Gharyan
Gharyan is a city in northwestern Libya, in Jabal al Gharbi District, located 80 km south of Tripoli.[3] Prior to 2007, it was the administrative seat of Gharyan District. Gharyan is one of the largest towns in the Western Mountains.
Gharyan غريان Gharian, Garyan | |
|---|---|
City | |
Gharyan Location in Libya | |
| Coordinates: 32°10′11″N 13°01′00″E / 32.16972°N 13.01667°ECoordinates: 32°10′11″N 13°01′00″E / 32.16972°N 13.01667°E | |
| Country | Libya |
| Region | Tripolitania |
| District | Jabal al Gharbi |
| Elevation | 710 m (2,330 ft) |
| Population (2011)[2] | |
| • Total | 187,854 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| License Plate Code | 21 |
In 2005, the population of Gharyan was estimated at 170,000.[4]
History
Gharyan was on the trade routes both south to Fezzan and over the Nafusa Mountains. By 1884 the Ottomans had established a mayor and town council in Gharyan.[5]
It was considered the center of Libyan resistance against the Italian invasion in the early 20th century.
2011 Libyan Civil War
In early 2011, the city became involved in the nationwide anti-Gaddafi uprising. Initially successful, on 2 March, government forces retook it.[6]
In April, rebels succeeded in occupying several nearby towns and establishing a second territory on the focal town and the first town demonstrate their will against regime on the 16 Feb. ZENTAIN Libya besides Misrata that is no longer under the control of the Gaddafi forces, but as of late June the rebels had still failed to take Gharyan.[7] On 13 August 2011, the rebel forces in Libya initiated a new battle for control of the city and were in control within two days.[8]
Second Libyan Civil War
On April 4, 2019, the city fell to forces loyal to Tobruk-based General Khalifa Haftar as part of a wider Libyan National Army (LNA) offensive in western Libya.[9] In late June, the city was recaptured from the LNA in a counteroffensive by forces of the Tripoli-based Government of National Accord, aided in their efforts by collaborating citizens of the city mobilizing against the LNA forces.[10] The LNA restarted the offensive in June 2020.
Lady of Gharyan
Just west of Gharyan, there is a primitive road to the right, which provides a bumpy trip to a derelict former Italian barracks, a relic of World War II.
There is a crumbling building at the camp. Painted on the bricks of one of the walls inside the building is an enormous (c.4m by 10m) representation of a naked woman, lying on her side, American pin-up style.[11] The upper torso of the woman is shaped as an inaccurate representation of the North Africa coast, and the salient points of her anatomy are marked with names of North African towns.
The "Lady of Garian" was drawn by Clifford Saber,[12] a volunteer American ambulance driver with the British 8th Army. Saber created the mural to help boost the morale of his fellow servicemen, finishing on 2 March 1943, while his unit was housed for a few days at the barracks in Gharyan.
Climate
Gharyan experiences a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh), with blazing summers and cool winters; its winters being one of the coldest in Libya. Due to its winter months being relatively 5º degrees colder than Tripoli, the locality sees a cooler variation of said climate, though its higher elevation also meant that the town gets a dozen millimetres more precipitation then Libya's capital city.
