A wedding is a ceremony where two people are united in marriage. Wedding traditions and customs vary greatly between cultures, ethnic groups, religions, countries, and social classes. Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of marriage vows by a couple, presentation of a gift (offering, rings, symbolic item, flowers, money, dress), and a public proclamation of marriage by an authority figure or celebrant. Special wedding garments are often worn, and the ceremony is sometimes followed by a wedding reception. Music, poetry, prayers, or readings from religious texts or literature are also commonly incorporated into the ceremony, as well as superstitious customs.
Some cultures have adopted the traditional Western custom of the white wedding, in which a bride wears a white wedding dress and veil. This tradition was popularized through the marriage of Queen Victoria.[1] Some say Queen Victoria's choice of a white gown may have simply been a sign of extravagance, but may have also been influenced by the values she held which emphasized sexual purity.[2]
The use of a wedding ring has long been part of religious weddings in Europe and America, but the origin of the tradition is unclear. One possibility is the Roman belief in the Vena amoris, which was believed to be a blood vessel that ran from the fourth finger (ring finger) directly to the heart. Thus, when a couple wore rings on this finger, their hearts were connected. Historian Vicki Howard points out that the belief in the "ancient" quality of the practice is most likely a modern invention.[3] In the United States of America, a groom's wedding band has not appeared until the early 20th century,[4] while in Europe it has been part of the tradition since the ancient Romans, as witnessed by the jurist Gaius.
The exit from the wedding ceremony is also called the "send off", and often includes traditional practices, such as the newlyweds and the wedding party bowing and kissing the knees of the elders in Ethiopian weddings. The send off often includes throwing rice (a symbol of prosperity and fertility)[5] or other seeds at the newlyweds in most of the Western world,[6] as well as for example India[5] and Malaysia.[7] Despite fears of the opposite, the use of uncooked rice for this purpose is not harmful to birds.[8]Shoe tossing in place of rice has also been used in several cultures.[9]
The wedding ceremony is often followed by wedding reception or a wedding breakfast, in which the rituals may include speeches from a groom, best man, father of a bride and possibly a bride,[10] the newlyweds' first dance as a couple, and the cutting of an elegant wedding cake. In recent years traditions have changed to include a father-daughter dance for a bride and her father, and sometimes also a mother-son dance for a groom and his mother.
Locationsedit
In some countries there are restictions on where a wedding may take place, for example before the Marriage Act 1994, marriages in England and Wales could only take place in authorised religious buildings or civil register offices, but the Act extended the options available to allow weddings in other "approved premises".[11] Cretney identified a wide range of venues which sought approval after the implementation of this legal change, including hotels, stately homes, football grounds and former warships. Related outdoor locations could also be approved for weddings after the Marriages and Civil Partnerships (Approved Premises) (Amendment) Regulations 2022 were adopted.[12]
Wedding dress (or bridal gown), a special dress worn by a bride.
Traditional western wedding veilWedding veil, popularized by Queen Victoria, was a long-held custom in which the 'purity' and 'innocence' of the bride could thwart evil spirits.
White tie ("evening dress" in the U.K; very formal evening attire)
Black tie or Evening Suit ("dinner jacket" in the U.K; often referred to as a "tuxedo" in the U.S. and Canada; traditionally appropriate only for use after 6:00 p.m.
Kittel, a white robe worn by the groom at an Orthodox Jewish wedding. The kittel is worn only under the chuppah, and is removed before the reception.
Qun Gua or Kua (裙褂 pinyin qún guà, Cantonese kwàhn kwáa), Chinese traditional formal wear. This can be in the form of a qipao or hanfu.
Ribbon shirt, often worn by Native American men on auspicious occasions, such as weddings, another common custom is to wrap bride and groom in a blanket
The "Bridal Chorus" from Lohengrin by Richard Wagner, commonly known as "Here Comes the Bride", is often used as the processional. Wagner is said to have been anti-Semitic,[17] and as a result, the Bridal Chorus is normally not used at Jewish weddings.[18] UK law forbids music with any religious connotations to be used in a civil ceremony.[19]
Johann Pachelbel's Canon in D is an alternative processional.[20] Other alternatives include various contemporary melodies, such as Bob Marley's One Love, which is sometimes performed by a steel drum band.[4] The Music used in modern weddings is left completely up to the Bride and Groom and it is also becoming growingly popular for couples to add their own twist to the song they walk down the aisle to. Many Brides and Grooms use songs that are sentimental or hold special value to them.
In the United States, approximately 2 million people get married each year and close to 70 million people attend a wedding and spend more than $100 on a gift.[21]
In the United Kingdom, according to a survey, the average spend minimum spend on a wedding gift[22] is £24.70 and the average maximum spend is £111.46. 85% of people said that they were more likely to spend more money on a person if they had a better relationship with them.
Customs associated with various religions and culturesedit
Most Christian churches give some form of blessing to a marriage, which is seen as a sacred institution in some sense, although terminology and associated theological meanings vary widely from one denomination to another: e.g., "holy matrimony", "sacrament of marriage", "holy ordinance of marriage", "holy union", and so forth.
A celebration of Holy Matrimony typically includes mutual vows or solemn promises of lifelong love and fidelity by the couple, and may include some sort of pledge by the community to support the couple's relationship. A church wedding is a ceremony held in a church and presided over by a Christian pastor. Traditionally, Christian weddings occur in a church as Christian marriage ideally begins where one also starts their faith journey (Christians receive the sacrament of baptism in church in the presence of their congregation).[23] Catholic Christian weddings must "take place in a church building" as holy matrimony is a sacrament; sacraments normatively occur in the presence of Christ in the house of God, and "members of the faith community [should be] present to witness the event and provide support and encouragement for those celebrating the sacrament."[23] Bishops never grant permission "to those requesting to be married in a garden, on the beach, or some other place outside of the church" and a dispensation is only granted "in extraordinary circumstances (for example, if a bride or groom is ill or disabled and unable to come to the church)."[23] Marriage in the church, for Christians, is seen as contributing to the fruit of the newlywed couple regularly attending church each Lord's Day and raising children in the faith.[23]
Wedding ceremonies typically contain prayers and readings from the Holy Bible and reflect the church's teachings about the spiritual significance of marriage, as well as its purpose and obligations. The wedding service often includes the reception of Holy Communion, especially in the context of Mass (as with Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Anglicanism).[24] In some traditional weddings of Western Christianity (especially Catholicism, Lutheranism and Anglicanism), a 'care cloth' or 'nuptial veil' (velatio nuptialis) "signifying a marriage yoke joining the bride and groom together" may be held over the kneeling couple during the nuptial blessing given by the priest.[25][26][27][28][29]
Pre-marital counseling may be urged or required for the engaged couple.[30] In some Christian countries or denominations, a betrothal rite, as well as the reading of banns of marriage may also be required before the wedding date.[31]
In the Roman Catholic Church, Holy Matrimony is considered to be one of the seven sacraments, in this case, one that the spouses bestow upon each other in front of a priest and members of the community as witnesses. As with all sacraments, it is seen as having been instituted by Jesus himself (see Gospel of Matthew 19:1–2, Catechism of the Catholic Church §1614–1615). In the Eastern Orthodox Church, it is one of the Mysteries and is seen as an ordination and a martyrdom. The Christian wedding ceremony of Saint Thomas Christians, an ethnoreligious group of Christians in India, incorporates elements from local Indian traditions. Protestant weddings may be elaborate (as with Lutheranism and Anglicanism) or simple (as with Baptists). For example, in the United Methodist Church, the Service of Christian Marriage (Rite I) includes the elements found in a typical Sunday service, such as hymns, prayers, and readings from the Bible, as well as other elements unique to a wedding, including taking marriage vows and an optional exchange of wedding rings, as well as a special benediction for the couple.[32]Holy Communion may be part of the wedding service in liturgical Protestant churches (e.g., Lutheran, Anglican, or Methodist), but is rarely, if ever, found in weddings of other low-church Protestant denominations (e.g., Baptists).
In some Western countries, a separate and secular civil wedding ceremony is required for recognition by the state, while in other Western countries, couples must merely obtain a marriage license from a local government authority and can be married by Christian or other clergy authorized by law to do so.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, same-sex couples have been allowed to marry civilly in many countries, and some Christian churches in those countries allow religious marriages of same-sex couples, though some forbid it. See the article Same-sex marriage.
A girl with the traditional gift of Gaye holud.Bridegroom arrives on horseback at a Rajput wedding
Hindu ceremonies are usually conducted totally or at least partially in Sanskrit, the language of the Hindu scriptures. The wedding celebrations may last for several days and they can be extremely diverse, depending upon the region, denomination, and community. Mehendi ceremony is a traditional ritual in Hindu weddings, where Henna application takes place on the bride's hands and legs, before the wedding. On the wedding day, the bride and the bridegroom garland each other in front of the guests. Most guests witness only this short ceremony and then socialize, have food, and leave. The religious part (if applicable) comes hours later, witnessed by close friends and relatives. In cases where a religious ceremony is present, a Brahmin (Hindu priest) arranges a sacred yajna (fire-sacrifice), and the sacred fire (Agni) is considered the prime witness (sākshī) of the marriage. He chants mantras from the Vedas and subsidiary texts while the couple is seated before the fire. The most important step is saptapadi or saat phere, wherein the bride and the groom, hand-in-hand, encircle the sacred fire seven times, each circle representing a matrimonial vow. Then the groom marks the bride's hair parting with vermilion (sindoor) and puts a gold necklace (mangalsutra) around her neck. Or a yellow thread applied with turmeric is knotted around the bride's neck 3 times at marriage. The first knot represents her obedience and respect to her husband, the second one to his parents and the third represents her respect to God. Several other rituals may precede or follow these afore-mentioned rites. Then the bride formally departs from her blood-relatives to join the groom's family.
