in Berlin near the conference venue with posters including "Haftar kills Libyan children".[260]

22 January

A GNA Bayraktar TB2 drone with GNA markings is shot down by LNA forces after taking off from Mitiga International Airport.[261]

25 January

UNSMIL reported violations of the arms embargo, stating that during the previous ten days, "numerous cargo and other flights [had] been observed landing at Libyan airports in the western and eastern parts of the country providing the parties with advanced weapons, armoured vehicles, advisers and fighters."[262]

28 January

A LNA Wing Loong II combat drone is shot down near Misrata.[263]

February edit

3 February
Main article: Libyan peace process § Military track

The 5+5 Libyan Joint Military Commission of 5 senior GNA-selected military officers and 5 senior LNA officers started meeting in Geneva on 3 February in the military track of the intra-Libyan component of the Salamé 3-point peace process, aiming to agree on practical details of monitoring and strengthening the existing ceasefire.[264]

18 February

The 5+5 Libyan Joint Military Commission started its second negotiation round in Geneva.[265]

20 February

After a short break in relation to an LNA attack on Tripoli harbour,[266] the 5+5 military track of negotiations continued in Geneva.[267]

24 February

The United Arab Emirates is suspected to have provided arms to support the Khalifa Haftar-led Libyan National Army; from mid-January 2020 to early March 2020, the UAE is believed to have shipped more than 100 deliveries, totaling about 5,000 metric tons, to Haftar's forces, via aircraft flights some from military bases in the UAE and others from the UAE's airbase in Assab, Eritrea.[268] The contents of the shipments were not known, but are believed to include arms and ammunition, including possible heavier artillery, as well as other materiel, such as communications equipment and other gear.[268] The UN arms embargo on Libya was viewed as ineffective: Moncef Kartas, the retired UN weapons inspector for Libya, said there had been "no respect for the UN arms embargo, absolutely none," which was echoed by UN deputy special envoy for Libya Stephanie Williams.[268]

25 February

The LNA shoot down a GNA Turkish made Bayraktar TB2 drone, and provide a video of the wreck.[269][270]

26 February
Main article: Libyan peace process § Political track

The political track of the Libyan peace process started in Geneva among 20 Libyans, from both the Tobruk-based and Tripoli-based parts of the HoR, and from the independent persons' group selected by UNSMIL, including Interior Minister Fathi Bashagha, former Education Minister Othman Abdul Jalil and former head of the HCS Abdulrahman Sewehli.[271] The aimed composition was 13 HoR representatives from both the Tobruk and Tripoli branches, 13 HCS[clarification needed] representatives and 14 UNSMIL-selected independent Libyans, for a total of 40.[272] The same day LNA shoot down another GNA Turkish-made Bayraktar TB2 drone, providing video of the wreck.[269][273]

March edit

9 March

Nearly 40 Syrian mercenaries recruited by the Turkish Army have fled to Italy, raising the number of Syrian fighters who fled from Libya to Europe to nearly 200.[274]

26 March

The LNA captured Zelten, al-Assah, Al-Jamil and Riqdalin on the northwestern coast,[275] further attempting to push on the Ras Jdir area on the Tunisian border.[276]

Sarraj announces that pro-GNA forces will launch Operation Peace Storm and counter-attack against LNA troops.[277]

31 March

LNA shot down two GNA Bayraktar TB2 combat drones near Tripoli;[278][279]

April edit

13 April

The GNA forces seized control of the LNA-held towns of Sorman, Sabratha, Ajaylat, Aljmail, Regdalin, Zaltan, and Al Assah, recapturing the western Libyan coast and re-connecting with the Tunisian border.[280]

14 April

A GNA Dassault Mirage F1 fighter is shot down by LNA forces operating Pantsir-S.[281][282]

16 April

GNA forces besieged al-Watiya airbase.[283] A GNA Bayraktar TB2 drone was shot down near Tarhuna.[284]

17 April

Two GNA Bayraktar TB2 drones are shot down; one near Bani Walid[285] and another in the South near Wadi dinar.[286]

18 April

The GNA launched an offensive on the town of Tarhuna on five axes.[287] The GNA claimed to have captured 102 pro-Haftar fighters during the offensive.[288] The same day a GNA Bayraktar TB2 drone is shot down by LNA forces south of Tripoli.[289][290]

19 April

A combat drone is shot down in Alwhaska, near Misrata, GNA sources claimed the downed drone was a LNA Wing Loong II[291] in turn LNA claimed they shot down a TAI Anka combat drone,[292] however a UN Security Council report asserted the downed drone was a TAI Anka drone operated by GNA.[293]

21 April

The LNA launched a counter-attack from al-Watiya air base, capturing the town of Al-Aqrabiya north of the air base.[294]

29 April

Ahmed Mismari, the spokesman for Libya's eastern-based forces announced that they will cease fire for Ramadan, after suffering setbacks during weeks of intense fighting against the internationally recognized government. Mismari said in a television broadcast that the ceasefire came at the request of the international community and "friendly countries".[295]

30 April

The GNA responded to Haftar's unilateral declaration of a ceasefire by rejecting it and saying it will keep fighting.[296]

May edit

5 May

The GNA launched an offensive to capture al-Watiya airbase.[297] The GNA claimed to have successfully encircled the base[298] and claimed two enemy Grad Rocket launch vehicles destroyed and various ammunition vehicles.[299]

The GNA also claimed to have captured points south of Tripoli on the same day.[300]

9 May

The LNA launched a mortar attack on the Mitiga International Airport destroying a fuel depot and leaving 4 aircraft destroyed, 3 of civilian use and 1 GNA LAAF Il-78.[301]

18 May

The GNA captured Al-Watiya Air Base and in the process seized a Pantsir missile system,[302][303][304] an armed Mi-35 helicopter and the remains of 2 non-operational Mirage F1s and a Su-22.[64][305]

19 May

GNA forces extend their control over the towns of Badr and Tiji.[306]

20 May
 
Situation in western Libya after the GNA took control of Al-Watya airbase and Mizdah (May 2020)

Mohammed Gununu, a GNA spokesman claimed their forces have destroyed 7 Pantsir batteries in Al-Watiya airbase, Tarhouna and Al-Wishka.[307]

23 May

The GNA forces retook two military camps, Hamza and Yarmuk, from the LNA south of the capital Tripoli.[308]

25 May

The mayor of Bani Walid, said that Russian Wagner Group mercenaries allied to the LNA retreated from Western Libya to an unconfirmed destination along with their heavy equipment. After Antonov An-32 cargo planes landed at Bani Walid airport.[309][310]

27 May

The US military accused Russia of deploying fighters jets in support of Russian mercenaries working for the LNA forces. According to US officials Russian Mig-29s were deployed from Syria to protect 1,200 Russian mercenaries retreating from Libya. The commander of Africa Command accused Russia of using pilot mercenaries for an air campaign on behalf of Haftar forces (LNA).[311] Meanwhile, Libyan National Army officials, announced that an air operation against the GNA forces will begin soon.[312]

29 May

Pro-GNA forces seized control of the Al-Kayikh neighborhood in Tripoli, near the town of Qaser Bin Ghashir.[313]

June edit

1 June

The LNA recaptured the town of al-Asaba, south of Gharyan.[314]

4 June

GNA forces launched an attack on Tripoli Airport,[315] which they captured.[316] LNA forces withdrew from their remaining positions in the southern outskirts of Tripoli, allowing the GNA to regain control of the whole city. This marked the end of the LNA's 14-month siege of the GNA capital.[317][318]

5 June
 
Situation in western Libya after the LNA withdrawal from Tripoli, Tarhuna, and Bani Walid (June 2020)

GNA forces continued their advance to Tarhouna, an LNA stronghold south-east of Tripoli, which was retaken. Bani Walid was also captured.[319] Western analysts ascribed the rapid change in the strategic situation to Turkey's increasing military aid to the GNA.[320][317]

Aftermath edit

Main article: Central Libya offensive (2020)

With the retreat of the LNA from Tripoli, GNA forces launched an offensive to recapture LNA–held Sirte on June 6.[321]

On June 11, the United Nations expressed concern regarding reports of the discovery of eight mass graves in the town of Tarhuna; according to GNA officials, 160 bodies were discovered and retrieved by the Libyan Red Crescent.[322][323]

Strategic analysis edit

According to the Middle East Institute, the LNA's offensive against Tripoli has resulted in an increased destabilization of Libya, allowing the local forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to regain some strength in southern Libya. As a result of the fighting between the LNA and GNA-backed militias, both did less to suppress ISIL while creating new power vacuums which radical Jihadists were likely to exploit.[324]

Casualties edit

The UN's World Health Organization reported over 2,280 dead by mid-January 2020, of which over 2,000 were confirmed as combatants and 280 as civilians. The civilian death toll was reported to have reached 458 by the end of June 2020.[63]

Acoording to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 403 Turkish-backed Syrian mercenaries, of whom 27 were children, were killed during the military operation in Tripoli, Misrata, Cyrene, Tarhuna and other areas in Libya.[325] At least 50 fighters were identified as former ISIS members. The mercenaries were trained in Turkey and send to Libya.[326]

Human rights abuses edit

Legal aspects and documentation edit

Under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970, the International Criminal Court (ICC) can carry out investigations and prosecutions into claims of war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide if the crimes are claimed to occur in Libya on or later than 15 February 2011.[72] As of 6 April 2019, the ICC had two outstanding warrants for the arrest of LNA commander Mahmoud al-Werfalli, for involvement in the alleged killings in and near Benghazi of 33 people during June 2016 to July 2017[72] and for allegedly executing ten people "in front of a cheering crowd" in Benghazi between 23 and 25 January 2018.[327] In reference to the 2019 Western Libya offensive, ICC Chief Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda stated on 11 April that the ICC "[wouldn't] hesitate" to issue arrest warrants for people suspected of war crimes and crimes against humanity.[328] On 16 April, Bensouda gave more details, stating that both those directly committing war crimes in Libya and their commanders would be liable to prosecution by the ICC, including anyone "ordering, requesting, encouraging or contributing in any other manner to the commission of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court".[73] According to Human Rights Watch, both the GNA and LNA military forces had prior records of human rights abuses, with "a well-documented record of indiscriminate attacks on civilians, summary executions of captured fighters, and arbitrary detention" by LNA forces and evidence of abuses of civilians by GNA forces, prior to 4 April 2019 attack on Tripoli.[329]

Al-Sarraj stated on 17 April that the GNA would provide documentation to the ICC regarding 16 April Grad shelling of residential areas[186] that killed at least seven people and wounded 17,[330] for which he claimed Haftar was responsible.[331] On 2 May, a spokesperson for the GNA, Muhanad Younis, stated that administrative responsibility had been allocated for documenting war crimes during the Western Libya offensive and providing the documentation to the ICC.[332]

UNSMIL stated on 30 January 2020 that extrajudicial executions had been reported "in Haftar-controlled areas in Tarhouna and Tripoli".[333]

Claims of war crimes edit

The family of militiaman Firas al-Kikli claimed on 11 April 2019 that LNA forces took him prisoner and later killed him. Images of al-Kikli's mutilated body circulated on social media.[334]

During 15–17 April 2019, rocket attacks using inaccurate technology occurred against three densely populated residential areas in and near the Abu Salim area of Tripoli, and were interpreted by Amnesty International (AI) as "unlawful attacks that could amount to war crimes".[335] Based on information from witnesses and satellite imaging, AI stated that those launching the rockets "failed to take necessary precautions to protect civilian lives and civilian objects". AI identified the areas hit as Hay al-Intissar, in which five rockets hit five homes killing five adults and wounding a girl; Hay Salahaddin; and the "Kikla buildings", where three rockets hit a construction company, a residential building and the ground, wounding two people.[335] Thomson Reuters journalists stated that 16 April Grad shelling of residential areas killed at least seven people and wounded 17.[186][330][331] AI found no evidence for any military targets in any of the attacks and could not "conclusively determine" which armed group was responsible for the attacks. Abu Salim residents attributed the attack to the LNA.[335] Magdalena Mughrabi of AI recommended on the basis of the attacks that the ICC investigate possible war crimes by all parties involved in the 2019 Western Libya offensive. She stated, "The use of artillery and other imprecise weapons such as GRAD-style rockets in civilian areas is prohibited under international humanitarian law and such indiscriminate attacks can amount to war crimes."[335]

On 2 May, BBC Arabic published its enquiry into apparent war crimes carried out during the attack on Tripoli that had been widely circulated on Facebook. BBC Arabic reported on the murder of three prisoners of war and on a special forces group of the LNA that distributed videos and photos of mutilated bodies.[336]

On 18 May, a station of the Great Man-Made River project was attacked by an armed group, putting at risk water supplies to Tripoli and Gharyan. Maria do Valle Ribeiro, the United Nations Humanitarian Coordinator for Libya, said that as an attack against critical civilian infrastructure, the incident could qualify as a war crime.[337] The attackers claimed to be Haftar supporters[338] and their commander was claimed to be Khalifa Ehnaish, loyal to Haftar.[337] The LNA denied command responsibility for the attack.[338][337]

