Greyhound Canada
Greyhound Canada Transportation ULC began as a local British Columbia bus line in the early 1920s, expanded across most of Canada, and became a subsidiary of the US Greyhound in 1940.
Motor Coach Industries 102DL3 in Toronto in October 2014 | |
| Parent | Flixbus (since October 2021) |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1929 |
| Headquarters | Burlington, Ontario |
| Service area | Ontario and Quebec (formerly) |
| Service type | Intercity coach service |
| Alliance | Greyhound Lines Trailways of New York (alliance ended June 2022) |
| Website | www.greyhound.ca |
In 2018, Greyhound pulled out of Western Canada, preserving only domestic service in Ontario and Quebec, and trans-border routes to the United States. [1]
In March 2021, Greyhound Canada permanently suspended operation in all of Canada, with the exceptions of the following cross-border routes, operated by Greyhound Lines (USA).[2]
- Montreal to Boston
- Montreal to New York City
- Toronto to Buffalo (with connections to New York City)
- Vancouver to Seattle[3][4]
In October 2021, FlixBus announced the acquisition of Greyhound, including Greyhound Canada. [5]
In June 2022, Trailways of New York severed its 25-year alliance with Greyhound, ending all interlining and codeshares.
Timeline
1921: John Learmonth started a Nelson–Willow Point passenger and freight service in the West Kootenay region of southeastern BC.[6]
1922: Learmonth extended the service eastward to the Balfour area.[6][7] In a 1923 timetable, Old's Stage was the trading name,[8] which operated a 15-person jitney service, connected by a river crossing to the Procter steamboat landing.[9] On reopening for the 1924 season, the trading name changed to Learmonth.[10]
1925: Before the establishment of the Harrop Cable Ferry, Learmonth switched his route westward to Trail.[11] Learmonth is believed to have started the new Nelson–Procter service via the ferry.[12][13]
1928: Learmonth commenced a Nelson–Kaslo service, driven by Herb Harrop.[14] Serving the routes from Nelson were a 20-seat Pierce-Arrow bus named Marjorie to Trail, Muriel to Kaslo, and Patricia to Slocan City.[15]
1929: Roosevelt (Speed) Olson formed Kootenay Valley Transportation Co. (KVT) to take over the three routes,[16] having bought the business the previous November.[15] Learmonth was district superintendent until retirement in 1965.[6] KVT started a Nelson–Salmo–Spokane service.[17] KVT purchased the J. Motherwell operations, the only remaining bus line in the district.[18] Canadian Greyhound Coaches BC (CGBC) was registered. Speed's brother Barney and George B. Fay joined this expanding venture. W.L. Watson sold the partners Foothills Transportation Co. (FT), which operated Calgary–Nanton, Alberta.[19]
1930: The shareholders formed Canadian Greyhound Coaches (CGC) in Alberta to create a route network within that province and to manage all existing operations. Barney Olson founded Canadian Yelloway Lines to assume the Calgary–Edmonton route when Brewster Transport lost the franchise. The partners amalgamated this business and their other ones as Central Canadian Greyhound Lines (CCG). The Alberta and BC operations became connected by a through service, but passengers initially had to change buses at the Crowsnest Pass border. Using interline agreements with two Washington-based companies, a Calgary–Edmonton–Spokane–Seattle through service was established. Canadian Greyhound Lines (CG) was formed for Ontario operations.[19]
1931: CCG created interline services with other Alberta and Western US operators. When Greyhound USA sued to restrain CCG from using the Greyhound name, lengthy negotiations began.[7] CG and Gray Coach Lines established Toronto Greyhound Lines, a joint venture, for a Toronto–Detroit route.[20]
1933: CCG acquired Calgary & Eastern Bus Lines (established 1927).[19]
1934: CCG acquired Alberta Montana Bus Lines (established 1930). Arrow Coach Lines (AC) transferred its Alberta routes to CGG.[19]
1935: After negotiating since 1931, Greyhound US granted CCG a licence to use the Greyhound name and interline agreements with Pacific Greyhound, Northland Greyhound, and Washington Motor Coach. BC Greyhound (BCG) was established. BCG acquired Interior Greyhound Lines from O.K. Valley Freight Lines, which had purchased the enterprise the prior year. BCG acquired Cariboo Greyhound Lines.[19]
1938: CCG acquired Trans-Continental Coach Lines (TCC) (established 1935) from Barney Olson and Midland Bus Lines of Alberta (established 1926). The latter had bought the Saskatchewan operations of Grey Goose Bus Lines in 1936.