Before the ceremony, the couple formalize a written ketubah (marriage contract), specifying the obligations of husband to the wife and contingencies in case of divorce. The ketubah is signed by two witnesses and later read under the chuppah (wedding canopy).
The couple is married under the chuppah signifying their new home together. The chuppah can be made from a piece of cloth or other material attached to four poles, or a giant tallit (prayer shawl) held over the couple by four family members or friends.
The wedding couple is accompanied by both sets of parents and they join the wedding couple under the chuppah.
In Orthodox Jewish weddings, the bride is accompanied to the chuppah by both mothers, and the groom is accompanied to the chuppah by both fathers.
Seven blessings are recited, blessing the bride and groom and their new home.
The couple sip a glass of wine from a Kiddush cup.
The groom will smash a wine glass with his right foot, ostensibly in remembrance of the destruction of the Second Temple. The shattered cup also symbolizes the 'broken' world, and the lifelong process of finding the pieces and putting them back together.
In Reform Jewish weddings, the bride and groom can smash the wine glass together.
At some weddings, the couple may declare that each is sanctified to the other, repeat other vows and exchange rings.
In Orthodox Jewish weddings, the bride does not speak under the chuppah and only she receives a ring. The groom recites "Harei at mekudeshet li k'dat Moshe V'Yisrael"- "behold you are [thus] sanctified to me by the law of Moses and Israel" as he places the ring on the bride's right index finger. The bride's silence and acceptance of the ring signify her agreement to the marriage. This part of the ceremony is called kiddushin. The groom's giving an object of value to the bride is necessary for the wedding to be valid.
In more egalitarian weddings, the bride responds verbally, often giving the groom a ring in return. A common response is "ani l'dodi, v'dodi li" (I am my beloved's, my beloved is mine)
In some Orthodox weddings, the groom then says:
"If I forget you, O Jerusalem, may my right hand forget its skill.
May my tongue cling to the roof of my mouth.
If I do not remember you,
if I do not consider Jerusalem in my highest joy."
The ceremony ends with the groom breaking a glass underfoot.
The couple spend their first moments as husband and wife in seclusion (apart from the wedding guests, and with no other person present). This cheder yichud – "the room of seclusion (or 'oneness')" halachically strengthens the marriage bond since Orthodox Jews are forbidden to be secluded with an unrelated person of the opposite sex.
The ceremony is followed by a seudat mitzvah, the wedding meal, as well as music and dancing.
At the conclusion of the wedding meal, Birkat Hamazon (Grace After Meals) is recited, as well as the seven wedding blessings.
In more observant communities, the couple will celebrate for seven more days, called the Sheva Brachot (seven blessings) during which the seven wedding blessings are recited at every large gathering during this time.
Bridal portraitHenna on the hands of a bride in Tunisia
A wedding is typically a happy time for families to celebrate. In the Middle East, there are colorful, cultural variations from place to place.[39]
Two male witnesses who are the members of the family in most cases are required for Nikah. According to the Quran, in a married Muslim couple, both husband and wife act as each other's protector and comforter and therefore only meant "for each other".
All Muslim marriages have to be declared publicly and are never to be undertaken in secret. For many Muslims, it is the ceremony that counts as the actual wedding alongside a confirmation of that wedding in a registry office according to fiqh. In Islam a wedding is also viewed as a legal contract particularly in Islamic jurisprudences. However, most Muslim cultures separate both the institutions of the mosque and marriage; no religious official is necessary, but very often an Imam presides and performs the ceremony, he may deliver a short sermon.[40] Celebrations may differ from country to country depending on their culture but the main ceremony is followed by a Walima (the marriage banquet).
In Islam, polygyny is allowed with certain religious restrictions. Despite that, an overwhelming majority of Muslims traditionally practice monogamy.
It is forbidden in Islam for parents or anyone else: to force, coerce, or trick either man or woman into a marriage that is contrary to the individual will of any one of the couples. It is also necessary for all marriages to commence with the best of intentions.
Chinese customsedit
In traditional Chinese wedding ceremonies, bride arrives in a jiao
At traditional Chinese weddings, the tea ceremony is the equivalent of an exchange of vows at a Western wedding ceremony. This ritual is still practiced widely among rural Chinese; however, young people in larger cities, as well as in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore, tend to practice a combination of Western style of marriage together with the tea ceremony.
When the bride leaves her home with the groom to his house, a "Good Luck Woman" will hold a red umbrella over her head, meaning, "Raise the bark, spread the leaves." This "Good Luck Woman" should be someone who is blessed with a good marriage, healthy children, and husband and living parents. Other relatives will scatter rice, red beans, and green beans in front of her. The red umbrella protects the bride from evil spirits, and the rice and beans are to attract the attention of the gold chicken.[41]
The newlyweds kneel in front of parents presenting tea. A Good Luck Woman making the tea says auspicious phrases to bless the newlyweds and their families. The newlyweds also present tea to each other, raising the tea cups high to show respect before presenting the tea to each other.
The attendants receiving the tea usually give the bride gifts such as jewelry or a red envelope.
The tea ceremony is an official ritual to introduce the newlyweds to each other's family, and a way for newlyweds to show respect and appreciation to their parents. The newlyweds kneel in front of their parents, serving tea to both sides of parents, as well as elder close relatives. Parents give their words of blessing and gifts to the newlyweds.
Welsh Customsedit
Prior to the 19th century, first recorded in the 13th century in the Book of Aneirin,[42] a custom known as a 'Neithior' or 'Neithor' was observed by the Welsh, it consisted of a great feast being held the following Sunday after the Wedding at the bride's parental home, the guests would pay for the meals and entertainments so that the new couple could afford a new home.[43]
Humanist weddingsedit
While many wedding traditions and rituals have origins in religions and are still performed by religious leaders, some marriage traditions are cultural and predate the prevalent religions in those regions. Non-religious people will often want to have a wedding that is secular (not religious) in content. In order to meet this demand, secular ceremonies carried out by humanist celebrants first developed in the 19th century. Humanists UK members pioneered humanist weddings in the 1890s, and its weddings continue to be popular with couples across England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. In Scotland, Humanist Society Scotland (HSS) has carried out secular ceremonies in the country since the 1980s. These have been legally recognised since 2005,[44] and became more numerous than church weddings in 2018.[45][46]
Humanist wedding ceremonies are carried out in a variety of countries like the U.S., Canada and recently Brazil, having legal status in only a few of these countries. Humanist celebrants are able to perform valid civil marriages and civil partnerships in the Republic of Ireland. Secular weddings are becoming more popular in Ireland due to a declining influence of the Catholic Church.[47] Since 2015, Irish humanists have conducted more weddings than the Church of Ireland.[48]
A 2004 California wedding between a Filipina bride and a Nigerian groom.
Typesedit
There are many ways to categorize weddings, such as by the size or cultural traditions. A wedding may fall into several categories, such as a destination microwedding, or a civil elopement.
A white wedding is a term for a traditional formal or semi-formal Western wedding. This term refers to the color of the wedding dress, which became popular after Queen Victoria wore a pure white gown when she married Prince Albert and many were quick to copy her choice.[1] At the time, the color white symbolized both extravagance and virginal purity to many and had become the color for use by young women being formally presented to the royal court.[2]
Civil weddingedit
A civil wedding is a ceremony presided over by a local civil authority, such as an elected or appointed judge, Justice of the peace or the mayor of a locality. Civil wedding ceremonies may use references to God or a deity (except in U.K law where readings and music are also restricted), but generally no references to a particular religion or denomination.
Civil weddings allow partners of different faiths to marry without one partner converting to the other partner's religion.
They can be either elaborate or simple. Many civil wedding ceremonies take place in local town or city halls or courthouses in judges' chambers.
The relevance of civil weddings varies greatly from country to country. Some countries do not provide any form of civil wedding at all (Israel and many Islamic countries), while in others it is the only legally recognized form of marriage (most countries in Latin America, Europe, and Asia). In this case civil weddings are typically either a mandatory prerequisite for any religious ceremony or religious weddings have no legal significance at all. See Civil marriage.[49]
Destination weddingedit
"Destination wedding" redirects here. For the film, see Destination Wedding.
Not to be confused with an elopement, a destination wedding is one in which a wedding is hosted, often in a vacation-like setting, at a location to which most of the invited guests must travel and often stay for several days. This could be a beach ceremony in the tropics, a lavish event in a metropolitan resort, or a simple ceremony at the home of a geographically distant friend or relative. During the recession of 2009, destination weddings continued to see growth compared to traditional weddings, as the typically smaller size results in lower costs.[50]
Weddings held at prestigious venues such as castles or stately homes have become increasingly popular in the 21st century particularly in European countries such as the UK, France and Germany. From 2010 onwards, there has been an increase in destination weddings that are hosted in exotic places like Indonesia, Maldives, India, and Pakistan.