On 2 July 2019, an airstrike hit the Tajoura Detention Center outside Tripoli, while hundreds of people were inside the facility. It killed at least 53 of them and injured 130 others. UNSMIL suspected that the mass killing of civilians was a war crime.[218]

On 27 July 2019, an airstrike on a field hospital near the capital Tripoli killed five doctors, and wounded seven other people. The attack is believed to have been carried out by LNA aircraft.[339]

On 4 August, an airstrike by the LNA against a wedding in Murzuk killed 43 people and injured 60.[340] The European External Action Service commented on the civilian deaths at Murzuk and referred to the legal principle that "indiscriminate attacks on densely populated residential areas" may constitute war crimes.[341]

UNSMIL described 18 November aerial attack on a biscuit factory at Wadi Rabi'a in Tripoli, which killed ten people, as a possible war crime.[240]

Legal cases edit

On 26 June 2019, four Libyan families filed a lawsuit in the United States (US) federal court against Haftar for war crimes that took place during the 2019 Western Libya offensive, seeking US$125 million in damages and compensation. The lawsuit alleged that Haftar was responsible for "torture, mass murder, indiscriminate destruction of civilian property and genocide".[342]

Reactions edit

Domestic edit

Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj, also the chairman of the GNA's Presidential Council, accused Haftar of betraying them and launching a coup d'état.[78] He believed that his previous meetings with Haftar in earlier months had been bringing genuine progress to a political solution. He stated that "When we hosted the UN Secretary General in Tripoli, we were surprised to hear about Haftar's military mobilization after the progress of the political solution in the country." Sarraj also stated that the government will defend the capital.[343] On 17 April, the GNA Presidential Council stated their categorical refusal of any dialogue that involves the participation of LNA Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar.[344]

Colonel Mohamed Gnounou, spokesman of the GNA army since 6 April, announced that the Libyan Army under the Presidential Council was advancing on Haftar's forces to defeat the coup. He also said that "This attack is a surprising one that destroyed the Libyans' hopes for democracy as all of them were preparing for the upcoming national conference in Ghadames."[118]

On 7 April, the deputy chief of the Libyan Presidential Council, Ali Faraj Qatrani, defected to the LNA, resigned from his position within the GNA, and stated that GNA head Fayez al-Sarraj was "controlled by militias". He expressed support for the LNA offensive on Tripoli, stating that it would rid the city of "terrorists and criminal gangs".[345][346]

The Libyan Popular National Movement, which is considered an illegal group by the GNA, declared in a press statement that they support the army's move to end the "militia rule in Tripoli" and salute the sacrifices of the sons of the Libyan Armed Forces.[347]

On 16 April, The advisory council of the Al-Barghata tribe announced its support of the LNA offensive and rejected any foreign interference in Libyan affairs.[348]

Street protests edit

On Friday 12 April, two thousand people protested on the streets of Tripoli and Misrata opposing the LNA military attack on Tripoli. Protestors objected against what they claimed was backing for the attack by France, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia, with Misrata protestors burning a French flag.[349][91] The following Friday on 19 April 2019 people protested in Martyrs' Square, Tripoli, protesting both against Haftar and against foreign power support for Haftar, in particular against that of France.[350][351] Some of 19 April protestors wore reflective vests that Agence France Presse associated with the yellow vests movement. One of these carried a poster stating, "Surprised by the French response to the attack on Tripoli" ("Surpris par la conduite française face à l'attaque de Tripoli").[351] Protests in Martyrs' Square continued on 26 April, the third Friday in a row.[352]

Street protests against Haftar and the LNA continued in Tripoli and Misrata on 3 May.[353] Tripoli protestors directly criticised what they claimed was French support for Haftar and the LNA, with some carrying posters showing French president Emmanuel Macron crossed out in red. Several protestors wore yellow vests to symbolise their opposition to French authorities.[354]

Protests in Martyrs' Square were again held on 27 September, protesting against the attack on Tripoli and against foreign intervention by France, the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Egypt,[355] and again on 18 October.[356] Participants in 18 October protest condemned the LNA bombing of the al-Furnaj area that killed three children, called for Haftar to be held accountable internationally, and called for the GNA to boycott the Berlin conference, planned as the second step of the Salamé three-point peace plan, until the LNA stopped its attack.[356]

Municipal elections edit

The head of UNSMIL, Ghassan Salamé, complimented Libyan citizens and the Libyan Central Commission of Municipal Council Elections for holding local elections on 20 April in Brak al-Shati, Edri al-Shati, al-Rahibat, Ubari, al-Garda al-Shati, al-Shwairif and Zaltan despite the intense military conflict taking place.[357] Elections continued in Sabha on 27 April but were blocked by the LNA in Sabratha and Sorman.[358]

International edit

United Nations Secretary General António Guterres stated on Twitter that he hoped for confrontation around Tripoli to be avoided and that the UN was committed to facilitating a political solution. On 5 April, the UN Security Council called on Haftar to stop all movements of his forces.[359]

On 4 April, the United States, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, France, and Italy in a joint statement condemned the offensive.[360] On 6 April the G7 countries stated there was no military solution to Libya's power struggle and urged Haftar to halt the advance on Tripoli.[361]

On 5 April, Egypt expressed its deep concern over the conflict in Tripoli and urged all sides to avoid escalation. Egypt also announced its commitment to UN efforts to find a political solution to the Libyan Crisis adding that a political solution is the only option.[362] On 9 April, Egypt expressed support for the Libyan National Army and its push to dismantle all remaining militias, and also cautioned against foreign intervention in the conflict.[363] On 14 April, President of Egypt, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, met with LNA Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar in Cairo[13][14] and announced his support for the LNA's counterterrorism efforts, stating that "the fight toward terrorism"..."allows the establishment of a stable and sovereign civil state, and will start the reconstruction of Libya in various fields."[364]

On the same day, Russia called on all sides to come to an agreement.[365] The UN stated that the planned Libyan national conference to organise elections would go ahead regardless of the offensive, in Ghadamis on 14–16 April 2019.[366]

On 7 April, the United States withdrew an unspecified contingent of United States Africa Command forces from Libya.[367][368] India evacuated 15 Central Reserve Police Force peacekeepers to Tunisia.[369][368] The UN called for a two-hour ceasefire to evacuate wounded soldiers and civilians.[122][2] Meanwhile, Russia vetoed a UN Security Council resolution that would have called on the LNA to end their advance on Tripoli, stating that any such resolution should apply to all parties and not just the LNA in particular.[370][371]

On 9 April, UNSMIL stated that the Libyan National Conference, an upcoming peace conference in Ghadames, which would have attempted to create a roadmap to new elections, was postponed due to the fighting.[372] The conference was previously scheduled for 14–16 April.[373]

Tunisia increased security on its border with Libya since the start of the offensive.[374] On 10 April, Tunisia fully closed the Ras Ajdir border crossing with Libya.[375]

On 19 April, the White House announced that the U.S. president had spoken with Khalifa Haftar on Monday, 15 April, stating that Donald Trump "recognized Field Marshal Haftar's significant role in fighting terrorism and securing Libya's oil resources."[376]

In a joint statement released on July 16, 2019, France, Britain, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, United States and Italy on 16 July called for an immediate end of hostilities around Tripoli and warned of attempts by "terrorist groups" to take advantage of the political void in Libya.[377]

On 2 January 2020, the Turkish Grand National Assembly voted 325–184 to send troops to help the GNA in Libya.[378]

