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ZPU

October 22, 2023

For the ZPU microprocessor, see ZPU (microprocessor).

The ZPU (Russian: ЗПУ; зенитная пулемётная установка, romanized: zenitnaya pulemotnaya ustanovka, meaning "anti-aircraft machine gun mount") is a family of towed anti-aircraft guns based on the Soviet 14.5×114mm KPV heavy machine gun. It entered service with the Soviet Union in 1949 and is used by over 50 countries worldwide.

ZPU anti-aircraft gun
ZPU-2
TypeAnti-aircraft gun
Heavy machine gun
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1949–present
Used bySee Operators for users
WarsSee Wars for wars
Production history
ManufacturerZpu
VariantsZPU-1, ZPU-2, ZPU-4
Specifications
Shell14.5x114mm
Caliber14.5 mm
Barrels1-4
ActionShort recoil operation
Effective firing range1.4 km (0.87 mi)
Maximum firing range8 km (5.0 mi)
Feed system150 round belt each

Quadruple-barreled (ZPU-4), double-barreled (ZPU-2 and ZU-2), and single-barreled (ZPU-1) versions of the weapon exist.

Precursor Edit

The first dedicated Soviet mount for anti-aircraft machine guns was developed around 1928 by Fedor Tokarev and was adopted for service in 1931. It was a base for mounting up to four 7.62 mm PM M1910 (Russian Maxim) guns. This was also called a ZPU, although the name М-4 was also assigned to it. It served the Soviet armed forces in all major conflicts until 1945.[1] 12.7 mm DShK 1938 was used an anti-aircraft weapon it was mounted on pintle and tripod mounts, and on a triple mount on the GAZ-AA truck. Late in the war, it was mounted on the cupolas of IS-2 tanks and ISU-152 self-propelled guns. As an infantry heavy support weapon it used a two-wheeled trolley which unfolded into a tripod for anti-aircraft use.

Description Edit

Development of the ZPU-2 and ZPU-4 began in 1945, with development of the ZPU-1 starting in 1947. All three were accepted into service in 1949. Improved optical predicting gunsights were developed for the system in the 1950s.

All weapons in the ZPU series have air-cooled quick-change barrels and can fire a variety of ammunition including API (B32), API (BS41), API-T (BZT) and I-T (ZP) projectiles. Each barrel has a maximum rate of fire of around 600 rounds per minute, though this is practically limited to about 150 rounds per minute.

The quad-barrel ZPU-4 uses a four-wheel carriage similar to that once used by the obsolete 25 mm automatic anti-aircraft gun M1940. In firing position, the weapon is lowered onto firing jacks. It can be brought in and out of action in about 15 to 20 seconds, and can be fired with the wheels in the traveling position if needed.

The double-barrel ZPU-2 was built in two different versions; the early model has large mud guards and two wheels that are removed in the firing position, and the late model has wheels that fold and are raised from the ground in the firing position.

ZPU-2 turned out to be too heavy for the Airborne Troops, so a new UZPU-2 (later redesignated as ZU-2) was developed from ZPU-1.

The single-barrel ZPU-1 is carried on a two-wheeled carriage and can be broken down into several 80-kilogram pieces for transport over rough ground.

Versions of the weapon are built in China, North Korea and Romania.

History Edit

The series was used during the Korean War by Chinese and North Korean forces, and was later considered to be the most dangerous opposition to U.S. helicopters in Vietnam. Later it was used by Morocco and the Polisario Front in the Western Sahara War. It was also used by Iraqi forces during Operation Desert Storm and again in Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 1974 the Cyprus National Guard artillery batteries used their ZPU-2s against the Turkish air force. In the Russian military, it was replaced by the newer and more powerful ZU-23 23 mm twin automatic anti-aircraft gun.

During the Lebanese Civil War, the Lebanese militias mounted the ZPU-2 and ZPU-4 on various vehicles, such as M113 armored personnel carriers, to create self-propelled support vehicles.[2]

 
A Libyan technical with ZU-2.