1939: TG acquired Canadian-American Trailways of Ontario.[21]
1940: CG acquired TG.[22] TCC acquired Prairie Coach Lines (established 1933). BCG acquired Blue Funnel Lines. A restructuring of the group as Western Canadian Greyhound Lines (WCG) gave Greyhound USA 80 per cent ownership and Fay 20 per cent.[21]
1941: CCG acquired AC, which was operating in Saskatchewan. WCG obtained the linking Big Bend Highway route.[21]
1942: CCG bought the Calgary–Banff route from Brewster Transport. The US military contracted CCG to provide a Dawson Creek–Whitehorse service along the new Alaska Highway during World War II.[20]
1944: CCG acquired Clark Transportation Co and Red Bus Lines (established 1929). BCG was merged into WCG. TG was renamed Eastern Canadian Greyhound Lines (ECG). Saskatchewan nationalized the intra-provincial Greyhound routes.[23]
1945: ECG acquired Nickle Belt Transportation (established 1939) of Ontario.[23]
1948: CG merged into ECG when Central Greyhound Lines disbanded and merged into Great Lakes Greyhound Lines. WCG became the major shareholder in Motor Coach Industries (MCI). By 1950, MCI had solely supplied the whole 129-coach Greyhound fleet.[23]
1956: R.L. Borden became general manager when Fay retired.[24]
1957: Greyhound Lines of Canada (GLC) was created as a public company to administer WCG and ECG operations. Greyhound USA owned 69 per cent.[23]
1958: GLC acquired Moore's Trans-Canada Bus Lines (established 1940) of Manitoba .[23]
1959: GLC became the operating company.[25]
1962: The opening of Rogers Pass established a year-round connected all-Canadian network.[24]
1965: GLC acquired Brewster Transport/Brewster Rocky Mountain Gray Line.[23]
1969: GLC acquired Coachways System, operating in western Canada and Alaska.[23]
Late 1980s–early 1990s: Freight was expanding, but passenger traffic rapidly declining. GLC disposed of marginal feeder routes and focused on long haul services.[26]
1992: GLC acquired Gray Coach Lines, based in Ontario, from Stagecoach.[26]
1993: MCI was sold.[26]
1995: A major restructuring placed the intercity bus operations under Greyhound Canada Transportation Co (GCT), 76 per cent publicly owned, while the tourism business became a wholly owned subsidiary of Dial Corp.[27]
1996: Greyhound Air began flights in July 1996, suffered heavy losses, and ceased operations in September 1997.[28]
1997: Laidlaw acquired GCT.[26]
1998: GCT acquired Voyageur-Colonial of Montreal.[26]
2007: FirstGroup bought Laidlaw.[29]
2018: Prior to cancelling most all routes west of Sudbury, Ontario,[30] an application the prior year included widespread proposed service cancellations and reductions.[31]
2021: Prior to ceasing services in Ontario and Quebec, these routes were temporarily suspended in May 2020 because of COVID-19.[32] During the 19-month closure of the Canada–US border, the respective Greyhound USA routes did not operate.[33]
Western Canada service termination
In February 2018 Greyhound Canada received permission to terminate its two remaining routes on Vancouver Island running from Victoria, British Columbia to Nanaimo and Vancouver. Tofino Bus Services subsequently took over these two Greyhound routes.[34][35]
Greyhound Canada terminated service along Highway 16 between Prince George and Prince Rupert in British Columbia with the last run being on May 30, 2018. Greyhound said it was losing $35,000 per day on routes in Northern British Columbia and in parts of Vancouver Island, and had lost $70 million in the six years prior to 2018[36] At the time, BC Bus North stepped in to provide services between Fort Nelson, Prince Rupert, Prince George, Fort St. John and Dawson Creek.[37][38][39]
Greyhound Canada also terminated service from Prince George, British Columbia to Whitehorse, Yukon with the last trip from Whitehorse occurring on May 30, 2018.[40]
From 2014 to 2017, ridership along that part of the route between Dawson Creek and Fort Nelson had dropped from 18,307 to 9,647 passengers.[41]