Destination weddings are prohibited in certain denominations of Christianity, such as the Catholic Church, which teach that Christian marriages should take place in the presence of God at church, where Christians began their journey of faith in the sacrament of baptism.[23]
Double weddingedit
A double wedding is a double ceremony where two affianced couples rendezvous for two simultaneous or consecutive weddings. Typically, a fiancé with a sibling who is also engaged, or four close friends in which both couples within the friendship are engaged might plan a double wedding where both couples legally marry.
Elopementedit
Elopement is the act of getting married, often unexpectedly, without inviting guests to the wedding. In some cases, a small group of family or friends may be present, while in others, the engaged couple may marry without the consent or knowledge of parents or others. While the couple may or may not be widely known to be engaged prior to the elopement, the wedding itself is generally a surprise to those who are later informed of its occurrence.
Handfastingedit
A handfasting is an old pagan custom, dating back to the time of the ancient Celts. A handfasting was originally more like an engagement period, where two people would declare a binding union between themselves for a year and a day. The original handfasting was a trial marriage.[51]
Highland or Scottish weddingedit
The groom and one other in the wedding party wear a kilt with Argyll jacket and long tie.
A Highland or Scottish wedding has the groom, with some or all of the groom's men wear a kilt. The bride may wear a sash or other tartan clothing. The Scottish basket sword is used for any Saber Arch.
A microwedding or minimony is defined by the small number of friends and family members present. The number of guests is usually understood to be no more than 10 or 15 people including family members,[52] although some sources will use this label for a small wedding with up to 50 guests.[53] Compared to an elopement or a civil wedding with no guests, a microwedding is planned and announced in advance and may incorporate whatever traditions and activities the family wants to maintain, such as a wedding cake,[54] photographs, or religious ceremonies.[52] Although the cost per guest may be higher, the overall cost of a microwedding is usually significantly less than a large wedding.[52][55]
Microweddings gained attention during the COVID-19 pandemic as a way to have a wedding event in compliance with public health restrictions.[56][57] After pandemic restrictions were lifted, they remained popular, with couples particularly appreciating their significantly lower costs.[58]
Military weddingedit
A military wedding is a ceremony conducted in a military chapel and may involve a Saber Arch. In most military weddings one or both of the people getting married will wear a military dress uniform in lieu of civilian formal wear. Some retired military personnel who marry after their service has ended may opt for a military wedding.
Not everywhere in Limburg and Brabant is a boerenbruiloft (peasant's wedding) part of the carnival. Especially in the northern and central part of Limburg and eastern part of North Brabant is the boerenbruiloft very often held during the carnival and is an important part of the carnival culture. Each carnival association has its own tradition concerning choosing the spouse for a wedding. Often the bride and groom are chosen by the council of eleven or by the couple that was married the year before. It is not necessary that the newlyweds are a couple in real life. It is also not necessary that the bride and groom are single. Both the bride and groom, however, should be in love during the carnival and they need to transfer their love to all the people who celebrate their wedding along with them. The highlight of the festival of the peasant wedding is the wedding and feast of the onecht (not-marriage) of the bride and groom. There are many aspects that can be found in a real-life marriage. First the engagement will be announced just as if it would be an official marriage. And both the families should learn to know each other very well in organizing the party and the ceremony, like a normal wedding. The two families prepare a piece of entertainment for the wedding.[59] And just like a real wedding, a reception and a feast is organized where guests are asked to wear appropriate clothing. The bride and groom will often dress in wedding clothing from before 1940. The bride, for example, will often wear a poffer, which is a traditional Brabantian headdress.[60]
A shotgun wedding is a wedding in which the groom is reluctant to marry the bride, however, is strongly encouraged to do so to avoid family, social or legal repercussions. In many cases, the bride is pregnant before the wedding and the family of the bride, most commonly the bride's father insists that the groom marry the bride before the pregnancy becomes obvious.
Vow renewal weddingedit
A wedding vow renewal is a ceremony in which a married couple renews or reaffirms their wedding vows. Typically, this ceremony is held to commemorate a milestone wedding anniversary. It may also be held to recreate the marriage ceremony in the presence of family and friends, especially in the case of an earlier elopement.
Weekend weddingedit
A weekend wedding is a wedding in which couples and their guests celebrate over the course of an entire weekend. Special activities, such as spa treatments and golf tournaments may be scheduled into the wedding itinerary. Lodging usually is at the same facility as the wedding and couples often host a Sunday brunch for the weekend's finale.
Wedding ceremony participantsedit
Formal family picture of a royal weddingWaiting for the bride. From left: priest, groom and ushers in New Zealand wearing Scottish kiltsA wedding party in 1918
Wedding ceremony participants also referred to as the wedding party, are the people that participate directly in the wedding ceremony itself.
Depending on the location, religion, and style of the wedding, this group may include only the individual people that are marrying, or it may include one or more brides, grooms (or bridegrooms), persons of honor, bridespersons, best persons, groomsmen, flower girls, pages, and ring bearers.
A "bride's party" consists of those chosen to participate from her family or friends, while a "groom's party" consists of those from his family or friends.
Marriage officiant: The person who officiates at the wedding, validating the wedding from a legal and/or religious standpoint. This person may be a civil celebrant, judge, justice of the peace, or a member of the clergy. In Hindu marriages, the marriage officiant is called a pandit or Brahmin.[61]
Best Man, Woman, or Person: The chief assistant to a bridegroom at a wedding, typically a sibling or friend of special significance in his life. Often holds the wedding rings until their exchange.
Bridesmaids: the female attendants to a bride. Males in this role may be called honor attendants or sometimes bridesmen.
Groomsmen or Ushers: The attendants, usually male, to a bridegroom in a wedding ceremony. Female attendants, such as a sister of the groom, are typically called honor attendants or sometimes groomswomen or groomsmaids.
Pages: Young attendants may carry a bride's train. In a formal wedding, the ring bearer is a special page that carries the rings down the aisle. The coin bearer is a similar page that marches on the wedding aisle to bring the wedding coins.
Flower girls: In some traditions, one or more children carry bouquets or drop flower petals in front of a bride in the wedding procession.
Wedding industryedit
The global wedding industry was worth $300 billion as of 2016. The United States wedding industry alone was estimated to be worth $60 billion as of the same year. In the United States, the wedding industry employs over one million people throughout 600,000 businesses and grows 2% each year. The industry has undergone a transition due to the increased use of technology. Bridal websites, blogs,[63] and social media accounts have driven spending up and created new trends and traditions.[64]
In 2016, the median cost of a wedding in the US was around $14,400 ($17,600 in current dollars).[65] (This means that half of the couples spent more than this, and half spent less.) Extravagant spending on weddings is associated with debt stress and short-lived marriages that end in divorce.[66] Couples who spent less than US$10,000 on all wedding-related expenses, who went on a honeymoon trip, and who had a relatively large number of guests in attendance, were the least likely to divorce.[66] (The cost of the honeymoon itself had no effect.[66]) Couples who start their marriage in debt are more likely to have fights early on their marriage which can lead to divorce.[67] The best way to avoid disagreement is to have open communication with families and plan based on means.[67]
A wedding tax is the concept of goods or services being purchased for a wedding being more expensive when compared to other events such as a family reunion or anniversary.[68] It is also known as a wedding markup.[69] In 2016, an article published by Consumer Reports identified that 28% of secret shoppers who queried vendors would be charged a "wedding tax".[70] Vendors may charge more because they perceive wedding clients as more demanding or unfamiliar with industry standards.[69] Weddings can also be more time and labour intensive events for the vendor. Wedding clients may also receive a markup simply because they are more likely to pay compared to other consumers.[71]
^ ab"Why Do Brides Wear White?". britannica.com. from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
^ abOtnes, Cele & Pleck, Elizabeth (2003). Cinderella Dreams: the Allure of the Lavish Wedding, p. 31. University of California Press, Berkeley.
^Howard, Vicky (2006). Brides Inc.: American Weddings and the Business of Tradition, p. 34. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
^ abHoward, Vicky (2006). Brides Inc.: American Weddings and the Business of Tradition, p. 61. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
^ abB Singh (2013). "Marketing strategies of rice exporters" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
^Xu, Guobin; Chen, Yanhui; Xu, Lianhua (2018). "Western Folklore". Introduction to Western Culture. pp. 163–187. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8153-8_6. ISBN978-981-10-8152-1.
^Abd. Razak Aziz, Awang Azaman Awang Pawi (December 1, 2016). "Redefining Malay Food in the Post Malaysia's New Economic Policy (NEP)" (PDF). Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts (JTHCA). 8 (2). (PDF) from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
^"Fact or Fiction: Uncooked Rice is Bad for Birds". American Chemical Society. November 5, 2018. from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
^Britain), Folklore Society (Great (1895). Publications. from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^Haskey, J., Marriages in 'approved premises' in England and Wales: the impact of the 1994 Marriage Act, Population Trends, Autumn 1998, (93):38-52, abstract accessed 31 March 2023
^Jago, R., Location, Location, Location: 'In the grounds as a wedding venue, University of London, accessed 31 March 2023
^. Scotsman. February 10, 2005. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^"The Scottish Kilt". Visit Scotland. from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^Jim Murdoch. "Scottish Culture and Heritage: The Kilt". Scotsmart. from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
^"Marriage of Mr A.K. Finlay and Miss Robinson". The Queanbeyan Age. NSW. August 14, 1878. p. 1. from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
^Cooke, Deryck V. "Richard Wagner | German composer". Britannica.com. from the original on April 6, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
^Pollack, Suzanne (September 25, 2015) "No Wagner for You" December 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Washington Jewish Week. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
^"England and Wales", Music Not Allowed at Civil Ceremonies (article), Wedding Music Designer (Simon Jordan), August 30, 2015, from the original on October 15, 2016, retrieved July 16, 2018
^Hassall, Jill (2012). "Canon+in+D+by+Pachelbel"&pg=PA53 The Greatest Guide to Your Dream Wedding. Greatest Guides. p. 53. ISBN9781907906060. from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
^Tiffany, Kaitlyn (March 1, 2019). "Why is the wedding industry so hard to disrupt?". Vox. from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
^"Wedding gift lists". Fizz and Groove. January 21, 2020. from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^ abcdeDooley, Sandra (June 20, 2016). A Guide to Catholic Weddings. Liturgy Training Publications. pp. 29–30. ISBN978-1-61833-134-2.