See also edit

Notes edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "Libya Lurches Toward Battle for Capital as Sarraj Vows to Fight". Bloomberg News. 6 April 2019.
  2. ^ a b c "Haftar's forces claim air strike on Tripoli suburb as Libya crisis escalates". France 24. 7 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  3. ^ a b Kirkpatrick, David D. (5 November 2019). "Russian Snipers, Missiles and Warplanes Try to Tilt Libyan War". The New York Times.
  4. ^ a b "Number of Russian mercenaries fighting for Haftar in Libya rises to 1400, report says". 16 November 2019.
  5. ^ "'Wherever Wagner goes destruction happens': Libya's GNA slams Russian role in conflict". Middle East Eye.
  6. ^ de Waal, Alex (20 July 2019). "Sudan crisis: The ruthless mercenaries who run the country for gold". BBC News. from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  7. ^ a b c . Uprising Today. 6 July 2019. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019. There are also reports that the Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya, a pro-Jamahiriya resistance organisation led by Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi, the son of Brotherly Leader Muammar al-Gaddafi who was overthrown and murdered in 2011, is supporting the Tobruk-based forces.
  8. ^ "UN team: UAE is developing its air base in eastern Libya". Middle East Monitor. 2 March 2018.
  9. ^ Ganguly, Manisha (6 November 2019). "Foreign jet suspected in Libya migrant attack". BBC News.
  10. ^ a b "Haftar attacking Tripoli with Egyptian, UAE and Saudi arms, Libya General claims". Middle East Monitor. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  11. ^ a b Elumami, Ahmed (15 April 2019). "U.N. Libya envoy says Haftar made coup attempt with advance on Tripoli". Reuters. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  12. ^ a b Malsin, Jared; Said, Summer (12 April 2019). "Saudi Arabia Promised Support to Libyan Warlord in Push to Seize Tripoli". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 April 2019 – via www.wsj.com.
  13. ^ a b c Wintour, Patrick (14 April 2019). "Libya crisis: Egypt's Sisi backs Haftar assault on Tripoli". theguardian.com. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  14. ^ a b c "Egypt's Sisi meets Libyan commander Haftar in Cairo: presidency..." Reuters. 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  15. ^ Silverstein, Richard. "Haftar: Israeli secret aid to Libya's strongman reveals a new friend in Africa". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  16. ^ "Libya's Haftar 'provided with Israeli military aid following UAE-mediated meetings with Mossad agents'". The New Arab. 24 July 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  17. ^ "Libya's Haftar had lengthy meeting with Israeli intelligence officer". Middle East Monitor. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
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  19. ^ Bar'el, Zvi (13 April 2019). "Analysis From Bouteflika to Bashir, Powers Shift. But the Second Arab Spring Is Far From Breaking Out". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
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  22. ^ . Al Masdar News. 1 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  23. ^ "The Iran-Haftar links in Libya". 17 July 2020.
  24. ^ a b c "Libya's western Air Force strikes Haftar's forces positioned in Mizda, Sooq al-Khamis". Libyan Express. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  25. ^ a b "Fighting flares on outskirts of Tripoli". BBC. 6 April 2019.
  26. ^ a b "Haftar forces capture old Tripoli airport after clashes near Libyan capital". Middle East Eye and agencies. 5 April 2019.
  27. ^ a b c d e "Battle rages for Libya's capital, airport bombed". Reuters. 9 April 2019.
  28. ^ . xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019.
  29. ^ "Turkey is set to send troops to Libya, Turkey is set to send troops to Libya". The Economist.
  30. ^ "Bloomberg Libya Government Gets Arms Shipment as Tripoli Offensive Stalls". bloomberg.com. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
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February 16, 2024
western, libya, campaign, confused, with, western, desert, campaign, part, second, libyan, civil, warabove, showing, libyan, national, army, offensive, government, national, accord, counterattack, within, western, libya, libyan, national, army, control, govern. Not to be confused with Western Desert campaign Western Libya campaignPart of the Second Libyan Civil WarAbove Map showing the Libyan National Army s offensive and Government of National Accord s counterattack within western Libya Libyan National Army control Government of National Accord control Neutral area Bani Walid For a more detailed up to date interactive map see here DateFirst phase 4 April 2019 25 March 2020 11 months and 3 weeks Second phase 26 March 5 June 2020 2 months 1 week and 2 days LocationWestern LibyaResultGNA victory 35 LNA failed to capture Tripoli 36 GNA launched an offensive codenamed Operation Paths to Victory 37 BelligerentsHouse of Representatives Libyan National Army Libyan Navy LNA aligned Libyan Air Force LNA aligned 1 2 Wagner Group 3 4 5 Sudan RSF 6 PFLL 7 Supported by United Arab Emirates 8 9 10 11 Russia 12 Egypt 10 13 14 Saudi Arabia 12 Israel allegedly denied by LNA 15 16 17 18 France 19 11 20 Jordan 21 Syria 22 Iran alleged 23 Government of National Accord Libyan Army Libyan Navy GNA aligned Libyan Air Force GNA aligned 24 25 Tripoli Protection Force 26 Misrata militias 27 Zawiya militias 26 Libya Shield Force alleged 7 SNA since Dec 2019 28 Supported by Turkey 29 30 Qatar 31 Italy 32 33 34 Commanders and leadersField Marshal Khalifa Haftar LNA supreme commander Maj Gen Abdulrazek al Nadoori 38 Chief of staff Maj Gen Abdul Salam al Hassi Senior commander Brig Gen Ahmed al Mismari Senior commander Prime Minister Fayez al Sarraj head of Presidential Council Maj Gen Osama al Juwaili joint operations room leader Maj Gen Abdul Basset Marwan 39 Tripoli Military Region commander Emad al Tarabelsi 24 Capital security commander Atef Braqeek Tripoli Protection Force commander Abu Yaroub Al Athari 40 al Wefaq militia Commander Units involvedSee order of battleSee order of battleStrength3 000 41 200 2 000 3 4 42 300 400 citation needed 3 000 43 unknown5 000 total 41 44 3 000 in Tripoli 2 000 in Tripoli s surroundings 13 000 June 2020 40 50 advisors 45 Casualties and losses513 killed 1 MiG 21MF a 46 1 AN 26 lost 47 2 Il 76 destroyed 2 Mi 35 captured 48 49 and 8 UAVs lost 50 5 Pantsir destroyed or captured 51 10 35 PMCs killed 52 53 6 soldiers killed per GNA disputed b 1 killed 54 940 killed per LNA 2019 only 55 3 Mirage F1 5 L 39 1 Il 78 1 helicopter amp 21 UAVs lost 56 351 57 500 58 killed 27 captured 59 2 killed 60 1 Italian MQ 9 Reaper UAV lost 61 62 2 458 killed overall 2 000 combatants and 458 civilians 63 146 000 displaced 63 1 US MQ 9 Reaper UAV lost 62 a On May 2020 GNA captured Al Watiya Air Base and seized the remains of 2 Mirage F1 and 1 Su 22 but none of them were operational and mostly were used to make spare parts 64 b UAE announced the death of six soldiers in a car collision in Yemen However the GNA stated that they were killed by GNA airstrikes in Libya 65 66 67 The Western Libya campaign was a military campaign initiated on 4 April 2019 by the Operation Flood of Dignity Arabic عملية طوفان الكرامة of the Libyan National Army which represents the Libyan House of Representatives to capture the western region of Libya and eventually the capital Tripoli held by the United Nations Security Council recognised Government of National Accord The Government of National Accord regained control over all of Tripoli in June 2020 and the LNA forces withdrew from the capital after fourteen months of fighting 68 The offensive resulted in over 2 468 dead 63 It began on 4 April 2019 69 10 days before the Libyan National Conference for organising presidential and parliamentary elections in Libya had been planned to take place 70 and five days after the first session of the 2019 Libyan local elections was held successfully 71 As a result of the offensive United Nations Support Mission in Libya postponed the forthcoming Libyan National Conference 70 War crimes and crimes against humanity that take place during the conflict are covered by the mandate of the International Criminal Court investigation in Libya under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 72 73 Contents 1 Background 1 1 International non UNSMIL 2 Timeline 2 1 2019 2 1 1 April 2 1 2 May 2 1 3 June 2 1 4 July 2 1 5 August 2 1 6 September 2 1 7 October 2 1 8 November 2 1 9 December 2 2 2020 2 2 1 January 2 2 2 February 2 2 3 March 2 2 4 April 2 2 5 May 2 2 6 June 3 Aftermath 4 Strategic analysis 5 Casualties 6 Human rights abuses 6 1 Legal aspects and documentation 6 2 Claims of war crimes 6 3 Legal cases 7 Reactions 7 1 Domestic 7 1 1 Street protests 7 1 2 Municipal elections 7 2 International 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External linksBackground editSee also Libyan Civil War 2011 and Libyan Civil War 2014 2020 nbsp Situation in western Libya before the April 2019 LNA offensiveFollowing the overthrow and death of Muammar Gaddafi and the fall of the Great Socialist People s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in 2011 political and military control in Libya were in a state of flux Fighting between different factions escalated in 2014 with the House of Representatives based in the eastern city of Tobruk being the main political force claiming to be the legitimate government of Libya The House of Representatives was supported by Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar s Libyan National Army In early 2016 a rival government the Government of National Accord GNA was established in Tripoli with the backing of the UN and several countries 74 There were multiple attempts to negotiate between the two governments and organise new elections throughout 2017 and 2018 75 76 77 Haftar and GNA Prime Minister Fayez al Sarraj met and spoke with each other twice for negotiations in November 2018 and February 2019 78 The Supreme Judicial Council of Libya created in 2011 79 retained its structure as a single national body despite the political split 80 and in 2019 went through Libya wide transparent elections and a peaceful transfer of power 81 Face to face consultations with 7 000 Libyans and online consultations with 130 000 Libyans during 2018 2019 coordinated by the United Nations Support Mission in Libya UNSMIL and the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue led to a plan to hold the Libyan National Conference in Ghadames during 14 16 April 2019 in order to recommend to the Libyan House of Representatives and High Council of State methods and dates for holding 2019 presidential and parliamentary elections in Libya 70 The first batch of the 2019 municipal elections in Libya took place on 30 March 2019 71 Other aims of the conference to which representatives of all political factions were invited included creating a unity government between Sarraj and Haftar and proposing a framework for creating a new constitution 1 In March 2019 the advance of Haftar s forces in southern Libya during the preceding few months started to cause concern for the organisers of the conference 82 Ghassan Salame head of UNSMIL stated on 4 April 2019 that the conference would be postponed because of the outburst of military events but that it would be held as soon as possible because we do not have the right to allow this historic opportunity to be corrupted At the same time we cannot ask for the presence of the Conference with the cannons firing and the raids ongoing without making sure that all those who are willing to respond to this historic national duty from all regions of the country are able to ensure their safety and freedom by expressing their opinion 70 On 4 April 2019 an audio recording was published on Facebook by Marshal Haftar declaring war on the UN recognised Government of National Accord and announcing that the LNA would militarily take over the capital city Tripoli 83 In response the government in Tripoli led by Prime Minister Fayez al Sarraj and the Presidential Council ordered a general mobilisation of all of its security forces 84 85 On 6 April Prime Minister Sarraj as supreme commander of the Libyan Army created a joint operations room under the western military region commander Major General Osama al Juwaili to coordinate their operations 86 International non UNSMIL edit From early 2015 during the years prior to the April 2019 attack on Tripoli Haftar received long term support from French authorities including French advisers clandestine operatives and special forces 87 helping the LNA s military operations in the east and south of Libya 88 89 Three of the French special forces soldiers died in a helicopter accident near Benghazi in July 2016 87 Bloomberg News stated that the al Sarraj administration had long term support from Italian authorities 88 The Economist argued that a May 2018 meeting between al Sarraj and Haftar hosted by French president Emmanuel Macron in the context of French Italian rivalry with regards to Libya undermined the efforts of Ghassan Salame in facilitating the organising of the Libyan National Conference by Libyans The Economist pointed to the Greenstream pipeline natural gas pipeline and French and Italian crude oil interests in Libya as significant factors in the two countries relations with Libyan political forces in 2018 90 Bloomberg News described Russia Egypt and the United Arab Emirates as backers of Haftar 88 Prior to the LNA attack on Tripoli the Saudi Arabian government gave twenty million US dollars to the LNA in support of the attack to buy the loyalty of tribal leaders recruit and pay fighters and other military purposes 91 On 27 December 2019 Bloomberg News reported that Turkey intended to deploy its navy to protect Tripoli and send troops to help train GNA forces Additionally Turkmen rebel groups fighting in northern Syria were expected to transfer to Tripoli 92 93 By 29 December 650 Syrian National Army personnel also called Syrian National Army had arrived in Libya and were stationed on the eastern frontline in Tripoli 94 Timeline editSee also Timeline of the Libyan Civil War 2014 2020 and Libyan peace process Salame three point peace plan 2019 edit April edit 4 AprilOn the first day of the offensive 4 April 2019 the LNA captured Gharyan 95 Haftar urged pro GNA militias to surrender saying Those who lay down their weapons are safe and those who raise the white banner are safe 96 Interior minister Fathi Bashagha condemned the offensive declaring that We will not be subdued by any use of force by any side or any person And if anyone is