Greyhound Canada announced on July 9, 2018 that it was cancelling all services west of Sudbury, Ontario. The sole remaining route between Vancouver and Seattle would be operated by Greyhound USA. Greyhound Canada claimed the cancellations were due to declining ridership, which dropped 41% nationwide since 2010 and 8% in Western Canada alone in 2017. The cancellations took effect on October 31, 2018.[30] Greyhound said that the decline in ridership was due to increased car ownership, subsidies to competing passenger carriers, competition from low-cost airlines and regulatory restrictions.[42]
COVID-19 and final service termination
COVID-19 caused a 95 percent drop in ridership. Thus, Greyhound reduced service on March 25, 2020 and suspended six routes on April 5, 2020. On May 6, 2020, Greyhound Canada announced it would permanently shut down all its remaining bus services which it did on May 13, 2021.[43] Greyhound refunded tickets and travel vouchers for travel after May 13.[32][44][45]
Besides the pandemic, Greyhound also blamed ride sharing and subsidized competition from Via Rail for the shutdown,[46] which affected 400 employees.[43]
Greyhound Canada planned to sell its bus stations,[44] and to sell its bus fleet. It placed its fleet of 38 buses on auction scheduled for January 18, 2022. Some of the buses feature wheelchair capability, leather seats, multimedia screens and on-board restrooms.[46]
Routes
Routes listed below are those that were in service prior to the then-temporary suspension of service in May 2020, all of which were permanently terminated in May 2021.
Regular service
At the time of its closure in 2021, Greyhound Canada's scheduled bus services were confined to Ontario and Quebec, although all routes were already suspended on May 13, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada.[47]
At the time of its service suspension, Greyhound Canada operated the following routes:[48]
- Montreal-Ottawa-Toronto
- Niagara Falls-Toronto
- Ottawa–Kingston
- Sudbury–Ottawa/Toronto
- Toronto–London-Windsor
- Toronto–Kitchener/Guelph/Cambridge
Greyhound Canada also operated a number of services to the United States, but through services to large US cities were provided by the US-based Greyhound Lines.[48] Most routes operated by Greyhound Canada were to border cities, such as Buffalo, and Detroit, with service further into the US provided by Greyhound Lines.
For travel into areas not served by Greyhound, passengers could sometimes transfer onto other bus lines which maintained inter-line agreements with Greyhound:
QuickLink
Greyhound operated a commuter service in Southern Ontario known as 'QuickLink Commuter Service'.[49] A list of cities served by this service:
Greyhound Courier Express
In early decades, residents of rural communities visited the nearest post office, possibly miles away, to collect mail and packages. The bus lines that served these localities were the only couriers. Consequently, residents relied upon this affordable and reliable means for sending and receiving a range of smaller products.[50] This included the delivery of newspapers, which the driver would throw through the open door or window of a bus.[51]
Over the years, several Greyhound buses were converted to combos, where the rear half of the bus carried freight. The rear seats were removed, an extra freight door added, and the washroom relocated to the middle section.[52] In 1984, Greyhound purchased four trucks for long distance use in BC. These carried 16 loaded aluminum containers. Where volumes justified, tractor trailers were used on major routes.[53] However, in most instances, a bus towing a Greyhound U-Haul-type trailer was adequate.[51]