^. June 23, 2008. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
^Dipippo, Gregory (February 8, 2019). "The Velatio Nuptialis: An Ancient (and Forgotten) Part of the Latin Marriage Rite". Novus Motus Liturgicus. from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
^Olavus Petri (1929). The Evangelical Lutheran Church Manual of Olavus Petri: A Manual in Swedish, Including Baptism, Etc. Lutheran Augustana Book Concern.
^Hopkins, Samuel Miles (1883). General Liturgy and Book of Common Prayer. A.S. Barnes. p. 135.
^Monger, George (2004). Marriage Customs of the World: From Henna to Honeymoons. ABC-CLIO. p. 53. ISBN978-1-57607-987-4.
^Warner, Diane (November 25, 2013). Diane Warner's Complete Guide to a Traditional Wedding: Time-Tested Toasts, Vows, Ceremonies & Etiquette: Everything You Need to Create Your Perfect Day. Red Wheel. ISBN978-1-60163-494-8.
^The Book of Worship for Church and Home: With Orders of Worship, Services for the Administration of the Sacraments and Other Aids to Worship According to the Usages of the Methodist Church. Methodist Publishing House. 1964. p. 32. from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
^Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield (April 27, 2011). American Methodist Worship. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN9780190454203.
^"A Service of Christian Marriage". Discipleship Ministries. 1992. from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
^The Alternative Wedding Book. Wood Lake Publishing Inc. 1995. p. 40. ISBN978-1-55145-081-0.
^"Guide to the Jewish Wedding". from the original on September 4, 2008. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
^"Nissuin: The Second of the Two Ceremonies". from the original on November 11, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
^. Archived from the original on September 21, 2007. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
^"Ceremony: Jewish Wedding Rituals". from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
^"Marriage in Jewish Art". from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
^Dodge, Christine Huda. "Islamic Wedding Party Customs". About.com. from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
^"Religions – Islam: Weddings". BBC. from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
^Siu, Tyrone. "Chicken ceremony rooted in ancient rites". from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
^"Humanist Society Scotland | Celebrate the one life we have". Humanism-scotland.org.uk. August 28, 2015. from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
^"Scottish humanists to overtake Kirk weddings". BBC Scotland. June 18, 2015. from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
^Brocklehurst, Steven (August 2016). "More than 4200 Humanist weddings took place in Scotland last year". Humanist Society Scotland. from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
^Walsh, Fionnuala (April 11, 2019). "Less than half of Irish weddings are Catholic". The Times. from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
^"Success! Couple win challenge to lack of legal recognition of humanist marriages in Northern Ireland". Humanists UK. June 9, 2017. from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^for details. Gavira, Juan. "Characteristics of a Spanish wedding" March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Juangavira.com
^Parsons, Claudia (May 12, 2009). "Destination weddings see growth despite recession". Reuters. from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
^"About Handfastings". Handfastings.org. from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
^ abcGoldfarb, Anna (October 12, 2017). "What to Know About Having a Microwedding". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
^Mackey, Jaimie (April 15, 2020). "What Is a Micro Wedding and Should You Have One?". Brides. from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
^admin (August 23, 2023). "Cake Decorating Courses: Mastering the Art of Edible Elegance". Decor Mastery. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
^Midland, Cary (October 8, 2018). "What's a Micro Wedding, and Why Are They Becoming So Popular?". Martha Stewart. from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
^Velez, Mandy (July 6, 2020). "COVID-19 Didn't Kill Weddings. But It May Change Them Forever". The Daily Beast. from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
^Rello, Gabriella (July 13, 2020). "How to Plan a Beautiful, Meaningful Micro Wedding So That You Can Celebrate Your Postponed Nuptials Right Now". Martha Stewart. from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
^Gerber, Marisa (June 21, 2023). "How to throw a wedding for less than the cost of an iPhone—the minimony craze". Los Angeles Times.
^. Houseplantation. December 10, 2015. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
^"Boerenbruiloft: hoezo in het 'onecht' verbonden? | Vastelaovend en Carnaval in Limburg". Vastelaovendinlimburg.nl. April 8, 2013. from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
^Mother Of The Groom Responsibilities November 13, 2022, at the Wayback Machine - Frontcoverweddings.com
^"Wedding Blogs- Inspiration Ideas Themes Planning and much more". Retrieved December 6, 2022.
^"Part 1: The Past, Present and Future of the Wedding Industry". HuffPost. February 24, 2016. from the original on December 13, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
^2016 U.S. Median Cost of a Wedding was $14,399, The Wedding Institute, retrieved September 1, 2017[permanent dead link]
^ abcFrancis-Tan, Andrew; Mialon, Hugo M. (September 15, 2014). 'A Diamond is Forever' and Other Fairy Tales: The Relationship between Wedding Expenses and Marriage Duration (PDF) (Report). Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2501480. S2CID 44741655. SSRN 2501480.
^ abPatch, Emma (January 2023). "Plan a Wedding You Can Afford". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. p. 1. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^Stewart, Emily (October 6, 2022). "You know what your wedding doesn't need? Doughnut walls". Vox. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
^ abWong, Kristin (March 18, 2016). "How to Avoid "Wedding Markup" When Planning Your Big Day". Lifehacker. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
^Stranger, Tobie (April 26, 2016). "Get More Wedding for Your Money". Consumer Reports. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
^Sugar, Rachel (June 8, 2017). "The Wedding Tax Is Totally Real Except When It Isn't". Racked. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wedding ceremonies.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Wedding travel.
The dictionary definition of wedding at Wiktionary
November 01, 2023
wedding, other, uses, disambiguation, nuptials, redirects, here, essays, nuptials, essays, wedding, ceremony, where, people, united, marriage, traditions, customs, vary, greatly, between, cultures, ethnic, groups, religions, countries, social, classes, most, w. For other uses see Wedding disambiguation Nuptials redirects here For the essays see Nuptials essays A wedding is a ceremony where two people are united in marriage Wedding traditions and customs vary greatly between cultures ethnic groups religions countries and social classes Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of marriage vows by a couple presentation of a gift offering rings symbolic item flowers money dress and a public proclamation of marriage by an authority figure or celebrant Special wedding garments are often worn and the ceremony is sometimes followed by a wedding reception Music poetry prayers or readings from religious texts or literature are also commonly incorporated into the ceremony as well as superstitious customs Kashmiri Hindu wedding India Muslim wedding Tunisia Roman Catholic white wedding Philippines Same sex civil wedding United States Armenian weddingRoman Catholic wedding portrait Poland Indian Wedding CeremonyCouple at a wedding ceremony in IndonesiaCouple at a pre wedding ceremony in ThailandCouple from a Belarus wedding Contents 1 Common elements across cultures 2 Locations 3 Traditional wedding attire 4 Wedding music 4 1 Western weddings 5 Customs associated with various religions and cultures 5 1 Christian customs 5 2 Hindu customs 5 3 Jewish customs 5 4 Islamic customs 5 5 Chinese customs 5 6 Welsh Customs 5 7 Humanist weddings 6 Types 6 1 White wedding 6 2 Civil wedding 6 3 Destination wedding 6 4 Double wedding 6 5 Elopement 6 6 Handfasting 6 7 Highland or Scottish wedding 6 8 Mass wedding 6 9 Microwedding 6 10 Military wedding 6 11 Peasant wedding 6 12 Same sex wedding 6 13 Shotgun wedding 6 14 Vow renewal wedding 6 15 Weekend wedding 7 Wedding ceremony participants 8 Wedding industry 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksCommon elements across cultures editSee also Wedding customs by country nbsp Many cultures have adopted the traditional Western custom of the white wedding when the bride wears a white wedding dress and veil Painting by Edmund Leighton 1853 1922 nbsp Wedding party at Stockholm s Lillienhoff Palace in Sweden in 2017Some cultures have adopted the traditional Western custom of the white wedding in which a bride wears a white wedding dress and veil This tradition was popularized through the marriage of Queen Victoria 1 Some say Queen Victoria s choice of a white gown may have simply been a sign of extravagance but may have also been influenced by the values she held which emphasized sexual purity 2 The use of a wedding ring has long been part of religious weddings in Europe and America but the origin of the tradition is unclear One possibility is the Roman belief in the Vena amoris which was believed to be a blood vessel that ran from the fourth finger ring finger directly to the heart Thus when a couple wore rings on this finger their hearts were connected Historian Vicki Howard points out that the belief in the ancient quality of the practice is most likely a modern invention 3 In the United States of America a groom s wedding band has not appeared until the early 20th century 4 while in Europe it has been part of the tradition since the ancient Romans as witnessed by the jurist Gaius The exit from the wedding ceremony is also called the send off and often includes traditional practices such as the newlyweds and the wedding party bowing and kissing the knees of the elders in Ethiopian weddings The send off often includes throwing rice a symbol of prosperity and fertility 5 or other seeds at the newlyweds in most of the Western world 6 as well as for example India 5 and Malaysia 7 Despite fears of the opposite the use of uncooked rice for this purpose is not harmful to birds 8 Shoe tossing in place of rice has also been used in several cultures 9 nbsp Wedding decorations at the Mahnala Stage Mahnalan lava in Hameenkyro Pirkanmaa Finland in July 2019The wedding ceremony is often followed by wedding reception or a wedding breakfast