The ZPU has seen widespread use by both sides in the Libyan Civil War, Syrian Civil War, and Yemeni Civil War, being often mounted on technical pickup trucks.[3][4] The weapon is credited for bringing down several Syrian Air Force helicopters.[5]

In North Korea, ZPU systems have been modified to be able to be directed by a MR-104 "Drum Tilt", where the guns are shown to be fired without personnel manning them.[6]

During the Donbas war, ZPUs were observed in use with Ukrainian and pro-Russian separatists forces.[7]

Czech company Excalibur Army developed the MR-2 Viktor mobile gun air defense system consisting of a ZPU-2 equipped with day/night sights mounted on a pickup truck chassis upgraded with a reinforced suspension and modified body. The Viktor was supplied to Ukraine in late 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine to combat low-altitude aerial targets, particularly unmanned aerial vehicles.[8]

Ammunition Edit

  • API (BS.41): Full metal jacket bullet round with a tungsten carbide core. Projectile weight is 64.4 g (2.27 oz) and muzzle velocity is 1000 metres per second (3,281 ft/s). Armor-penetration at 500 m (550 yd) is 32 mm (1.3 in) of RHA at 90 degrees.[9]
  • API-T (BZT): Full metal jacket round with a steel core. Projectile weight is 59.56 g (2.101 oz) and muzzle velocity is 1,005 m/s (3,297 ft/s). Tracer burns to at least 2,000 m (2,200 yd).
  • I-T (ZP): "Instantaneous Incendiary" bullet with internal fuze, incendiary in tip, tracer container in base. Projectile weight is 60.0 g (2.12 oz).

Rounds are also produced by Bulgaria, China, Egypt, Poland, and Romania.

Variants Edit

 
Original ZPU-4.
  • ZPU-4
    • Type 56: Chinese-built version.[10]
    • MR-4: Romanian-built version with a two-wheel carriage designed locally.[10]
    • PKM-4: Polish designation for an imported Soviet ZPU-4
  • ZPU-2
    • Type 58: Chinese-built version.[10]
    • PKM-2: Polish-built version.
  • ZU-2
  • ZPU-1
    • Type 75 and Type 75-1: Chinese built-versions.[10]
  • BTR-40A SPAAG: A BTR-40 APC with a ZPU-2 gun mounted in the rear. Entered service in 1950.
  • BTR-152A SPAAG: A BTR-152 with a ZPU-2 mounted in the rear. Entered service in 1952.

Specifications Edit

Model ZPU-1 ZPU-2 ZU-2 ZPU-4
Barrels 1 2 2 4
Weight (travelling) 413 kg
(910 lb)		 994 kg
(2,191 lb)		 649 kg
(1,430 lb)		 1,810 kg
(3,990 lb)
Weight (firing) 413 kg
(910 lb)		 639 kg
(1,408 lb)		 621 kg
(1,369 lb)		 1,810 kg
(3,990 lb)
Length (travel) 3.44 m
(11 ft 3 in)		 3.54 m
(11 ft 7 in)		 3.87 m
(12 ft 8 in)		 4.53 m
(14 ft 10 in)
Width (travel) 1.62 m
(5 ft 4 in)		 1.92 m
(6 ft 4 in)		 1.37 m
(4 ft 6 in)		 1.72 m
(5 ft 8 in)
Height (travel) 1.34 m
(4 ft 5 in)		 1.83 m
(6 ft 0 in))		 1.1 m
(3 ft 7 in)		 2.13 m
(7 ft 0 in)
Elevation +88 °/−8 ° +90 °/−7 ° +85 °/−15 ° +90 °/−10 °
Traverse 360 °
Maximum range 8,000 m
(8,750 yds)
Maximum altitude 5,000 m
(16,400 ft)
Effective altitude 1,400 m
(4,590 ft)
Ammunition (rounds) 1,200 2,400 4,800
Crew 4 5

Operators Edit

 
A map of nations that use the ZPU
 
A North Korean ZPU-2, recovered from the naval trawler sunk by the Japan Coast Guard during the Battle of Amami-Ōshima

