Wikipedia
Yong'an dialect
The Yong'an dialect (Central Min: 永安事, Mandarin Chinese: 永安話) is a Central Min dialect spoken in Yong'an, Sanming in Western Fujian Province, China.
| Yong'an dialect | |
|---|---|
| 永安事 | |
| Pronunciation | [uã˧ um˧ sia˧˥] |
| Native to | Southern China |
| Region | Yong'an, Sanming, Fujian |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-hbc |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Phonology
The Yong'an dialect has 17 initials, 41 rimes and 6 tones.
Initials
The initials of the Yong'an dialect are:
| Bilabial | Dental | Palato-alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal / Approximant | m | n ~ l | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | p pʰ | t tʰ | k kʰ | ʔ | |
| Affricate | ts tsʰ | tʃ tʃʰ | |||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | h |
- The initials [n] and [l] occur in free variation.
- /m, ŋ/ can also be heard as voiced plosives [b, ɡ] in free variation.
- Palato-alveolar sounds /tʃ, tʃʰ, ʃ/ can also be heard as alveolo-palatal sounds [tɕ, tɕʰ, ɕ] in free variation among speakers.
Rimes
The Yong'an dialect has a rich set of oral and nasal vowels, but allows only -m and -ŋ as a final consonant.
| Open syllable | Nasal coda | Nasal vowel coda | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Open mouth | ɹ̩ i a ɔ o ø e ɯ | aɯ ɔu | m am ɔm ãŋ ẽĩŋ | ã õ |
| Even mouth | i ia iɔ iø ie iɯ | iau | iam iẽĩŋ | ĩ iã iõ |
| Closed mouth | u uɔ ue ui | um uẽĩŋ | uã | |
| Round mouth | y ya ye yi | ym yẽĩŋ | ||
Tones
The tones are:
| Middle Chinese tone | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| level | rising | departing | entering | |
| upper | 53 | 21 | 35 | 13 |
| lower | 32 | 43 | (> lower rising) | |
Tone sandhi
The Yong'an dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:
| Original citation tone | Tone sandhi |
|---|---|
| upper level | lower level |
| lower level | remain unchanged |
| upper rising | lower level |
| lower rising | upper rising |
| departing | remain unchanged |
| entering | high level (55) |
References
- Norman, Jerry (1974). "The Initials of Proto-Min". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 2 (1): 27–36. JSTOR 23749809.
- Zhou, Changji 周长楫; Lin, Baoqing 林宝卿 (1992). Yong'an Shi difangzhi bianweihui 永安市地方志编委会 (ed.). Yǒng'ān fāngyán 永安方言 [Yong'an Dialect] (in Chinese). Xiamen: Xiamen daxue chubanshe.
- Yong'an Shi difangzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui 永安市地方志编纂委员会 (1994). Yǒng'ān Shì zhì 永安市志 [Chorography of Yong'an City] (in Chinese). Vol. 36. Beijing Shi: Zhonghua shuju. ISBN 7-101-01280-9.