In 1988, Greyhound Courier Express (GCX) became a separate division.[53] By 2000, GCX generated 34 per cent of Greyhound revenue in Canada. A local GCX contractor might connect with the bus to collect or drop off items for that delivery area.[51] The 2018 closure of Greyhound in Western Canada ended the GCX service, which accounted for about 1.15 million of the 1.2 million packages delivered annually, mainly for commercial customers. Although rates were cheaper than most couriers, delivery times were dependent upon bus schedules. Since 2010, package freight volume had dropped 35 per cent.[50]
Stations
Fleet
As at October 2018, Greyhound operated 436 vehicles, but it has an extended fleet through connecting operators:[54]
| Make/Model | Description | Fleet size | Year acquired | Year retired | Notes |
| Motor Coach Industries D4505 | suburban coach | 42 | 2006 | Active | |
| Motor Coach Industries G4500 | suburban coach | 65 | 2002 | 2014 | |
| Motor Coach Industries D4500 | suburban coach | N/A | 2001-2002 | Active | |
| Motor Coach Industries 102EL3 | suburban coach | N/A | 2000 | 2015 | |
| Motor Coach Industries 102C3 | suburban coach | 76 | 1991 | 2011 | |
| Motor Coach Industries 102D3 | suburban coach | 20 | 1994-1996 | 2015 | |
| Motor Coach Industries 102DL3 | suburban coach | 189 | 1994-2000 | Active | |
| Prevost Car H3-45 | suburban coach | 2 | 1995 | 2018 | Most retired and sold in 2016 |
| Prevost Car X3-45 | suburban coach | 17/54 | 2008/2010-14 | Active | 2008 Prevost transferred from Greyhound Lines in Oct.2014. 2014 Prevost transferred from First Canada in Mar.2018. |
denotes wheelchair accessible vehicles
Historic
- MCI MC-7 suburban coach
- Twin Coach 38S transit bus
- MCI Courier 100, 100A, 100B, 100C suburban coach
- MCI Courier 200, 200A, 200B suburban coach
- MCI Courier 95, 95D, 96, 97 suburban coach
- MCI Courier 85A, 85-X suburban coach
- Western Flyer Coach P-41R "Canuck" rear engine intercity coach
- MCI MC-1 suburban coach
- MCI MCX-1 suburban coach
- MCI MC-2 suburban coach
- MCI MC-3 suburban coach
- MCI MCX-4 suburban coach
- MCI MC-4 suburban coach
- MCI MCC-5 suburban coach
- MCI MC-5A suburban coach
- MCI MC-6 suburban coach
- MCI MC-8 suburban coach
- MCI MC-5B suburban coach
- MCI MCX-5 suburban coach
- MCI MC-9 suburban coach
- MCI 96A3 suburban coach
- MCI 102DL3 suburban coach
- Yellow Coach 743 intercity suburban coach
- GMC PD-3302 rear engine parlour coach
- CC&F/Brill IC-37 intercity coach
- GMC TDH-4506 "Old Look"
- GMC TDH-4509 "Old Look"
- Motor Coach Industries 96A3
- Motor Coach Industries 102A3
- Motor Coach Industries 9
- Motor Coach Industries-9Sp
- Prevost Car Le Mirage XLII
- International 3400
- Van Hool TD925
- Setra S 417 HDH
- Designline EcoCoach
Most buses are registered in Alberta and bear the province's license plates. In Ontario, Voyageur buses and some Greyhound buses have Ontario plates.
Older buses sported the former colours of the American company but with a Canadian flag. Between mid-2000s to early-2010s, certain buses had a white base with large greyhound image on the front and sides with a large light grey wording Greyhound on the sides along with a maple leaf. Since mid-2010s, most buses were painted in the same navy-blue-and-grey livery with the US-based company with no additional markings, and thus were virtually indistinguishable from US Greyhound buses.
Transmissions
From the 1985 model year 96A3 to the 1995 model year D4000 and D4500 (102D(L)3), as well as the first Prevost H3-45 coaches, Greyhound Canada specified manual transmissions in all their intercity coaches. At first, five speed Eaton Fuller transmissions were equipped in all 96A3 and 102A3 coaches. Beginning with the 1989 model year 102C3SS coaches, Greyhound Canada specified seven speed manual transmissions.
Allison B500 and B500Rs have been used on coaches equipped with Automatic transmissions until the D4505s which use the ZF-AStronic (automatic standard) transmission.
Unions
- Amalgamated Transit Union Local 1415 represented unionized Greyhound employees in Ontario and Quebec and is based in Toronto.