Wars Edit

 
An Ukrainian ZPU-1

The ZPU served in several conflicts:

Gallery Edit

 
The 1931 ZPU for 7.62 mm machine guns
 
Iraqi ZPU-4 captured during Operation Desert Storm
 
ZPU-1 gun in Batey ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Семен Федосеев (2009). Пулеметы России. Шквальный огонь. Яуза / Коллекция / ЭКСМО. pp. 377–380. ISBN 978-5-699-31622-9.
  2. ^ Zaloga, Steven J. (2003). Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present. Hong Kong: Concord Publications. p. 7. ISBN 962-361-613-9.
  3. ^ "Rebels down Libyan aircraft as world leaders discuss next move". arabianbusiness.com. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  4. ^ Neville 2018, p. 34.
  5. ^ Neville, Leigh (19 Apr 2018). Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces. New Vanguard 257. Osprey Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 9781472822512.
  6. ^ Oryx. "A Visual Guide to North Korea's Fighting Vehicles". Oryx Blog. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
  7. ^ a b Ferguson & Jenzen-Jones 2014, p. 54.
  8. ^ Fiorenza, Nicholas (26 May 2023). "IDET 2023: Excalibur Army Viktor light air-defence vehicles supplied to Ukraine". Janes Information Services. from the original on 28 May 2023.
  9. ^ "ZPU-4 14.5 mm quadruple guns anti-aircraft technical data sheet specifications information UK - Army Recognition - Army Recognition". from the original on 2011-10-12. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
  10. ^ a b c d Gander, Terry J. (4 May 2001). "14.5 mm KPV heavy machine gun". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2002-2003. pp. 3732–3734.
  11. ^ Bhatia, Michael Vinai; Sedra, Mark (May 2008). Small Arms Survey (ed.). Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict: Armed Groups, Disarmament and Security in a Post-War Society. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-415-45308-0. from the original on 2018-09-01. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Military Balance 2017
  13. ^ "TENDER NOTICE" (PDF). dgdp.gov.bd. Directorate General of Defence Purchase. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  14. ^ Cherisey, Erwan de (July 2019). "El batallón de infantería "Badenya" de Burkina Faso en Mali - Noticias Defensa En abierto". Revista Defensa (in Spanish) (495–496).
  15. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 454.
  16. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 455.
  17. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 457.
  18. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 458.
  19. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 461.
  20. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 467.
  21. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 469.
  22. ^ "Syrie: l'EI inflige un revers aux FDS dans l'est, mais reste acculé". France Soir (in French). 25 October 2018. from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  23. ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 473.
  24. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (29 October 2021). "Kurdish Armour: Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria". Oryx Blog.
  25. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (6 March 2021). "Qatar's Purchase of BP-12A SRBMs: A Guppy Sprouts Teeth". Oryx Blog.
  26. ^ Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert; Fontanellaz, Adrien (2019). Showdown in Western Sahara, Volume 2: Air Warfare Over the Last African Colony, 1975-1991. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-912866-29-8.
  27. ^ Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (January 27, 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  28. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (20 September 2015). "The Oryx Handbook of Pre-war Yemeni Fighting Vehicles". Oryx.
  29. ^ Cooper, Tom (2013). Great Lakes Conflagration: Second Congo War, 1998–2003. UK: Helion & Company Limited. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-920143-84-8.
  30. ^ "SPLA-N weapons and equipment, South Kordofan, December 2012" (PDF). HSBA Arms and Ammunition Tracing Desk. Small Arms Survey: 8. February 2013. (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2019-01-02.
  • Jane's Land Based Air Defence 2005–2006. ISBN 0-7106-2697-5.
  • Koll, Christian (2009). Soviet Cannon: A Comprehensive Study of Soviet Arms and Ammunition in Calibres 12.7mm to 57mm. Austria: Koll. p. 98. ISBN 978-3-200-01445-9.
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. Vol. 121. Routledge. ISBN 9781032012278.
  • Ferguson, Jonathan; Jenzen-Jones, N.R. (November 2014). Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms & Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine, 2014 (PDF) (Report). Australia: Armament Research Services (ARES). ISBN 978-0-9924624-3-7. Retrieved 17 June 2023.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ZPU series.