willing to use force against us we re ready for sacrifice but we will not give up on democracy which we ve always wanted from the beginning 96 5 AprilOn 5 April the Libyan National Army stated that they had captured Qasr bin Ghashir Wadi al Rabie and Suq al Khamis 97 LNA then marched toward Tripoli from several directions reaching the city s outskirts after receiving orders to capture the city 98 99 The LNA reported asserting control over the town of Aziziya 69 100 The LNA briefly captured a key checkpoint known as Gate 27 on the road between Tripoli and Tunisia but withdrew overnight 101 The GNA interior ministry ordered all of its forces to be placed on maximum alert 102 The United Nations Security Council scheduled an emergency meeting on the same day to discuss the recent developments in Libya 103 Later in the day the LNA reported capturing the village of Suq al Khamis located 20 kilometres 20 000 m south of Tripoli after clashes with pro GNA militias 104 Meanwhile the leader of the LNA Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar met with UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres in the former s office in Tobruk 105 During the late hours of the day a battle broke out over Tripoli International Airport in which LNA forces were able to successfully capture the airfield and defend it from a GNA counter attack 106 6 AprilOn 6 April the LNA air force declared western Libya a no fly zone 107 108 and began to engage GNA targets 109 after GNA jets targeted LNA positions in Mizdah and Suq al Khamis 24 Haftar issued orders against using the LNA s aircraft in battle 1 The LNA reported recapturing Gate 27 110 as well as asserting control over Salah al Din 111 and Ain Zara neighbourhood in southern Tripoli 112 after pro GNA militias surrendered to the LNA 113 By nightfall forces loyal to the GNA launched a counterattack on the airport in southern Tripoli 114 which was repelled by the advancing LNA according to Haftar 115 7 April nbsp Situation in western Libya before the GNA counteroffensiveA US military contingent and a contingent of Indian police peacekeepers were evacuated from Tripoli 116 Colonel Mohamed Gnounou the GNA military spokesman announced that they started a counteroffensive to reclaim the territories in Tripoli taken by the LNA dubbed Operation Volcano of Anger The UN mission in Libya asked for a two hour ceasefire in south Tripoli to evacuate civilians 117 118 In an official declaration the Ministry of Health of the GNA declared their casualties at 21 dead and 27 wounded 119 The LNA conducted an airstrike against a GNA position in southern Tripoli the Bab al Azizia military compound 120 the first LNA airstrike to target a part of the city 2 121 122 It is thought that Haftar has a superior air force supplied by the United Arab Emirates 123 although the Libyan Air Force is nominally loyal to the GNA 25 By the end of the day an LNA spokesman Major General al Mesmari reported that the LNA reached the Fernaj neighbourhood of Tripoli and are advancing through the eastern neighbourhoods of the city 124 125 8 April 9 AprilThe GNA airforce launched an air strike on the early hours of Monday on al Watiyah the only airbase captured by LNA since the launch of the operation located 130 kilometres 80 miles southeast of Tripoli 126 As part of the operation Volcano of Anger launched by GNA Mistrata militias mobilized on the frontlines of Tripoli to prevent the LNA from capturing it 127 LNA forces under Hifter conducted an airstrike against the GNA held Mitiga International Airport in Tripoli Libya s last functioning civilian airport on 8 April 27 128 129 The closure left Misrata Airport located 200 km 125 miles to the east down the coast as the nearest airport for Tripoli residents 27 UN special representative for Libya Ghassan Salame condemned the attack as a serious violation of international humanitarian law 128 Wolfram Lacher a scholar of Libya at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs said that the strike showed Hifter s willingness to reduce Tripoli to rubble so that he can rule Libya which is the only option he has left now anyway 128 Flights were temporarily suspended by 9 April a coalition of local and regional militias 128 and GNA forces 27 had pushed Hifter s forces from the airport and flights resumed with clashes continuing in multiple locations on the southern fringes of Tripoli 128 On 8 April the LGA said 19 of its soldiers died in recent days in the fighting in and around Tripoli while a spokesman for the GNA s said that fighting in the south of the capital had killed at least 25 people including fighters and civilians and wounded 80 27 From the beginning of April 2019 to mid May 2019 southern Tripoli s Yarmouk military camp barracks had changed hands between the GNA and the LNA at least five times 130 The LNA used BM 21 Grad MRLs against GNA positions 131 in retaliation for GNA airstrikes 132 According to Libya al Ahrar TV as cited by The Libya Observer a team of French military experts arrived in Gharyan and created a control room to monitor the attack on Tripoli 133 134 10 AprilThe GNA reported bombing LNA targets within the LNA held town of Gharyan 135 The LNA announced that they have captured the 4th Brigade Headquarters in the town of Azizya after fierce fighting with the GNA 136 The UNHCR attempted to evacuate detained refugees from the Qasir bin Gashir detention center after it became stuck in crossfire between the two sides 137 Reports suggest most detainees were transferred to Sekah Road detention center but around 120 people were left behind and were still in the Qasir bin Gashir detention center by the morning 138 During the afternoon the LNA air force conducted an airstrike against GNA targets near Tripoli airport 139 By sunset LNA spokesperson Brig Gen Ahmed al Mismari stated that the LNA have secured al Yarmouk camp and are advancing toward the Dabali military camp 140 He also reported that the LNA have arrested pro GNA african mercenaries at Tripoli Int l Airport 141 Shortly thereafter al Mismari stated that the LNA have shot down a GNA Aero L 39 Albatros that attempted to relocate from Misrata to Tripoli 142 143 11 AprilThe Chief of the GNA Tripoli Military Zone Maj Gen Abdul Basit Marwan stated that the LNA were shelling GNA positions in southern Tripoli with BM 21 Grad MRLs 144 The GNA claimed several airstrikes on LNA targets in Suq al Khamis and Tarhuna city 145 The LNA retaliated by launching an airstrike on GNA targets in the contested Ayn Zara region 146 A GNA spokesman reported that the GNA have recaptured Wadie Alrabie Bridge 27 Bridge of Souq Al Ahad and Tripoli International Airport Brig Gen Al Mismari LNA spokesperson reported that the things on the ground are in favour of the Libyan National army adding that they have seized 14 GNA armoured vehicles and tanks positioning themselves a mere 2 km from Tripoli s city centre after a GNA retreat He stated that Tripoli Int l Airport is still a fire zone but did not comment on who controlled it at that time He also promised to surprise everyone with a plan to seize all of Tripoli 147 By nightfall the GNA claimed that it negotiated the surrender of soldiers belonging to the LNA 8th brigade in Ayn Zara after they were left without fuel or ammunition for more than a day 148 The LNA shelled the contested town of Al Swatani 149 An LNA spokesman stated that the Libyan National Army has issued an arrest warrant for Fayez al Sarraj head of the GNA 150 12 AprilThe LNA conducted an airstrike against the GNA in Abdel Samad Camp south of Zuwarah 151 Heavy gunfire and explosions were reported from downtown Tripoli 152 The LNA stated that they have received major military reinforcements that they have killed dozens of GNA fighters in the previous day s offensive and that the LNA 9th brigade is advancing in the Al Khalla region It also reported that several young GNA fighters defected to the LNA 153 The LNA air force conducted air raids against GNA targets in Wadi Al Rabie south of Tripoli 154 In the late afternoon the LNA conducted airstrikes against a GNA military camp 155 as well as an arms cache in the North East Tripoli neighbourhood of Tajura 156 Explosions were reported at GNA held Mitiga International Airport Conflicting reports emerged as to whether they were from an LNA airstrike 157 on the airport or as a result of GNA anti aircraft guns firing 158 The LNA claimed that residential houses and civilian buildings in LNA held suburbs of Tripoli were subjected to bombardment by the GNA 159 LNA spokesman Brig Gen Al Mismari accused former President of Sudan Omar al Bashir of sending two planes loaded with 28 fighters as well as a large amount of weapons and ammunition from Khartoum to GNA held Mitiga International Airport on 28 March 160 Fathi Bashagha Interior Minister of the Presidential Council stated on 12 April that the United Arab Emirates sent military equipment to the LNA at Benina International Airport in Benghazi 161 The UNHCR called for the release and evacuation of detained refugees held in wartorn areas The UNHCR confirmed that 728 people were still trapped in the contested Qasir Bin Gashir detention center stating that it attempted to evacuate them to the Zintan detention center the previous day The detainees refused to go insisting that they be evacuated out of Libya 162 13 AprilSpeaker of the Tobruk based House of Representatives Aguila Saleh Issa called for a partial lifting of the international arms embargo imposed on Libya to allow countries to legally arm the Libyan National Army 163 He stated that the Tobruk based government intends to hold elections after capturing Tripoli 164 The LNA conducted several airstrikes on GNA targets in the southern party of the city amid intense street battles between the two sides 165 The World Health Organization delivered medical kits to local hospitals but cautioned that Tripoli only has enough medical supplies for two weeks 166 GNA forces once again took control of Al Yarmouk camp 167 14 AprilThe LNA issued a statement reporting that internationally designated terrorist groups were fighting alongside the GNA in Tripoli The GNA Presidential Council denied the claims 168 A GNA plane targeted an LNA military post in Southern Tripoli 169 President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el Sisi met with LNA Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar in Cairo 13 14 An intensification of LNA air force activity was reported with LNA Mi 35 helicopters and Su 22 bombers targeting numerous GNA positions in Azizya Wadi Al Rabie the 4th Brigade HQ Al Sawani Ayn Zara and Tajura 170 The LNA reportedly made advances toward the center of Tripoli as well as Salah Al Din 171 The LNA recaptured Yarmouk camp as well as several other military camps in the area and is positioning itself toward capturing the Green Plateau of Tripoli 172 The LNA was reported to have taken control of Spring Valley Bridge in the south of the capital 173 The LNA sent military reinforcements to Ra s Lanuf and Es Sider oil ports in anticipation of a counter attack by the GNA 174 A LNA MiG 21MF was shot down by GNA forces in Zara Tripoli with a Chinese made FN 6 MANPADS 175 176 LNA Brig Gen Al Mismari confirmed that the aircraft was shot down by a missile fired by GNA forces from a suburb of Tripoli He added that the pilot was alive and in good health 177 He also accused a GNA militia commander of planning to bring over 350 mercenaries to the capital to fight the LNA 178 Detainees at the contested Qasir bin Gashir detention center told Al Jazeera that they have been abandoned by their GNA guards since the previous day and were left to fend for themselves in the crossfire They stated that there were still 728 detained refugees residing in the camp They accused the GNA of subjecting them to years of much torture and suffering reiterating their desire to leave the country entirely 179 15 AprilHeavy clashes were reported between LNA and GNA forces in Tripoli s Ayn Zara suburb 180 The LNA military information division stated that large reinforcements had arrived in LNA controlled Gharyan and were preparing to join the assault on the capital 181 A GNA official claimed that more than 3 million books were destroyed as a result of shelling on a building belonging to the Libyan ministry of education Both sides accused each other of the attack 182 A new spokesperson for the GNA Presidential Council the previous spokesman who was born in Eastern Libya was replaced without explanation accused foreign governments and statelets of plotting to cause instability in Libya He claimed that GNA forces were constantly advancing on all axes managing to defeat the aggressor force and that they were able to inflict on the LNA aggressor militias huge casualty He also accused the LNA of various war crimes 183 GNA head Fayez al Sarraj vowed to have all LNA leaders and commanders involved in the offensive prosecuted 184 Bombardments of Tripoli with Grad dockets and missiles 185 continued with late night shelling on April 15 186 Four people were reported dead 186 The Tripoli based internationally recognized government reported that a 5 year old boy was killed and his three siblings seriously injured in shelling of the Tariq al Soor neighborhood separately a 66 year old women was killed and two children were wounded in the Abu Salim neighborhood 185 in southern Tripoli 186 The Tripoli government accused Haftar s LNA of targeting residential areas which the LNA denied 186 A UN spokesperson on April 17 condemned the attacks that had begun two days earlier saying Tripoli witnessed the heaviest fighting since the outbreak of the clashes with indiscriminate rocket fire on a high density neighborhood in the Libyan capital In the past 24 hours we have also seen the highest single day increase in displacement with more than 4 500 displaced 187 16 April17 AprilTwo GNA soldiers were killed by an LNA airstrike on Tripoli s Ayn Zara suburb 188 The GNA air force bombed a medical post in Qasir bin Gashir 189 190 The LNA was reported to have taken up positions 50 kilometres 50 000 m to the east of Sirte 191 The GNA conducted an airstrike on Wadi Al Rabea a suburb south of Tripoli No casualties or damage is reported 192 The LNA s 201st battalion received reinforcements in the south of the city 193 18 AprilHeavy clashes occurred between GNA and LNA forces after GNA units attempted to advance towards the Saadiya area The LNA air force conducted multiple airstrikes on GNA targets in the area 194 LNA jets also conducted several air raids against GNA targets in Libya s Wadi al Rabie suburb 195 20 AprilLNA drone aircraft allegedly supplied by United Arab Emirates have struck the GNA military camp in Sabaa district south of Tripoli city center 196 23 AprilA GNA Mirage F1 is reported lost in Western Libya LNA media