in which the rituals may include speeches from a groom best man father of a bride and possibly a bride 10 the newlyweds first dance as a couple and the cutting of an elegant wedding cake In recent years traditions have changed to include a father daughter dance for a bride and her father and sometimes also a mother son dance for a groom and his mother Locations editIn some countries there are restictions on where a wedding may take place for example before the Marriage Act 1994 marriages in England and Wales could only take place in authorised religious buildings or civil register offices but the Act extended the options available to allow weddings in other approved premises 11 Cretney identified a wide range of venues which sought approval after the implementation of this legal change including hotels stately homes football grounds and former warships Related outdoor locations could also be approved for weddings after the Marriages and Civil Partnerships Approved Premises Amendment Regulations 2022 were adopted 12 Traditional wedding attire editWestern dress code Wedding dress or bridal gown a special dress worn by a bride nbsp Traditional western wedding veilWedding veil popularized by Queen Victoria was a long held custom in which the purity and innocence of the bride could thwart evil spirits Morning dress western daytime formal dress White tie evening dress in the U K very formal evening attire Black tie or Evening Suit dinner jacket in the U K often referred to as a tuxedo in the U S and Canada traditionally appropriate only for use after 6 00 p m Stroller Lounge suit Non traditional tuxedo variants colored jackets ties wedding suits Ao dai traditional garments of Vietnam Barong Tagalog an embroidered formal men s garment of the Philippines Batik and Kebaya a garment worn by the Javanese people of Indonesia and also by the Malay people of Malaysia Dashiki the traditional West African wedding attire Dhoti male garment in South India Hanbok the traditional garment of Korea Kilt male garment particular to Scottish culture 13 14 15 Kittel a white robe worn by the groom at an Orthodox Jewish wedding The kittel is worn only under the chuppah and is removed before the reception Qun Gua or Kua 裙褂 pinyin qun gua Cantonese kwahn kwaa Chinese traditional formal wear This can be in the form of a qipao or hanfu Ribbon shirt often worn by Native American men on auspicious occasions such as weddings another common custom is to wrap bride and groom in a blanket Sampot traditional dress in Cambodia Sari Lehenga Indian popular and traditional dress in India Seshweshe a female dress worn by the Basotho women during special ceremonies Although it has recently been adopted to men attire as well Sherwani a long coat like garment worn in South Asia Shiromuku Kimono a traditional wedding garment in Japan Tiara or wedding crown worn by Syrian and Greek couples which are called ta stefana which literally means wreaths and Scandinavian brides Topor a type of conical headgear traditionally worn by grooms as part of the Bengali Hindu wedding ceremony Different wedding clothing around the world nbsp Hindu wedding in India nbsp Khmer Cambodian wedding in traditional outfits nbsp A bride and a bridegroom in Nepal nbsp Neopagan handfasting ceremony nbsp A Muslim couple in India nbsp Fire rituals at a Hindu wedding India nbsp Crowning during a Nasrani wedding in the Syro Malabar Catholic Church nbsp Japanese bride and bridegroom nbsp Traditional Armenian wedding dress nbsp A Parsi wedding nbsp Assyrian bride and groom nbsp Chinese traditional wedding dress Qing dynasty style nbsp Chinese traditional wedding clothing Ming dynasty style nbsp Chinese traditional wedding attire Zhou dynasty style nbsp Wedding at Burning Man nbsp Wedding 1935 in Barcelona Spain nbsp Minangkabau marriage in Indonesia nbsp Japanese wedding at the Meiji Shrine nbsp Groom in the traditional dress of Bangladesh in a wedding ceremony nbsp Sri Lankan Kandyan Bride and Groom Sri Lanka nbsp Armenian Wedding at Khor Virap nbsp A traditional wedding ceremony in Jomala Aland nbsp Aadiwasi tribal marriage groom bride India nbsp Rural marriage ceremony in Mymensingh Bangladesh nbsp Wedding in TurkeyWedding music editMain article Wedding music nbsp Bridal march source source The Bridal Chorus from Richard Wagner s opera Lohengrin Problems playing this file See media help Western weddings edit Music played at Western weddings includes a processional song for walking down the aisle ex wedding march either before or after the marriage service An example of such use is reported in the wedding of Nora Robinson and Alexander Kirkman Finlay in 1878 16 The Bridal Chorus from Lohengrin by Richard Wagner commonly known as Here Comes the Bride is often used as the processional Wagner is said to have been anti Semitic 17 and as a result the Bridal Chorus is normally not used at Jewish weddings 18 UK law forbids music with any religious connotations to be used in a civil ceremony 19 Johann Pachelbel s Canon in D is an alternative processional 20 Other alternatives include various contemporary melodies such as Bob Marley s One Love which is sometimes performed by a steel drum band 4 The Music used in modern weddings is left completely up to the Bride and Groom and it is also becoming growingly popular for couples to add their own twist to the song they walk down the aisle to Many Brides and Grooms use songs that are sentimental or hold special value to them In the United States approximately 2 million people get married each year and close to 70 million people attend a wedding and spend more than 100 on a gift 21 In the United Kingdom according to a survey the average spend minimum spend on a wedding gift 22 is 24 70 and the average maximum spend is 111 46 85 of people said that they were more likely to spend more money on a person if they had a better relationship with them Customs associated with various religions and cultures editChristian customs edit Main article Christian views on marriage Further information Marriage Christianity nbsp A couple exchange vows at the altar during a ceremony in a Catholic Church Most Christian churches give some form of blessing to a marriage which is seen as a sacred institution in some sense although terminology and associated theological meanings vary widely from one denomination to another e g holy matrimony sacrament of marriage holy ordinance of marriage holy union and so forth A celebration of Holy Matrimony typically includes mutual vows or solemn promises of lifelong love and fidelity by the couple and may include some sort of pledge by the community to support the couple s relationship A church wedding is a ceremony held in a church and presided over by a Christian pastor Traditionally Christian weddings occur in a church as Christian marriage ideally begins where one also starts their faith journey Christians receive the sacrament of baptism in church in the presence of their congregation 23 Catholic Christian weddings must take place in a church building as holy matrimony is a sacrament sacraments normatively occur in the presence of Christ in the house of God and members of the faith community should be present to witness the event and provide support and encouragement for those celebrating the sacrament 23 Bishops never grant permission to those requesting to be married in a garden on the beach or some other place outside of the church and a dispensation is only granted in extraordinary circumstances for example if a bride or groom is ill or disabled and unable to come to the church 23 Marriage in the church for Christians is seen as contributing to the fruit of the newlywed couple regularly attending church each Lord s Day and raising children in the faith 23 Wedding ceremonies typically contain prayers and readings from the Holy Bible and reflect the church s teachings about the spiritual significance of marriage as well as its purpose and obligations The wedding service often includes the reception of Holy Communion especially in the context of Mass as with Catholicism Lutheranism and Anglicanism 24 In some traditional weddings of Western Christianity especially Catholicism Lutheranism and Anglicanism a care cloth or nuptial veil velatio nuptialis signifying a marriage yoke joining the bride and groom together may be held over the kneeling couple during the nuptial blessing given by the priest 25 26 27 28 29 Pre marital counseling may be urged or required for the engaged couple 30 In some Christian countries or denominations a betrothal rite as well as the reading of banns of marriage may also be required before the wedding date 31 In the Roman Catholic Church Holy Matrimony is considered to be one of the seven sacraments in this case one that the spouses bestow upon each other in front of a priest and members of the community as witnesses As with all sacraments it is seen as having been instituted by Jesus himself see Gospel of Matthew 19 1 2 Catechism of the Catholic Church 1614 1615 In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is one of the Mysteries and is seen as an ordination and a martyrdom The Christian wedding ceremony of Saint Thomas Christians an ethnoreligious group of Christians in India incorporates elements from local Indian traditions Protestant weddings may be elaborate as with Lutheranism and Anglicanism or simple as with Baptists For example in the United Methodist Church the Service of Christian Marriage Rite I includes the elements found in a typical Sunday service such as hymns prayers and readings from the Bible as well as other elements unique to a wedding including taking marriage vows and an optional exchange of wedding rings as well as a special benediction for the couple 32 Holy Communion may be part of the wedding service in liturgical Protestant churches e g Lutheran Anglican or Methodist but is rarely if ever found in weddings of other low church Protestant denominations e g Baptists A Quaker wedding ceremony in a Friends meeting is similar to any other meeting for worship and therefore often very different from the experience expected by non Friends 33 In some Western countries a separate and secular civil wedding ceremony is required for recognition by the state while in other Western countries couples must merely obtain a marriage license from a local government authority and can be married by Christian or other clergy authorized by law to do so Since the beginning of the 21st century same sex couples have been allowed to marry civilly in many countries and some Christian churches in those countries allow religious marriages of same sex couples though some forbid it See the article Same sex marriage Hindu customs edit Main article Hindu wedding nbsp A girl with the traditional gift of Gaye holud nbsp Bridegroom arrives on horseback at a Rajput weddingHindu ceremonies are usually conducted totally or at least partially in Sanskrit the language of the Hindu scriptures The wedding celebrations may last for several days