October 22, 2023
microprocessor, microprocessor, russian, ЗПУ, зенитная, пулемётная, установка, romanized, zenitnaya, pulemotnaya, ustanovka, meaning, anti, aircraft, machine, mount, family, towed, anti, aircraft, guns, based, soviet, 114mm, heavy, machine, entered, service, w. For the ZPU microprocessor see ZPU microprocessor The ZPU Russian ZPU zenitnaya pulemyotnaya ustanovka romanized zenitnaya pulemotnaya ustanovka meaning anti aircraft machine gun mount is a family of towed anti aircraft guns based on the Soviet 14 5 114mm KPV heavy machine gun It entered service with the Soviet Union in 1949 and is used by over 50 countries worldwide ZPU anti aircraft gunZPU 2TypeAnti aircraft gunHeavy machine gunPlace of originSoviet UnionService historyIn service1949 presentUsed bySee Operators for usersWarsSee Wars for warsProduction historyManufacturerZpuVariantsZPU 1 ZPU 2 ZPU 4SpecificationsShell14 5x114mmCaliber14 5 mmBarrels1 4ActionShort recoil operationEffective firing range1 4 km 0 87 mi Maximum firing range8 km 5 0 mi Feed system150 round belt eachQuadruple barreled ZPU 4 double barreled ZPU 2 and ZU 2 and single barreled ZPU 1 versions of the weapon exist Contents 1 Precursor 2 Description 3 History 4 Ammunition 5 Variants 6 Specifications 7 Operators 8 Wars 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 External linksPrecursor EditThe first dedicated Soviet mount for anti aircraft machine guns was developed around 1928 by Fedor Tokarev and was adopted for service in 1931 It was a base for mounting up to four 7 62 mm PM M1910 Russian Maxim guns This was also called a ZPU although the name M 4 was also assigned to it It served the Soviet armed forces in all major conflicts until 1945 1 12 7 mm DShK 1938 was used an anti aircraft weapon it was mounted on pintle and tripod mounts and on a triple mount on the GAZ AA truck Late in the war it was mounted on the cupolas of IS 2 tanks and ISU 152 self propelled guns As an infantry heavy support weapon it used a two wheeled trolley which unfolded into a tripod for anti aircraft use Description EditDevelopment of the ZPU 2 and ZPU 4 began in 1945 with development of the ZPU 1 starting in 1947 All three were accepted into service in 1949 Improved optical predicting gunsights were developed for the system in the 1950s All weapons in the ZPU series have air cooled quick change barrels and can fire a variety of ammunition including API B32 API BS41 API T BZT and I T ZP projectiles Each barrel has a maximum rate of fire of around 600 rounds per minute though this is practically limited to about 150 rounds per minute The quad barrel ZPU 4 uses a four wheel carriage similar to that once used by the obsolete 25 mm automatic anti aircraft gun M1940 In firing position the weapon is lowered onto firing jacks It can be brought in and out of action in about 15 to 20 seconds and can be fired with the wheels in the traveling position if needed The double barrel ZPU 2 was built in two different versions the early model has large mud guards and two wheels that are removed in the firing position and the late model has wheels that fold and are raised from the ground in the firing position ZPU 2 turned out to be too heavy for the Airborne Troops so a new UZPU 2 later redesignated as ZU 2 was developed from ZPU 1 The single barrel ZPU 1 is carried on a two wheeled carriage and can be broken down into several 80 kilogram pieces for