published photos of the wreck 197 30 AprilRecep Tayyip Erdogan voiced his support for the GNA saying that Turkey would spare no effort in confronting the conspiracy against the Libyan people 198 GNA forces captured the settlement of El Sbeaa Espiaa south of Tripoli 199 May edit 7 MayOn 7 May a GNA Mirage F1 aircraft was shot down near al Hira and the pilot was detained by the LNA In a video interview with the pilot he said he was from Portugal and that was hired as a civilian pilot by the GNA 200 201 He was requested by his employers to attack roads and bridges 202 The Portuguese Ministry of Defence stated that the pilot was not a Portuguese soldier 203 The GNA stated that the downed aircraft was not one of its own 204 8 MayA clearly marked ambulance carrying the Director of the Tripoli Ambulance and Medical Emergency Services and two medical personnel was destroyed in Twaisha in Qasr bin Ghashir in Tripoli on 8 May by the LNA The Director lost his legs and as of 8 May 2019 update remained in critical conditions The two medical staff were injured The representative in Libya of the World Health Organization Syed Jaffar Hussain said that the attack against the ambulance was a shocking and intolerable violation of international humanitarian law 205 10 MayA number of extremist armed groups announced that would not bound by any cease fire agreement that may be signed between GNA Prime Minister Fayez al Sarraj and LNA commander Khalifa Haftar Al Samoud Brigade from Misurata led by Salah Badi who is under U S and U N sanctions 206 said the true rebels will not accept any agreements with the war criminal Haftar asserting that their fight against the LNA forces is Jihad for God that will not stop until complete victory 207 11 MayHaftar advanced in Tripoli s southern districts most notably the al Aziziya area 208 The LNA also carried out air strikes on several militia positions in the Wadi al Rabih and Ain Zara areas 208 Photos also were released showing the LNA advancing towards Sirte 208 13 MayBy 13 May the GNA announced that Haftar s forces occupied both the Tripoli Airport and Gharyan which were struck by the GNA air force 209 Haftar s forces also occupied the areas in Tripoli Airport Road Qasir Benghashir and near Gharyan as well as in Sooq Al Khamis which were also targeted by the GNA 209 Meanwhile Haftar s LNA forces bombed Al Zawiya city to the west of Tripoli causing massive material damage 209 14 MayBy 14 May the LNA announced that their ground defenses shot down a military aircraft of the GNA in the Jufra District in central Libya citation needed June edit 6 JuneLNA air attacks on Mitiga Airport left 2 GNA Bayraktar TB2 drones destroyed along an operation room 210 211 13 JuneThe LNA spokesman announced that LNA forces successfully shot down a GNA warplane which was firing at their forces in Al Dafiniya west of Tripoli 212 The warplane took off from Misrata Airbase and later crashed approximately 20 km from Misrata as the pilot was returning to the airbase following the incident 212 The pilot was also killed after the plane crashed 212 The GNA also acknowledged that a plane crashed but alleged that it was due to a mechanical failure 212 A GNA Air force helicopter is reported shot down by the LNA near the city of Misrata GNA acknowledged the loss of the helicopter but ruled out it was shot down and attributed the loss to an accident 213 26 June nbsp Situation in western Libya after the GNA retook control of Gharyan June 2019 The GNA announced that it had captured the town of Gharyan from the LNA 214 Dozens of LNA soldiers were killed in fighting in the town and at least 18 others were reportedly captured by the GNA 215 The GNA s airforce attacked convoys of LNA troops as they withdrew from the area 214 30 JuneA GNA Bayraktar Tactical UAS drone is destroyed by LNA defenses 216 217 July edit 2 July nbsp GNA forces at Tripoli July 2019Main article 2019 Tajoura migrant center airstrike An airstrike by the LNA hit the Tajoura Detention Center outside Tripoli Libya while hundreds of people were inside the facility It killed at least 53 of them and injured 130 others 218 The detention center was being used as a holding facility for migrants and refugees trying to reach Europe when a storage hangar that it used as a residential facility was hit by the airstrike 218 4 JulyA GNA Air Force L 39 is shot down by General Haftar forces near Tarhuna 80 km southeast of Tripoli GNA forces acknowledged the loss 219 220 6 JulyIt was reported that the Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya had joined the LNA in its offensive 7 17 JulyA parliamentary member for Benghazi Seham Sergiwa was detained by the LNA 106th Brigade in a raid at her home in which the 106th Brigade also wounded her husband and son and prevented them from having visitors in hospital 221 As of 23 July 2019 update Sergewa s location remained unknown 222 25 JulyThe first 1000 of 4000 planned arrivals of Sudanese Rapid Support Forces RSF veterans of the Darfur genocide and 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre 223 arrived by 25 July in Libya to relieve LNA troops guarding oil installations and free them for attacking Tripoli 224 The same day two LNA Ilyushin Il 76TD cargo planes are destroyed in the ground in al Jufra Air base by an attack made by Bayraktar TB2 drones 225 29 JulyOn 29 July 2019 Ghassan Salame head of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya UNSMIL proposed a three point Libyan peace plan to the United Nations Security Council UNSC which would require consensus in the UNSC and amongst the Member States who exert influence on the ground and require Libyans to listen to their better angels rather than fight the wars of others and in so doing destroy their country 226 Salame s plan includes a truce between the Government of National Accord GNA and Libyan National Army LNA and their associated militias on Eid al Adha along with confidence building measures such as prisoner exchanges releasing arbitrarily detained prisoners and exchanging the remains of victims of the conflict 226 an international meeting of countries implicated in the conflict to stop the fighting implement the legally existing arms embargo and promote the following of international human rights law 226 and a Libyan meeting similar to the originally planned Libyan National Conference 226 August edit 6 AugustA GNA Ilyushin Il 76TD cargo plane is destroyed in the ground on Misrata Airport by a LNA Wing Long drone 227 11 AugustA truce took place on Eid al Adha that UNSMIL head Salame described as a substantial reduction in violence along the main fronts in southern Tripoli and elsewhere with some violations and that broadly speaking the truce held for the duration of the Eid festivities The truce constituted the first stage of the 3 phase Salame peace plan 228 20 29 AugustThe LNA launched several failed attempts to capture Gharyan 229 230 231 September edit 13 SeptemberGNA claimed they killed six United Arab Emirates soldiers during airstrikes on Al Jufra airbase However the UAE announced that six of its soldiers were killed in a car collision in Yemen 65 66 67 21 SeptemberThe GNA announced that a residential area in Tripoli became a target to drones from the United Arab Emirates UAE The attack in al Hadaba area caused severe injuries to several members of a family 232 October edit 1 OctoberKhalifa Haftar s forces backed by the United Arab Emirates UAE launched artillery shells on Mitiga Airport in Tripoli according to sources from Burkan Al Ghadab Operation Volcano of Rage Operation of the Libyan Army under the GNA command 233 6 OctoberAirstrikes on Misrata Airport by the foreign warplanes backed by the LNA injured one member of staff and damaged two airplanes said media office of Volcano of Rage Operation 234 Air raids by LNA aircraft targeted the Equestrian School in Janzour west of Tripoli The attack wounded at least three children and one old man along with killing a couple of horses 235 15 OctoberUNICEF issued a statement expressing sadness and shock at the killing of children and their mother during the airstrike by the LNA on the al Furnaj area in Tripoli 236 18 OctoberA LNA Wing Loong II combat drone is shot down in Misrata by a surface air missile 237 19 OctoberMohammed Gununu spokesperson for the Libyan Army under the command of GNA claimed that a Wing Loong drone supplied by the UAE to the LNA was shot down in Misurata 238 November edit 14 NovemberThe LNA raided Sirte and repelled an attack south of Tripoli 239 18 NovemberTen people including two Libyans and several migrants were killed and 35 people were injured in an airstrike against a biscuit factory in Wadi Rabi a in Tripoli 240 19 NovemberThe LNA carried out air strikes on the port city of Misrata targeting armored vehicles delivered from Turkey and a munitions depot 241 December edit 12 DecemberHaftar announced the beginning of a new offensive in what he said would be the final battle for the capital 242 14 DecemberA GNA Bayraktar TB2 drone is shot down in Ain Zara Tripoli 243 21 DecemberThe LNA seized a vessel flying a Grenada flag with several Turkish crew members 244 The LNA released the ship and the crew two days later 245 27 DecemberTurkish backed Syrian rebels Sultan Murad Division and Sham Legion were fighting for the GNA in Al Takbali camp in Salah al Din area in southern Tripoli being transported through Mitiga and Misrata International Airports 246 2020 edit January edit 4 JanuaryAn airstrike on a military academy in Tripoli killed 28 cadets and wounded 24 according to the GNA BBC News attributed the attack to the LNA 247 The Turkish Ministry of National Defense stated We strongly condemn the attack by Haftar s forces the enemies of peace on the Military Academy in Tripoli aiming to realize their unlawful intentions 248 UNSMIL condemned the attack 249 5 JanuaryThe first Syrian fighter part of the Sultan Murad Division was reported killed fighting in behalf of the GNA 250 6 JanuaryThe LNA captured Sirte 251 after the defection of Brigade 604 a Madkhali militia present in the city forced the GNA affiliated Sirte Protection and Security Force to retreat after brief clashes 252 A meeting of 19 Libyan economic and financial experts representing diverse Libyan interests was held in Tunis as part of the intra Libyan component of the Salame three point peace plan 253 12 January nbsp Situation in western Libya after the LNA took control of Sirte Jan 2020 A Russian Turkish proposed ceasefire supported by German and Italian leaders was expected to be implemented as a component of the peace process 254 255 256 General Khalifa Haftar refused to sign the ceasefire agreement after talks in Moscow brokered by Russia and Turkey with Government of National Accord leader Fayez al Sarraj with Haftar stating that the deal ignores many of the Libyan army s demands 257 19 JanuaryMain article Libyan peace process Berlin conference nbsp Anti Haftar protest at the 19 January 2020 Berlin conferenceAfter five international preparation meetings over several months 258 the Berlin conference for the political leaders of states alleged to have violated the arms embargo on Libya and of other major international powers took place in Berlin on 19 January 2020 with the aim of stopping international involvement in the Libyan conflict The conference launched the second component of the three point peace plan 259 Serraj and Haftar were both present in Berlin but didn t participate directly in the main talks as they refused to be in the same room as one another They were kept informed of the discussions 258 An anti Haftar protest of 150 people was held in Berlin near the conference venue with posters including Haftar kills Libyan children 260 22 JanuaryA GNA Bayraktar TB2 drone with GNA markings is shot down by LNA forces after taking off from Mitiga International Airport 261 25 JanuaryUNSMIL reported violations of the arms embargo stating that during the previous ten days numerous cargo and other flights had been observed landing at Libyan airports in the western and eastern parts of the country providing the parties with advanced weapons armoured vehicles advisers and fighters 262 28 JanuaryA LNA Wing Loong II combat drone is shot down near Misrata 263 February edit 3 FebruaryMain article Libyan peace process Military track The 5 5 Libyan Joint Military Commission of 5 senior GNA selected military officers and 5 senior LNA officers started meeting in Geneva on 3 February in the military track of the intra Libyan component of the Salame 3 point peace process aiming to agree on practical details of monitoring and strengthening the existing ceasefire 264 18 FebruaryThe 5 5 Libyan Joint Military Commission started its second negotiation round in Geneva 265 20 FebruaryAfter a short break in relation to an LNA attack on Tripoli harbour 266 the 5 5 military track of negotiations continued in Geneva 267 24 FebruaryThe United Arab Emirates is suspected to have provided arms to support the Khalifa Haftar led Libyan National Army from mid January 2020 to early March 2020 the UAE is believed to have shipped more than 100 deliveries totaling about 5 000 metric tons to Haftar s forces via aircraft flights some from military bases in the UAE and others from the UAE s airbase in Assab Eritrea 268 The contents of the shipments were not known but are believed to include arms and ammunition including possible heavier artillery as well as other materiel such as communications equipment and other gear 268 The UN arms embargo on Libya was viewed as ineffective Moncef Kartas the retired UN weapons inspector for Libya said there had been no respect for the UN arms embargo absolutely none which was echoed by UN deputy special envoy for Libya Stephanie Williams 268 25 FebruaryThe LNA shoot down a GNA Turkish made Bayraktar TB2 drone and provide a video of the wreck 269 270 26 FebruaryMain article Libyan peace process Political track The political track of the Libyan peace process started in Geneva among 20 Libyans from both the Tobruk based and Tripoli based parts of the HoR and from the independent persons group selected by UNSMIL including Interior Minister Fathi Bashagha former Education Minister Othman Abdul Jalil and former head of the HCS Abdulrahman Sewehli 271 The aimed composition was 13 HoR representatives from both the Tobruk and Tripoli branches 13 HCS clarification needed representatives and 14 UNSMIL selected independent Libyans for a total of 40 272 The same day LNA shoot down another GNA Turkish made Bayraktar TB2 drone providing video of the wreck 269 273 March edit 9 MarchNearly 40 Syrian mercenaries recruited by the Turkish Army have fled to Italy raising the number of Syrian fighters who fled from Libya to Europe to nearly 200 274 26 MarchThe LNA captured Zelten al Assah Al Jamil and Riqdalin