Notable incidents and accidents
- Man decapitated on Greyhound bus in Manitoba
- October 29, 1933: When a bus carrying 25 passengers and a driver collided with a loaded truck north of High River, four passengers died and two were seriously injured.[7]
- February 1936: A car crossed the median near Moyie and collided head on with a bus, which plummeted down a 30-metre (100 ft) embankment. Only the driver and two of the 13 passengers were severely injured.[7]
- August 10, 1943: A logging truck sideswiped a westbound bus near Corra Linn Dam, BC, killing three passengers.[55]
- November 28, 1963: A cement truck collided with a bus near Gilbert Plains, Manitoba. The truck driver died. The bus driver and a passenger sustained broken bones.[56]
- June 16, 1967: A runaway loaded gravel truck collided head on with an eastbound bus carrying 25 passengers in Rogers Pass (British Columbia). The bus driver, a trainee driver, and three passengers died.[57]
- August 23, 1971: When a small truck collided with a bus west of Kamloops, BC, one woman died and about 20 other passengers were injured.[58]
- December 23, 2000: An attempted hijacking of a Greyhound Canada bus near Thunder Bay, Ontario left one woman dead and 31 others injured.[59]
- July 30, 2008: Tim McLean, a passenger on an Edmonton to Winnipeg schedule, was beheaded by another passenger near Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. The attacker was arrested at the scene and charged with second-degree murder, but later found to be not criminally responsible by reason of insanity.[59][60][61][62] Greyhound Canada withdrew ads with the slogan There's a reason you've never heard of "bus rage" following the event, citing that the campaign was "no longer appropriate".[63]
- September 21, 2008: A young man was attacked by another passenger on a Greyhound Canada schedule in Northwestern Ontario. Police arrested a 28-year-old man near the town of White River, about 300 kilometres (190 mi) north of Sault Ste. Marie, shortly after the bus driver let him get off at the side of the highway.[64]
- December 16, 2010: A Toronto Transit Commission 505 Dundas streetcar was heading eastbound at River Street when it crashed into a Greyhound Canada bus after running a red traffic signal. 17 passengers, including 4 schoolchildren, received serious, but non-life-threatening injuries.[65]
See also
- Lymbery, Tom (2010). "British Columbia Historical News: Greyhound and Gray Creek". www.library.ubc.ca. 43 (1): 1–2, 23–25 (cover, 21–23).
Footnotes
- ^ Noakes, Susan (October 31, 2018). "Greyhound service in Western Canada stops at midnight: Now what?". CBC News.
- ^ "'Devastating news' for thousands as Greyhound Canada permanently shuts down across the country". The Toronto Star. May 13, 2021. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
- ^ "Greyhound set to resume bus service to Canada as U.S. border reopens". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. October 27, 2021.
- ^ "'Welcome back': After 19 months, Greyhound buses to resume between Canada and the U.S." CTV News. October 25, 2021.
- ^ "FlixBus acquires Greyhound | FlixBus". www.flixbus.com. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
- ^ a b c Madsen 1988, p. 230.
- ^ a b c d Grams & Bain 2001, p. 3.
- ^ "Daily News". www.library.ubc.ca. April 24, 1923. p. 8.
- ^ "Daily News". www.library.ubc.ca. May 5, 1923. p. 10.
- ^ "Daily News". www.library.ubc.ca. April 17, 1924. p. 8.
- ^ "Daily News". www.library.ubc.ca. June 18, 1925. p. 10.
- ^ Madsen 1988, p. 176.
- ^ "Daily News". www.library.ubc.ca. August 18, 1925. p. 10.
- ^ Madsen 1988, p. 394.
- ^ a b Madsen 1988, p. 360.
- ^ "Daily News". www.library.ubc.ca. February 22, 1929. p. 10.
- ^ "Daily News". www.library.ubc.ca. April 24, 1929. p. 3.
- ^ "Daily News". www.library.ubc.ca. June 1, 1929. p. 5.
- ^ a b c d e Grams & Bain 2001, pp. 3, 70–71.
- ^ a b Grams & Bain 2001, p. 4.
- ^ a b c Grams & Bain 2001, pp. 4, 70–71.
- ^ Interstate Commerce Commission Dec 1939–Nov 1940 , p. 599, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g Grams & Bain 2001, pp. 5, 70–71.
- ^ a b Grams & Bain 2001, p. 5.
- ^ Grams & Bain 2001, pp. 70–71.
- ^ a b c d e Grams & Bain 2001, p. 6.
- ^ Grams & Bain 2001, pp. 6, 70–71.
- ^ Grams & Bain 2001, p. 63.