transport over rough ground Versions of the weapon are built in China North Korea and Romania History EditThe series was used during the Korean War by Chinese and North Korean forces and was later considered to be the most dangerous opposition to U S helicopters in Vietnam Later it was used by Morocco and the Polisario Front in the Western Sahara War It was also used by Iraqi forces during Operation Desert Storm and again in Operation Iraqi Freedom In 1974 the Cyprus National Guard artillery batteries used their ZPU 2s against the Turkish air force In the Russian military it was replaced by the newer and more powerful ZU 23 23 mm twin automatic anti aircraft gun During the Lebanese Civil War the Lebanese militias mounted the ZPU 2 and ZPU 4 on various vehicles such as M113 armored personnel carriers to create self propelled support vehicles 2 nbsp A Libyan technical with ZU 2 The ZPU has seen widespread use by both sides in the Libyan Civil War Syrian Civil War and Yemeni Civil War being often mounted on technical pickup trucks 3 4 The weapon is credited for bringing down several Syrian Air Force helicopters 5 In North Korea ZPU systems have been modified to be able to be directed by a MR 104 Drum Tilt where the guns are shown to be fired without personnel manning them 6 During the Donbas war ZPUs were observed in use with Ukrainian and pro Russian separatists forces 7 Czech company Excalibur Army developed the MR 2 Viktor mobile gun air defense system consisting of a ZPU 2 equipped with day night sights mounted on a pickup truck chassis upgraded with a reinforced suspension and modified body The Viktor was supplied to Ukraine in late 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine to combat low altitude aerial targets particularly unmanned aerial vehicles 8 Ammunition EditAPI BS 41 Full metal jacket bullet round with a tungsten carbide core Projectile weight is 64 4 g 2 27 oz and muzzle velocity is 1000 metres per second 3 281 ft s Armor penetration at 500 m 550 yd is 32 mm 1 3 in of RHA at 90 degrees 9 API T BZT Full metal jacket round with a steel core Projectile weight is 59 56 g 2 101 oz and muzzle velocity is 1 005 m s 3 297 ft s Tracer burns to at least 2 000 m 2 200 yd I T ZP Instantaneous Incendiary bullet with internal fuze incendiary in tip tracer container in base Projectile weight is 60 0 g 2 12 oz Rounds are also produced by Bulgaria China Egypt Poland and Romania Variants Edit nbsp Original ZPU 4 ZPU 4 Type 56 Chinese built version 10 MR 4 Romanian built version with a two wheel carriage designed locally 10 PKM 4 Polish designation for an imported Soviet ZPU 4 ZPU 2 Type 58 Chinese built version 10 PKM 2 Polish built version ZU 2 ZPU 1 Type 75 and Type 75 1 Chinese built versions 10 BTR 40A SPAAG A BTR 40 APC with a ZPU 2 gun mounted in the rear Entered service in 1950 BTR 152A SPAAG A BTR 152 with a ZPU 2 mounted in the rear Entered service in 1952 Specifications EditModel ZPU 1 ZPU 2 ZU 2 ZPU 4Barrels 1 2 2 4Weight travelling 413 kg 910 lb 994 kg 2 191 lb 649 kg 1 430 lb 1 810 kg 3 990 lb Weight firing 413 kg 910 lb 639 kg 1 408 lb 621 kg 1 369 lb 1 810 kg 3 990 lb Length travel 3 44 m 11 ft 3 in 3 54 m 11 ft 7 in 3 87 m 12 ft 8 in 4 53 m 14 ft 10 in Width travel 1 62 m 5 ft 4 in 1 92 m 6 ft 4 in 1 37 m 4 ft 6 in 1 72 m 5 ft 8 in Height travel 1 34 m 4 ft 5 in 1 83 m 6 ft 0 in 1 1 m 3 ft 7 in 2 13 m 7 ft 0 in Elevation 88 8 90 7 85 15 90 10 