authorizes "all necessary measures [...] to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including Benghazi, while excluding a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan territory";
strengthens the arms embargo and particularly action against mercenaries, by allowing for forcible inspections of ships and planes;
imposes a ban on all Libyan-designated flights;
imposes an asset freeze on assets owned by the Libyan authorities, and reaffirms that such assets should be used for the benefit of the Libyan people;
* Permanent members of the Security Council are in bold.
Permanent members China and Russia had reservations about the no-fly zone, including the practicalities of enforcing such a zone and concerns about the use of force when other means had not been exhausted, but had noted requests by the Arab League and the "special situation" in Libya and therefore abstained.[5][6] African members of the Security Council condemned the actions of the Libyan regime and supported the text.[7]
The following day, Chancellor Angela Merkel said that Germany would not take part in the military operation, but added: "We unreservedly share the aims of this resolution. Our abstention should not be confused with neutrality."[8] However, her foreign minister Guido Westerwelle had publicly stated his opposition to the resolution.[9]
India abstained because it perceived the resolution as being based on uncertain information (lack of "credible information on the situation on the ground in Libya") and as being too open-ended (lacking "clarity about details of enforcement measures, including who and with what assets will participate and how these measures will be exactly carried out").[10]
Brazil too abstained noting the fundamental contradiction in using force to achieve an "immediate end to violence and the protection of civilians". They believed that the use of force "may have the unintended effect of exacerbating tensions on the ground and causing more harm than good to the very same civilians we are committed to protecting". The Brazilian Ambassador Mrs. Viotti further observed that "...an important aspect of the popular movement in North Africa and the Middle East is their spontaneous, homegrown nature. We are also concerned about the possibility that the use of military force, as called for in paragraph 4 of today's resolution, could change that narrative in ways that may have serious repercussions for the situation in Libya and beyond."[10]
Libyan response
On 18 March, Muammar Gaddafi's government announced that they would comply with the resolution and implement a ceasefire.[11] However, it quickly became clear that no ceasefire had in fact been implemented.[12]
Libyan opposition forces in Benghazi cheered and fired guns and fireworks into the air as the resolution was adopted.[13] A few hours before issuing the resolution, Gaddafi warned the opposition with a speech saying, "We are coming tonight, and there will be no mercy".[14]
Military intervention in Libya began on 19 March, as fighter jets of the French Air Force destroyed several pro-Gaddafi vehicles advancing on rebel stronghold Benghazi. U.S. and British submarines then fired over 110 Tomahawkcruise missiles at targets throughout Libya, severely disabling the regime's air defense capability and allowing a wider enforcement of the no-fly zone to begin. A coalition of 10 states from Europe and the Middle East initially participated in the intervention, later expanding to 17. On 31 March, NATO assumed command of the operation. The intervention succeeded in preventing pro-Gaddafi forces from capturing Benghazi.[15]
On 24 August, it was acknowledged for the first time that special forces troops from Britain,[16] Italy, France, Jordan, Qatar,[17] and the UAE[17] had intervened on the ground in Libyan territory, stepping up operations in Tripoli and other cities.[18] This has been questioned as a possible violation of Resolution 1973[19] although the use of special forces is not prohibited by the resolution.
united, nations, security, council, resolution, 1973, resolution, 1973, adopted, united, nations, security, council, march, 2011, response, first, libyan, civil, resolution, formed, legal, basis, military, intervention, libyan, civil, demanding, immediate, cea. Resolution 1973 was adopted by the United Nations Security Council on 17 March 2011 in response to the First Libyan Civil War The resolution formed the legal basis for military intervention in the Libyan Civil War demanding an immediate ceasefire and authorizing the international community to establish a no fly zone and to use all means necessary short of foreign occupation to protect civilians 1 UN Security CouncilResolution 1973 States enforcing no fly zone LibyaDate17 March 2011Meeting no 6 498CodeS RES 1973 Document SubjectLibyan Civil WarVoting summary10 voted forNone voted against5 abstainedResultAdoptedSecurity Council compositionPermanent members China France Russia United Kingdom United StatesNon permanent members Bosnia Herzegovina Brazil Colombia Germany Gabon India Lebanon Nigeria Portugal South Africa 1972 Lists of resolutions 1974 The Security Council resolution was proposed by France Lebanon and the United Kingdom 2 3 Ten Security Council members voted in the affirmative Bosnia and Herzegovina Colombia Gabon Lebanon Nigeria Portugal South Africa and permanent members France the United Kingdom and the United States Five Brazil Germany and India and permanent members China and Russia abstained with none opposed 4 Contents 1 Resolution 1 1 Key points 2 Voting 3 Libyan response 4 Implementation 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksResolution EditKey points Edit The resolution adopted under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter demands the immediate establishment of a ceasefire and a complete end to violence and all attacks against and abuses of civilians imposes a no fly zone over Libya authorizes all necessary measures to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya including Benghazi while excluding a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan territory strengthens the arms embargo and particularly action against mercenaries by allowing for forcible inspections of ships and planes imposes a ban on all Libyan designated flights imposes an asset freeze on assets owned by the Libyan authorities and reaffirms that such assets should