on the northwestern coast 275 further attempting to push on the Ras Jdir area on the Tunisian border 276 Sarraj announces that pro GNA forces will launch Operation Peace Storm and counter attack against LNA troops 277 31 MarchLNA shot down two GNA Bayraktar TB2 combat drones near Tripoli 278 279 April edit 13 AprilThe GNA forces seized control of the LNA held towns of Sorman Sabratha Ajaylat Aljmail Regdalin Zaltan and Al Assah recapturing the western Libyan coast and re connecting with the Tunisian border 280 14 AprilA GNA Dassault Mirage F1 fighter is shot down by LNA forces operating Pantsir S 281 282 16 AprilGNA forces besieged al Watiya airbase 283 A GNA Bayraktar TB2 drone was shot down near Tarhuna 284 17 AprilTwo GNA Bayraktar TB2 drones are shot down one near Bani Walid 285 and another in the South near Wadi dinar 286 18 AprilThe GNA launched an offensive on the town of Tarhuna on five axes 287 The GNA claimed to have captured 102 pro Haftar fighters during the offensive 288 The same day a GNA Bayraktar TB2 drone is shot down by LNA forces south of Tripoli 289 290 19 AprilA combat drone is shot down in Alwhaska near Misrata GNA sources claimed the downed drone was a LNA Wing Loong II 291 in turn LNA claimed they shot down a TAI Anka combat drone 292 however a UN Security Council report asserted the downed drone was a TAI Anka drone operated by GNA 293 21 AprilThe LNA launched a counter attack from al Watiya air base capturing the town of Al Aqrabiya north of the air base 294 29 AprilAhmed Mismari the spokesman for Libya s eastern based forces announced that they will cease fire for Ramadan after suffering setbacks during weeks of intense fighting against the internationally recognized government Mismari said in a television broadcast that the ceasefire came at the request of the international community and friendly countries 295 30 AprilThe GNA responded to Haftar s unilateral declaration of a ceasefire by rejecting it and saying it will keep fighting 296 May edit 5 MayThe GNA launched an offensive to capture al Watiya airbase 297 The GNA claimed to have successfully encircled the base 298 and claimed two enemy Grad Rocket launch vehicles destroyed and various ammunition vehicles 299 The GNA also claimed to have captured points south of Tripoli on the same day 300 9 MayThe LNA launched a mortar attack on the Mitiga International Airport destroying a fuel depot and leaving 4 aircraft destroyed 3 of civilian use and 1 GNA LAAF Il 78 301 18 MayThe GNA captured Al Watiya Air Base and in the process seized a Pantsir missile system 302 303 304 an armed Mi 35 helicopter and the remains of 2 non operational Mirage F1s and a Su 22 64 305 19 MayGNA forces extend their control over the towns of Badr and Tiji 306 20 May nbsp Situation in western Libya after the GNA took control of Al Watya airbase and Mizdah May 2020 Mohammed Gununu a GNA spokesman claimed their forces have destroyed 7 Pantsir batteries in Al Watiya airbase Tarhouna and Al Wishka 307 23 MayThe GNA forces retook two military camps Hamza and Yarmuk from the LNA south of the capital Tripoli 308 25 MayThe mayor of Bani Walid said that Russian Wagner Group mercenaries allied to the LNA retreated from Western Libya to an unconfirmed destination along with their heavy equipment After Antonov An 32 cargo planes landed at Bani Walid airport 309 310 27 MayThe US military accused Russia of deploying fighters jets in support of Russian mercenaries working for the LNA forces According to US officials Russian Mig 29s were deployed from Syria to protect 1 200 Russian mercenaries retreating from Libya The commander of Africa Command accused Russia of using pilot mercenaries for an air campaign on behalf of Haftar forces LNA 311 Meanwhile Libyan National Army officials announced that an air operation against the GNA forces will begin soon 312 29 MayPro GNA forces seized control of the Al Kayikh neighborhood in Tripoli near the town of Qaser Bin Ghashir 313 June edit 1 JuneThe LNA recaptured the town of al Asaba south of Gharyan 314 4 JuneGNA forces launched an attack on Tripoli Airport 315 which they captured 316 LNA forces withdrew from their remaining positions in the southern outskirts of Tripoli allowing the GNA to regain control of the whole city This marked the end of the LNA s 14 month siege of the GNA capital 317 318 5 June nbsp Situation in western Libya after the LNA withdrawal from Tripoli Tarhuna and Bani Walid June 2020 GNA forces continued their advance to Tarhouna an LNA stronghold south east of Tripoli which was retaken Bani Walid was also captured 319 Western analysts ascribed the rapid change in the strategic situation to Turkey s increasing military aid to the GNA 320 317 Aftermath editMain article Central Libya offensive 2020 With the retreat of the LNA from Tripoli GNA forces launched an offensive to recapture LNA held Sirte on June 6 321 On June 11 the United Nations expressed concern regarding reports of the discovery of eight mass graves in the town of Tarhuna according to GNA officials 160 bodies were discovered and retrieved by the Libyan Red Crescent 322 323 Strategic analysis editAccording to the Middle East Institute the LNA s offensive against Tripoli has resulted in an increased destabilization of Libya allowing the local forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL to regain some strength in southern Libya As a result of the fighting between the LNA and GNA backed militias both did less to suppress ISIL while creating new power vacuums which radical Jihadists were likely to exploit 324 Casualties editThe UN s World Health Organization reported over 2 280 dead by mid January 2020 of which over 2 000 were confirmed as combatants and 280 as civilians The civilian death toll was reported to have reached 458 by the end of June 2020 63 Acoording to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights 403 Turkish backed Syrian mercenaries of whom 27 were children were killed during the military operation in Tripoli Misrata Cyrene Tarhuna and other areas in Libya 325 At least 50 fighters were identified as former ISIS members The mercenaries were trained in Turkey and send to Libya 326 Human rights abuses editLegal aspects and documentation edit Under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 the International Criminal Court ICC can carry out investigations and prosecutions into claims of war crimes crimes against humanity or genocide if the crimes are claimed to occur in Libya on or later than 15 February 2011 72 As of 6 April 2019 update the ICC had two outstanding warrants for the arrest of LNA commander Mahmoud al Werfalli for involvement in the alleged killings in and near Benghazi of 33 people during June 2016 to July 2017 72 and for allegedly executing ten people in front of a cheering crowd in Benghazi between 23 and 25 January 2018 327 In reference to the 2019 Western Libya offensive ICC Chief Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda stated on 11 April that the ICC wouldn t hesitate to issue arrest warrants for people suspected of war crimes and crimes against humanity 328 On 16 April Bensouda gave more details stating that both those directly committing war crimes in Libya and their commanders would be liable to prosecution by the ICC including anyone ordering requesting encouraging or contributing in any other manner to the commission of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court 73 According to Human Rights Watch both the GNA and LNA military forces had prior records of human rights abuses with a well documented record of indiscriminate attacks on civilians summary executions of captured fighters and arbitrary detention by LNA forces and evidence of abuses of civilians by GNA forces prior to 4 April 2019 attack on Tripoli 329 Al Sarraj stated on 17 April that the GNA would provide documentation to the ICC regarding 16 April Grad shelling of residential areas 186 that killed at least seven people and wounded 17 330 for which he claimed Haftar was responsible 331 On 2 May a spokesperson for the GNA Muhanad Younis stated that administrative responsibility had been allocated for documenting war crimes during the Western Libya offensive and providing the documentation to the ICC 332 UNSMIL stated on 30 January 2020 that extrajudicial executions had been reported in Haftar controlled areas in Tarhouna and Tripoli 333 Claims of war crimes edit The family of militiaman Firas al Kikli claimed on 11 April 2019 that LNA forces took him prisoner and later killed him Images of al Kikli s mutilated body circulated on social media 334 During 15 17 April 2019 rocket attacks using inaccurate technology occurred against three densely populated residential areas in and near the Abu Salim area of Tripoli and were interpreted by Amnesty International AI as unlawful attacks that could amount to war crimes 335 Based on information from witnesses and satellite imaging AI stated that those launching the rockets failed to take necessary precautions to protect civilian lives and civilian objects AI identified the areas hit as Hay al Intissar in which five rockets hit five homes killing five adults and wounding a girl Hay Salahaddin and the Kikla buildings where three rockets hit a construction company a residential building and the ground wounding two people 335 Thomson Reuters journalists stated that 16 April Grad shelling of residential areas killed at least seven people and wounded 17 186 330 331 AI found no evidence for any military targets in any of the attacks and could not conclusively determine which armed group was responsible for the attacks Abu Salim residents attributed the attack to the LNA 335 Magdalena Mughrabi of AI recommended on the basis of the attacks that the ICC investigate possible war crimes by all parties involved in the 2019 Western Libya offensive She stated The use of artillery and other imprecise weapons such as GRAD style rockets in civilian areas is prohibited under international humanitarian law and such indiscriminate attacks can amount to war crimes 335 On 2 May BBC Arabic published its enquiry into apparent war crimes carried out during the attack on Tripoli that had been widely circulated on Facebook BBC Arabic reported on the murder of three prisoners of war and on a special forces group of the LNA that distributed videos and photos of mutilated bodies 336 On 18 May a station of the Great Man Made River project was attacked by an armed group putting at risk water supplies to Tripoli and Gharyan Maria do Valle Ribeiro the United Nations Humanitarian Coordinator for Libya said that as an attack against critical civilian infrastructure the incident could qualify as a war crime 337 The attackers claimed to be Haftar supporters 338 and their commander was claimed to be Khalifa Ehnaish loyal to Haftar 337 The LNA denied command responsibility for the attack 338 337 On 2 July 2019 an airstrike hit the Tajoura Detention Center outside Tripoli while hundreds of people were inside the facility It killed at least 53 of them and injured 130 others UNSMIL suspected that the mass killing of civilians was a war crime 218 On 27 July 2019 an airstrike on a field hospital near the capital Tripoli killed five doctors and wounded seven other people The attack is believed to have been carried out by LNA aircraft 339 On 4 August an airstrike by the LNA against a wedding in Murzuk killed 43 people and injured 60 340 The European External Action Service commented on the civilian deaths at Murzuk and referred to the legal principle that indiscriminate attacks on densely populated residential areas may constitute war crimes 341 UNSMIL described 18 November aerial attack on a biscuit factory at Wadi Rabi a in Tripoli which killed ten people as a possible war crime 240 Legal cases edit On 26 June 2019 four Libyan families filed a lawsuit in the United States US federal court against Haftar for war crimes that took place during the 2019 Western Libya offensive seeking US 125 million in damages and compensation The lawsuit alleged that Haftar was responsible for torture mass murder indiscriminate destruction of civilian property and genocide 342 Reactions editDomestic edit Prime Minister Fayez al Sarraj also the chairman of the GNA s Presidential Council accused Haftar of betraying them and launching a coup d etat 78 He believed that his previous meetings with Haftar in earlier months had been bringing genuine progress to a political solution He stated that When we hosted the UN Secretary General in Tripoli we were surprised to hear about Haftar s military mobilization after the progress of the political solution in the country Sarraj also stated that the government will defend the capital 343 On 17 April the GNA Presidential Council stated their categorical refusal of any dialogue that involves the participation of LNA Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar 344 Colonel Mohamed Gnounou spokesman of the GNA army since 6 April announced that the Libyan Army under the Presidential Council was advancing on Haftar s forces to defeat the coup He also said that This attack is a surprising one that destroyed the Libyans hopes for democracy as all of them were preparing for the upcoming national conference in Ghadames 118 On 7 April the deputy chief of the Libyan Presidential Council Ali Faraj Qatrani defected to the LNA resigned from his position within the GNA and stated that GNA head Fayez al Sarraj was controlled by militias He expressed support for the LNA offensive on Tripoli stating that it would rid the city of terrorists and criminal gangs 345 346 The Libyan Popular National Movement which is considered an illegal group by the GNA declared in a press statement that they support the army s move to end the militia rule in Tripoli and salute the sacrifices of the sons of the Libyan Armed Forces 347 On 16 April The advisory council of the Al Barghata tribe announced its support of the LNA offensive and rejected any foreign interference in Libyan affairs 348 Street protests edit On Friday 12 April two thousand people protested on the streets of Tripoli and Misrata opposing the LNA military attack on Tripoli Protestors objected against what they claimed was backing for the attack by France the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia with Misrata protestors burning a French flag 349 91 The following Friday on 19 April 2019 people protested in Martyrs Square Tripoli protesting both against Haftar and against foreign power support for Haftar in particular against that of France 350 351 Some of 19 April protestors wore reflective vests that Agence France Presse associated with the yellow vests movement One of these carried a poster stating Surprised by the French response to the attack on Tripoli Surpris par la conduite francaise face a l attaque de Tripoli 