Traverse 360 Maximum range 8 000 m 8 750 yds Maximum altitude 5 000 m 16 400 ft Effective altitude 1 400 m 4 590 ft Ammunition rounds 1 200 2 400 4 800Crew 4 5Operators Edit nbsp A map of nations that use the ZPU nbsp A North Korean ZPU 2 recovered from the naval trawler sunk by the Japan Coast Guard during the Battle of Amami Ōshima nbsp Afghanistan 11 nbsp Albania 336 nbsp Algeria 100 40 ZPU 4 and 60 ZPU 2 12 nbsp Angola 12 nbsp Bangladesh Type 56 13 nbsp Benin nbsp Bulgaria nbsp Burkina Faso 14 nbsp Burundi 15 12 nbsp Cambodia nbsp Cameroon 18 15 nbsp Cape Verde 18 16 nbsp Chad 17 nbsp China nbsp Congo Brazzaville 18 nbsp Congo Kinshasa 12 19 nbsp Croatia nbsp Cuba nbsp Cyprus nbsp Djibouti nbsp East Timor nbsp Egypt nbsp Ethiopia nbsp Gabon 20 nbsp Ghana 4 21 nbsp Guinea nbsp Guinea Bissau nbsp Iran nbsp Iraq nbsp Islamic State 22 nbsp Israel nbsp Kenya nbsp Laos nbsp Latvia 2 12 nbsp Lebanon nbsp Libya nbsp Madagascar 50 23 nbsp Malawi 40 12 nbsp Mali nbsp Malta 50 12 nbsp Mauritania 12 12 nbsp Mongolia nbsp Morocco 19 12 nbsp Mozambique nbsp Myanmar nbsp Namibia nbsp Nepal 36 12 nbsp Nicaragua nbsp North Korea nbsp Pakistan People s Defense Units YPG ZPU 4 24 nbsp Qatar ZPU 2 25 nbsp Romania nbsp Russia nbsp Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ZPU 2 and ZPU 4 26 nbsp Sao Tome and Principe nbsp Seychelles nbsp Somalia nbsp South Africa 27 nbsp Sri Lanka nbsp Sudan nbsp Syria nbsp Tanzania 21 12 nbsp Togo 38 12 nbsp Transnistria nbsp Uganda nbsp Ukraine 7 nbsp Vietnam nbsp Yemen ZPU 1 ZPU 2 and ZPU 4 28 nbsp Yugoslavia nbsp Zambia nbsp Zimbabwe 36 12 Wars Edit nbsp An Ukrainian ZPU 1The ZPU served in several conflicts Korean War Invasion of Panama Vietnam War Yom Kippur War Rhodesian Bush War Western Sahara War Angolan Civil War Cambodian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Soviet Afghan War South African Border War Somali Civil War Gulf War Georgian Civil War South Lebanon conflict 1985 2000 First Chechen War Second Congo War 29 Second Chechen War War in Afghanistan 2001 2021 Iraq War 2003 2011 2006 Lebanon War Russo Georgian War First Libyan Civil War Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 30 Syrian Civil War Second Libyan Civil War War in Donbass Yemeni Civil War 2015 present Saudi Arabian led intervention in Yemen Russian invasion of UkraineGallery Edit nbsp The 1931 ZPU for 7 62 mm machine guns nbsp Iraqi ZPU 4 captured during Operation Desert Storm nbsp ZPU 1 gun in Batey ha Osef Museum Tel Aviv IsraelSee also EditZastava M55 ZU 23 2References Edit Semen Fedoseev 2009 Pulemety Rossii Shkvalnyj ogon Yauza Kollekciya EKSMO pp 377 380 ISBN 978 5 699 31622 9 Zaloga Steven J 2003 Tank battles of the Mid East Wars 2 The wars of 1973 to the present Hong Kong Concord Publications p 7 ISBN 962 361 613 9 Rebels down Libyan aircraft as world leaders discuss next move arabianbusiness com Retrieved 6 May 2018 Neville 2018 p 34 Neville Leigh 19 Apr 2018 Technicals Non Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces New Vanguard 257 Osprey Publishing p 10 ISBN 9781472822512 Oryx A Visual Guide to North Korea s Fighting Vehicles Oryx Blog Retrieved 2020 12 20 a b Ferguson amp Jenzen Jones 2014 p 54 Fiorenza Nicholas 26 May 2023 IDET 2023 Excalibur Army Viktor light air defence vehicles supplied to Ukraine Janes Information Services Archived from the original on 28 May 2023 ZPU 4 14 5 mm quadruple guns anti aircraft