and they can be extremely diverse depending upon the region denomination and community Mehendi ceremony is a traditional ritual in Hindu weddings where Henna application takes place on the bride s hands and legs before the wedding On the wedding day the bride and the bridegroom garland each other in front of the guests Most guests witness only this short ceremony and then socialize have food and leave The religious part if applicable comes hours later witnessed by close friends and relatives In cases where a religious ceremony is present a Brahmin Hindu priest arranges a sacred yajna fire sacrifice and the sacred fire Agni is considered the prime witness sakshi of the marriage He chants mantras from the Vedas and subsidiary texts while the couple is seated before the fire The most important step is saptapadi or saat phere wherein the bride and the groom hand in hand encircle the sacred fire seven times each circle representing a matrimonial vow Then the groom marks the bride s hair parting with vermilion sindoor and puts a gold necklace mangalsutra around her neck Or a yellow thread applied with turmeric is knotted around the bride s neck 3 times at marriage The first knot represents her obedience and respect to her husband the second one to his parents and the third represents her respect to God Several other rituals may precede or follow these afore mentioned rites Then the bride formally departs from her blood relatives to join the groom s family Jewish customs edit nbsp Jewish weddingMain articles Jewish wedding and Jewish views on marriage A traditional Jewish wedding usually follows this format 34 35 36 37 38 Before the ceremony the couple formalize a written ketubah marriage contract specifying the obligations of husband to the wife and contingencies in case of divorce The ketubah is signed by two witnesses and later read under the chuppah wedding canopy The couple is married under the chuppah signifying their new home together The chuppah can be made from a piece of cloth or other material attached to four poles or a giant tallit prayer shawl held over the couple by four family members or friends The wedding couple is accompanied by both sets of parents and they join the wedding couple under the chuppah In Orthodox Jewish weddings the bride is accompanied to the chuppah by both mothers and the groom is accompanied to the chuppah by both fathers Seven blessings are recited blessing the bride and groom and their new home The couple sip a glass of wine from a Kiddush cup The groom will smash a wine glass with his right foot ostensibly in remembrance of the destruction of the Second Temple The shattered cup also symbolizes the broken world and the lifelong process of finding the pieces and putting them back together In Reform Jewish weddings the bride and groom can smash the wine glass together At some weddings the couple may declare that each is sanctified to the other repeat other vows and exchange rings In Orthodox Jewish weddings the bride does not speak under the chuppah and only she receives a ring The groom recites Harei at mekudeshet li k dat Moshe V Yisrael behold you are thus sanctified to me by the law of Moses and Israel as he places the ring on the bride s right index finger The bride s silence and acceptance of the ring signify her agreement to the marriage This part of the ceremony is called kiddushin The groom s giving an object of value to the bride is necessary for the wedding to be valid In more egalitarian weddings the bride responds verbally often giving the groom a ring in return A common response is ani l dodi v dodi li I am my beloved s my beloved is mine In some Orthodox weddings the groom then says If I forget you O Jerusalem may my right hand forget its skill May my tongue cling to the roof of my mouth If I do not remember you if I do not consider Jerusalem in my highest joy The ceremony ends with the groom breaking a glass underfoot The couple spend their first moments as husband and wife in seclusion apart from the wedding guests and with no other person present This cheder yichud the room of seclusion or oneness halachically strengthens the marriage bond since Orthodox Jews are forbidden to be secluded with an unrelated person of the opposite sex The ceremony is followed by a seudat mitzvah the wedding meal as well as music and dancing At the conclusion of the wedding meal Birkat Hamazon Grace After Meals is recited as well as the seven wedding blessings In more observant communities the couple will celebrate for seven more days called the Sheva Brachot seven blessings during which the seven wedding blessings are recited at every large gathering during this time Islamic customs edit Main articles Marriage in Islam and Islamic marital practices nbsp Bridal portrait nbsp Henna on the hands of a bride in TunisiaA wedding is typically a happy time for families to celebrate In the Middle East there are colorful cultural variations from place to place 39 Two male witnesses who are the members of the family in most cases are required for Nikah According to the Quran in a married Muslim couple both husband and wife act as each other s protector and comforter and therefore only meant for each other All Muslim marriages have to be declared publicly and are never to be undertaken in secret For many Muslims it is the ceremony that counts as the actual wedding alongside a confirmation of that wedding in a registry office according to fiqh In Islam a wedding is also viewed as a legal contract particularly in Islamic jurisprudences However most Muslim cultures separate both the institutions of the mosque and marriage no religious official is necessary but very often an Imam presides and performs the ceremony he may deliver a short sermon 40 Celebrations may differ from country to country depending on their culture but the main ceremony is followed by a Walima the marriage banquet In Islam polygyny is allowed with certain religious restrictions Despite that an overwhelming majority of Muslims traditionally practice monogamy It is forbidden in Islam for parents or anyone else to force coerce or trick either man or woman into a marriage that is contrary to the individual will of any one of the couples It is also necessary for all marriages to commence with the best of intentions Chinese customs edit nbsp In traditional Chinese wedding ceremonies bride arrives in a jiaoAt traditional Chinese weddings the tea ceremony is the equivalent of an exchange of vows at a Western wedding ceremony This ritual is still practiced widely among rural Chinese however young people in larger cities as well as in Taiwan Hong Kong Malaysia and Singapore tend to practice a combination of Western style of marriage together with the tea ceremony When the bride leaves her home with the groom to his house a Good Luck Woman will hold a red umbrella over her head meaning Raise the bark spread the leaves This Good Luck Woman should be someone who is blessed with a good marriage healthy children and husband and living parents Other relatives will scatter rice red beans and green beans in front of her The red umbrella protects the bride from evil spirits and the rice and beans are to attract the attention of the gold chicken 41 The newlyweds kneel in front of parents presenting tea A Good Luck Woman making the tea says auspicious phrases to bless the newlyweds and their families The newlyweds also present tea to each other raising the tea cups high to show respect before presenting the tea to each other The attendants receiving the tea usually give the bride gifts such as jewelry or a red envelope The tea ceremony is an official ritual to introduce the newlyweds to each other s family and a way for newlyweds to show respect and appreciation to their parents The newlyweds kneel in front of their parents serving tea to both sides of parents as well as elder close relatives Parents give their words of blessing and gifts to the newlyweds Welsh Customs edit Prior to the 19th century first recorded in the 13th century in the Book of Aneirin 42 a custom known as a Neithior or Neithor was observed by the Welsh it consisted of a great feast being held the following Sunday after the Wedding at the bride s parental home the guests would pay for the meals and entertainments so that the new couple could afford a new home 43 Humanist weddings edit While many wedding traditions and rituals have origins in religions and are still performed by religious leaders some marriage traditions are cultural and predate the prevalent religions in those regions Non religious people will often want to have a wedding that is secular not religious in content In order to meet this demand secular ceremonies carried out by humanist celebrants first developed in the 19th century Humanists UK members pioneered humanist weddings in the 1890s and its weddings continue to be popular with couples across England Wales and Northern Ireland In Scotland Humanist Society Scotland HSS has carried out secular ceremonies in the country since the 1980s These have been legally recognised since 2005 44 and became more numerous than church weddings in 2018 45 46 Humanist wedding ceremonies are carried out in a variety of countries like the U S Canada and recently Brazil having legal status in only a few of these countries Humanist celebrants are able to perform valid civil marriages and civil partnerships in the Republic of Ireland Secular weddings are becoming more popular in Ireland due to a declining influence of the Catholic Church 47 Since 2015 Irish humanists have conducted more weddings than the Church of Ireland 48 nbsp A 2004 California wedding between a Filipina bride and a Nigerian groom Types editThere are many ways to categorize weddings such as by the size or cultural traditions A wedding may fall into several categories such as a destination microwedding or a civil elopement White wedding edit nbsp White wedding in UkraineMain article White wedding A white wedding is a term for a traditional formal or semi formal Western wedding This term refers to the color of the wedding dress which became popular after Queen Victoria wore a pure white gown when she married Prince Albert and many were quick to copy her choice 1 At the time the color white symbolized both extravagance and virginal purity to many and had become the color for use by young women being formally presented to the royal court 2 Civil wedding edit A civil wedding is a ceremony presided over by a local civil authority such as an elected or appointed judge Justice of the peace or the mayor of a locality Civil wedding ceremonies may use references to God or a deity except in U K law where readings and music are also restricted but generally no references to a particular religion or denomination Civil weddings allow partners of different faiths to marry without one partner converting to the other partner s religion They can be either elaborate or simple Many civil wedding ceremonies take place in local town or city halls or courthouses