351 Protests in Martyrs Square continued on 26 April the third Friday in a row 352 Street protests against Haftar and the LNA continued in Tripoli and Misrata on 3 May 353 Tripoli protestors directly criticised what they claimed was French support for Haftar and the LNA with some carrying posters showing French president Emmanuel Macron crossed out in red Several protestors wore yellow vests to symbolise their opposition to French authorities 354 Protests in Martyrs Square were again held on 27 September protesting against the attack on Tripoli and against foreign intervention by France the UAE Saudi Arabia and Egypt 355 and again on 18 October 356 Participants in 18 October protest condemned the LNA bombing of the al Furnaj area that killed three children called for Haftar to be held accountable internationally and called for the GNA to boycott the Berlin conference planned as the second step of the Salame three point peace plan until the LNA stopped its attack 356 Municipal elections edit The head of UNSMIL Ghassan Salame complimented Libyan citizens and the Libyan Central Commission of Municipal Council Elections for holding local elections on 20 April in Brak al Shati Edri al Shati al Rahibat Ubari al Garda al Shati al Shwairif and Zaltan despite the intense military conflict taking place 357 Elections continued in Sabha on 27 April but were blocked by the LNA in Sabratha and Sorman 358 International edit United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres stated on Twitter that he hoped for confrontation around Tripoli to be avoided and that the UN was committed to facilitating a political solution On 5 April the UN Security Council called on Haftar to stop all movements of his forces 359 On 4 April the United States United Kingdom United Arab Emirates France and Italy in a joint statement condemned the offensive 360 On 6 April the G7 countries stated there was no military solution to Libya s power struggle and urged Haftar to halt the advance on Tripoli 361 On 5 April Egypt expressed its deep concern over the conflict in Tripoli and urged all sides to avoid escalation Egypt also announced its commitment to UN efforts to find a political solution to the Libyan Crisis adding that a political solution is the only option 362 On 9 April Egypt expressed support for the Libyan National Army and its push to dismantle all remaining militias and also cautioned against foreign intervention in the conflict 363 On 14 April President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el Sisi met with LNA Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar in Cairo 13 14 and announced his support for the LNA s counterterrorism efforts stating that the fight toward terrorism allows the establishment of a stable and sovereign civil state and will start the reconstruction of Libya in various fields 364 On the same day Russia called on all sides to come to an agreement 365 The UN stated that the planned Libyan national conference to organise elections would go ahead regardless of the offensive in Ghadamis on 14 16 April 2019 366 On 7 April the United States withdrew an unspecified contingent of United States Africa Command forces from Libya 367 368 India evacuated 15 Central Reserve Police Force peacekeepers to Tunisia 369 368 The UN called for a two hour ceasefire to evacuate wounded soldiers and civilians 122 2 Meanwhile Russia vetoed a UN Security Council resolution that would have called on the LNA to end their advance on Tripoli stating that any such resolution should apply to all parties and not just the LNA in particular 370 371 On 9 April UNSMIL stated that the Libyan National Conference an upcoming peace conference in Ghadames which would have attempted to create a roadmap to new elections was postponed due to the fighting 372 The conference was previously scheduled for 14 16 April 373 Tunisia increased security on its border with Libya since the start of the offensive 374 On 10 April Tunisia fully closed the Ras Ajdir border crossing with Libya 375 On 19 April the White House announced that the U S president had spoken with Khalifa Haftar on Monday 15 April stating that Donald Trump recognized Field Marshal Haftar s significant role in fighting terrorism and securing Libya s oil resources 376 In a joint statement released on July 16 2019 France Britain Egypt the United Arab Emirates United States and Italy on 16 July called for an immediate end of hostilities around Tripoli and warned of attempts by terrorist groups to take advantage of the political void in Libya 377 On 2 January 2020 the Turkish Grand National Assembly voted 325 184 to send troops to help the GNA in Libya 378 See also editPortals nbsp Libya nbsp Current events Battle of Tripoli 2011 Battle of Benghazi 2014 2017 Notes editReferences edit a b c Libya Lurches Toward Battle for Capital as Sarraj Vows to Fight Bloomberg News 6 April 2019 a b c Haftar s forces claim air strike on Tripoli suburb as Libya crisis escalates France 24 7 April 2019 Retrieved 7 April 2019 a b Kirkpatrick David D 5 November 2019 Russian Snipers Missiles and Warplanes Try to Tilt Libyan War The New York Times a b Number of Russian mercenaries fighting for Haftar in Libya rises to 1400 report says 16 November 2019 Wherever Wagner goes destruction happens Libya s GNA slams Russian role in conflict Middle East Eye de Waal Alex 20 July 2019 Sudan crisis The ruthless mercenaries who run the country for gold BBC News Archived from the original on 21 July 2019 Retrieved 21 July 2019 a b c Tobruk MP claims terrorists from Turkey support Tripoli government against Haftar Uprising Today 6 July 2019 Archived from the original on 6 July 2019 Retrieved 6 July 2019 There are also reports that the Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya a pro Jamahiriya resistance organisation led by Saif al Islam al Gaddafi the son of Brotherly Leader Muammar al Gaddafi who was overthrown and murdered in 2011 is supporting the Tobruk based forces UN team UAE is developing its air base in eastern Libya Middle East Monitor 2 March 2018 Ganguly Manisha 6 November 2019 Foreign jet suspected in Libya migrant attack BBC News a b Haftar attacking Tripoli with Egyptian UAE and Saudi arms Libya General claims Middle East Monitor 6 April 2019 Retrieved 15 April 2019 a b Elumami Ahmed 15 April 2019 U N Libya envoy says Haftar made coup attempt with advance on Tripoli Reuters Retrieved 15 April 2019 a b Malsin Jared Said Summer 12 April 2019 Saudi Arabia Promised Support to Libyan Warlord in Push to Seize Tripoli Wall Street Journal Retrieved 15 April 2019 via www wsj com a b c Wintour Patrick 14 April 2019 Libya crisis Egypt s Sisi backs Haftar assault on Tripoli theguardian com Retrieved 14 April 2019 a b c Egypt s Sisi meets Libyan commander Haftar in Cairo presidency Reuters 14 April 2019 Retrieved 14 April 2019 Silverstein Richard Haftar Israeli secret aid to Libya s strongman reveals a new friend in Africa Middle East Eye Retrieved 26 February 2020 Libya s Haftar provided with Israeli military aid following UAE mediated meetings with Mossad agents The New Arab 24 July 2017 Retrieved 26 February 2020 Libya s Haftar had lengthy meeting with Israeli intelligence officer Middle East Monitor 3 July 2018 Retrieved 26 February 2020 Libya Flight data places mysterious planes in Haftar territory Al Jazeera Retrieved 26 February 2020 Bar el Zvi 13 April 2019 Analysis From Bouteflika to Bashir Powers Shift But the Second Arab Spring Is Far From Breaking Out Haaretz Retrieved 15 April 2019 Taylor Paul 17 April 2019 France s double game in Libya POLITICO Jordan arming Libya s Haftar with armored vehicles and weapons 23 May 2019 Benghazi based Libyan gov t sends first official delegation to Syria Al Masdar News 1 March 2020 Archived from the original on 2 March 2020 Retrieved 1 March 2020 The Iran Haftar links in Libya 17 July 2020 a b c Libya s western Air Force strikes Haftar s forces positioned in Mizda Sooq al Khamis Libyan Express 6 April 2019 Retrieved 6 April 2019 a b Fighting flares on outskirts of Tripoli BBC 6 April 2019 a b Haftar forces capture old Tripoli airport after clashes near Libyan capital Middle East Eye and agencies 5 April 2019 a b c d e Battle rages for Libya s capital airport bombed Reuters 9 April 2019 300 pro Turkey Syrian rebels sent to Libya to support UN backed gov t watchdog xinhuanet com Archived from the original on 29 December 2019 Turkey is set to send troops to Libya Turkey is set to send troops to Libya The Economist Bloomberg Libya Government Gets Arms Shipment as Tripoli Offensive Stalls bloomberg com 18 May 2019 Retrieved 19 May 2019 Haftar must win over militias to take Tripoli analysts 15 April 2019 Retrieved 15 April 2019 According to Sarraj s spokesperson General Mohammed Qnounou Italy provided satellite imagery of LNA movements to the GNA Sarraj satelliti italiani ci aiutano contro Haftar in Italian Arms Trade Bulletin January February 2020 IPIS Research 6 March 2020 Libya conflict GNA regains full control of Tripoli from Gen Haftar BBC News 4 June 2020 The recapture of the international airport in Tripoli long out of use is the strongest symbolic victory for the Libyan government so far reports the BBC s Arab affairs editor Sebastian Usher UN backed Libyan forces oust renegade general from Tripoli the Guardian 4 June 2020 Retrieved 4 June 2020 GNA vows to retake Libya s east after Sirte offensive www aljazeera com Retrieved 7 June 2020 Libya s PC denies negotiations with Haftar s forces demands UN fact finding mission Archived 21 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Libya Observer Published 21 April 2019 Violent Standoff in Tripoli Civilians Displaced Suffering Voice of America 2 May 2019 a b Celebrating the return of commander from Libya Al Hamza Division members open fire up in the air in Jendires triggering panic among people 15 June 2020 a b In Libya s anti Haftar bastion a resolve to fight hardens Reuters 20 June 2019 via www reuters com Russia makes brazen military intervention in Libyan conflict The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights 9 June 2020 Jason Burke Zeinab Mohammed Salih 24 December 2019 Mercenaries flock to Libya raising fears of prolonged war The Guardian Retrieved 15 January 2020 Lacher Wolfram 2019 Who is fighting whom in Tripoli How the 2019 civil war is transforming Libya s military landscape PDF Security Assessment in North Africa Briefing Paper Archived from the original PDF on 10 November 2019 Retrieved 11 November 2019 المرتزقة السوريون في ليبيا من الإذعان إلى العصيان هل كشف المقاتلون السوريون خداع الحكومة التركية لهم وتحقيق مصالحها في ليبيا 31 May 2020 Haftar forces fighter jet downed near Libya capital says unity government english alarabiya net 14 April 2019 Retrieved 15 April 2019 Sunday 5 April 2020 5 April 2020 Turkish backed forces seize Russian made Mi 35 chopper video Al Masdar Archived from the original on 7 June 2020 Retrieved 6 June 2020 Turkish fighters captured a Mi 35 combat helicopter Libyan War Claimed 25 Large military Drones in 2020 Defenseworld 2 July 2020 A Turkish drone destroyed another Pantsir S air defense missile defense system in Libya already the 20th Avia pro Retrieved 6 June 2020 A small price to pay for Tripoli Between 10 and 35 Russian mercenaries have been killed in the Libyan Civil War We identified several of them From Tripoli s front lines How Haftar recovered from the setback in Gharyan and what s next for the advancing LNA Libya s war First fighter of Russian backed Syrian mercenaries killed in Libya s battles and number of recruits jumps to 450 The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights 24 May 2020 نت العربية 27 December 2019 المسماري عشرات الجثث للميليشيات بطريق مطار طرابلس العربية نت 3 Mirage F1 1 2 3 Archived 22 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine 5 L 39 4 5 6 Archived 16 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine 7 1 Il 78 8 1 helicopter 9 2 TAI Anka 10 11 17 Bayraktars TB2 12 1 Bayraktar Mini 13 Archived 17 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine 1 IAI Harpy IAI Harop 14 Turkish involvement in Libya s war Turkey sends new 400 mercenaries to Libya and over 350 killed so far The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights 1 June 2020 LNA Says Turkish Battleship Strikes Area in Western Libya Asharq AL awsat Libya crisis Turkey keeps sending mercenaries to Libya 20 children among 331 Turkish backed fighters killed so far The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights 29 May 2020 Turkey says 2 Turkish soldiers killed in Libya 20 April 2021 Pro Haftar forces in Libya shoot down Italian drone Times of Malta 21 November 2019 a b Cenciotti David 23 November 2019 U S Drone Lost Over Tripoli The Day After Italy Lost a Predator B in Libya New Jamming Capability Deployed a b c d Libyan warlord Haftar leaves Moscow without signing ceasefire deal The Guardian 14 January 2020 ONE YEAR OF DESTRUCTIVE WAR IN LIBYA UNSMIL RENEWS CALLS FOR IMMEDIATE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES AND UNITY TO COMBAT COVID 19Negotiated Solution in Libya Crucial as Foreign Interference Grows Thousands Flee Homes Secretary General Warns Security Council Stressing Time Not on Our Side a b Step back in the time Italian Military Radar 19 May 2020 Retrieved 19 May 2019 a b Libya s GNA Air Force destroys Haftar s defenses at Al Jufra airbase 6 UAE soldiers killed 13 September 2019 a b Six UAE soldiers killed in operations field accident State media Middle East Eye a b Six UAE servicemen killed in Yemen road accident Reuters 13 September 2019 via www reuters com Eastern forces quit Libyan capital after year long assault Reuters 4 June 2020 Retrieved 4 June 2020 a b Khalifa Haftar Libya s strongest warlord makes a push for Tripoli The Economist 5 April 2019 ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved 5 April 2019 a b c d Zaptia Sami 9 April 2019 UNSMIL postpones Ghadames National Conference until conditions are right Libya Herald Archived from the original on 11 April 2019 Retrieved 9 April 2019 a b Libya holds municipal elections in first vote for five years Middle East Monitor 31 March 2019 Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 Retrieved 20 April 2019 a b c Libya Threat of Tripoli Fighting Raises Atrocity Concerns Hiftar s Forces Rival Militias Have History of Abuses Human Rights Watch 6 April 2019 Archived from the original on 9 April 2019 Retrieved 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of Jurists 2016 Archived PDF from the original on 17 October 2016 Retrieved 14 October 2019 Zaptia Sami 7 October 2019 After new elections members of Libya s Supreme Judiciary Council hold first meeting in Tripoli Libya Herald Archived from the original on 13 October 2019 Retrieved 13 October 2019 UNSMIL congratulates the newly