- ^ "FirstGroup buys Greyhound buses". BBC News. February 9, 2007.
- ^ a b "Greyhound cancels most of its routes in Western Canada". Globe & Mail. July 9, 2018.
- ^ "Application Summary". pp. 72–73.
- ^ a b "Greyhound Canada to cut all routes, end operations". CTV News. May 13, 2021.
- ^ "Greyhound to resume Vancouver-Seattle service when U.S. border reopens on Nov. 8". Wiliams Lake Tribune. October 28, 2021.
- ^ "Tofino Bus Services to take over Greyhound routes on Vancouver Island". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. February 25, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ CBC News (February 25, 2018). "Tofino Bus Services to take over Greyhound routes on Vancouver Island". CHEK News. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
- ^ "Greyhound makes final passenger trip on B.C.'s Highway of Tears". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 23, 2018. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
- ^ Joseph, Rebecca (July 9, 2018). "What are the alternatives to Greyhound in Western Canada? | Globalnews.ca". globalnews.ca. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- ^ Boynton, Sean (April 25, 2019). "B.C. strikes deal with Ottawa to keep funding BC Bus North on routes that Greyhound abandoned | Globalnews.ca". globalnews.ca. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- ^ Little, Simon (May 29, 2018). "B.C. announces new northern bus service to replace Greyhound | Globalnews.ca". globalnews.ca. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- ^ Dougherty, Michael (July 11, 2018). "Without the Greyhound bus, it'll be much more difficult to discover Canada". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ "Transportation board approves Greyhound route cuts in Northeast B.C." Alaska Highway News. February 21, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ "Greyhound Canada to end service in Prairies, B.C., eliminating 415 jobs — and leaving small towns in the lurch". Financial Post. July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
- ^ a b Dickson, Janice (May 6, 2020). "Greyhound Canada announces temporary shutdown of remaining routes". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ a b Bundale, Brett (May 13, 2021). "Greyhound Canada to cut all bus routes, end operations". globalnews.ca.
- ^ "Greyhound Canada Closes its Services in Canada". May 13, 2021. from the original on May 13, 2021.
- ^ a b "Fleet of Greyhound buses up for sale after company shut down all Canadian operations permanently". Toronto Star. November 18, 2021.
- ^ Fox, Chris (May 7, 2020). "Greyhound Canada to temporarily shut down amid 95 per cent decline in ridership". CP24. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ^ a b "Greyhound Canada Closes its Services in Canada". www.newswire.ca. May 13, 2021.
- ^ "Greyhound.ca -". Greyhound.ca. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
- ^ a b "Package delivery firms get ready to fill gap as Greyhound leaves Western Canada". Global News. July 12, 2018.
- ^ a b c Grams & Bain 2001, p. 52.
- ^ Grams & Bain 2001, pp. 25, 29, 44.
- ^ a b Grams & Bain 2001, p. 53.
- ^ Greyhound Canada
- ^ "The Daily Colonist". www.archive.org. August 10, 1943. p. 4.
- ^ "The Daily Colonist". www.archive.org. November 29, 1963. p. 8.
- ^ "The Daily Colonist". www.archive.org. June 17, 1967. pp. 1–2.
- ^ "The Daily Colonist". www.archive.org. August 24, 1971. p. 1.
- ^ a b "Greyhound slaying sparks debate over bus security". CBC News. August 1, 2008. from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ^ . CBC News. July 31, 2008. Archived from the original on August 5, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ^ "Beheading suspect in court - CTV News". CTVNews. August 1, 2008.
- ^ McIntyre, Mike (March 6, 2009). . Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
- ^ "Bus suspect utters death wish - CTV News". CTVNews. August 5, 2008.
- ^ . CBC News. September 21, 2008. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ^ Doucette, Chris (December 17, 2010). "Bus driver charged in crash with streetcar". Toronto Sun. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
References
- Grams, Brian W.; Bain, Donald M. (2001). Greyhound Canada, Its History and Coaches. Kishhorn Publications. ISBN 0-919487-71-8.
- Madsen, T.J. (1988). Kootenay Outlet Reflections, A History of Procter, Sunshine Bay, Harrop, Longbeach, Balfour, Queens Bay. Procter-Harrop Book Committee. ISBN 0-919873-24-3.