in judges chambers The relevance of civil weddings varies greatly from country to country Some countries do not provide any form of civil wedding at all Israel and many Islamic countries while in others it is the only legally recognized form of marriage most countries in Latin America Europe and Asia In this case civil weddings are typically either a mandatory prerequisite for any religious ceremony or religious weddings have no legal significance at all See Civil marriage 49 Destination wedding edit Destination wedding redirects here For the film see Destination Wedding Not to be confused with an elopement a destination wedding is one in which a wedding is hosted often in a vacation like setting at a location to which most of the invited guests must travel and often stay for several days This could be a beach ceremony in the tropics a lavish event in a metropolitan resort or a simple ceremony at the home of a geographically distant friend or relative During the recession of 2009 destination weddings continued to see growth compared to traditional weddings as the typically smaller size results in lower costs 50 Weddings held at prestigious venues such as castles or stately homes have become increasingly popular in the 21st century particularly in European countries such as the UK France and Germany From 2010 onwards there has been an increase in destination weddings that are hosted in exotic places like Indonesia Maldives India and Pakistan Destination weddings are prohibited in certain denominations of Christianity such as the Catholic Church which teach that Christian marriages should take place in the presence of God at church where Christians began their journey of faith in the sacrament of baptism 23 Double wedding edit A double wedding is a double ceremony where two affianced couples rendezvous for two simultaneous or consecutive weddings Typically a fiance with a sibling who is also engaged or four close friends in which both couples within the friendship are engaged might plan a double wedding where both couples legally marry Elopement edit Elopement is the act of getting married often unexpectedly without inviting guests to the wedding In some cases a small group of family or friends may be present while in others the engaged couple may marry without the consent or knowledge of parents or others While the couple may or may not be widely known to be engaged prior to the elopement the wedding itself is generally a surprise to those who are later informed of its occurrence Handfasting edit A handfasting is an old pagan custom dating back to the time of the ancient Celts A handfasting was originally more like an engagement period where two people would declare a binding union between themselves for a year and a day The original handfasting was a trial marriage 51 Highland or Scottish wedding edit nbsp The groom and one other in the wedding party wear a kilt with Argyll jacket and long tie A Highland or Scottish wedding has the groom with some or all of the groom s men wear a kilt The bride may wear a sash or other tartan clothing The Scottish basket sword is used for any Saber Arch Mass wedding edit A collective or mass wedding is a single ceremony where numerous couples are married simultaneously Microwedding edit A microwedding or minimony is defined by the small number of friends and family members present The number of guests is usually understood to be no more than 10 or 15 people including family members 52 although some sources will use this label for a small wedding with up to 50 guests 53 Compared to an elopement or a civil wedding with no guests a microwedding is planned and announced in advance and may incorporate whatever traditions and activities the family wants to maintain such as a wedding cake 54 photographs or religious ceremonies 52 Although the cost per guest may be higher the overall cost of a microwedding is usually significantly less than a large wedding 52 55 Microweddings gained attention during the COVID 19 pandemic as a way to have a wedding event in compliance with public health restrictions 56 57 After pandemic restrictions were lifted they remained popular with couples particularly appreciating their significantly lower costs 58 Military wedding edit A military wedding is a ceremony conducted in a military chapel and may involve a Saber Arch In most military weddings one or both of the people getting married will wear a military dress uniform in lieu of civilian formal wear Some retired military personnel who marry after their service has ended may opt for a military wedding Peasant wedding edit A peasant wedding is a Dutch carnival custom Not everywhere in Limburg and Brabant is a boerenbruiloft peasant s wedding part of the carnival Especially in the northern and central part of Limburg and eastern part of North Brabant is the boerenbruiloft very often held during the carnival and is an important part of the carnival culture Each carnival association has its own tradition concerning choosing the spouse for a wedding Often the bride and groom are chosen by the council of eleven or by the couple that was married the year before It is not necessary that the newlyweds are a couple in real life It is also not necessary that the bride and groom are single Both the bride and groom however should be in love during the carnival and they need to transfer their love to all the people who celebrate their wedding along with them The highlight of the festival of the peasant wedding is the wedding and feast of the onecht not marriage of the bride and groom There are many aspects that can be found in a real life marriage First the engagement will be announced just as if it would be an official marriage And both the families should learn to know each other very well in organizing the party and the ceremony like a normal wedding The two families prepare a piece of entertainment for the wedding 59 And just like a real wedding a reception and a feast is organized where guests are asked to wear appropriate clothing The bride and groom will often dress in wedding clothing from before 1940 The bride for example will often wear a poffer which is a traditional Brabantian headdress 60 Same sex wedding edit Main article Same sex marriage A marriage between two people of the same sex Shotgun wedding edit A shotgun wedding is a wedding in which the groom is reluctant to marry the bride however is strongly encouraged to do so to avoid family social or legal repercussions In many cases the bride is pregnant before the wedding and the family of the bride most commonly the bride s father insists that the groom marry the bride before the pregnancy becomes obvious Vow renewal wedding edit A wedding vow renewal is a ceremony in which a married couple renews or reaffirms their wedding vows Typically this ceremony is held to commemorate a milestone wedding anniversary It may also be held to recreate the marriage ceremony in the presence of family and friends especially in the case of an earlier elopement Weekend wedding edit A weekend wedding is a wedding in which couples and their guests celebrate over the course of an entire weekend Special activities such as spa treatments and golf tournaments may be scheduled into the wedding itinerary Lodging usually is at the same facility as the wedding and couples often host a Sunday brunch for the weekend s finale Wedding ceremony participants edit nbsp Formal family picture of a royal wedding nbsp Waiting for the bride From left priest groom and ushers in New Zealand wearing Scottish kilts nbsp A wedding party in 1918Wedding ceremony participants also referred to as the wedding party are the people that participate directly in the wedding ceremony itself Depending on the location religion and style of the wedding this group may include only the individual people that are marrying or it may include one or more brides grooms or bridegrooms persons of honor bridespersons best persons groomsmen flower girls pages and ring bearers A bride s party consists of those chosen to participate from her family or friends while a groom s party consists of those from his family or friends Bride A woman about to be married Bridegroom or groom A man about to be married Marriage officiant The person who officiates at the wedding validating the wedding from a legal and or religious standpoint This person may be a civil celebrant judge justice of the peace or a member of the clergy In Hindu marriages the marriage officiant is called a pandit or Brahmin 61 Best Man Woman or Person The chief assistant to a bridegroom at a wedding typically a sibling or friend of special significance in his life Often holds the wedding rings until their exchange Mothers of a Bride or Groom 62 Fathers of a Bride or Groom Maid Matron Man or Person of Honor the title and position held by a bride s chief attendant typically her closest friend or sibling Bridesmaids the female attendants to a bride Males in this role may be called honor attendants or sometimes bridesmen Groomsmen or Ushers The attendants usually male to a bridegroom in a wedding ceremony Female attendants such as a sister of the groom are typically called honor attendants or sometimes groomswomen or groomsmaids Pages Young attendants may carry a bride s train In a formal wedding the ring bearer is a special page that carries the rings down the aisle The coin bearer is a similar page that marches on the wedding aisle to bring the wedding coins Flower girls In some traditions one or more children carry bouquets or drop flower petals in front of a bride in the wedding procession Wedding industry editThe global wedding industry was worth 300 billion as of 2016 The United States wedding industry alone was estimated to be worth 60 billion as of the same year In the United States the wedding industry employs over one million people throughout 600 000 businesses and grows 2 each year The industry has undergone a transition due to the increased use of technology Bridal websites blogs 63 and social media accounts have driven spending up and created new trends and traditions 64 In 2016 the median cost of a wedding in the US was around 14 400 17 600 in current dollars 65 This means that half of the couples spent more than this and half spent less Extravagant spending on weddings is associated with debt stress and short lived marriages that end in divorce 66 Couples who spent less than US 10 000 on all wedding related expenses who went on a honeymoon trip and who had a relatively large number of guests in attendance were the least likely to divorce 66 The cost of the honeymoon itself had no effect 66 Couples who start their marriage in debt are more likely to have fights early on their marriage which can lead to divorce 67 The best way to avoid disagreement is to have open communication with families and plan based on means 67 A wedding tax is the concept of goods or services being purchased for a wedding being more expensive when compared to other events such as a family reunion or