be used for the benefit of the Libyan people extends the travel ban and assets freeze of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 to a number of additional individuals and Libyan entities establishes a panel of experts to monitor and promote sanctions implementation Voting EditApproved 10 Abstained 5 Opposed 0 Bosnia and Herzegovina Colombia France Gabon Lebanon Nigeria Portugal South Africa United Kingdom United States Brazil China Germany India Russian Federation Permanent members of the Security Council are in bold Permanent members China and Russia had reservations about the no fly zone including the practicalities of enforcing such a zone and concerns about the use of force when other means had not been exhausted but had noted requests by the Arab League and the special situation in Libya and therefore abstained 5 6 African members of the Security Council condemned the actions of the Libyan regime and supported the text 7 The following day Chancellor Angela Merkel said that Germany would not take part in the military operation but added We unreservedly share the aims of this resolution Our abstention should not be confused with neutrality 8 However her foreign minister Guido Westerwelle had publicly stated his opposition to the resolution 9 India abstained because it perceived the resolution as being based on uncertain information lack of credible information on the situation on the ground in Libya and as being too open ended lacking clarity about details of enforcement measures including who and with what assets will participate and how these measures will be exactly carried out 10 Brazil too abstained noting the fundamental contradiction in using force to achieve an immediate end to violence and the protection of civilians They believed that the use of force may have the unintended effect of exacerbating tensions on the ground and causing more harm than good to the very same civilians we are committed to protecting The Brazilian Ambassador Mrs Viotti further observed that an important aspect of the popular movement in North Africa and the Middle East is their spontaneous homegrown nature We are also concerned about the possibility that the use of military force as called for in paragraph 4 of today s resolution could change that narrative in ways that may have serious repercussions for the situation in Libya and beyond 10 Libyan response EditOn 18 March Muammar Gaddafi s government announced that they would comply with the resolution and implement a ceasefire 11 However it quickly became clear that no ceasefire had in fact been implemented 12 Libyan opposition forces in Benghazi cheered and fired guns and fireworks into the air as the resolution was adopted 13 A few hours before issuing the resolution Gaddafi warned the opposition with a speech saying We are coming tonight and there will be no mercy 14 Implementation EditSee also 2011 military intervention in Libya source source US Air Force Lockheed EC 130J aircraft broadcasts a naval blockade warning message to Libyan ports during Operation Odyssey Dawn on 20 March 2011 Military intervention in Libya began on 19 March as fighter jets of the French Air Force destroyed several pro Gaddafi vehicles advancing on rebel stronghold Benghazi U S and British submarines then fired over 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles at targets throughout Libya severely disabling the regime s air defense capability and allowing a wider enforcement of the no fly zone to begin A coalition of 10 states from Europe and the Middle East initially participated in the intervention later expanding to 17 On 31 March NATO assumed command of the operation The intervention succeeded in preventing pro Gaddafi forces from capturing Benghazi 15 On 24 August it was acknowledged for the first time that special forces troops from Britain 16 Italy France Jordan Qatar 17 and the UAE 17 had intervened on the ground in Libyan territory stepping up operations in Tripoli and other cities 18 This has been questioned as a possible violation of Resolution 1973 19 although the use of special forces is not prohibited by the resolution See also EditForeign relations of Libya List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1901 to 2000 2009 2011 Responsibility to protect United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970References Edit Roth Richard 18 March 2011 U N Security Council approve no fly zone in Libya CNN Security Council authorizes all necessary measures to protect civilians in Libya United Nations News Centre 17 March 2011 Libya UN backs action against Colonel Gaddafi BBC News 18 March 2011 Libya Nigeria votes in favour of no fly resolution Vanguard Nigeria 18 March 2011 China opposed UN resolution on Libya The Times of India 18 March 2011 Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 UN Security Council adopts resolution on Libya RIA Novosti 18 March 2011 Africa defies AU chief s support for Ghaddafi Afrol News 18 March 2011 BBC retrieved 18 March 2011 Germany won t send forces to Libya foreign minister declares The Guardian 17 March 2011 a b UNSC 6498th Meeting UNSC 17 March 2011 pp 5 6 Libya declares ceasefire New Statesman Gadhafi blasts crusader aggression after strikes NBC News Retrieved 22 October 2011 UN backs action against Colonel Gaddafi BBC News 18 March 2011 Retrieved 22 October 2011 Tharoor Ishaan 17 March 2011 Gaddafi Warns Benghazi Rebels We Are Coming And There ll Be No Mercy Time Retrieved 16 September 2016 1 Archived 23 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine Thomas Harding Gordon Rayner and Damien McElroy Libya SAS leads hunt for Gaddafi 24 August 2011 a b Hunt is on for safe houses where dictator can lie low News Evening Standard Barbara Starr Foreign forces in Libya helping rebel forces advance 24 August 2011 George Grant Special Forces in Libya A Breach of UNSCR 1973 25 August 2011External links Edit Wikinews has related news UN Security Council approves Libya no fly zone Works related to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 at Wikisource Text of the Resolution at undocs org UN Security Council Resolution 1973 2011 on Libya full text The Guardian UN Security Council s Press Release on Resolution 1973 2011 accessed 2011 03 19 Analysis of resolution BBC News Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 amp oldid 1123964156, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