technical data sheet specifications information UK Army Recognition Army Recognition Archived from the original on 2011 10 12 Retrieved 2011 10 10 a b c d Gander Terry J 4 May 2001 14 5 mm KPV heavy machine gun Jane s Infantry Weapons 2002 2003 pp 3732 3734 Bhatia Michael Vinai Sedra Mark May 2008 Small Arms Survey ed Afghanistan Arms and Conflict Armed Groups Disarmament and Security in a Post War Society Routledge p 66 ISBN 978 0 415 45308 0 Archived from the original on 2018 09 01 Retrieved 2018 09 01 a b c d e f g h i j k l Military Balance 2017 TENDER NOTICE PDF dgdp gov bd Directorate General of Defence Purchase Retrieved 2 March 2021 Cherisey Erwan de July 2019 El batallon de infanteria Badenya de Burkina Faso en Mali Noticias Defensa En abierto Revista Defensa in Spanish 495 496 The Military Balance 2021 p 454 The Military Balance 2021 p 455 The Military Balance 2021 p 457 The Military Balance 2021 p 458 The Military Balance 2021 p 461 The Military Balance 2021 p 467 The Military Balance 2021 p 469 Syrie l EI inflige un revers aux FDS dans l est mais reste accule France Soir in French 25 October 2018 Archived from the original on 25 October 2018 Retrieved 4 March 2019 The Military Balance 2021 p 473 Mitzer Stijn Oliemans Joost 29 October 2021 Kurdish Armour Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria Oryx Blog Mitzer Stijn Oliemans Joost 6 March 2021 Qatar s Purchase of BP 12A SRBMs A Guppy Sprouts Teeth Oryx Blog Cooper Tom Grandolini Albert Fontanellaz Adrien 2019 Showdown in Western Sahara Volume 2 Air Warfare Over the Last African Colony 1975 1991 Warwick UK Helion amp Company Publishing p 43 ISBN 978 1 912866 29 8 Jones Richard D Ness Leland S eds January 27 2009 Jane s Infantry Weapons 2009 2010 35th ed Coulsdon Jane s Information Group ISBN 978 0 7106 2869 5 Mitzer Stijn Oliemans Joost 20 September 2015 The Oryx Handbook of Pre war Yemeni Fighting Vehicles Oryx Cooper Tom 2013 Great Lakes Conflagration Second Congo War 1998 2003 UK Helion amp Company Limited p 39 ISBN 978 1 920143 84 8 SPLA N weapons and equipment South Kordofan December 2012 PDF HSBA Arms and Ammunition Tracing Desk Small Arms Survey 8 February 2013 Archived PDF from the original on 2016 03 22 Retrieved 2019 01 02 Jane s Land Based Air Defence 2005 2006 ISBN 0 7106 2697 5 Koll Christian 2009 Soviet Cannon A Comprehensive Study of Soviet Arms and Ammunition in Calibres 12 7mm to 57mm Austria Koll p 98 ISBN 978 3 200 01445 9 International Institute for Strategic Studies February 2021 The Military Balance 2021 Vol 121 Routledge ISBN 9781032012278 Ferguson Jonathan Jenzen Jones N R November 2014 Raising Red Flags An Examination of Arms amp Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine 2014 PDF Report Australia Armament Research Services ARES ISBN 978 0 9924624 3 7 Retrieved 17 June 2023 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to ZPU series ZPU 1 single barrel anti aircraft gun data sheet ZPU 2 anti aircraft 14 5 mm twin guns data sheet http en rcamuseum com our collection zpu 4 anti aircraft gun 14 yugo ZPU 4 anti aircraft 14 5 mm quadruple guns data sheet Video ZPU 1 single barreled 14 5 being fired in Afghanistan Video ZPU 2 14 5 being fired in Syria from a technical Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title ZPU amp oldid 1181244761, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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