anniversary 68 It is also known as a wedding markup 69 In 2016 an article published by Consumer Reports identified that 28 of secret shoppers who queried vendors would be charged a wedding tax 70 Vendors may charge more because they perceive wedding clients as more demanding or unfamiliar with industry standards 69 Weddings can also be more time and labour intensive events for the vendor Wedding clients may also receive a markup simply because they are more likely to pay compared to other consumers 71 See also editWedding customs by country White wedding Wedding dress Wedding reception Wedding cake Elopement Relationship science Interethnic marriage Interracial marriage Interfaith marriage Interdenominational marriage Inter caste marriage Gay marriageReferences edit a b Why Do Brides Wear White britannica com Archived from the original on September 6 2021 Retrieved September 7 2021 a b Otnes Cele amp Pleck Elizabeth 2003 Cinderella Dreams the Allure of the Lavish Wedding p 31 University of California Press Berkeley Howard Vicky 2006 Brides Inc American Weddings and the Business of Tradition p 34 University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia a b Howard Vicky 2006 Brides Inc American Weddings and the Business of Tradition p 61 University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia a b B Singh 2013 Marketing strategies of rice exporters PDF Archived PDF from the original on May 9 2019 Retrieved May 9 2019 Xu Guobin Chen Yanhui Xu Lianhua 2018 Western Folklore Introduction to Western Culture pp 163 187 doi 10 1007 978 981 10 8153 8 6 ISBN 978 981 10 8152 1 Abd Razak Aziz Awang Azaman Awang Pawi December 1 2016 Redefining Malay Food in the Post Malaysia s New Economic Policy NEP PDF Journal of Tourism Hospitality amp Culinary Arts JTHCA 8 2 Archived PDF from the original on May 9 2019 Retrieved May 9 2019 Fact or Fiction Uncooked Rice is Bad for Birds American Chemical Society November 5 2018 Archived from the original on May 9 2019 Retrieved May 9 2019 Britain Folklore Society Great 1895 Publications Archived from the original on August 12 2020 Retrieved July 29 2020 1 Archived August 14 2012 at the Wayback Machine Haskey J Marriages in approved premises in England and Wales the impact of the 1994 Marriage Act Population Trends Autumn 1998 93 38 52 abstract accessed 31 March 2023 Jago R Location Location Location In the grounds as a wedding venue University of London accessed 31 March 2023 Kilts tightly woven into Scots culture Scotsman February 10 2005 Archived from the original on February 2 2007 Retrieved April 16 2007 The Scottish Kilt Visit Scotland Archived from the original on March 19 2011 Retrieved April 16 2007 Jim Murdoch Scottish Culture and Heritage The Kilt Scotsmart Archived from the original on September 30 2007 Retrieved April 16 2007 Marriage of Mr A K Finlay and Miss Robinson The Queanbeyan Age NSW August 14 1878 p 1 Archived from the original on May 24 2022 Retrieved September 4 2013 Cooke Deryck V Richard Wagner German composer Britannica com Archived from the original on April 6 2011 Retrieved November 10 2015 Pollack Suzanne September 25 2015 No Wagner for You Archived December 27 2019 at the Wayback Machine Washington Jewish Week Retrieved December 26 2019 England and Wales Music Not Allowed at Civil Ceremonies article Wedding Music Designer Simon Jordan August 30 2015 archived from the original on October 15 2016 retrieved July 16 2018 Hassall Jill 2012 Canon in D by Pachelbel amp pg PA53 The Greatest Guide to Your Dream Wedding Greatest Guides p 53 ISBN 9781907906060 Archived from the original on May 24 2022 Retrieved November 20 2017 Tiffany Kaitlyn March 1 2019 Why is the wedding industry so hard to disrupt Vox Archived from the original on March 5 2019 Retrieved March 4 2019 Wedding gift lists Fizz and Groove January 21 2020 Archived from the original on November 18 2021 Retrieved March 13 2022 a b c d e Dooley Sandra June 20 2016 A Guide to Catholic Weddings Liturgy Training Publications pp 29 30 ISBN 978 1 61833 134 2 Wedding arrangements June 23 2008 Archived from the original on December 16 2008 Retrieved November 10 2015 Dipippo Gregory February 8 2019 The Velatio Nuptialis An Ancient and Forgotten Part of the Latin Marriage Rite Novus Motus Liturgicus Archived from the original on January 23 2022 Retrieved January 23 2022 Olavus Petri 1929 The Evangelical Lutheran Church Manual of Olavus Petri A Manual in Swedish Including Baptism Etc Lutheran Augustana Book Concern Hopkins Samuel Miles 1883 General Liturgy and Book of Common Prayer A S Barnes p 135 Monger George 2004 Marriage Customs of the World From Henna to Honeymoons ABC CLIO p 53 ISBN 978 1 57607 987 4 Warner Diane November 25 2013 Diane Warner s Complete Guide to a Traditional Wedding Time Tested Toasts Vows Ceremonies amp Etiquette Everything You Need to Create Your Perfect Day Red Wheel ISBN 978 1 60163 494 8 The Book of Worship for Church and Home With Orders of Worship Services for the Administration of the Sacraments and Other Aids to Worship According to the Usages of the Methodist Church Methodist Publishing House 1964 p 32 Archived from the original on June 12 2019 Retrieved March 25 2017 Tucker Karen B Westerfield April 27 2011 American Methodist Worship Oxford University Press p 188 ISBN 9780190454203 A Service of Christian Marriage Discipleship Ministries 1992 Archived from the original on March 28 2017 Retrieved March 28 2017 The Alternative Wedding Book Wood Lake Publishing Inc 1995 p 40 ISBN 978 1 55145 081 0 Guide to the Jewish Wedding Archived from the original on September 4 2008 Retrieved July 3 2008 Nissuin The Second of the Two Ceremonies Archived from the original on November 11 2010 Retrieved July 3 2008 Understanding the Jewish Wedding Archived from the original on September 21 2007 Retrieved July 3 2008 Ceremony Jewish Wedding Rituals Archived from the original on February 4 2011 Retrieved July 3 2008 Marriage in Jewish Art Archived from the original on October 11 2008 Retrieved July 3 2008 Dodge Christine Huda Islamic Wedding Party Customs About com Archived from the original on May 14 2013 Retrieved June 8 2013 Religions Islam Weddings BBC Archived from the original on December 12 2017 Retrieved November 10 2015 Siu Tyrone Chicken ceremony rooted in ancient rites Archived from the original on July 8 2018 Retrieved July 8 2018 https www library wales discover learn digital exhibitions manuscripts the middle ages book of aneirin The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion Session 1903 1904 by Cymmrodorion Society London 1905 Page 56 https archive org details transactions01cymmuoft page 56 mode 2up Humanist Society Scotland Celebrate the one life we have Humanism scotland org uk August 28 2015 Archived from the original on December 30 2013 Retrieved November 10 2015 Scottish humanists to overtake Kirk weddings BBC Scotland June 18 2015 Archived from the original on November 15 2019 Retrieved May 31 2017 Brocklehurst Steven August 2016 More than 4200 Humanist weddings took place in Scotland last year Humanist Society Scotland Archived from the original on October 1 2020 Retrieved May 31 2017 Walsh Fionnuala April 11 2019 Less than half of Irish weddings are Catholic The Times Archived from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved May 22 2019 Success Couple win challenge to lack of legal recognition of humanist marriages in Northern Ireland Humanists UK June 9 2017 Archived from the original on November 15 2019 Retrieved June 9 2017 for details Gavira Juan Characteristics of a Spanish wedding Archived March 3 2016 at the Wayback Machine Juangavira com Parsons Claudia May 12 2009 Destination weddings see growth despite recession Reuters Archived from the original on November 23 2018 Retrieved November 10 2015 About Handfastings Handfastings org Archived from the original on February 16 2015 Retrieved November 10 2015 a b c Goldfarb Anna October 12 2017 What to Know About Having a Microwedding The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 24 2022 Retrieved January 17 2021 Mackey Jaimie April 15 2020 What Is a Micro Wedding and Should You Have One Brides Archived from the original on January 19 2021 Retrieved January 17 2021 admin August 23 2023 Cake Decorating Courses Mastering the Art of Edible Elegance Decor Mastery Retrieved October 7 2023 Midland Cary October 8 2018 What s a Micro Wedding and Why Are They Becoming So Popular Martha Stewart Archived from the original on December 12 2020 Retrieved January 17 2021 Velez Mandy July 6 2020 COVID 19 Didn t Kill Weddings But It May Change Them Forever The Daily Beast Archived from the original on March 1 2021 Retrieved January 17 2021 Rello Gabriella July 13 2020 How to Plan a Beautiful Meaningful Micro Wedding So That You Can Celebrate Your Postponed Nuptials Right Now Martha Stewart Archived from the original on January 19 2021 Retrieved January 17 2021 Gerber Marisa June 21 2023 How to throw a wedding for less than the cost of an iPhone the minimony craze Los Angeles Times Wedding Day Invitation Styles and Designs A Vintage Approach Houseplantation December 10 2015 Archived from the original on January 21 2016 Retrieved August 26 2016 Boerenbruiloft hoezo in het onecht verbonden Vastelaovend en Carnaval in Limburg Vastelaovendinlimburg nl April 8 2013 Archived from the original on October 29 2013 Retrieved October 29 2013 Brahman at the Encyclopaedia Britannica Mother Of The Groom Responsibilities Archived November 13 2022 at the Wayback Machine Frontcoverweddings com Wedding Blogs Inspiration Ideas Themes Planning and much more Retrieved December 6 2022 Part 1 The Past Present and Future of the Wedding Industry HuffPost February 24 2016 Archived from the original on December 13 2016 Retrieved October 14 2016 2016 U S Median Cost of a Wedding was 14 399 The Wedding Institute retrieved September 1 2017 permanent dead link a b c Francis Tan Andrew Mialon Hugo M September 15 2014 A Diamond is Forever and Other Fairy Tales The Relationship between Wedding Expenses and Marriage Duration PDF Report Rochester NY doi 10 2139 ssrn 2501480 S2CID 44741655 SSRN 2501480 a b Patch Emma January 2023 Plan a Wedding You Can Afford Kiplinger s Personal Finance p 1 Retrieved September 15 2023 Stewart Emily October 6 2022 You know what your wedding doesn t need Doughnut walls Vox Retrieved July 1 2023 a b Wong Kristin March 18 2016 How to Avoid Wedding Markup When Planning Your Big Day Lifehacker Retrieved July 1 2023 Stranger Tobie April 26 2016 Get More Wedding for Your Money Consumer Reports Retrieved July 1 2023 Sugar Rachel June 8 2017 The Wedding Tax Is Totally Real Except When It Isn t Racked Retrieved July 1 2023 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wedding ceremonies nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Wedding travel nbsp The dictionary definition of wedding at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wedding amp oldid 1182795533, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