elected members of the Supreme Judicial Council in Libya UNSMIL 10 July 2019 Archived from the original on 14 October 2019 Retrieved 14 October 2019 Patrick Wintour 21 March 2019 UN Libya envoy hopes reconciliation talks will bring stability The Guardian Abdulkader Assad 4 April 2019 Khalifa Haftar declares war on Tripoli The Libya Observer Archived from the original on 5 April 2019 Retrieved 5 April 2019 Libya declares mobilisation to face Haftar s forces Middle East Monitor 4 April 2019 Alexander Morgan Matthew Holroyd 5 April 2019 Tensions flare in Libya as eastern Libyan commander orders forces to move on Tripoli Euronews PC President forms joint military 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Hifter The New York Times Tripoli s only functional airport hit by air raid as clashes rage Al Jazeera 9 April 2019 Ulf Laessing 10 May 2019 Snatched selfies along Libya s frontline point to long war Reuters Haftar launches missiles on Tripoli US withdraws General news ANSAMed 8 April 2019 Archived from the original on 8 April 2019 Retrieved 8 April 2019 UN backed Libya gov t jets strike Haftar s airbase aa com tr Retrieved 8 April 2019 Assad Abdulkader 8 April 2019 UNSMIL says still working in Tripoli as France denies supporting Haftar s war The Libya Observer Archived from the original on 12 April 2019 Retrieved 9 April 2019 French President telephones Sarraj after alleged link of his country in Tripoli war The Libya Observer 9 April 2019 Archived from the original on 9 April 2019 Retrieved 9 April 2019 Observer The Libya 10 April 2019 Libya Air Force conducts airstrikes on military targets for eastern invaders of warlord Khalifa Haftar in the mountain city of Gharyan Lyobserver Retrieved 10 April 2019 الآن ليبيا 10 April 2019 ليبيا الآن الجيش الوطني يسيطر على معسكر اللواء الرابع أعلنت شعبة الإعلام الحربي التابعة للقيادة العامة للجيش الوطني أن القوات المسلحة سيطرت على معسكر اللواء الرابع بمنطقة العزيزية بعد معارك شرسة واشتباكات عنيفة دارت في المناطق المحيطة بالمعسكر pic twitter com zTgWTrE2Of libyaalaan in Arabic Retrieved 10 April 2019 اللاجئين مفوضية 10 April 2019 وسط المواجهات الجارية في ليبيا المفوضية تنقل لاجئين محتجزين إلى مناطق آمنة UNHCR Arabic in Arabic Retrieved 10 April 2019 El Gasir Ahmed 10 April 2019 Update on the Ain Zara detention center The women were transfered sic to Sekah Road detention center Approx 120 migrants were left behind They are still in the center as seen in this photo which is taken this morning Libya Tripoli ICRC lby UNHCRLibya IntlCrimCourtpic twitter com eQrlhBQ85O amelgasir Retrieved 10 April 2019 عربية الآن سكاي نيوز 10 April 2019 غارة جوية للجيش الليبي على تجمع للميليشيات بمحيط مطار طرابلس SkyNewsArabia B in Arabic Retrieved 10 April 2019 عربية الآن سكاي نيوز 10 April 2019 المسماري بعد السيطرة على اليرموك المعركة الآن تدور حول معسكر الدبالي SkyNewsArabia B in Arabic Retrieved 10 April 2019 عاجل العين الإخبارية 10 April 2019 عاجل المتحدث باسم الجيش الليبي مطار طرابلس الدولي تحت سيطرتنا وقبضنا على مرتزقة أفارقة ليبيا AlainBRK in Arabic Retrieved 10 April 2019 ليبيا قناة 10 April 2019 عاجل شعبة الإعلام الحربي القوات المسلحة تسقط طائرة حربية انطلقت من قاعدة مصراتة الجوية باتجاه طرابلس قناة ليبياpic twitter com QjT8BOOgRZ LibyasChannel in Arabic Retrieved 10 April 2019 218TV 10 April 2019 عاجل اللواء أحمد المسماري الطائرة التي أسقطناها اليوم نوع L39 خرجت من كلية مصراتة الجوية 218TV 218Tv in Arabic Retrieved 10 April 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Observer The Libya 11 April 2019 Chief of Tripoli Military Zone Major General Abdul Basit Marwan says warlord Khalifa Haftar s armed groups are shelling southern Tripoli areas with BM 21 Grad rockets in an attempt to drive Libya Army forces backpic twitter com YS1tCStxX7 Lyobserver Retrieved 11 April 2019 Observer The Libya 11 April 2019 Breaking News Libya Air Force conducts airstrikes on targets for warlord Khalifa Haftar s armed groups in Souq Khamies town in south Tripoli and in Tarhuna citypic twitter com DyrZ30wZKe Lyobserver Retrieved 11 April 2019 Observer The Libya 11 April 2019 Air force of eastern armed groups conducts an airstrike on Ein Zara region in southern Tripoli in a bid to push Libya Army forces backpic twitter com bArS6ILZRo Lyobserver Retrieved 11 April 2019 National Accord Government regains control of four sites in Tripoli Haftar promises surprise Middle East Monitor 11 April 2019 Retrieved 11 April 2019 ليبيا عين 11 April 2019 عاجل الكتيبة الثامنة التابعة لقوات حفتر تسلم نفسها بعتادها سلمي ا لقوات الجيش الليبي التابع لـ حكومة الوفاق في محور عين زارة وادي الربيع بعد التفاوض إثر انقطاع الإمدادات والوقود عنها منذ الأمس عين ليبياpic twitter com AnCHLOW4fK EanLibya in Arabic Retrieved 12 April 2019 الأحرار Libya Alahrar TV قناة ليبيا 11 April 2019 شاهد قتلى في قصف لقوات حفتر على منازل بمنطقة السواني الحرب على طرابلسpic twitter com 4DyuD5WhTx libyaalahrartv in Arabic Retrieved 12 April 2019 Fitzgerald Mary 11 April 2019 Spokesman for Haftar s LNA forces announces arrest warrant has been issued for head of UN backed internationally recognized Government of National Accord GNA in Tripoli plus GNA aligned military officers Haftar s camp ups the ante Libya MaryFitzger Retrieved 12 April 2019 الأحرار Libya Alahrar TV قناة ليبيا 12 April 2019 عاجل طيران حفتر يقصف معسكر عبدالصمد جنوب زوارة وإصابة شخص بجروح طفيفة الحرب على طرابلس libyaalahrartv in Arabic Retrieved 12 April 2019 Fighting echoes through Tripoli as thousands continue to flee aljazeera com Retrieved 12 April 2019 Clashes Reach Tripoli Suburbs as Islamists Rally for Support Asharq AL awsat Retrieved 12 April 2019 الأوسط صحيفة الشرق 12 April 2019 عاجل من ليبيا طيران الجيش الوطني ينفذ غارات جوية في محور وادي الربيع جنوب طرابلس aawsat News in Arabic Retrieved 12 April 2019 عربية الآن سكاي نيوز 12 April 2019 مصادرنا سلاح الجو التابع للجيش الوطني الليبي يقصف معسكرا تابعا للميليشيات في منطقة تاجوراء شمال شرقي طرابلس SkyNewsArabia B in Arabic Retrieved 12 April 2019 عاجل العين الإخبارية 12 April 2019 عاجل طيران الجيش الليبي يدمر مخزن لأسلحة ميليشيات طرابلس في تاجوراء شمال شرقي العاصمة ليبيا AlainBRK in Arabic Retrieved 12 April 2019 أونلاين الخليج 12 April 2019 ورد الآن الأناضول طيران تابع لقوات حفتر يقصف مجددا مطار معيتيقة الدولي في طرابلس AlkhaleejOnline in Arabic Retrieved 12 April 2019 بانوراما ليبيا 12 April 2019 عاجل إعلام مطار معيتيقة لبانوراما المطار لم يتعرض للقصف وطلقات المضادات الأرضية كانت احترازية بعد رصد طائرة حربية في الأجواءpic twitter com 0ZomXepYQg lpc ly in Arabic Retrieved 12 April 2019 عاجل العين الإخبارية 12 April 2019 عاجل مصدر عسكري ليبي مليشيات مصراتة تقصف منازل المدنيين في ضواحي طرابلس ليبيا AlainBRK in Arabic Retrieved 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Mohamed 14 April 2019 LNA now in progress on two axes the first north towards the center of the capital and the island of Farnaj and the military college and the area of Salah al Din and this front is the most active if we add the front of Tripoli airport Mansourtalk Retrieved 14 April 2019 Mansour Mohamed 14 April 2019 As for Souq AlAhad front Sunday B LNA was able to regain control of Yarmouk camp and other camps in the area of Khallet al Furjan including the artillery camp the next goal is to reach the Green Plateau and enter directly into the heart of the capital Mansourtalk Retrieved 14 April 2019 Mansour Mohamed 14 April 2019 LNA have made important progress on this road and have taken control of the Spring Valley Bridge also there is a movements from southwestern axis of Qora Booli E Mansourtalk Retrieved 14 April 2019 Eastern Libya parliament says forces will push on in Tripoli offensive France 24 14 April 2019 Retrieved 14 April 2019 You Missed This There Is a Strange Air War Raging Over Libya National Interest 20 April 2019 As Haftar meets Sisi GNA forces shoot down LNA fighter jet Retrieved 14 April 2019 عاجل العين الإخبارية 14 April 2019 عاجل المتحدث باسم الجيش الليبي سقوط طائرة تتبع قواتنا بصاروخ في ضواحي طرابلس والطيار بصحة جيدة AlainBRK in Arabic Retrieved 14 April 2019 عاجل العين الإخبارية 14 April 2019 عاجل المتحدث باسم الجيش الليبي قائد مليشيا في طرابلس يخطط لنقل أكثر من 350 مرتزق إلى العاصمة AlainBRK in Arabic Retrieved 14 April 2019 We are in a fire Libya s detained refugees trapped by conflict aljazeera com Retrieved 14 April 2019 Observer The Libya 15 April 2019 Heavy clashes in Ain Zara district south of Tripoli between Libya Army units and armed groups of warlord Khalifa Haftarpic twitter com OFJJKRmxj7 Lyobserver Retrieved 15 April 2019 LNA new reinforcements arrive in Gharian to participate in Tripoli liberation The Libyan Address Journal 15 April 2019 Archived from the original on 15 April 2019 Retrieved 15 April 2019 U N Libya envoy says 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medical post in Qasr Bin Ghashir Southern Tripolipic twitter com Sfxdgc8kp3 Mansourtalk Retrieved 17 April 2019 Abdalgawad Anis 17 April 2019 طرابلس تعرض مصحة العافية والمنازل المحيطة بها جنوب قصر بن غشير لعدة قدائف عشوائية ادت الي اصابة سيارات الاسعاف والمولدات ومحيط المصحةpic twitter com Jf8wZ4SNAl AnisAbdalgawad in Arabic Retrieved 17 April 2019 Mansour Mohamed 17 April 2019 LNA units 50 km Eastern Sirtepic twitter com CIZZN6EtoC Mansourtalk Retrieved 17 April 2019 Mansour Mohamed 17 April 2019 Aftermath of GNA air force raids on Wadi AlRabea Southern Tripolipic twitter com OeTPcsgcv9 Mansourtalk Retrieved 17 April 2019 Mansour Mohamed 17 April 2019 Reinforcements of LNA 201st Battalion in Tripoli Libyapic twitter com q934WZiQHJ Mansourtalk Retrieved 17 April 2019 م قاتلات الجيش تستهدف مواقع بمنطقة الساعدية قناة 218 in Arabic 18 April 2019 Retrieved 18 April 2019 الأحرار Libya Alahrar TV قناة ليبيا 17 April 2019 عاجل مراسل الأحرار غارة جوية على تمركزات قوات الوفاق في وادي الربيع 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2019 Retrieved 8 May 2019 Tripoli based military spokesperson says downed warplane does not belong to Libyan Air Force The Libya Observer 8 May 2019 Archived from the original on 8 May 2019 Retrieved 8 May 2019 Libye l ONU condamne une attaque contre une ambulance a Tripoli Libya the UN condemns an attack against an ambulance in Tripoli in French ONU Info United Nations 9 May 2019 Archived from the original on 11 May 2019 Retrieved 11 May 2019 15 dead link Libia brigata Al Sumud a Nova nessun accordo con il criminale di guerra Haftar Libya Al Sumud to Nova brigade no agreement with Haftar war criminal agenzianova com in Italian 10 May 2019 Retrieved 14 May 2019 a b c LNA Advances on Tripoli Opens New Front in Sirte Asharq AL awsat a b c Libyan Air Force targets Haftar s forces in Tripoli Airport and Gharyan positions 13 May 2019 Letter dated 29 November 2019 from the Panel of Experts onLibya established pursuant to resolution 1973 2011 addressed to the President of the Security Council PDF United Nations Security Council 9 December 2019 p 32 The Panel is aware that two Bayraktar TB2 UCAVs were destroyed by HAF air strikes against the Misrata air academy on 6 and 7 June 2019 with a third shot down by HAF on 30 June 2019 but combat losses have reportedly been much higher a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a External link in code class cs1 code quote code help Libya Drone test laboratory for a new type of air warfare Air amp Cosmos International 15 November 2019 Retrieved 18 March 2021 a b c d Abdulkader Assad 13 June 2019 Libya Air Force aircraft crashes pilot killed as Haftar s forces claim the shoot down The Libya Observer Archived from the original on 16 June 2019 Retrieved 14 June 2019 Haftar s forces shoot down helicopter killing pilot in western Libya The New Arab 13 June 2020 a b editor Patrick Wintour Diplomatic 27 June 2019 Libyan government forces capture key town from warlord The Guardian via www theguardian com a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a last has generic name help Big loss Libya s UN recognised government retakes key town aljazeera com ASN Wikibase Occurrence 226717 1 July 2019 Letter dated 29 November 2019 from the Panel of Experts onLibya established pursuant to resolution 1973 2011 addressed to the President of the Security Council PDF United Nations Security Council 9 December 2019 p 32 The Panel is aware that two Bayraktar TB2 UCAVs were destroyed by HAF air strikes against the Misrata air academy on 6 and 7 June 2019 with a third shot down by HAF on 30 June 2019 but combat losses have reportedly been much higher a b c Libya migrants fired on after fleeing attack BBC 4 July 2019 Archived from the original on 5 July 2019 Retrieved 12 July 2019 LNA forces claim downing of Libya L 39 Albatross jet 5 July 2019 Haftar forces shoot down unity government plane Arab News 5 July 2019 Lister Tim Bashir Nada 20 July 2019 She s one of the most prominent female politicians in her country A few days ago she was abducted from her house CNN Archived from the original on 22 July 2019 Retrieved 22 July 2019 Givetash Linda 22 July 2019 American family of kidnapped Libyan politician pleads for her return NBC Archived from the original on 23 July 2019 Retrieved 23 July 2019 Lynch Justin 5 June 2019 Remember The Darfur Genocide With Saudi Help One of the Killer Commanders There Is Taking Over Sudan The Daily Beast Archived from the original on 9 April 2020 Retrieved 8 June 2019 1 000 Sudanese militiamen arrive in Libya Radio Dabanga 25 July 2019 Archived from the original on 26 July 2019 Retrieved 26 July 2019 Libya s deadly game of drones 19 March 2020 On July 25 several Bayraktars were used to attack and subsequently destroy two Ilyushin Il 76 military transport aircraft operated by Ukraine s Air Europe airfreight company at Al Jufra Air Base A hangar was also destroyed at the base which was being used as a key staging post for supporters of General Haftar s LNA a 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February 2020 Near verbatim transcript of the press stakeout by Ghassan Salame Special Representative of the Secretary General and Head of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya UNSMIL 18 February 2020 Archived from the original on 21 February 2020 Retrieved 21 February 2020 a b c Jason Burke Patrick Wintour 11 March 2020 Suspected military supplies pour into Libya as UN flounders Guardian a b VIDEO Two GNA drones shot down in Tripoli Italian Military Radar 26 February 2020 Libyan Army shoots down Turkish aircraft in southern Tripoli Al Masdar News Archived from the original on 6 October 2021 Retrieved 28 March 2021 Assad Abdulkader 26 February 2020 UNSMIL kicks off political talks in Geneva despite boycott of major Libyan lawmakers The Libya Observer Archived from the original on 27 February 2020 Retrieved 27 February 2020 UNSMIL political track talks to go ahead despite pullout by Tobruk HoR and Tripoli State Council a, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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