| Climate data for Gharyan, Libya (1913-1953) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.0 (71.6) | 28.7 (83.7) | 32.4 (90.3) | 35.8 (96.4) | 41.5 (106.7) | 40.8 (105.4) | 44.8 (112.6) | 44.0 (111.2) | 41.2 (106.2) | 42.1 (107.8) | 30.1 (86.2) | 23.6 (74.5) | 44.8 (112.6) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 11.9 (53.4) | 14.2 (57.6) | 17.8 (64.0) | 23.0 (73.4) | 27.0 (80.6) | 31.7 (89.1) | 33.1 (91.6) | 33.0 (91.4) | 30.1 (86.2) | 25.5 (77.9) | 19.1 (66.4) | 13.7 (56.7) | 23.3 (74.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) | 10.2 (50.4) | 13.0 (55.4) | 16.9 (62.4) | 20.6 (69.1) | 25.2 (77.4) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.8 (80.2) | 24.2 (75.6) | 20.5 (68.9) | 14.9 (58.8) | 10.3 (50.5) | 18.1 (64.7) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) | 6.2 (43.2) | 8.2 (46.8) | 10.9 (51.6) | 14.3 (57.7) | 18.6 (65.5) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.7 (69.3) | 18.4 (65.1) | 15.5 (59.9) | 10.7 (51.3) | 6.8 (44.2) | 12.9 (55.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −6.6 (20.1) | 0.5 (32.9) | 1.1 (34.0) | 2.4 (36.3) | 6.4 (43.5) | 9.3 (48.7) | 12.1 (53.8) | 9.8 (49.6) | 11.2 (52.2) | 6.8 (44.2) | 5.8 (42.4) | 1.0 (33.8) | −6.6 (20.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 72.5 (2.85) | 50.8 (2.00) | 39.7 (1.56) | 15.6 (0.61) | 7.1 (0.28) | 2.1 (0.08) | 0.5 (0.02) | 0.7 (0.03) | 11.1 (0.44) | 22.1 (0.87) | 39.0 (1.54) | 54.1 (2.13) | 315.4 (12.42) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.2 | 4.6 | 5.6 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 41.8 |
| Source 1: KNMI[13][14][15] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (extremes and precipitation days 1932-1936)[16] | |||||||||||||
Transport
In the 1920s, the Italians built a 90 kilometres (56 mi) long railway between Tripoli and a village near Gharyan that was destroyed by the British during World War II.[17]
Economy
Thanks to its mountainous climate (considerably more moderate compared to the rest of Libya), figs are grown for local consumption, with olives and saffron,[5] for both local use and export. Gharyan is also well known for its ceramics industry.
Libyan olive oil companies from Gharyan won silver and bronze prizes in 2020 EVO IOOC Italy International Olive Oil Contest in Palmi, Athena 2020 International Olive Oil Competition in Lesbos,[18] and 2021 Berlin GOOA.[19]
See also
Notes
- ^ "Wolfram Alpha". Retrieved 12 October 2011.
- ^ World Gazetteer. "Libya: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ "Gharyān | Libya". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
- ^ "Gharyan - LookLex Encyclopaedia". looklex.com. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
- ^ a b Anderson, Lisa (1984). "Nineteenth-Century Reform in Ottoman Libya". International Journal of Middle East Studies (16(3)): 325–348, 331.
- ^ "Battle rages over Libyan oil port". Al Jazeera. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (25 June 2011). "Western Libya Earns a Taste of Freedom as Rebels Loosen Qaddafi's Grip". The New York Times. Rogeban, Libya. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ . Reuters Africa. Reuters. 18 August 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ Libyan strongman orders troops to march on Tripoli
- ^ "'Big loss': Libya's UN-recognised government retakes key town". Al Jazeera. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ Clifford Saber's history and portfolio is at "Sketchbook of a Desert Rat" 2010-12-19 at the Wayback Machine, American Field Service
- ^ "Time series: monthly GASR GARIAN GHCN v3 maximum temperature (all)". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
- ^ "Time series: monthly GASR GARIAN GHCN v3 minimum temperature (all)". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
- ^ "Time series: monthly GHARIAN GHCN v2 precipitation (all)". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
- ^ "Italian Colonies Climatological Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
- ^ Le ferrovie nell'Africa italiana: aspetti economici, sociali e strategici (in Italian) July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Libyan national wins olive oil prize in Italy". Libya Observer. 25 July 2020.
- ^ "Libyan olive oils win prizes at Berlin awards – plans to increase production". Libya Herald. 6 May 2021.
External links
Media related to Gharyan at Wikimedia Commons